taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B70E2F8F61FFF6FFF4A00AFC0AFB4E.taxon	description	The name is derived from the ancient Greek κεγΧΡ (Ι) ος, Cenchrus. This is the classical Greek name for millet, Panicum miliaceum L. Lunell (1915) referred to a Cenchrus by the Greek physician Hippocrates (fl. 400 BC) in a work that he abbreviated to ‘ Morb. ’, but which I have not found. The word does not refer to something piercing as Gledhill (2008: 97) has it. Possibly he confused it with κεΝΤΡοΝ, kentron, sharp point, spur, etc.: Kentranthus Raf.: flowers spurred. Of the Linnaean species C. capitatus L. is now Echinaria capitata (L.) Desf. (Poeae), and C. racemosus L. has become Tragus racemosus (L.) All. (Cynodonteae). For the enigmatic C. frutescens L., see below. Only C. echinatus L. and C. tribuloides L. (Paniceae) have remained while on the other hand the genus up till recently increased to about 42 species. Cenchrus and Pennisetum have always been regarded as closely related. Cenchrus would differ mainly by the usually retrorsely barbed bristles at least basally connate and the chromosomal allopolyploid base number x = 17 (8 + 9). 1 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, section Botany, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; e-mail: jef. veldkamp @ naturalis. nl Chrtek & Osbornova (1996) have proposed a complicated subdivision of Cenchrus, where e. g. C. ciliaris L. and C. setigerus Vahl are in two different subgenera. Martel et al. (2004: 139) found the only Cenchrus they included, C. ciliaris, to nest within Pennisetum. As the generic position of this species has been contentious, this only supports the notion that it belongs in Pennisetum s. s. Donadio et al. (2009) with more species also observed that Cenchrus is nested in Pennisetum. After the recent unification by Chemisquy et al. (2010) with the much larger Pennisetum there are about 110. The lectotype is C. echinatus, designated by Nash (1913: 166). In general the species are considered to be noxious weeds because of their spiny burs. The grains of some species are highly nutritious (C. brownii Roem. & Schult., C. biflorus Roxb., C. prieurii (Kunth) Maire). See Brink (2006).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F61FFF6FCBBA0C2FAFAF9AB.taxon	description	In post-Linnean times Moench (1794: 205) validated the name. It is a nomen rejiciendum against Echinaria Desf. (1799: 385). He included two species, now belonging to two different genera: Panicastrella capitata (L.) Moench, based on C. capitatus L., now Echinaria capitata (L.) Desf., and Panicastrella muricata Moench, a superfluous name for C. echinatus.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F60FFF7FFF4A2EAFB0BF859.taxon	description	A more certain early record of Cenchrus echinatus Herman in Sherard’s ‘ Paradisi batavi’ (1689: 338) recorded Gramen aculeatum Curassavicum. ‘ Curassavicum ’ refers to the island of Curaçao, where at least a century ago there were only two species (Boldingh 1914: C. carolinianus Walter and C. echinatus). From the very brief phrase name it is not even clear that this refers to a Cenchrus. Any spiny grass would do. Plukenet (1691, 1696) with some doubt mentioned it (‘ Schol. Botan. ’) under the new phrase name Gramen americanum spica echinata majoribus locustis. The illustration of 1691 (Fig. 2) was based on plants grown from fruits given by Sherard to Samuel Doody (1656 – 1706), a pharmacist in London and from 1691 Superintendent of the Chelsea Physick Garden. He was a friend of Petiver, Plukenet and Ray. “ In his time very famous ” (Backer 1936). Very likely Sherard had brought diaspores from Amsterdam, and so the two names are linked more closely together than Plukenet thought. Anyway, Chase (1920: 47) commented “ A fairly good illustration of Cenchrus echinatus. ”. The plate was mentioned by Linnaeus (1753) under C. echinatus. It is reproduced here and although of poor quality, does resemble a Cenchrus. Contrary to the citation by Linnaeus (1753) Morison (1699) changed Gramen americanum, spica echinata, majoribus glumis, Schol. Bot. Par. to Gramen aculeatum curassavicum, Hort. Reg. Paris. I think the ‘ T. ’ cited by Linnaeus is a cryptic reference to Tournefort in the ‘ Schola’. In the end, the lectotype of C. echinatus is a specimen in the Herb. Van Royen s. n. (holo L, sh. 912.356 - 116; microfiche IDC BT- 341), designated by Veldkamp (1993).