identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.text	03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Biarum persicum Balos, Alipour & Majidi 2025	<div><p>Biarum persicum Balos, Alipour &amp; Majidi sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2, 4, 7–8, Table 1)</p><p>Biarum persicum is similar to B. carduchorum . However, it is easily distinguished by the fact that its tuber is without offset, the number of leaves is over 8, the leaves extend parallel to the ground, the lamina is lanceolate, the leaves are shorter, the spathe is long and narrowly lanceolate, the spadix is longer, the appendix is longer and has a stalk, the spathe tube part is adjacent for ½–3/4, the anthers are dark purple, the staminodes are thin and cover 1/2–1/3 of the gap, the ovary is rectangular, the style is absent and the fruits are purple.</p><p>Type:— IRAN. Fars province: Kaftar village, 30°32’03”N 52°44’04”E, 2300–2500 m a.s.l., 6 November 2024, Alipour &amp; Majidi 11133 (holotype RANK!) .</p><p>Tuberous perennial plants. Tuber dorsoventrally compressed-discoid to ± globose, without offsets, 4.5–6.5 cm diameter, 3–4 cm long, mid-brown. Leaves 8–12, hysteranthous, long-petiolate, lanceolate; lamina, 3.5–7.0 cm × 0.5–2.0 cm, apex obtuse to acute, decurrent, 4–6 primary lateral veins per side; margins slightly undulate, dark-green; petiole slender, 5–10 cm long, yellowish. Cataphylls 3–5, sub-fleshy, later papery, pale whitish, pale straw-yellow on drying, no fibrous cataphylls. Inflorescence appearing in mid-autumn, slightly bad smelling; peduncle (scape) 7–10 cm long, 1.0– 1.5 cm wide, whitish, clothed with several fibrous brown outer and papery, pale straw-yellow inner cataphylls. Spathe 11.5–26.0 cm long; spathe limb narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate 11.5–20.0 × 4–9 cm, narrows towards the apex, mostly decumbent, margins straight, slightly wavy near the tube; apex acute; outer surface pale whitish-yellow with evenly spaced parallel veins, dark purple spots, purplish edges; inner surface dark purplish with small white spots; spathe tube narrowly cylindric, 4.5–5.0 × 1.5–2 cm, spathe margins connate for ½– ¾ of their length; exterior dirty white with purple spots, interior light purple, glossy. Spadix 18–29 cm long, longer than spathe; spadix appendix stalked, thick-cylindrical, narrows towards the apex, 15–23 cm long, 5–8 mm wide, dark brownish purple or greenish-yellow. Staminate flowers in zone, cylindrical, 18–20 mm long, 4.5–5.0 mm wide; anthers dark purple, compact. Interstice 18–20 mm long, 3.5–4.0 mm wide, off-white or light purple. Staminodes thin, dense at the base, arranged in 1/2–1/3 of the interval, directed upwards, apex sometimes hook-shaped, lower ones long, 8–22 mm white, sometimes purple or light purple. Pistillate flowers hemispherical, 8–10 mm broad, 4–7 mm long; ovaries oblong, 0.8–2.2 mm long, 0.8–1.0 mm broad, creamy below, purple above; style absent, stigma capitate, ca. 0.4 mm, yellow. Infructescence ovoid to globose, 4.8–5.6 cm wide, 2.8–4.8 cm long, when semi-mature, consisting of ca. 25–45 berries; berries 1.0– 1.6 cm long, 0.8–1.0 cm wide, apex and lower part purple, middle off-white; seed ovoid, 1.0– 1.5 cm long, 0.8–1.0 cm wide, light brown.</p><p>Etymology: —The specific epithet is derived from Persis (now Fars); in the form Persia widely used for current Iran up to 1935.</p><p>Distribution and habitat: — Biarum persicum is a local endemic, restricted to the Iran, an element of the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. Usually this species lives at altitudes of 2300–2500 m in stony steppe lands. Around 100 mature individuals growing in one population were found in stony steppe areas (Fig. 1). Associated species were Taraxacum syriacum Boissier (1856: 2–3), Ceratocarpus arenarius Linnaeus (1753: 2), Astragalus brachycalyx Fischer (1843: 363), Eryngium heldreichii Boissier (1849: 1, 10) and Gundelia tournefortii Linnaeus (1753: 2) .