identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B1BE2FFFC9FFA3F733F938FBD6F99E.text	03B1BE2FFFC9FFA3F733F938FBD6F99E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes parksii Correll, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.	<div><p>Spiranthes parksii Correll, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 16: 400, f. 1–6. 1947.—TYPE: U. S. A. Texas: Brazos County, Democrat Bridge, Navasota River, collected 19 October 1945, Parks s.n. (holotype: AMES!).</p><p>Spiranthes cernua is most similar to  S. arcisepala,  S. incurva, and  S. ochroleuca . It can be distinguished from these species by its upward sweeping lateral sepals (vs. downwardly arching in  S. arcisepala), centrally thinner labellum, distribution along the Coastal Plain and southern Appalachian Mountains (vs. centrally thickened labellum and occurrence in the Interior Lowlands and northern Appalachian Mountains in  S. incurva), and white to pale-yellow abaxial labellum coloration and abaxial surface with conical, highly reduced glands (vs. abaxial yellow to golden coloration and abaxial surface with spherical glands in  S. ochroleuca).</p><p>Terrestrial, acaulescent, deciduous herb, to ca. 100 cm tall. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, slender. Leaves 1–5, basal, held upright, remaining until after anthesis (occasionally fugacious at anthesis), withering shortly thereafter, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5–22 cm long, 5–8 mm wide, bluntly acuminate, leaf base tapered and decurrent. Peduncle glabrous, 1–3 small leafy cauline bracts occasionally present (frequently absent), quickly reducing to adpressed, clasping, lanceolate, acute bracts; spike a single row of flowers in an open to tightly coiled spiral (appearing as 1–4 ‘ranks’), moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped septate trichomes to 0.5 mm long. Floral bracts pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate; concave around the ovary, 7–14 mm long. Flowers campanulate, slightly to strongly nodding (more so with age), white to pale ivory, lightly fragrant with a general floral odor or not fragrant (some coastal populations exhibit strong general floral fragrance). Sepals free, moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped capitate septate trichomes. Dorsal sepal slightly convex, slightly to strongly recurved near the tip, lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, 6–12 mm long, 3 mm wide when flattened. Lateral sepals lanceolate, acute, straight to just barely falcate, angled slightly outward and upward, the tips often incurved, surpassing the dorsal sepal and petals, 6–12 mm long, 2 mm wide. Dorsal petals slightly concave, lanceolate, bluntly acute, slightly to strongly recurved at tips, with the dorsal sepal appearing stellate, 6–12 mm long, 3 mm wide when flattened. Labellum shortly clawed, free but clasping the column, keeled/concave for its length, recurved strongly downward at about 1/3 the distance from the claw to labellum apex, centrally glabrous, margin entire to very slightly undulating from the base until the area of recurvature, below point of recurvature margin becoming shallowly laciniate and crisped, white but rarely centrally pale yellow, 7–13 mm long, 3–6 mm wide below the callosities, 2–6 mm wide at the area of recurvature when flattened, apex acuminate; 2 basal callosities/nectar glands, white to pale yellow, conical, upright, 1–2 mm tall, with long, dense papillae at the base. Column protandrous, slightly rhombic, green, 4.1–6 mm long, 2–2.5 mm wide, with a fringe of minute glands or papillae in a thin crescent just below the stigmatic surface, with a pair of upright flaps or wings at each side and clasping the column, the wings green basally; column foot glabrous; rostellum well-developed, white to ivory, tapering to thin acute membranes at the apex, 1.2–1.5 mm long; stigmatic surface glabrous, shiny, 1–2 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide; anther triangular-ovoid; pollinium attached to a well-developed viscidium; viscidium linear, immersed in the rostellum, leaving behind a narrow V-shaped rostellar remnant after removal, 1–1.8 mm long. Ovary moderately to densely pubescent with septate trichomes. Fruit a light brown upright ovoid capsule. Figures 1 and 2.