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F60FFF7FFF4A59AFE8CFAE7.taxon	description	About this book by the Silesian physician, horticulturist, and poet Laurentius Scholzius de Rosenau (1552 – 1599) Cohn (2013) wrote “ Diese Ausgabe ist bisher nicht aufzufinden gewesen, wohl aber eine zweite unter dem Titel: “ Catalogus arborum, fruticum ac plantarum tam indigenarum quam exoticarum horti medici D. Laur. Scholzii med. Vratisl. ” Vratisl. A. C. MD. XCVIII [MD. XCIIII, corr. JFV]. 4 ° (Georg. Baumann.). A. W. Henschel hat in der Allgem. Gartenzeitung von Otte [Otto, corr. JFV] u. Dietrich vol. V. 1837, p. 61 [187, JFV] u. f. diesen für die Geschichte der botanischen Gartenpflege wichtigen Katalog, welcher ca. 240 Arten und Varietäten in alphabetischer Ordnung aufzählt, abdrucken lassen ”. This Catalogus was mentioned, but not seen by Pritzel (1848: 266). Copies are in the Bibliothek für Schlesische Landeskunde der Stiftung Kulturwerk Schlesien, Würzburg, in the Bayerische Staatbibliothek, München and in the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Henschel (1837: 177) said that the ‘ Original-Katalog’ was included because already then the ‘ Hortus Vratislaviae’ was extremely rare. The last instalment contains an account of the plants in the garden of Scholzius in 1587, and lists the species of the “ Hortus Vratislaviae ”, and not those of the ‘ Catalogus arborum’, as Cohn claimed. The only grass in both is Gramen turcicum (Zea mays L.).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F63FFF2FCBAA55DFDECFB9D.taxon	description	The first is Arundo graminea aculeata Alpino (1627) based on an illustration of sterile material from Crete (Fig. 3). As usual this is a crude wood cut, but is illustrative of what one had to work with. Smith (1806: 76) considered it as a very obscure species. He cited as synonyms Nasos Diosc. (apparently not Nazia Adans., 1763) and ΠεΤΡοκαλαμο [Petrokalamo] Messen., a vernacular name from Messenia, SW Greece, and based on Sibthorp’s notes thought it would occur there as well as in the Achaean Archipelago. Sieber (1822) went to the original locality and observed: “ Ich bin daher nach Bereisung der ganzen Nordküste dieser Insel [Crete] vollkommen überzeugt, daſs dieser Cenchrus frutescens L., insofern es Alpins Pflanze betrifft, durchaus nichts anders als die oft 3 Klafter [fathom, c. 1.9 m] langen Ausläufer von Arundo Donax seye, und das Gewächs, da es nicht jährlich abgehauen werte, der gelinden Witterung wegen frutescire, die wahre Pflanz dieses Namens aber im Tournefortischen Herbar aufgesucht werden müſse ”. Remarkably, Greuter & Scholz (1996) cited Sieber’s paper, but did not comment on this statement, a kind of lectotypification. Sieber thus clearly made a distinction between Alpino’s plant and that of Tournefort and said that the “ true plant of this name ” should be looked for in the latter’s herbarium. In short, this con- stitutes a lectotypification avant le mot, incomplete, perhaps, as he did not cite the sheet number as we would require today (how could he have?), but clear enough. The remark by Brummitt (1998) that you cannot designate a (lecto) type when you have not seen it, is not supported by the Code, which does not require so. Article 9.3 (b) defines as “ original material ” “ specimens … even if not seen by the author ”. Moreover, in my interpretation of Art. 9.12 on lectotypification a specimen takes precedence over an illustration. I here designate P­TRF 4941, P 000680157 (IDC microfiche 6208) as the lectotype. A particular problem was caused by the total misinterpretations by Lunell (1915). He adhered to absolute priority and thus accepted Nastus Diosc. (“ ΝαΣΤος ”; 50 – 70 AD) with as type Cenchrus frutescens L. (1753). The reference to Dioscorides (AD 50 – 70) cited by him (‘ I: 