identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B187929F1BFFAA52FA34A56472DE34.text	03B187929F1BFFAA52FA34A56472DE34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnonectes hascheanus (Stoliczka 1870)	<div><p>Limnonectes hascheanus (Stoliczka, 1870)</p><p>Hill–forest Frog</p><p>Figs 6–8</p><p>Polypedates hascheanus Stoliczka, 1870: 148; Sclater, 1892; Chanda, Das, and Dubois, 2001 “2000”: 108.</p><p>Rana hascheanus Sclater, 1892: 344; Flower, 1899: 894; Boulenger, 1920: 54 (in part); Van Kampen, 1923: 181; Berry, 1975:68 (in part).</p><p>Rana (Euphlyctis / Limnonectes) hascheana Dubois 1981: 239; Emerson &amp;Berrigan, 1993: 27.</p><p>Euphlyctis hascheana Poynton &amp; Broadley, 1985:124 .</p><p>Limnonectes (Taylorana) hascheanus Dubois, 1987 “1986”: 64.</p><p>Taylorana hascheana Dubois, 1992: 314; Manthey &amp; Grossmann, 1997: 119; Chan-ard, 2003: 114; Grismer et al. 2004a: 21 (in part), 2006: 63, 2010: 149 (in part); Fei, Ye &amp; Jiang, 2010: 30; Sumarli et al. 2015: 9 (in part);</p><p>Limnonectes hascheanus Grismer, 2004b: 251 (in part); Inger &amp; Stuart, 2010: 56; Harikrishnan et al. 2018: 260; Hong et al. 2021: 17; Grag et al. 2022: 190 (in part); Zou et al. 2024: 163.</p><p>Types. Not listed in the original publication; Stolizka (1870) stated that the species was commonly found in the higher forest of Penang Island and noted that the largest of “hundreds” seen measured 15/ 16 inch (approximately 23.8 mm).</p><p>Referred specimens. A total of 39 adult specimens (25 males, 14 females) were examined, collected from various location across Peninsular Malaysia as follows: Penang: Penang Botanical Garden (5.4419°N, 100.2907°E; elev. 100 m), adult males, USMHC 2951 to 2956 collected on 14 April 2018 by Zou Bei and TJ Low, adult female, LSUHC 10351 collected on 30 July 2011 by L. Lee. Grismer; Bukit Mertajam (5.3634°N, 100.4830°E; elev. 460 m), adult males, USMHC 1179 to 1184, LSUHC 12087 and 12088, LSUHC 12090 and 12091, adult female, LSUHC 12089 collected on 29 October 2011 by L. Lee. Grismer and Evan Quah; Bukit Panchor (5.1610°N, 100.5482°E; elev. 100 m), adult male, LSUHC 12094, adult females, LSUHC 12093 and LSUHC 12095 collected on 16 October 2011 by L. Lee. Grismer and Evan Quah. Perlis: Perlis State Park (6.7018°N, 100.1986°E; elev. 350 m), adult male, USMHC 2828 collected on 15 June 2018 by Hong Zijia, adult male, LSUHC 10359 collected on 30 July 2011 by L. Lee. Grismer. Kedah: Kuala Nerang (6.4353°N, 100.6834°E; elev. 150 m), adult male USMHC 2958 collected on 26 April 2019 by Zou Bei and TJ Low, adult females LSUHC 12639–12641, LSUHC 12643 to 12646, LSUHC 12669 collected on 19 March 2016 by L. Lee. Grismer and Evan Quah; Ulu Muda (6.0006°N, 100.9667°E; elev. 600 m), adult male LSUHC 10598 collected on 6 February 2012 by L. Lee. Grismer; Gunung Machinchang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.793&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8623" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.793/lat 4.8623)">Langkawi Island</a> (6.3996°N, 99.6717°E; elev. 700 m), adult male LSUHC 7081 and adult female LSUCH 7082 collected on 16 March 2005 by L. Lee. Grismer; adult female LSUHC 9443 collected 20 September 2009 by L. Lee. Grismer; Telaga Tujuh, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.793&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8623" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.793/lat 4.8623)">Langkawi Island</a> (6.3831°N, 99.674°E; elev. 280 m), adult male LSUHC 7135 collected on 18 March 2005 by L. Lee. Grismer. Perak: Bukit Larut (4.8623°N, 100.7930°E; elev. 1050 m), adult males LSUHC 11715 to 11716 collected on 29 April 2014 by L. Lee. Grismer .</p><p>Revised diagnosis. Limnonectes hascheanus can be characterized by the following combination of features: (1) small size, SVL 17.92–25.76 mm in males; 20.03–26.32 mm in females; (2) a black band between eyes; (3) supratympanic fold along the tympanum; (4) a W-shape marking between the shoulders; (5) granular warts scattered on super-axillary and cloacal region; (6) fingertips with terminal bulbs, the relative finger lengths III&gt;I&gt;II&gt;IV or III&gt;I&gt;II=IV; (7) enlarged inner metatarsal tubercle, about 43% the first toe; (8) toes are unwebbed or only slightly webbed with web formular as follow: I 2 - –2½ II 2 - –3 III 21 / 3 –4 - IV 4 - –2½ V or I 2 - –2½ II 11 / 3 –3 - III 2 + – 31 / 3 IV 31 / 3 –2 + V; (9) males without enlarged odontoids at front of mandible (Inger and Stuart 2010).