taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B06F39FF90FFFA1B870EBEFFA2F846.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (translated from Storozhenko 1998: 136). — Forewing membranous, small to medium sized; ScP terminating in apical third of wing; costal area with numerous transverse veins, with little branching or cell formation; CuA divided into two main branches, CuA 1 weakly curved distally and not parallel to posterior wing margin, with at least two terminal branches, CuA 2 always simple; area between CuA and CuP broad; CuP simple; no anastomosis between M and Cu, and M and RP; apical part of wing acuminate; ScP sclerotised, weakly curved distally; RP with weak branches.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF90FFF918060BB9FF04F842.taxon	description	(Figs 1; 2) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 BA 7678 C-FC 7 A- 4 D 25 - 88 BE- 4 C 6 D 3 F 83 D 43 D	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF90FFF918060BB9FF04F842.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Forewing venation characters only. RP with reduced number of branches; RP branches distally fused and weak; RP and M without anastomosis; MA with three branches; area between RA and RP broad; Cu with rather short stem; area between CuP and CuA broad.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF90FFF918060BB9FF04F842.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — AM 11016 (an isolated forewing impression, Fig. 1); stored in the fossil collection at the Albany Museum, Makhanda, South Africa. TYPE LOCALITY AND FORMATION. — Onder Karoo locality near Sutherland, Northern Cape, South Africa; Middle Permian (early Wordian), uppermost Waterford Formation, Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF90FFF918060BB9FF04F842.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From Latin connexus (joined, connected) referring to the distal fusion of RP.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF90FFF918060BB9FF04F842.taxon	materials_examined	REFERRED MATERIAL. — Two other specimens AM 11252 and AM 11318 are attributed to the same species because the shared preserved parts are identical to those of the holotype (Fig. 2).	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF90FFF918060BB9FF04F842.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Forewing with only extreme base and apex, and anal areas missing; wing 19.0 mm long, 7.5 mm wide; membranous and bare, apical part not strongly widened; double rows of cells absent; crossveins simple throughout. Anterior margin convex; costal area (between C and ScP) twice as wide as subcostal area, with transverse veinlets and few crossveins between them; ScP sclerotized, terminating at distal third of wing; few crossveins between ScP and R; RA weakly curved with six-seven short anterior branches; origin of RP proximal to basal third of wing; RP with two weak distal branches fused together distally; area between RA and RP broad, with a series of parallel transverse veinlets; R, M and Cu separated during all of their course; RP and M, and M and Cu, without anastomosis; M with two main branches proximal to base of RP; MA with three distal anterior branches; area between M and CuA broad, with a series of parallel transverse veinlets; CuA not parallel to posterior wing margin distally; CuP and CuA separating near wing base, area between them broad with parallel crossveins; CuA divided into CuA 1 and CuA 2 proximal to origins of M and R; CuA 1 with two branches; CuA 2 and CuP simple (Figs 1; 2).	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF90FFF918060BB9FF04F842.taxon	discussion	NOTES (Table 1) Liomopterum connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp. is placed in the Liomopteridae because of its general similarity with the taxa in this family, as no synapomorphy is known to define this group. Liomopterum connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp. has reduced branching of RP, which excludes it from Climaconeurites Sharov, 1961, Fumopterum Kukalova, 1964, Liomopterella Sharov, 1961, and all of the other liomopterid genera except Abashevia Sharov, 1961, Khosara Martynov, 1937, Liomopterites Sharov, 1961, Liomopterum, Micropermula Storozhenko, 1992, Mioloptera Riek, 1973, and Mongolopermula Storozhenko, 1992. The absence of anastomosis between RP and M also excludes Climaconeurites. Liomopterum connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp. differs from Liomopterites in having a broad area between CuP and CuA. Abashevia is excluded because of the presence of only three branches of anterior branch of M in Liomopterum connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp.; the broad area between RA and RP excludes affinities with Semopterum Carpenter, 1950 and Mioloptoides Riek, 1976. Khosara is excluded because the anterior branch of M has three branches in Liomopterum connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp. instead of two. Note that Aristov (2020) described a new species, Khosara ultima Aristov, 2020, on the basis of an incomplete forewing with only the distal parts of M, RP, and MA. Mongolopermula has a simple MA, unlike Liomopterum connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp. Mioloptera has a stem of Cu distinctly longer than in Liomopterum connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp. Micropermula has a very particular shape of RA and RP and a narrow area between CuP and CuA. The wing venation of Liomopterum connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp. strongly resembles that of the type genus Liomopterum. The distally fused weak RP branches differ from the other species of this genus.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF93FFF718050DFFFF1EFBA1.taxon	description	(Fig. 3) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 D 1 BEC 6 A-C 89 A- 470 C- 9 D 7 C- 8 CC 1 F 41 D 2164	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF93FFF718050DFFFF1EFBA1.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Forewing characters only. MP incomplete; area between CuP and CuA broad; origin of CuA 2 rather distal; costal area broad; MA with only one fork; radial and medial areas with a double row of sigmoidal cells; some crossveins S-shaped; median and distal parts of wing with parallel series of dark patches.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF93FFF718050DFFFF1EFBA1.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — AM 11312 (forewing impression), stored in the fossil collection at the Albany Museum, Makhanda, South Africa (Fig. 3). TYPE LOCALITY AND STRATUM. — Onder Karoo locality near Sutherland, Northern Cape, South Africa; Middle Permian (early Wordian), uppermost Waterford Formation, Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF93FFF718050DFFFF1EFBA1.