114 ’) I have not found, as there are so many editions over the c. 1500 years of use of this seminal medicinal work, and here have used the one by Ruellius (1552), which was also used by Linnaeus (1753: 480). Dioscorides mentioned species of Harundo called Calamos, Canna, Cypria, Donax, Ita, Nastos, etc., from which arrows, flutes, or pens were made. Apparently these are species of what we now regard as Arundo L. and Phragmites Adans. It is most unlikely that any could pertain to C. ciliaris, the only Cenchrus native to Europe, but then at present only known from Sicilia and nearby Isola Lipari (Clayton 1980). Certainly the burs would have been noted. Lunell cited Bubani (1901), who also would have used Nastus, but it was not found there. It is not Cenchrus Hippokrates, ‘ l. c. ’, which he seems to think is Panicastrella Micheli (1729), taken up by Moench (1794), nor Echinaria Heist. ex Fabr. (1759), non Desf. (1799), a superfluous name for Cenchrus (Briquet et al. 1905). Lunell included as the other species Nastus carolinianus (Walter) Lunell, based on C. carolinianus Walter, nom. utique rej. This is now C. longispinus (Hack.) Fernald. Clearly he had not seen Alpino’s illustration which in no way resembles any Cenchrus. Obviously he tried to place this species, whereby later authors have equated his Nastus with Cenchrus (e. g. Clayton & Renvoize 1986, Soreng & Pennington 2003). Greuter & Scholz (1996) saw this microfiche. They said that on the label ‘ orientalis ’ is crossed out and replaced by ‘ armeniaca ’. Through the kind offices of Mme Elodie Lerat (P) a scan was obtained. As can be seen from Fig. 4 their remark is incorrect. Chase (1920: 49) remarked “ It appears more like a species of Salicornia [L.; Chenopodiaceae] ”. Turland (1995), also with field experience in Crete, disagreed with Sieber and regarded Alpino’s plant as a curious form of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. He therefore proposed C. frutescens as a nomen utique rejiciendum to avoid a new combination for the Common reed. Greuter & Scholz (1996) refrained from lectotypifying C. frutescens L., instead they played what is unofficially known as “ Mabberley’s Trick ” (Geesink ex Mabberley 2004) and described a new species, Phragmites frutescens H. Scholz, thereby effectively blocking any later combination in Phragmites for C. frutescens. As a result Turland’s proposal was not recom- mended by the Nomenclatural Committee (Brummitt 1998). Scholz’s species would occur also outside Crete in the Aegean, Cyprus, Israel and Syria (Fielding & Turland 2005: 48, 488). Linnaeus’s second reference is to Gramen orientale spicatum fruticosum spinosum, spicis echinatis in capitulum congestis Tournefort (1703). In this work the plants are enumerated which Tournefort had collected during his travels to the Levant as far as Armenia (1700 – 1702), hence the ‘ orientale ’. His material in P (P­TRF 4941, P 000680157; Fig. 4 a, b) represents Crypsis aculeatus (L.) Aiton. He regarded Alpino’s species as distinct and he renamed it to Arundo angustifolia, repens, aculeata. Although this came from the East, Linnaeus (1753) attributed it to America. In 1763 he corrected this to Armenia, but he never mentioned Crete. He apparently based most of the protologue (epithet, inflorescences, and provenance) on Tournefort. However, the application of this combination has long been enigmatic. I agree with Greuter & Scholz’s (1996) suggestion that this is Crypsis aculeatus (L.) Aiton, based on Schoenus aculeatus L. (1753: 42. Cyperaceae!). The epithets ‘ aculeatus ’ and ‘ frutescens ’ are equally old, and the first because of long-time use has obvious preference and is selected here, thus maintaining the combination of Crypsis aculeata (L.) Aiton. In this way there is no reason for any renaming and Turland’s proposal was unnecessary as well as Greuter & Scholz’s (1996) juggling act.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F65FFF2FFF4A0A6FB3AFA77.taxon	description	Pennisetum cenchroides Rich., based on C. ciliaris L. (1771: 302), is also a superfluous name as ‘ ciliare ’ should have been used. This was done by Link (1827). It shows an early observa- tion that Cenchrus and Pennisetum are similar.