</p><p>In its new strict sense,  S. cernua (Figs. 1, 2) occurs from the Coastal Plain to the eastern and southern Appalachian Mountains, southern Interior Lowlands, and Cumberland Plateau (Fig. 14). Within  S. cernua s. s., we here formally synonymize  S. parksii under  S. cernua as a localized sub-peloric  form promulgated through apomixis, supporting the work of Dueck and  Cameron (2007, 2008b), Dueck et al. (2014), Pace and  Cameron (2016), and Pace et al. (2017). As exemplified by this synonymization,  S. cernua s. s. is still a morphologically variable species (Figs. 1, 9), although less so than previously defined. Some populations, such as the former  S. parksii, exhibit small-sized reduced flowers in an open spiral, whereas others, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic region from southern New York to coastal Virginia, display large flowers nearly 1 cm in length held in a very tight spiral (appearing as 3–4 separate ranks), with a complete gradation between these two extremes. In contrast to this morphological variability,  S. cernua s. s. is consistent in its habitat preferences, occurring in essentially wet, short-statured, open graminoid-cyperoid locations: mossy seeps, maritime dune swales,  Sphagnum L. dominated lake and pond edges, wet meadows, roadsides, and open savannas (Fig. 15).  Spiranthes cernua s. s. is typically faintly fragrant with a general floral odor, although some populations are strongly fragrant, whereas others appear to entirely lack a perceivable fragrance.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B1BE2FFFC9FFA3F733F938FBD6F99E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pace, Matthew C.;Cameron, Kenneth M.	Pace, Matthew C., Cameron, Kenneth M. (2017): The Systematics of the Spiranthes cernua Species Complex (Orchidaceae): Untangling the Gordian Knot. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (4): 1-30, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X696537, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x696537
03B1BE2FFFC8FFB8F75FF9C9FC27F970.text	03B1BE2FFFC8FFB8F75FF9C9FC27F970.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes arcisepala M. C. Pace, NY 2017	<div><p>Spiranthes arcisepala 
M.C. Pace,  sp. nov. —TYPE: U. S. A. New York: Hamilton County, just east of Long Lake, town of  Long Lake, north of  Shaw Pond in wet roadside ditch and  Sphagnum seep under a power-line cut along  Newcomb Road / 28N, collected 4 September 2014,  Pace 636 (holotype: NY; isotypes: AMES, BH, CM, K, US, RENZ, WIS).</p><p>Spiranthes arcisepala is most similar to  S. cernua s. s. and  S. ochroleuca . It can be distinguished from  S. cernua s. s. by its more open spiraled inflorescence, smaller flowers, and rounded labellum apex. It can be distinguished from  S. ochroleuca by its white colored labellum, and can be distinguished from both  S. cernua s. s. and  S. ochroleuca by its downward arching lateral sepals.</p><p>Terrestrial, acaulescent, deciduous herb, to ca. 46 cm tall. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, slender. Leaves 1–4, basal, held upright, remaining until after anthesis, withering shortly thereafter, linear-lanceolate to slightly lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, leaf base tapered and decurrent. Peduncle glabrous, 1–2 small leafy cauline bracts occasionally present (frequently absent), quickly reducing to adpressed, clasping, lanceolate, acute bracts; spike a single row of flowers in an open to slightly tightly coiled spiral (typically appearing as 1 distinct ‘rank’), moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped septate trichomes 0.5 mm long. Floral bracts densely pubescent, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, concave around the ovary, to 12.3 mm long. Flowers resupinate, campanulate, slightly to moderately nodding and becoming more open with age, white, faintly to moderately fragrant with a general floral scent. Sepals free, moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped capitate septate trichomes. Dorsal sepal slightly convex, slightly recurved to moderately upwardly reclined distally, lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, 8.3–10.6 mm long, 2–2.9 mm wide when flattened. Lateral sepals lanceolate, acute, slightly to strongly downwardly falcate from about 1/3 to 1/2 of their length, the tips often surpassing the lower labellum margin in profile, 8.3–9.7 mm long, 1.4–2.4 mm wide. Dorsal petals slightly concave, lanceolate, bluntly acute, slightly to strongly recurved at tips, with the dorsal sepal appearing stellate, 8.3–10.7 mm long, 2.1–2.5 mm wide when flattened. Labellum shortly clawed, free but clasping the column, keeled/concave for its length, recurved strongly downward at about 1/2 the distance from the claw to labellum apex, constricted near the recurvature and then dilating below, centrally glabrous and thickened, margin entire to very slightly undulating from the base until the area of recurvature, below point of recurvature margin becoming ruffled, margin white, central area of labellum white to extremely