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From Daenerys Targaryen (daenerys), a strong female lead in George R. R. Martin’s Game of Thrones; A Song of Fire and Ice. The name can be interpreted as ‘ God is my judge in my destruction’ or ‘ God is my judge of my excellent purpose’, a mix of Hebrew and Greek.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF93FFF718050DFFFF1EFBA1.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION A well preserved yet fragmented forewing, with distal part of Cu and apex missing. Preserved part 15 mm long, 6.5 mm wide; costal area with a series of simple transverse veinlets sometimes connected by crossveins, three times as wide as subcostal area; ScP ending at distal third of wing with a weak curve; crossveins present between ScP and R; R straight; area between RA and RP broad, with a double row of cells; RP origin proximal to basal third of wing; RP with two branches; M divided into two branches proximal to origin of RP; MA with two main branches; a double row of cells between MA and MP; area between M and CuA broad, with a series of parallel transverse veinlets; CuA divided into CuA 1 and CuA 2 near its base; CuA 2 simple; CuP simple; area between CuA and CuP broad; coloration preserved as three-four parallel dark patches (Fig. 3).	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF93FFF718050DFFFF1EFBA1.taxon	discussion	NOTES Taxonomically important structures of this tegmen are missing, especially the distal parts of RA, MP and CuA 1. Nevertheless, it resembles Liomopterum due to the broad area between RA and RP, and RP with only one fork, broad area between CuA and CuP, and origin of CuA 2 rather distal. It differs from L. connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp. due to its broad costal area and MA with only one fork. Crossveins are more numerous in this specimen than in L. connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp., and a double row of cells is present in the radial and medial areas, with crossveins defining sigmoidal cell shapes. Some crossveins are S-shaped and the presence of a series of parallel, dark patches is a further diagnostic feature.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71B970C58FE44FA7A.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 54391 D 50 - 3 B 52 - 4951 - AEE 6 - FF 5 B 2785 C 877	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71B970C58FE44FA7A.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Costal area three times as wide as subcostal area, RP weakly curved and simple; fork of M distal to that of the origin of RP; CuA 1 with at least six branches, area between CuA 2 and CuP broad, numerous S-shaped crossveins (Fig. 4).	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71B970C58FE44FA7A.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Colubrosopterum karooensis Cawood & Nel, n. sp.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71B970C58FE44FA7A.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — From Latin colubrosus (winding) referring to the S-shaped veins in the wing, and the genus Liomopterum (- opterum). Pterum from the Greek pteron (ptero ν) for wing. Gender masculine.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71A5F0E1FF971F983.taxon	description	(Fig. 4) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 9 ACA 81 CB- 6 DE 7 - 4864 - A 5 BA-CE 9 C 54 BF 0 B 98	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71A5F0E1FF971F983.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — As for genus.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71A5F0E1FF971F983.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — AM 11389 (forewing impression), stored in the fossil collection at the Albany Museum, Makhanda, South Africa (Fig. 4). TYPE LOCALITY AND FORMATION. — Onder Karoo locality near Sutherland, Northern Cape, South Africa; Middle Permian (early Wordian), uppermost Waterford Formation, Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71A5F0E1FF971F983.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — After the type locality Onder Karoo.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71A5F0E1FF971F983.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION A nearly complete forewing with only the apex and part of the anal area missing. Wing 22.0 mm long and 10.5 mm wide; anterior margin of wing convex; costal area with forking transverse veinlets and crossveins linking them, three times as wide as subcostal area; apex of ScP at distal third of wing; few crossveins present between ScP and R; RA weakly curved with several anterior branches; RA branches dichotomising; origin of RP proximal to basal quarter of wing; RP simple; area between RA and RP with S-shaped crossveins; M divided into two main branches, branching distal to base of RP; MA forking slightly more proximally than MP; MA with three branches; MP with two branches; area between M and CuA broad; CuA and CuP separating near wing base; CuA divided into CuA 1 and CuA 2 proximal to mid wing; CuA 1 with at least six branches, approximately parallel to posterior wing margin; area between CuA 1 and CuA 2 with a double row of cells; CuA 2 simple; area between CuA and CuP broad, with a double row of cells; CuP simple; numerous S-shaped crossveins; coloration is represented as spots (Fig. 4)	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
03B06F39FF9DFFF71A5F0E1FF971F983.taxon	discussion	NOTES (Table 2) This fossil belongs to a group of genera with RP reduced (i. e., with fewer than three branches and two forks), viz. Abashevia, Micropermula, Khosara, Mongolopermula, Mioloptera, Liomopterites, and Liomopterum. It differs from Liomopterum in having the fork of M in a distal position, well after the origin of RP. Micropermula is based on a hindwing that, unlike our fossil, has a simple MA. The forked MA also excludes Mongolopermula. Khosara has a CuA 1 with a simple fork, unlike our fossil. Liomopterites has a narrower area between CuA 2 and CuP. Our fossil shares with Mioloptera and Abashevia the rather distal position of CuA 2. It differs from all of them except the upper Permian South African genus Mioloptera in the broader area between CuA 2 and CuP. Colubrosopterum Cawood & Nel, n. gen. differs from AM 11265 (provisionally assigned to Paraliomopterum Sharov, 1961) in the simple RP, a character also seen in Liomopterum connexus Cawood & Nel, n. sp .. Nevertheless, the first fork of M in our fossil is comparatively in a very distal position, well after the base of RP, and this warrants its allocation to a new genus and species.	en	Cawood, Rebecca, Nel, Andre, Garrouste, Romain, Moyo, Sydney, Villet, Martin H., Prevec, Rose (2022): The first ‘ Grylloblattida’ of the family Liomopteridae from the Middle Permian in the Onder Karoo, South Africa (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (22): 451-461, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a22