</p><p>Description (Fig. 6, Table 2). Morphometric measurements were taken and calculated for all 39 specimens. However, the morphological features, such as skin texture and colorations in life, were mainly based on specimens from the USMHC field series.</p><p>Adult males typically have a snout-vent length (SVL) that ranges from 17.92–25.76 mm (mean= 22.21 mm, SD=1.92) for males, 20.03–26.32 mm (mean= 23.59 mm, SD=1.54) for females (Table 2); broad head, with the width slightly greater than the head length (males: HL/HW: 0.60–0.82; females: HL/HW: 0.52–0.81; snout is rounded and slightly pointed in dorsal view and rounded in profile, extending well beyond the lower jaw; nostrils closer to the tip of the snout than the eye of most specimens (males: NS/EN=0.75, range: 0.20–1.18; females: NS/ EN=0.42 range: 0.29–0.50), positioned just before the canthus rostralis and it is slightly raised above the surface of the snout, forming a small but noticeable bump; canthus rostralis is sharp, forming a noticeable angle and edge from dorsal and lateral view; loreal region narrow toward the snout and slightly concave; eye diameter almost equal to the snout length in males (EL/SL=1.05, range: 0.71–1.63), but greater than snout length in females (EL/SL=1.15, range: 0.93–1.60); sub–elliptical horizontal pupils with a discontinuous posterior margin; a visible pineal ocellus (pineal eye) is present; the tympanum is rounded and smaller than the eyes (males: TD/EL=0.56, range: 0.41–0.73; females: TD/EL=0.54, range: 0.39–0.65), not sunken compared to the skin of the temporal region; the tympanic rim is slightly raised relative to the tympanum, with the margin concealed by a distinct and thick supratympanic fold, this fold is strongly protuberant, extending from the corner of the eye to the posterior margin of the tympanic annulus before turning ventrally to the supra-axillary region; the choanae are widely separated and situated at the anterolateral edge of the palate. They are subcircular, with their anterolateral edges partially concealed by the palatal shelf of the maxilla in ventral view. The dentigerous process of the vomer is distinct, with a patch of conical teeth on each side which process is angled rostrally at approximately a 45-degree inclination (Fig. 7B); the mandibular area exhibits gentle knobby protrusions resembling a wavy pattern and lacks odontoids (Fig. 7C).</p><p>The forelimb is nearly equal in length to upper arm in males: LAL/FAL=0.95, range: 0.65–1.23; longer in females: LAL/FAL= 0.81, range: 0.65–0.95) and shorter than hand length (males: HAL/FAL=1.23, range: 0.95– 1.35; females: HAL/FAL=1.17, range: 0.98–1.37); fingers without webbing; the fingertips are rounded with terminal bulbs but are not expanded into discs; finger order is III&gt;I&gt;II&gt;IV or III&gt;I&gt;II=IV (Fig. 7D); distal subarticular tubercles are prominently raised and numbers follow I(1), II(1), III(2) and IV(2), the basal subarticular tubercles only observed on 3 rd and 4 th finger; lack of supernumerary tubercles and metacarpal tubercles.</p><p>The hindlimbs are short and robust, with the thigh nearly equal in length to the tibia and longer than the foot, but shorter than the distance from the heel to the tip of the fourth toe (males: TL/THIGH=1.05, range: 0.96–1.16; TFOL/ THIGH=1.47, range: 1.35–1.70; FOL/THIGH=0.96, range: 0.80–1.10; females:TL/THIGH=1.09, range: 1.00–1.28; TFOL/THIGH=1.22, range: 1.24–1.50; FOL/THIGH=0.64, range: 0.57–0.68); toes are long and thin (Fig. 7E), with the tips dilated into small rounded terminal bulbs. The relative toe lengths follow the order IV&gt;III&gt;V&gt;II&gt;I; toes are not webbed or only slightly webbed; toe webbing does not reach the penultimate subarticular tubercle (middle subarticular tubercle) of the fourth toe and only slightly above the distal subarticular, approximately one-third of the way between the penultimate subarticular tubercle and the basal subarticular, formular as follow: I 2 - –2½ II 2 - –3 III 21 / 3 –4 - IV 4 - –2½ V or I 2 - –2½ II 11 / 3 –3 - III 2 + – 31 / 3 IV 31 / 3 –2 + V. The subarticular tubercles are prominent, with the following numbers: I(1), II(1), III(2), IV(3), and V(2); supernumerary tubercles absent; the inner metatarsal tubercle is elongated, oval, and prominently raised, about 43% of the first toes (IMTL/1stTL=0.43, range: 0.26–0.53) while the outer metatarsal tubercle is absent; a distinct dermal ridge raised along the outer metatarsal tubercle region of fifth toe.