identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B5F3569503A212FC04F807FBF1FE0E.text	03B5F3569503A212FC04F807FBF1FE0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Linopherus littoralis Shimooka & Koyama & Jimi 2025	<div><p>Linopherus littoralis sp. nov.</p><p>[New Japanese name: Hama-doro-umikemushi]</p><p>(Figs 2–4)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype (NSMT-Pol H-973): 22.5 mm long, 1.9 mm wide (without chaetae, in widest chaetiger), 100 chaetigers, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.02422&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.723446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.02422/lat 33.723446)">Nagaihama beach</a> (33°43′24.4″N 131°01′27.2″E), sandy-mud, collected by using a yabbie pump, 0–1 m in depth, 15 October 2023, collected by Satoshi Shimooka and Akihiko Koyama. Paratypes (NSMT-Pol P-974): three specimens (one of them was used for SEM observation), 28.1–30.9 mm long, 1.5–2.2mm wide (without chaetae, in widest chaetiger), 97–105 chaetigers, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.02588&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.72764" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.02588/lat 33.72764)">Nagaihama beach</a> (33°43′39.5″N 131°01′33.2″E), sandy-mud, collected by using a yabbie pump, 0–1 m in depth, 16 October 2023, collected by Satoshi Shimooka and Akihiko Koyama.</p><p>Diagnosis. Linopherus with prostomium globular, two pairs of indistinct eyes. Caruncle short, inconspicuous. Parapodia biramous, rami widely separated, with single dorsal and single ventral cirrus. Branchiae dendritic, present from chaetiger 3 onwards, with more than 33 pairs.</p><p>Description. Body elongate, nearly rectangular in cross section, tapering posteriorly (Figs 2, 3). Color pinkish when alive, pale yellow in alcohol, without color pattern (Fig. 2). Prostomium pear-shaped, longer than wide, divided into two parts by transverse groove, located two-fifths of the way from the front end (Figs 2C, 3A). Anterior lobe two-thirds as long as posterior lobe, rounded, with pair of cirriform antennae dorsally and similar pair of palps laterally, palps with three distinct articulations. Antennae nearly as long as palps (Figs 2C, 3A). Posterior lobe quadrangular, with median antenna and two pairs of indistinct rounded eyes not visible after fixation. Eyes appear as pale dots arranged in square around median antenna (Figs 2B, C, 3A). Median antenna conical, as long as lateral antennae, located two-thirds from the front of posterior lobe (Figs 2C, 3A). Caruncle short, rounded, inconspicuous, completely concealed by second chaetiger (Figs 2C, 3A). Buccal opening occupying two chaetigers, upper lip bilobed, expanded distally (Fig. 3B).</p><p>All parapodia biramous (Figs 3C, D, 4A). Chaetiger 1 greatly reduced, not forming dorsally complete ring (Fig. 3A). Parapodia with slender cirri, both notopodia and neuropodia well-developed, neuropodia larger than notopodia, chaetal sac forming rounded lobe, cirrophores smooth (Figs 3C, D, 4A). First two parapodia with slightly articulated cirri, dorsal and ventral similar-sized (Fig. 2A, B). Chaetiger 2 with longest cirri among all. Succeeding parapodia with dorsal cirri about same length as cirri of chaetiger 1, with ventral cirri one-third as long as dorsal cirri (Fig. 3A, B).</p><p>Branchiae present from chaetiger 3, located on posterior side of each parapodia, arising as tufts, dendritically branched, decreasing along body, disappearing at chaetiger 38, chaetiger 3 with four filaments (Fig. 3A); chaetiger 14 with 21 filaments (Fig. 3C); chaetiger 28 with six filaments (Fig. 3D); chaetiger 38 with 1–3 filaments.</p><p>Notochaetae of four types: thick, smooth aciculars located in the lower part of the fascicle (Figs 3E, 4B); stout harpoonchaetae with over 20 denticles (Figs 3F, 4C); long, slender smooth capillaries; long, slender, basally spurred capillaries with denticulate cutting margins (Fig. 3G). Neurochaetae of three types: long, slender, basally spurred capillaries with denticulate cutting margins (Fig. 3H); furcate chaetae, shortest tine two times longer than wide, longest tine denticulate, cutting margins various length located in upper part of fascicle (Fig. 3I); smaller furcate chaetae with thick shafts, longest tine smooth located in lower part of fascicle (Fig. 3J).</p><p>Anus opening dorsally on terminal chaetiger. Pygidium rounded, without appendages.</p><p>Variations. Four specimens are examined (NSMT-Pol H-973, NSMT-Pol P-974). Specimen size varies from 22.5 to 30.9 mm length, 1.5 to 2.2 mm maximum width. Branchial chaetiger range varies, branchiae always start in chaetiger 3 to and extends along body to chaetigers 36–46.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective littoralis (coastal), referring to the habitat of the specimens, which were found in the littoral zone of a sandy-mud beach.</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis. Linopherus littoralis sp. nov. and Paramphinome M. Sars in G. Sars, 1872 formed a clade with low bootstrap support (BS: 58). Linopherus is included in the subfamily Amphinominae with good support (BS: 94) (Fig. 5).</p><p>Distribution and habitat. This species was found in shallow water of a sandy-mud beach at depths of 0–1 m in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. In terms of COI sequences, Linopherus littoralis sp. nov. shows a high similarity (99.54%) to a specimen identified as Amphinomidae sp. C, collected from China (GenBank accession number OL964293). This suggests the potential distribution of L. littoralis sp. nov. in China. However, due to the lack of detailed morphological descriptions or additional information on the Chinese specimen, further verification is needed to confirm whether it is conspecific with L. littoralis sp. nov. Therefore, the precise distribution of this species outside Japan remains unclear.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B5F3569503A212FC04F807FBF1FE0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shimooka, Satoshi;Koyama, Akihiko;Jimi, Naoto	Shimooka, Satoshi, Koyama, Akihiko, Jimi, Naoto (2025): A New Species of Linopherus (Annelida: Amphinomidae) from Kyushu, Japan. Species Diversity 30 (1): 91-98, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.30.91, URL: https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.30.91