pale yellow back in the throat, 7.2–10.1 mm long, 4.4–5 mm wide below the callosities, 3.2–3.8 mm wide at the area of recurvature when flattened, 4.1–5.2 mm wide at widest point below recurvature; 2 basal callosities/nectar glands, white to pale yellow, conical, upright, 0.9–1.2 mm tall, with long, dense papillae at the base. Column protandrous, slightly rhombic, green, 3.6–5 mm long, with a fringe of minute glands or papillae in a thin crescent just below the stigmatic surface and with a pair of upright flaps or wings at each side and clasping the column, the wings green basally; column foot glabrous; rostellum well-developed, white to ivory, tapering to thin acute membranes at the apex; stigmatic surface glabrous, shiny; anther triangular-ovoid; pollinium attached to a well-developed viscidium; viscidium linear, immersed in the rostellum, leaving behind a narrow V-shaped rostellar remnant after removal, 1.6–1.8 mm long. Ovary moderately to densely pubescent with septate trichomes, green. Fruit a light brown upright ovoid capsule. 2 n 5 45. Figures 10 and 11.</p><p>Etymology —Latin, ‘ arcisepala’ is a combination of ‘arcus’ (arching) and ‘sepalorum’ (sepals), referring to the downwardly arching lateral sepals of this species, serving as a relatively constant diagnostic morphological character. “Appalachian ladies’ tresses” is a suggested common name, indicating the main distribution of this species.</p><p>Spiranthes arcisepala (Figs. 10, 11) is a newly described and long overlooked cryptic sister species to  S. ochroleuca 1  S. casei . It is primarily restricted to the mid- and northern Blue Ridge and Northern Highlands, Ridge and Valley, Great Valley, Appalachian Plateau, and Adirondack systems of the Appalachian Highlands in Nova Scotia, east-southeast Ontario, Quebec, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Vermont, and West Virginia, and the eastern Interior Lowlands of northern Ohio, northeastern Indiana, and southern Michigan (Fig. 14). The distribution of  S. arcisepala is essentially similar to  S. ochroleuca apart from the occurrence of the latter species further westward into the Great Lakes Basin and southward along the spine of the Appalachian Mountains to Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee.  Spiranthes arcisepala corresponds to one of the New England races of Sheviak (1982) and to the “fen ecotype” and “old field ecotype” of Homoya (1993). One of the key features distinguishing  S. arcisepala is its downwardly falcate lateral sepals. This feature is relatively constant across populations, however occasional individuals and populations have lateral sepals that are just barely falcate (e.g. Fig. 11B, C). In these instances, the flowers are still smaller than  S. cernua s. s.,  S. incurva, and  S. ochroleuca, and are essentially wholly white.  Spiranthes arcisepala is typically found in wet, short-statured graminoid-cyperoid habitats including fens, bogs, mossy (often  Sphagnum) and lichen-covered seeps, and wet roadsides (Fig. 15), and can occasionally be found growing interspersed with  S. incurva . The flowers of  S. arcisepala possess a faint general floral fragrance, perceivably similar to  S. cernua s. s.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B1BE2FFFC8FFB8F75FF9C9FC27F970	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pace, Matthew C.;Cameron, Kenneth M.	Pace, Matthew C., Cameron, Kenneth M. (2017): The Systematics of the Spiranthes cernua Species Complex (Orchidaceae): Untangling the Gordian Knot. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (4): 1-30, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X696537, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x696537
03B1BE2FFFD3FFBCF733F8C1FB2BFA0C.text	03B1BE2FFFD3FFBCF733F8C1FB2BFA0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes incurva (Pace & Cameron 2017) M. C. Pace 2017	<div><p>Spiranthes incurva (Jenn.) M.C. Pace,  comb nov. [ancient  Spiranthes cernua 3  Spiranthes magnicamporum],  Ibidium incurvum Jenn., Ann. Carnegie Mus. 3: 483. 1906.—TYPE: U. S. A. Pennsylvania: Erie County, Presque Isle. Sandy margins of pond near Fog Whistle, collected 26 August 1905, Jennings s.n. (Lectotype: CM!; isolectotypes: Jennings</p><p>s.n., 18,  26 August 1905, CM!, NY !;  syntypes: Jennings s.n., 24 Aug 1905, Jennings s.n., 18, 9780, 25 August 1905, MICH!, MIN!, NYS!, PH !;   paratypes included by Jennings (1906): Shafer 29, 9781 9–11 September 1900, CM!, MUHW!, PH!, Gutenberg s.n. 16 August 1880, CM!). Note: Catling, via an annotation label, designated Jennings s.n., 26 Aug 1905, as the “ holotype.” Since Jennings selected a suite of specimens, “ Aug. 24–26, 1905 ”, housed at CM as “the type specimens”, and not a specific specimen, collection number, or sheet, the specimen designated by  Catling is more properly designated as the lectotype. All other specimens collected on Aug. 26, 1905 must then be isolectotypes, and all other specimens collected within “the type specimens” collection range designated as syntypes, as above. Jennings’ collection number 18 appears multiple times on differing days  .