</p><p>The skin texture on the snout, interorbital, and loreal regions ranges from smooth to slightly shagreened. A parietal eye is located on the top of the head. A distinct supratympanic fold extends from the posterior corner of the eye to the tympanic annulus, then turns ventrally to the supra-axillary region. The dorsum and flank are covered with glandular warts and whitish spinules, with irregular warts and spinules scattered on the eyelid, lower back near the groin, and dorsal surfaces of the shank. Tubercles form an aberrant, triangular skin tag near the middle of the back and are intermittently present along the paravertebral region, extending to the lower back; dense cluster of granular warts observed on cloacal area (Fig. 7F). The skin on the throat is wrinkled, while the remaining ventral surface is smooth.</p><p>Coloration in life (Fig. 6). The dorsum displays a dark orange-brown hue, overlain with a W-shaped tubercular ridge on the upper back and scattered dark-brown spots. A noticeable dark-brown band separates the eyes, marking the boundary between the yellowish cream snout, the front half of the eyes, and the dark orange-brown dorsum. The snout is a yellowish cream colour with scattered dark-brown speckles. The upper eyelid transitions smoothly from a yellowish-cream tone near the eye to a dark orange-brown as it approaches the dorsum. Along the canthus and loreal region, a dark greyish brown margin is observed, highlighted by white mottling. The upper tympanum appears dark-brown, its margin concealed by a dark-brown supratympanic fold, while the lower tympanum exhibits yellowish and white mottling. The iris displays a bronze hue with black vermiform stripes, surrounded by an orange discontinuous margin. From a lateral view, the flanks transition from grey to yellowish cream to light-brown. On the ventral side, the throat area specifically shows a pattern of small white granules, with few brown blotches; the rest of the ventral surface, including the belly and inner parts of the limbs, are relatively uniform in its light-yellow coloration; the leg and arms have a slightly dark hue compared to the belly, gradually fading toward to the tip of fingers and foot. The dorsal surface of the arms and legs exhibit a mottled coloration with a mix of dark and light-brown, and yellowish-orange spots. The arms are lighter in colour near the body and become darker toward the fingertips. The hind limbs show a more consistent mottled pattern of dark and light-brown patches. Both arms and legs have noticeable dark cross band on the surface.</p><p>Coloration in preservation (Fig. 8). The dorsal surface is a nearly uniform dark-brown or orange-brown with scattered dark mottling, while the lips display an indistinct broad band of the same dark-brown shade. Indistinct dark-brown crossbands are still visible on the dorsal surfaces of both the forelimbs and hindlimbs, which appear lighter brown in comparison to the dorsum. Additionally, a distinctly dark-brown interorbital bar is present. The throat, belly, and forelimbs exhibit a yellow-cream coloration. On the ventral surface of the hindlimbs, a reddish-brown hue is observed, accompanied by brown mottling, while the ventral part of the hand and the tarsus region to the foot are characterized by a dark-brown coloration.</p><p>Variations. Summary of morphometric variation is present in Table 2. All examined specimens were similar in overall external morphology, coloration and patterning. The comparison of older specimens from specific locations with more recent collections from the same areas reveals some colour variation, suggesting geographically variable colour differences. However, these observations may simply result from preservation conditions and colour changes over time.