</p><p>Phenology: —The flowering period of Biarum persicum starts in October and until November, while leaf and fruiting start in March extends until late April.</p><p>Conservation status: —Less than 100 mature individuals were observed at the type locality of Biarum persicum, which covers (area of occupancy-AOO) an area of less than 10 km 2 (criteria B2). No threats to the population have been identified, but due to the estimated decline in the limited population, the species can be classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (criterion B2ab [i, ii, v]) (IUCN 2024).</p><p>Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — IRAN. Fars province: Kaftar village, 30°32’03”N 52°44’04”E, 2300–2500 m a.s.l., 13 March 2023, Alipour 11134 (Paratypes, RANK!); IRAN. Southern Zagros Mountains, N.W of Shiraz, Ardekan, dry hillslopes, alt: 3.000 ft. Flowered in cult. 1.08.1969, Grey-Wilson, VIII 1966. (K002824529! in KEW Herbaria, as Biarum carduchorum, now Biarum persicum) (Fig. 7) ; IRAN. 2 miles N. of Ardekan, N. W. of Shiraz . Exposed open rocky ground &amp; rocky mtn. slopes. Alt: 8–9.000 ft, 12.08.1966 (K002824530!, in KEW Herbaria, as Biarum carduchorum, now Biarum persicum) (Fig. 3–4) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BEF260FF84FF9BFF6BFA01FC0BF918	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alipour, Sajad;Majidi, Ramiar;Balos, Mehmet Maruf	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF83FF95FF6BF94BFD9AFA2A.text	03BEF260FF83FF95FF6BF94BFD9AFA2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Biarum platyspathum Bornmuller 1908	<div><p>Biarum platyspathum Bornmüller (1908: 57) .</p><p>Type: — IRAN. Southwestern, between Basht (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province) and Fahlian (Fars Province), 12 November 1905, Herzfeld s.n (holotype B destroyed , lectotype B (drawing of the holotype made by Bornmüller), designated by Boyce (2008) . Fig. 3–4, Table 1.</p><p>Tuberous perennial plants. Tuber dorsoventrally compressed-discoid, with offsets, 4.5–7.0 cm diameter, 3–5 cm long, mid-brown. Leaves 7–18, hysteranthous, long-petiolate, bases encased by 3–7 piece, lanceolate-elliptic cataphylls, inner cataphylls sub-fleshy, later papery, pale straw-yellow on drying; outer cataphylls fibrous, brown; petiole, 7–14 cm long, white; leaf lamina linear, lanceolate, 12–14 cm long, 2.0– 3.5 cm wide, decurrent, ± cuneate, apex obtuse to acute, 4–6 primary lateral veins per side; margins undulate, dark-green. Inflorescence appearing in mid-autumn, slightly bad smelling; peduncle (scape) 10–18 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm wide, whitish, clothed with several fibrous brown outer and papery, pale straw-yellow inner cataphylls. Spathe 13–24 cm long; spathe limb like a spoon, lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic 9–21 × 5.5–13.0 cm, margins smooth, wavy at the base; apex rounded and obtuse; outer surface with evenly spaced parallel veins, pale green to whitish yellow, heavily spotted with dark purple; inner surface purple to deep purple, with minor white spots, sometimes fading to greenish-yellow apically; spathe tube cylindric, 3.0–3.5 × 1.0– 1.4 cm, spathe tube enclosing the base of the spadix only, margins connate for ca. 3/4 of their length; exterior dirty white with purple spots, interior upper part light purple, lower part off-white, glossy. Spadix 10.0– 16.5 cm long, shorter to spathe; spadix appendix stalked, thick-cylindrical, cylindrical-fusiform, apex rounded, 6.0– 12.5 cm long, 6–8 mm wide, deep purple, brownish to brownish-yellow. Staminate flowers zone, 1.4–1.6 cm long, 0.5 cm wide; anthers dark purple, compact. Interstice 2.0– 2.2 cm long, 0.3 cm wide. Staminodes directed upwards, short and thick, arranged in 1/3 of the interstice, lower 4–6 mm, upper 0.1 mm, dark purple. Pistillate flowers in a hemispherical cluster 7–8 cm wide, 3.0– 3.5 mm long; ovaries oblong, 2.0– 2.2 mm long, 0.8–1.0 mm broad, cremy below, purple above; style absent, stigma capitate, ca. 0.4 mm, yellow. Infructescence ovoid to globose, 4.5–5.0 cm wide, 2.5–3.0 cm long, when semi-mature, consisting of ca. 20–45 berries; berries 1.3–1.7 cm long, 0.9–1.1 cm wide, purple spotted off-white; seed ovoid, 0.9–1.0 cm long, 0.8–0.9 cm wide, brown.