</p><p>Spiranthes incurva is most similar to its parental species:  S. cernua s. s. and  S. magnicamporum . It can be distinguished from  S. cernua s. s. by its thickened central labellum, more narrowly lanceolate floral parts, frequently more stellate and ascending flowers, and more northern and western distribution, and it can be distinguished from  S. magnicamporum by its larger callosities, slightly earlier flowering period, and non-papillate, paler labellum.</p><p>Terrestrial, acaulescent, deciduous herb, ca. 40 cm tall. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, slender to slightly tuberous. Leaves 1–5, basal, held upright, occasionally remaining until anthesis and withering shortly thereafter but more frequently absent at anthesis, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, leaf base tapered and decurrent. Peduncle glabrous, 1–2 small leafy cauline bracts occasionally present (frequently absent), quickly reducing to adpressed, clasping, lanceolate, acute bracts; spike a single row of flowers in a moderately to tightly coiled spiral (appearing as 1–4 “ranks”), moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped septate trichomes to 0.5 mm long. Floral bracts moderately to densely pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate, concave around the ovary, 9.5–9.7 mm long. Flowers slightly tubularly campanulate, slightly ascending to moderately nodding, white to pale ivory. Sepals free, moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped capitate septate trichomes. Dorsal sepal slightly convex, slightly to strongly recurved near the tip, lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, 8.6–10.9 mm long, 2–2.6 mm wide when flattened. Lateral sepals lanceolate, acute, straight to just barely upwardly falcate, angled slightly upward, the tips often meeting the dorsal sepal and petals, 7.7–10.7 mm long, 1.7–2.3 mm wide. Dorsal petals slightly concave, lanceolate, bluntly acute, slightly to strongly recurved at tips, with the dorsal sepal appearing stellate, 8.1–10.5 mm long, 1.8–2.2 mm wide when flattened. Labellum minutely clawed, free but clasping the column, keeled/concave for its length, recurved strongly downward at about 1/3 to 1/2 the distance from the claw to labellum apex, centrally glabrous, margin entire to very slightly undulating from the base until the area of recurvature, below point of recurvature margin becoming shallowly laciniate and crisped, margin white, central area of labellum white to very pale yellow, labellum 7.4–9.9 mm long, 3.7–5.4 mm wide below the callosities, 3.3–3.9 mm wide at the area of recurvature when flattened, 1.8–4.5 mm wide at midpoint below recurvature, apex acuminate; 2 basal callosities/nectar glands, white to yellow, very small, conical to rounded mounds, upright, 0.3–0.8 mm tall, with long, dense papillae at the base. Column protandrous, slightly rhombic, green, 3.3–5 mm long, with a fringe of minute glands or papillae in a thin crescent just below the stigmatic surface, with a pair of upright flaps or wings at each side and clasping the column, the wings green basally, becoming white to translucent; column foot glabrous; rostellum well-developed, white to ivory, becoming dark brown with age, tapering to thin acute membranes at the apex, 1.2–1.8 mm long; stigmatic surface glabrous, shiny; anther dark coffee-brown, triangular-ovoid; pollinium attached to a well-developed viscidium, yellow; viscidium linear, immersed in the rostellum, leaving behind a narrow V-shaped rostellar remnant after removal, 1.2–1.5 mm long. Ovary moderately to densely pubescent with septate trichomes. Fruit a light brown ovoid capsule. 2 n 5 45 –60. Figures 12 and 13.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY—As in Jennings’ original description,  ‘ incurva ’, from the Latin, refers to the incurved callosities of this species of hybrid origin. This feature is a key character to distinguish this species from the frequently co-occurring  S. magnicamporum, one of its parental species, which has highly reduced, non-incurved callosities (the callosities of some  S. incurva may approach the highly reduced callosities of  S. magnicamporum). We suggest the common name “Sphinx ladies’ tresses” for this species. The Sphinx is a hybrid mythological creature prone to enigmatic and intractable questions; similarly, the inclusion of hybrid  S. incurva within the traditional concept of  S. cernua has long been a major source of the latter’ s morphological variation, and strongly contributed to the idea that a proper delimitation of the  S. cernua species complex was intractable.