</p><p>Distribution and natural history (Fig. 9). Stoliczka (1870) first described Limnonectes hascheanus based on specimens collected from upland forest on Penang Island (approximately 833 above sea level). Inger &amp; Stuart (2010) also confirmed its distribution where the species can be found from Penang Island of Peninsular Malaysia. In this study, the specimens we examined were collected from various locations in Peninsular Malaysia, including Perlis State Park of Perlis; Langkawi Island, Kuala Nerang, and Ulu Muda of Kedah; Penang Island, Bukit Mertajam and Bukit Panchor of Penang and Bukit Larut of Perak. Additional records of the species are from Batu Hampar Recreational Forest of Kedah (Hong et al. 2021) and Gunung Inas of Perak (Berry, 1975; Chan et al. 2010). It is typically found in lowland to hill dipterocarp forests at elevations ranging from 100–1,050 m. The targeted individuals were found hidden under the leaf litter, buried beneath a thin layer of loose soil, or in shallow depressions forming a hole on the forest floor or slopes that were near puddles or rocky streams along trails. During the rainy season, the frogs seemed to be more active, and males could be heard calling all along trails both day and night.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ hascheanus ” is a reference to Alfred Hasche, who assisted the author of the species in research on Penang Island.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B187929F1BFFAA52FA34A56472DE34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zou, Bei;Anuar, M. S. Shahrul;Low, Tek Joo;Hong, Zijia;Chau, Elizabeth;Grismer, L. Lee;Quah, Evan S. H.	Zou, Bei, Anuar, M. S. Shahrul, Low, Tek Joo, Hong, Zijia, Chau, Elizabeth, Grismer, L. Lee, Quah, Evan S. H. (2026): A systematic review of the Limnonectes hascheanus-limborgi complex (Anura: Dicroglossidae), with the description of a new species from Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 67-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.3
03B187929F05FFA152FA377D6331D8A7.text	03B187929F05FFA152FA377D6331D8A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnonectes corvus Zou & Anuar & Low & Hong & Chau & Grismer & Quah 2026	<div><p>Limnonectes corvus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9550FDE1-9C4C-41FB-BB3F-D09A6F7F3CD3</p><p>Malaysian Crow Frog</p><p>Figs 10–12</p><p>Rana hascheana: Berry 1975: 68</p><p>Taylorana hascheanus: Sukumaran 2002: 6; Grismer et al. 2004b: 21; Grismer et al. 2010: 149; Sumarli et al. 2015: 1679. Limnonectes hascheanus: Grismer 2004a: 251; Chan et al. 2019: 1057; Badli-Sham et al. 2023: 56.</p><p>Limnonectes limborgi: Inger &amp; Stuart 2010: 57 (in part); Matsui et al. 2014: 680 (in part); Zou et al. 2024: 163 (in part).</p><p>Holotype. LSUHC 11717, an adult male collected from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.793&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8623" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.793/lat 4.8623)">Bukit Larut</a> (4.8623° N, 100.7930° E; elev. 1050 m) Perak, Peninsular Malaysia on 29 April 2014 by L. Lee Grismer and Evan S.H. Quah.</p><p>Paratypes. Terengganu: Gunung Tebu (5.6049°N, 102.6047°E; elev. 670 m) adult male, LSUHC 10841, adult females, LSUHC 10840, LSUHC 10842 and 10843 collected on 1 September 2012 by Alex X. Sumarli and L. Lee Grismer. Pahang: Tekek Juara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.18942&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.79339" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.18942/lat 2.79339)">Tioman Island</a> (2.79339°N, 104.18942°E; elev. 160 m), adult males, LSUHC 3758 and 3759 collected on 13 July 2001 by L. Lee Grismer; Telok Dalam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.10498&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.52219" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.10498/lat 2.52219)">Tioman Island</a> (2.52219°N 104.10498°E; elev. 80 m), adult female, LSUHC 5471 collected on 17 July 2003 by L. Lee Grismer; Telok