03B5F3569507A213FEF0FC77FA7FF835.text	03B5F3569507A213FEF0FC77FA7FF835.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Linopherus de Quatrefages 1866	<div><p>Key to Species of Linopherus [Modified from Sun and Li (2016)]</p><p>1. Branchiae present from chaetiger 2 continuing to end of body............. L. reducta (Kudenov and Blake, 1985) (USA, Pacific Ocean)</p><p>— Branchiae present from chaetiger 3 or 4..............2</p><p>2. Branchiae present from chaetiger 3..................3</p><p>— Branchiae present from chaetiger 4.................16</p><p>3. Eyes absent......................................4</p><p>— Eyes present, one or two pairs (may not be visible in fixed specimens)..................................5</p><p>4. Several pairs of branchiae until end of body................................. L. tripunctata (Kudenov, 1975) (Mexico, Pacific Ocean)</p><p>— Branchiae present only on anterior chaetigers................... L. oligobranchia (Wu, Shen, and Chen, 1975) (Paracel Islands, South China Sea)</p><p>5. First pair of eyes semicircular......................6</p><p>— First pair of eyes rounded..........................8</p><p>6. Posterior margin of prostomium bilobed, more than 40 pairs of branchiae.... L. beibuwanensis Sun and Li, 2016 (China, South China Sea)</p><p>— Posterior margin of prostomium not bilobed, less than 40 pairs of branchiae..............................7</p><p>7. Six pairs of branchiae, caruncle absent....................................... L. fauchaldi San Martín, 1986 (Cuba, Caribbean Sea)</p><p>— About 23 pairs of branchiae, caruncle present, small and rounded............... L. microcephala (Fauvel, 1932) (Maldives, Indian Ocean)</p><p>8. Anterior lobe of prostomium conical, not expanded anteriorly............... L. kristiani Salazar-Vallejo, 1987 (Mexico, Pacific Ocean)</p><p>— Anterior lobe of prostomium rounded, anteriorly expanded ................................................9</p><p>9. One pair eyes...................................10</p><p>— Two pairs of eyes................................11</p><p>10. Caruncle present, cirri of second chaetiger longer than others............... L. paucibranchiata (Fauvel, 1932) (Egypt, Gulf of Suez)</p><p>— Caruncle absent, cirri of second chaetiger as long as others............. L. hirsuta (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) (Persian Gulf)</p><p>11. More than 20 pairs of branchiae present............12</p><p>— Maximally 16 pairs of branchiae present............15</p><p>12. Branchiae present only on anterior chaetigers.......13</p><p>— Branchiae present in all but first two and last few chaetigers..........................................14</p><p>13. Caruncle distinct, square pad like.............................................. L. ambigua (Monro, 1933) (Panama, Pacific Ocean)</p><p>— Caruncle indistinct, completely concealed by second chaetiger........................ L. littoralis sp. nov. (Japan, Seto Inland Sea)</p><p>14. Caruncle absent, eyes inconspicuous................................... L. spiralis (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) (Persian Gulf)</p><p>— Caruncle present, eyes conspicuous.......................................... L. oculata (Treadwell, 1941) (Panama, Pacific Ocean)</p><p>15. 13–16 pairs of branchiae present, caruncle present................... L. annulata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965) (Chile, Pacific Ocean)</p><p>— Maximally seven pairs of branchiae present, caruncle absent................ L. canariensis Langerhans, 1881 (Canary Islands, Atlantic Ocean)</p><p>16. More than 40 pairs of branchiae present, eyes distinct, caruncle absent......... L. acarunculata (Monro, 1937) (Maldives, Indian Ocean)</p><p>— Less than 10 pairs of branchiae, eyes absent, caruncle present.........................................17</p><p>17. Seven pairs of branchiae present, subdistally inflated (hastate) acicular chaetae absent................................................. L. minuta (Knox, 1960) (New Zealand, Pacific Ocean)</p><p>— Less than seven pairs of branchiae present, subdistally inflated (hastate) acicular chaetae present...........18</p><p>18. Five or six pairs of branchiae present, dorsal cirri absent in branchial chaetigers, caruncle in deep pocket at posterior margin of prostomium, small and rounded.............................. L. abyssalis (Fauchald, 1972) (Mexico, Pacific Ocean)</p><p>— Five pairs of branchiae present, dorsal cirri absent in branchial chaetigers, caruncle button-shaped................................... L. hemuli (Fauchald, 1972) (Norway, Sognefjord)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B5F3569507A213FEF0FC77FA7FF835	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shimooka, Satoshi;Koyama, Akihiko;Jimi, Naoto	Shimooka, Satoshi, Koyama, Akihiko, Jimi, Naoto (2025): A New Species of Linopherus (Annelida: Amphinomidae) from Kyushu, Japan. Species Diversity 30 (1): 91-98, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.30.91, URL: https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.30.91