</p><p>Spiranthes incurva (Figs. 12, 13) represents likely ancient  S. cernua s. s. 3  S. magnicamporum, and entirely replaces  S. cernua in the middle, northern, and eastern Interior Lowlands, Western and Northern Appalachian Mountains and Adirondacks, Great Lakes Basin, and Prairie Peninsula, from New Brunswick, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec, west to Minnesota, central Nebraska, and eastern Kansas (Fig. 14). In addition to the geographic differentiation,  S. incurva has a centrally thickened labellum, shorter callosities, a more lanceolate labellum, and narrower leaves, vs.  S. cernua s. s. which has a labellum which is not centrally thickened, longer callosities, a more oblong labellum, and wider leaves. Due to their morphological similarities and occasional to frequent cooccurrence,  S. incurva has been confused with  S. magnicamporum and  S. ochroleuca . These three species can be distinguished from one another by flowering time, labellum surface texture, and floral shape and color:  S. incurva displays white, stellate to pseudo-campanulate flowers with smooth labella in full bloom just as  S. magnicamporum is reaching anthesis with ivory-colored more tubularly-shaped flowers with papillate labella, whereas the abaxial labellum coloration of  S. ochroleuca is yellow to butterscotch colored, and the ivory-colored flowers are typically strongly pseudo-campanulate (Figs. 3, 13). Although it typically occurs in more xeric habitats than  S. cernua s. s.,  S. incurva has varied habitat preferences: submerged in shallow lake dune pools, fens, bogs, rocky ice-scour meadows, lake edges, wet to xeric roadsides and prairies, alvar escarpments, and xeric rolling lake dunes composed of pure sand (Fig. 15). The fragrance of  S. incurva is similar to  S. cernua s. s. in odor and intensity, lacking the strong vanilla-licorice fragrance of  S. magnicamporum; occasional populations are slightly malodorous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B1BE2FFFD3FFBCF733F8C1FB2BFA0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pace, Matthew C.;Cameron, Kenneth M.	Pace, Matthew C., Cameron, Kenneth M. (2017): The Systematics of the Spiranthes cernua Species Complex (Orchidaceae): Untangling the Gordian Knot. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (4): 1-30, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X696537, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x696537
03B1BE2FFFD7FFBDF733FA77FB09FE7A.text	03B1BE2FFFD7FFBDF733FA77FB09FE7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes	<div><p>Spiranthes 3 kapnosperia M.C. Pace,  nothosp. nov. [ Spiranthes cernua 3  Spiranthes ochroleuca]—TYPE: U. S. A. North Carolina: Transylvania County, Great Smoky Mountains, Pisgah National Forest, ca 7.5 km NW of Balsam Grove, north side of 215, below a steep seeping cliff, growing in moss and lichen hummocks, collected 2 October 2016, Pace 1030 (Holotype: NY; isotypes: NCU, US).</p><p>Spiranthes 3 kapnosperia is most similar to  S. cernua s. s. and  S. ochroleuca . It can be distinguished from  S. cernua s. s. by smaller, less widely gapping ivory-colored flowers, and spherical glands on the abaxial labellum surface; it can be distinguished from  S. ochroleuca by its pale-yellow colored abaxial labellum surface (vs. deep golden yellow) and sepal apices that are acuminate vs. linear-lanceolate.</p><p>Terrestrial, acaulescent, deciduous herb, to ca. 30 cm tall. Roots fasciculate, fleshy, slender. Leaves 1–2, basal, held upright, remaining until after anthesis, withering shortly thereafter, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, to 133 mm long, 8.5–10.5 mm wide, narrowly acuminate; leaf base narrowly tapered and decurrent. Peduncle glabrous, to 30 cm, 1–2 small leafy cauline bracts occasionally present, quickly reducing to adpressed, clasping, lanceolate, acute bracts; spike a single row of flowers in an open to moderately tightly coiled spiral (appearing as single rank), moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped septate trichomes to 0.5 mm long. Floral bracts pubescent, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, concave around the ovary, 11.4–13.7 mm long. Flowers resupinate, campanulate, only slight gapping, slightly ascending to slightly nodding, pale ivory to white. Sepals free, moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped capitate septate trichomes. Dorsal sepal slightly convex, slightly to moderately recurved near the tip, lanceolate, acuminate, 7.7–10.2 mm long, 1.6–3.3 mm wide when flattened. Lateral sepals lanceolate, acute, straight to just barely falcate, angled slightly outward and upward, the tips often surpassing the dorsal sepal and petals, 7.6–10 mm long, 1–1.9 mm wide. Dorsal petals slightly concave, lanceolate, bluntly acute, slightly to moderately recurved at tips, 7.4–10 mm long, 1.5–2.3 mm wide when flattened. Labellum shortly clawed, free but clasping the column, keeled/concave for its length, recurved strongly downward at about 2/3 the distance from the claw to labellum apex, centrally glabrous, margin entire to very slightly undulating from the base until the area of recurvature, below point of recurvature margin becoming shallowly ruffled, margin white, central area of labellum yellowish, labellum 9–9.5 mm long, 4.7–4.9 mm wide below callosities, 3.6–4 mm wide at the area of recurvature when flattened, 4.4–4.6 mm wide at widest point below recurvature; 2 basal callosities/nectar glands, conical, upright, 0.6–1 mm tall, with long, dense papillae at the base. Column protandrous, slightly rhombic, green, with a fringe of minute glands or papillae in a thin crescent just below the stigmatic surface, with a pair of upright flaps or wings at each side and clasping the column, the wings green basally; column foot glabrous; rostellum well-developed, white to ivory, tapering to thin acute membranes at the apex; stigmatic surface glabrous, shiny; anther brown, triangular-ovoid; pollinium attached to a well-developed viscidium; viscidium linear, immersed in the rostellum, leaving behind a narrow V-shaped rostellar remnant after removal. Ovary moderately to densely pubescent with septate trichomes. Fruit a light brown ovoid capsule. Figures 3 and 16.</p><p>Etymology —From the Greek, ‘ kapnosperia ’ is a combination of ‘ KAPnó§ ’ (smoke) and ‘ SPEίRA ’ (spiral), referring to the greater Smoky Mountain region which is the endemic home of this rare hybrid. The choice of Greek (vs. Latin) is an allusion to the Greek-derived specific epithet of  S. ochroleuca . A suggested common name is “Smoky ladies’ tresses”.</p><p>Spiranthes cernua s. l. and  S. ochroleuca have long been hypothesized to hybridize or engage in some level of geneflow, particularly in New York and New England (Sheviak 1982; Sheviak and Brown 2002). A binomial for this crossing, however, was never formally proposed. Based on the research we present here,  S. cernua s. s. and  S. ochroleuca do not share an overlapping distribution in much of New York and New England, and thus hybridization is unlikely. Hybrid plants, now described as S. 3 kapnosperia (Figs. 3 and 16), do occur along creeks, wet roadsides, and wet grassy openings in a small area of their shared range in the Southern Appalachian Highlands and greater Smoky Mountains of North and South Carolina (Fig. 14). The question of why this hybrid is so geographically limited compared to its parental species’ shared distribution is similar to the situation in  S. niklasii, and is deserving of continued research. The designation of S. 3 kapnosperia as a nothospecies, indicated by the use of “3”, as opposed to a species of hybrid origin (such as  S. incurva or  S. niklasii) is twofold: 1) S. 3 kapnosperia does not possess any unique molecular or morphological features based on the data we have collected vs.  S. cernua s. s. or  S. ochroleuca; 2) S. 3 kapnosperia is nearly always found with one or both parental species (primarily  S. cernua s. s.), indicating that it may still be continually formed by ongoing hybridization and introgression, and has not yet coalesced into an independent, self-perpetuating lineage (i.e. species).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B1BE2FFFD7FFBDF733FA77FB09FE7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pace, Matthew C.;Cameron, Kenneth M.	Pace, Matthew C., Cameron, Kenneth M. (2017): The Systematics of the Spiranthes cernua Species Complex (Orchidaceae): Untangling the Gordian Knot. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (4): 1-30, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X696537, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x696537