</p><p>Distribution and habitat: — Biarum platyspathum is an endemic, restricted to the Iran, an element of the Zagros phytogeographical region. Usually this species lives at altitudes of 1500–2500 m in steppe lands. Around 100 mature individuals growing in one population were found in stony steppe areas (Fig. 3). Associated species were Colchicum persicum Baker (1879: 3), Quercus brantii Lindley (1840: 26), and Taraxacum syriacum .</p><p>Phenology: —The flowering period of Biarum platyspathum starts in October and until November, while leaf and fruiting start in March extends until late April.</p><p>Additional specimens examined: — IRAN: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.132866&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.371239" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.132866/lat 31.371239)">Chaharmahal</a> and Bakhtiari province: Chenar-e Mahmudi village, 2000–2200 m a.s.l. (31°22’16.46”N, 51°07’58.32”E) 12.10.2024, Alipour &amp; Majidi 11135 (RANK!) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.134804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.370417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.134804/lat 31.370417)">Chaharmahal</a> and Bakhtiari province: Chenar-e Mahmudi village, 2000–2200 m a.s.l. (31°22’13.50” N, 51°08’5.29”E), 03.03.2024, Alipour &amp; Majidi 11136 (RANK!)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BEF260FF83FF95FF6BF94BFD9AFA2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alipour, Sajad;Majidi, Ramiar;Balos, Mehmet Maruf	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
03BEF260FF89FF91FF6BFEE3FA36FD67.text	03BEF260FF89FF91FF6BFEE3FA36FD67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Biarum Schott 1832	<div><p>Key to close Biarum species in Iran</p><p>1. Flowering period is spring or summer months................................................................................................................... B. straussii</p><p>- Flowering period is autumn or winter months ...................................................................................................................................2</p><p>2. Spathe tube swollen, globose to oblong .................................................................................................................................. B. bovei</p><p>- The tube of the spathe is not swollen or slightly swollen...................................................................................................................3</p><p>3. Outer cataphylls fibrous, brown ................................................................................................................................. B. platyspathum</p><p>- Outer cataphylls not fibrous, ivory colored........................................................................................................................................4</p><p>4. Leaves 5–13, elliptic to spatulate-elliptic, upward; leaves lamina 8–17 cm long, 2.5–4.0 cm wide; spathe limb oblong–lanceolate, 9.0– 17.5 cm long; spathe tube margines connate for 1/4 of their length; spadix 12.5–16.5 cm long........................ B. carduchorum</p><p>- Leaves 8–12, lanceolate, decurrent; leaves lamina 3.5–7.0 cm long, 0.5–2.0 cm wide; spathe limb narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 11.5–20.0 cm long; spathe tube margines connate for 1/2–3/4 of their length; spadix 18–29 cm long............................ B. persicum</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BEF260FF89FF91FF6BFEE3FA36FD67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alipour, Sajad;Majidi, Ramiar;Balos, Mehmet Maruf	Alipour, Sajad, Majidi, Ramiar, Balos, Mehmet Maruf (2025): Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae). Phytotaxa 725 (1): 56-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.725.1.5