Dungun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.11395&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.50082" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.11395/lat 2.50082)">Tioman Island</a> (2.50082°N, 104.11395°E; elev. 100 m), adult male, LSUHC 6222 on 30 June 2004 by L. Lee Grismer; Genting Highlands (3.3841°N, 101.7775°E; elev. 870 m), adult male, USMHC 2721 collected on 13 August 2019 by Zou Bei and Hong Zijia; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.7775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3841" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.7775/lat 3.3841)">Fraser’s Hill</a> (3.7119° N, 101.7366°E; elev. 1460 m), adult males, USMHC 2744 and USMHC 2745 collected on 12 October 2019, adult female, USMHC 2690 collected on 18 Jun 2019 by Zou Bei and TJ Low.</p><p>Referred specimens: Terengganu: Sekayu lowland forest (4.9832°N, 102.9294°E; elev. 600 m), adult female, AAH 516.</p><p>Diagnosis (Fig. 11). Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) small size: SVL SVL 21.59–35.45 mm in males, SVL 28.74–35.78 mm in females; short, stocky and robust body; (2) males lack external vocal sacs; (3) loreal region slightly concave; (4) tympanum approximately 2/3 of the eye diameter; (5) distinct supratympanic fold along the tympanum extending to supra-axillary region; (6) smooth skin without dense clusters of granular warts on super-axillary and cloacal regions (7) fingertips with terminal bulbs; relative finger lengths III&gt;I=II&gt;IV or III&gt;IV=I=II; (8) inner metatarsal tubercle distinctly raised and less than 50% of the length of the first toe; (9) dermal ridge along the outer metatarsal; (10) toes basally webbed, with webbing extending to middle subarticular tubercle of the fourth toe with webbing formula as follow: I 1 - –2 II 0 + – 22 / 3 III 1 + –3 IV 3– 11 / 2 V or I 1 - –2 II 1 + –2½ III 1½–3 IV 3–2 - IV; (11) enlarged odontoids present in males and females.</p><p>Description of holotype (Fig. 10, Table 2). Adult male, SVL= 35.45 mm; head broad (HL/HW=0.69) and tapering slightly to a rounded triangular, flattened snout, not overly domed in dorsal view; snout blunt and rounded at the tip, nearly equal to eye diameter (SL/EL=0.96), extending forward in a gradual taper, with a modest projection beyond the head; nostrils point laterally, slightly protuberant, closer to tip of snout than to orbit (NS/EN=0.38); canthus rostralis rounded; lores oblique and concave; eyes large and prominent, positioned laterally on head, slightly bulging and set relatively high, diameter greater than interorbital distance (EL/IOD=1.51); pupil elliptical, horizontal; upper eyelid approximately 50% of eye diameter (UEW/EL=0.47); interorbital region flat, subequal to internarial distance (IOD/IN=0.96); vocal folds on throat, no external vocal sacs; tympanum visible but slightly obscured, approximately two-thirds diameter of eye and is not overly prominent (TD/EL=0.57); distinct, thick supratympanic fold, strongly protuberant, extending from posterior margin of eye to posterior margin of tympanic annulus, turning ventrally to supra-axillary region; subcircular choanae separated and situated at anterolateral edge of palate, anterolateral edge partially concealed by palatal shelf of maxilla in ventral view.</p><p>Forelimbs relatively slender and elongate (HAL/SVL=0.23, FAL/SVL=0.17, LAL/SVL=0.14), brachium shorter than forearm (LAL/FAL=0.79); distinct humeral gland on ventral surface of brachia; fingers thin, tapering and slightly pointed and grooves, first finger only slightly longer than second, without visible webbing, order of finger length: III&gt;I=II&gt;IV; subarticular tubercles prominently raised and oval-shaped, with the following counts on digits: I(1), II(1), III(2), and IV(2); inner metacarpal tubercle large and oval; palmar tubercle and nuptial pad absent.