03B1BE2FFFD6FFBEF75FFDEBFC02FDBC.text	03B1BE2FFFD6FFBEF75FFDEBFC02FDBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes niklasii M. C. Pace, AR 2017	<div><p>Spiranthes niklasii M.C. Pace. sp. nov. [probable ancient  Spiranthes cernua 3  Spiranthes ovalis]—TYPE: U. S. A. Arkansas: Yell Co., Ouachita National Forest, near Forest Road 86, along Fourmile Creek (mostly dry), in cobbled soil, within a  Liquidambar -Carpinus -Ostrya -Acer forest, south of the western end of Linn Barker Mountain and the eastern end of Fourmile Mountain, collected 5 October 2016, Pace 1036 (Holotype: NY; isotypes: ANHC, BH, US).</p><p>Spiranthes niklasii is most similar to  S. cernua s. s. from which it can be distinguished by a central ridge of small papillae on the adaxial surface of the labellum, more strongly campanulate flowers, and usual preference for a more xeric habitat. It can be distinguished from  S. ovalis by its centrally papillate labellum, flattened lateral sepals (vs. cupped), and upright callosities (vs. strongly incurled). It can be distinguished from both species by its typically fugacious leaves at anthesis.</p><p>Terrestrial, acaulescent, deciduous herb, to ca. 41 cm tall. Roots fasciculate, fleshy. Leaves 1–2, basal, held upright, fugacious at anthesis (rarely remaining until anthesis and withering shortly thereafter), linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, leaf base tapered and decurrent. Peduncle with adpressed, clasping, lanceolate, acute bracts; spike a single row of flowers in a moderately to tightly coiled spiral (appearing as 1–4 “ranks”), moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped septate trichomes to 0.5 mm long. Floral bracts moderately to densely pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate, concave around the ovary, 10–12.5 mm long. Flowers campanulate, held perpendicular to the inflorescence to moderately nodding, white to pale ivory. Sepals free, moderately to densely pubescent with blunt-tipped capitate septate trichomes. Dorsal sepal slightly convex, slightly to strongly recurved near the tip, lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, 8.3–8.6 mm long, 1.8–2.8 mm wide when flattened. Lateral sepals lanceolate, acute, straight to just barely upwardly falcate, angled slightly upward, the tips often meeting the dorsal sepal and petals, 7–9.4 mm long, 1.3–1.8 mm wide. Dorsal petals slightly concave, lanceolate, bluntly acute, slightly to strongly recurved at tips, with the dorsal sepal appearing stellate, 7.7–9.2 mm long, 8.3–8.6 mm wide when flattened. Labellum minutely clawed, free but clasping the column, keeled/concave for its length, recurved strongly downward at about 1/3 to 1/2 the distance from the claw to labellum apex, with a central ridge or patch of small papillae along the midvein, margin entire to very slightly undulating from the base until the area of recurvature, below point of recurvature margin becoming shallowly laciniate and crisped, margin white, central area of labellum white to very pale yellow, 7.3–9.2 mm long, 3.3–4.8 mm wide below the callosities, 2.2–2.6 mm wide at the area of recurvature when flattened, 1.4–3.7 mm wide below the recurvature, lanceolate to oblong, apex acuminate to rounded; 2 basal callosities/nectar glands, white to yellow, prominent, upright, 0.6–1.1 mm tall, with long dense papillae at the base. Column protandrous, slightly rhombic, green, 2.5–3.6 mm long, with a fringe of minute glands or papillate below the stigmatic surface, with a pair of prominent, upright flaps or wings at each side and clasping the column, the wings green basally, becoming white to translucent, column foot glabrous; rostellum well-developed, white to ivory, becoming dark drown with age, tapering to thin acute membranes at the apex, 1.2–1.5 mm long; stigmatic surface glabrous, shiny; anther pale-brown, triangular-ovoid; pollinium attached to a well-developed viscidium, yellow; viscidium linear, slightly sticky, immersed in the rostellum, leaving behind a narrow V-shaped rostellar remnant after removal, 1–1.3 mm long. Ovary moderately to densely pubescent with septate trichomes. Fruit a light brown ovoid capsule. Figures 3 and 17.</p><p>Etymology —The specific epithet  “ niklasii ” honors Karl J. Niklas, Ph.D. (b. 1948), for his many contributions to botany, paleobotany, and evolutionary biology. Throughout his 43 yr of elegant scholarship, leadership within the botanical community (e.g. President, Botanical Society of America, 2008–2009), and dedicated teaching as a professor of Plant Biology at Cornell University, Niklas has mentored and inspired a generation of botanists, including M. Pace. A suggested common name for  S. niklasii is “Niklas’ ladies’ tresses”.</p><p>The discovery of  S. niklasii (Figs. 3, 17), likely ancient  S. cernua s. s. 3  S. ovalis, is perhaps one of the more unexpected results of our research. Although previous phylogenetic research found that  S. ovalis was a member of the  S. cernua species complex s. l. (Dueck et al. 2014; Pace and  Cameron 2016), these two species had never previously been hypothesized to hybridize. Herbarium specimens of  S. niklasii were originally identified as tentative  S. cernua s. l., however, close observation found papillae along the central vein of the labellum, a character not present in  S. cernua s. s. (or  S. ovalis). This unusual character prompted M. Pace to conduct fieldwork in Arkansas, with an emphasis on the Ouachita Mountains. When samples of these plants were included in our molecular analyses, they displayed strong discordance between nuclear and chloroplast datasets, with the chloroplast datasets hypothesizing a close relationship to  S. ovalis (Figs. 5, 7).</p><p>The labellum shape of  S. niklasii is somewhat variable, however, overall flower shape is distinctly and strongly campanulate, and the plant is often leafless at flowering; these characters are not typically found in either parental species. Similarly, although  S. niklasii is often found along streams, these streams are typically dry at anthesis, and many populations grow in xeric graminoid prairie-like clearings and edges within dry  Pinus -Quercus -Acer -  Liquidambar -Carpinus - Ostrya forests (Fig. 15), a habitat somewhat intermediate between the open wet graminoid-cyperoid habitats of  S. cernua s. s. and the dolomitic oak-savannah to closed-canopy forested habitats of  S. ovalis .</p><p>Spiranthes niklasii is primarily restricted to the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, with small disjunct populations in the south-central Boston Mountains and on Crowley’ s Ridge in northeastern Arkansas (Fig. 14). Although  S. cernua s. s. and  S. ovalis are both found over much of southern North America and potentially share pollinators (Catling 1980), is it unclear why the hybrid species  S. niklasii displays a restricted and geographically specific distribution. The Ouachita Mountains contain 20 known endemic plant species and are the second most species-rich area within the wider region following southeastern Texas, with ca. 1,500 known plant species (Kartesz 2015); this mountain system is also a known region of species diversity and endemism for North American Plethodontid salamanders (Shepard et al. 2011; Steffen et al. 2014). The Ouachita Mountains are unusual in that they are one of just a few east-west oriented mountain ranges in North America north of Mexico, and they have been hypothesized to have served as glacial refuges during Ice Ages. Additional research is needed to understand how the unusual geologic history of the region might have affected the evolution of its flora and fauna, including the nearly endemic orchid  S. niklasii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B1BE2FFFD6FFBEF75FFDEBFC02FDBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pace, Matthew C.;Cameron, Kenneth M.	Pace, Matthew C., Cameron, Kenneth M. (2017): The Systematics of the Spiranthes cernua Species Complex (Orchidaceae): Untangling the Gordian Knot. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (4): 1-30, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X696537, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x696537
03B1BE2FFFDDFFB6F758FCDEFA71FB13.text	03B1BE2FFFDDFFB6F758FCDEFA71FB13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spiranthes	<div><p>APPENDIX 3. Rafinesque descriptions of selected  Spiranthes .</p><p>Spiranthes brevicaulis Raf., Herb. Raf.: 45 (1833). Foliage radicale conica longissima lineari cuneat acuta, caule brevi vix folioso, foliage lanceolate acute spicis flexuosis oblongus laxis pauciflora flora magnis curvis, bract acuminate. Labellum oblong acute. Kentucky. Semi pedalis. 1818.</p><p>Spiranthes flexuosa Raf. Herb. Raf.: 45 (1833), nom. illeg. Caule basi folioso flexuoso, foliage ang. lanceolate obtusiuse, spicis densis spiraled flexuosis pubescens, bract acuminate. Flores mediocris curvis. Labellum oblong acute erosum. Appalachian Mountains pedal.</p><p>Spiranthes petiolaris Raf., Herb. Raf.: 45 (1833). Foliage radical longe petiolatis cuneato lanceolate acutis, caule basi folioso, fol. lanceolate acuminatis, spicis densis spir-fl. magni curvus, bract acuminate. Labellum oblong acute. Illinois. Pedal. Flowers white as in all  Spiranthes . 1818.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B1BE2FFFDDFFB6F758FCDEFA71FB13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pace, Matthew C.;Cameron, Kenneth M.	Pace, Matthew C., Cameron, Kenneth M. (2017): The Systematics of the Spiranthes cernua Species Complex (Orchidaceae): Untangling the Gordian Knot. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (4): 1-30, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X696537, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x696537