</p><p>Hindlimbs long, slender; thigh shorter than tibia and distance from heel to tip of fourth toe, but nearly equal to length of foot (THIGH /TL=0.89, THIGH / TFOL =0.63, THIGH /FOL=0.93); toes long, thin; tip of toes with terminal bulbs that turn into small disks wider than penultimate phalanges; order of toe length: IV&gt;III&gt; V&gt;II&gt;I; toes basally webbed (Fig 11E), with webbing formula: I 1 - –2 II 0 + – 22 / 3 III 1 + –3 IV 3– 11 / 2 V or I 1 - –2 II 1 + –2½ III 1½–3 IV 3–2 - IV; subarticular tubercles prominently raised, with the following count on each toe: I(1), II(1),III(2), IV(3) and V (2); distinct, raised inner metatarsal tubercle, less than half the length of first toe (IMTL /1 st TL=0.42); outer metatarsal tubercle absent; and slightly raised dermal ridge along fifth toe.</p><p>The dorsal surface is covered with fine granules, with fewer granules dorsolaterally toward the lower back and tibia, giving the skin a slightly roughened appearance; small scattered dark spots and subtle ridges on the back, but no prominent dorsolateral fold; flanks and limbs exhibit a similar granular texture.</p><p>Coloration in life (Fig. 10). The dorsum is cinnamon-brown with irregular mottled darker brown patches and scattered small blackish spots. A dark interorbital bar is distinct, with a darker inverted Λ-shape on the back. A dark-brown lateral mask extends from the snout through the eye to just behind the tympanum. Tympanum dark-brown, blending with the lateral mask. Loreal region dark-brown, while upper lip and area below the mask cream-colored, with fine pale speckling beneath the eye. Iris golden bronze, with a narrow golden ring surrounding the black pupil. Forelimbs and hindlimbs cinnamon-brown. The forelimbs with irregularly shaped dark blotches or bands, while the hindlimbs are patterned with distinct dark transverse bands on the thigh, shank, and tarsus. The flanks are cinnamon-brown with scattered dark blotches, gradually blending into the lighter ventral side of the body.</p><p>Coloration in preservation (Fig. 12). The overall coloration exhibits a light-brown, with a slightly translucent appearance due to preservation. The dorsal surface of the body and head is predominantly pale brown. The dark interorbital bar and inverted V-shape on the back still visible. The limbs share the same light-brown tone, becoming slightly lighter toward the distal ends. The ventral surface is in a pale cream. The throat, chest, and abdomen are largely in this pale tone while the underside of the limbs shows a slightly translucent light-brown coloration, and the digits and toe webbing possess a faint brownish tint.</p><p>Variation. All examined individuals exhibit considerable variation in dorsal coloration, patterning and markings. The dorsal coloration ranges from greyish-brown (Fig. 10B, LSUHC 10841), dark-brown (Fig. 10C, USMHC 2745) and reddish-brown (Fig. 10D, USMHC 2721; Fig. 10F, USMHC 2690). Morphologically, all paratypes generally resemble the holotype, as summarized in Table 2. Males exhibit a wider range of snout-vent lengths (SVL) than females (males= 21.59–35.45 mm; females= 28.74–35.78 mm). Size ranges overlap between the sexes. Paratypes USMHC 2745 exhibit a bold cream stripe extending from the snout to the vent. In USMHC 2721, the middorsal stripe is not straight but curves in certain areas. Both individuals (USMHC 2745 and USMHC 2721) possess a thin line along the inner side of the shank to the tarsus. The female paratype USMHC 2690, shows a reddish tone along the edges of the eyelids and toes. The pineal ocellus is visible in paratypes USMHC 2721, although it is merged with the stripe.</p><p>Comparison. Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. can be differentiated from its syntopic relative in Peninsular Malaysia, L. hascheanus by an uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of 7.8%. Morphologically, L. corvus sp. nov. can be distinguished from L. hascheanus by the following characteristics (Table S5): (1) larger adult size for both sexes: males 21.59–35.45 mm, females 28.74–35.78 mm (vs. males 17.92–25.76 mm and females 20.03–26.32 mm); (2) smooth skin without dense cluster of granular warts on supra-axillary and cloacal regions (Fig. 11A and F) (vs. rough, grainy skin with granular warts on supra-axillary and cloacal regions (Fig. 7A and F)); (3) toes basally webbed with webbing formula as follow: I 1 - –2 II 0 + – 22 / 3 III 1 + –3 IV 3– 11 / 2 V or I 1 - –2 II 1 + –2½ III 1½–3 IV 3–2 - IV(Fig. 11E) (vs. toes unwebbed or only slightly webbed extending to basal subarticular tubercle with web formula as follow: I 2 - –2½ II 2 - –3 III 21 / 3 –4 - IV 4 - –2½ V or I 2 - –2½ II 11 / 3 –3 - III 2 + – 31 / 3 IV 31 / 3 –2 + V (Fig. 7E)); (4) enlarged odontoids present in both sexes (Fig. 11C) (vs. both males and females lack enlarged odontoids (Fig. 7C)).</p><p>Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. differs from the ‘true’ L. limborgi (Clade 7) (Köhler et al. 2021) by having a genetic distance of 6.0% and 7.0% from Chinese L. limborgi (Clade 4) (Huang et al. 2022). Morphologically, L. corvus sp. nov. can be distinguished from the above clades by the following characteristics: wider body size ranges of males, SVL 21.59–35.45 mm (vs. both males and females of L. limborgi from Myanmar and China having SVL&gt;28.00 mm); snout modestly projected beyond the head, nearly equal eye diameter or longer (Males: SL/EL=1.15; females: SL/EL=1.04) (vs. snout not projecting (Inger &amp; Stuart 2010), slightly longer than the eye diameter (Sclater 1892)); lores oblique and concave (vs. almost flat and not concave (Sclater 1892; Inger &amp; Stuart 2010)).Additionally, the bioacoustics differences reported by Zou et al. (2024) indicate that L. corvus sp. nov. has a dominant frequency range of 1219–2250Hz, (vs. 1335–1637Hz of L. limborgi from Myanmar); two types of notes, A (long) and B (short) in a call series (vs. single note type of a call series in L. limborgi); calls consisting of 1–6 notes or sometimes a single note could be a single call of L. corvus sp. nov. (vs. calls consist of 3–5 notes in L. limborgi). Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. differs from L. bagoyoma (Köhler et al. 2021) by having a genetic distance of 6.9%. Morphologically, the dark lateral preorbital stripe is present in L. corvus sp. nov. (vs. without dark preorbital stripe on L. bagoyoma), and male advertisement call consisting of 1–6 notes with a dominant frequency range of 1219–2250Hz (vs. single note of the call with a dominate frequency range of 1300–1400Hz). Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. can be distinguished from L. bagoensis (Köhler et al. 2021) by the following characters: small body size, both males and females SVL &lt;36.00 mm (vs. medium body size, males 32.40–48.50 mm, females 29.80–39.70 mm); palmar tubercle absent (vs. palmar tubercle distinct, flat, bifid in L. bagoensis); toes basally webbed with slightly raised dermal ridge along the fifth toe (vs. toes are almost fully webbed with well-developed dermal ridge along later side of fifth toe in L. bagoensis).</p><p>Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. differs from the remaining species of the genus Limnonectes from Peninsular Malaysia as follows: from L. blythii, by its smaller body size, SVL not exceeding 36.00 mm in both sexes (vs. fullgrown adults to ca. 150.00 mm in L. blythii) and first finger only slightly longer or equal to second (vs. first finger much longer than second) (Leong 2005). Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. differs from L. nitidus (Smedley, 1932) and L. tweediei (Smith, 1935) by the absence of dorsolateral dermal folds (vs. their presence in both species) and underside of hindlimbs with a pale color and smooth dorsal transition from the pale coloration to the darker tones with dark spots on the dorsal surface as it merges with the lateral edges (vs. underside hindlimbs with a deep orange tone in L. nitidu s and yellow or orange in L. tweediei) (Leong 2005; Chan et al. 2019). Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. differs from L. paramacrodon (Inger, 1966) by having toes that are partially webbed (vs. toes I–III and V fully webbed and IV toe webbed to the distal subarticular tubercle (Inger 2005)). Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. differs from L. plicatellus (Stoliczka, 1873) by its grainy dorsal surface, fewer tubercles or warts and lacking longitudinal folds (vs. dorsum with subparallel rows of longitudinal folds, both continuous and discontinuous, interspersed with scattered tubercles in L. plicatellus (Leong 2005)); ventral skin off-white or cream (vs. lemon yellow in L. plicatellus; Hong et al. 2021); without a horn-like projection on the head of adult male (vs. with a horn-like projection on the head of adult male L. plicatellus). Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. differs from L. malesianus (Kiew, 1984) in having a small body size (vs. large body size, males: 70.00–150.00 mm, females: 75.00–95.00 mm in L. malesianus; Gillespie et al. 2021); upper eyelid cover with granular wart (vs. large and pointed tubercles on upper eyelid; Gillespie et al. 2021); without W-shaped skin folds on the back (vs. with W-shaped skin folds on the back in L. malesianus; Inger 2005). Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. differs from L. utara Matsui, Belabut &amp; Ahmad, 2014 and L. selatan Matsui, Belabut &amp; Ahmad, 2014 by having toes that are partially webbed (vs. toes fully webbed) and lacking nuptial pad on first finger in males (vs. presence of a nuptial pad (Matsui et al. 2014)). Limnonectes corvus sp. nov. differs from L. deinodon Dehling, 2014 by having a distinct tympanum (vs. a tympanum hidden under wrinkled skin and barely discernible) and long, slender hind limbs (vs. short, sturdy hind limbs in L. deinodon (Dehinlg 2014)) .</p><p>Distribution and natural history. Inger &amp; Stuart (2010) noted that Limnonectes limborgi typically inhabits a U-shaped region extending from hill to montane areas across Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. They also suggested the possibility of this species occurring in Peninsular Malaysia based on the examination of specimens in their collection. Later, Matsui et al. (2014) reported on a specimen collected from Janda Baik in Peninsular Malaysia they identified as L. limborgi . In this study, the specimens we examined were collected from various locations throughout Peninsular Malaysia, including Bukit Larut, Perak; Fraser’s Hill, Genting Highlands and Tioman Island, Pahang; and Gunung Tebu, Terengganu. Additional records occur from Temengor Forest, Perak (Sukumaran et al. 2002; Grismer et al. 2004b); Jedok Forest Reserve, Gunung Stong, Sungai Brok Forest Reserve and Gunung Gagau, Kelantan (Hamidi 2013; Badli-Sham et al. 2023; Ruzman et al. 2023; AmphibiaWeb 2024); Sekayu Lowland Forest, Terengganu (Badli-Sham et al. 2023).</p><p>Throughout its range, individuals were found calling from either slopes with a loose substrate or from the flat forest floor covered with rattan, dry leaf litter, and/or tree branches along a forest trail (Fig. 14). The shallow layers beneath the soil surface are densely packed with plant roots and small stones, forming burrows resembling hollow nests, making it nearly impossible to unearth the frogs. Frogs were not restricted to areas with water sources nearby. Males were heard calling both day and night. The co-occurrence of the two species at Bukit Larut, Perak (Fig. 13)—including males calling literally side by side—further supports their recognition as distinct species (pers. obs. by Evan S.H. Quah and L. Lee Grismer). The advertisement call of L. hascheanus exhibits a consistent pattern, with each call comprised of 21–34 notes while for L. corvus sp. nov., the advertisement call is comprised of two types of pulse notes: note A and note B and calls usually consist of 1–6 notes (Zou et al. 2024). Notably, during the sampling, we observed that calling males seem to be more active from 10 a.m.–12: 30 p. m. and again from 6: 30 p. m.– 9 p. m.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ corvus ’ is derived from the Latin word for crow which is in reference to the call of the species which to the human ear resembles the call of a crow (Sukumaran et al. 2002; Grismer, 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B187929F05FFA152FA377D6331D8A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zou, Bei;Anuar, M. S. Shahrul;Low, Tek Joo;Hong, Zijia;Chau, Elizabeth;Grismer, L. Lee;Quah, Evan S. H.	Zou, Bei, Anuar, M. S. Shahrul, Low, Tek Joo, Hong, Zijia, Chau, Elizabeth, Grismer, L. Lee, Quah, Evan S. H. (2026): A systematic review of the Limnonectes hascheanus-limborgi complex (Anura: Dicroglossidae), with the description of a new species from Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 5785 (1): 67-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.1.3