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F65FFF2FFF4A0A6FB3AFA77.taxon	description	This illustration was also cited by Linnaeus who provided a different phrase name again. However, in LINN there is 1212.1 which Linnaeus tried to identify with existing literature. I would think that this would be the lectotype of H. spicatus, but the combination has been lectotypified with Plukenet (1691: t. 32, f. 4) by Davidse (1994: 363). I feel that according to Art. 9.12 (ICN; McNeill et al. 2012) this uncited specimen should have preference and I here designate it as the lectotype. Under Alopecurus typhoides Burm. f. (1768: 27) also cited Plukenet, uniting the plate (1691) with the text (1696: 174). Because both the Richard and the earlier Burman combinations are based on the same pre-Linnaean reference, even when Richard did not cite Burman, the latter is to be regarded as the author of the basionym to be cited within parentheses (Art. 41.4, Ex. 7), and the epithet is then to be spelled accord- ingly as ‘ typhoides ’. Pennisetum violaceum (Lam.) Rich. was based on Panicum violaceum Lam. (1791: 169) from Senegal. The type is Rousillon s. n. (? holo P-LAM). The species is used as an ornamental and in hybridization experiments as it is regarded as the progenitor of P. glaucum (= Cenchrus americanus).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F65FFF3FCBBA180FE1BFA87.taxon	description	The situation was thrown in a lasting confusion by Linnaeus (1771) when he described another Panicum polystach [ium]. According to the diagnosis (“ setis ciliatis a basi ad medium pilis longiusculis ”) and the specimen he used (Linn. 80.4) is a species of Pennisetum. Herb. Linné 80.4 (f. 17) has been designated as the lectotype of P. polystachion L. (1771) (Van der Zon 1992: 335). In fact, it is a later homonym, yet combinations using the Linnaean epithet of 1759 generally, but erroneously, have been applied to it. Because of this widespread confusion I will submit a proposal of conserving the 1771 name with Linn. 80.4 as the conserved type, whereby general usage will be maintained. The combinations used for the Cenchrus / Pennisetum in fact pertain to Setaria glauca and the correct name in Cenchrus for the moment is C. setosus Sw. A curious, remarkable and unexplained thing is that neither Panicum polystachion nor Pennisetum polystachion are mentioned by several early to mid- 19 th century standard compilers of names and grasses, or misused the first for something else. Possibly they thought that when a name could not be placed, or was regarded as a synonym, it was allowed to be used again for something else. Steudel (1821: 589) only had a Panicum polystachyum based on Oplismenus polystachyus Kunth (1816 b), which is now Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc. Trinius (1822: 327) equated Gramen vulpinum Rumph. with Pennisetum setosum, which is clearly erroneous, as that species was only recently introduced in Malesia and certainly could not have been seen by Rumphius before he lost his sight in 1670. His illustration not even remotely resembles it. It is Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen. Sprengel (1824: 302 – 304, 307 – 309) did not mention them at all. Trinius (1826: 65 – 66) mentioned Panicum polystachyum L. under Pennisetum parviflorum Trin. (not based on Cenchrus parviflorus Poir.!) noting that it did not belong there as the involucre was not ciliate. On p. 68 under Pennisetum violaceum Trin. he said “ an Panicum polystachyon L. sp. pl. ed. 2, et Mant. (tum excl. syn. Rumphii) ”. Trinius (1834) cited Panicum polystachyum L. with doubt under Pennisetum uniflorum Kunth (1816 a, b), now regarded as a synonym of Pennisetum polystachion (or P. setosum?). Steudel (1854: 81, 461) had only Panicum polystachyum J. Presl, but this is also a later homonym and now a synonym of Hymenachne donacifolia (Raddi) Chase.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F64FFF3FFF4A183FC9EFD3C.taxon	distribution	Distribution — C. 110 pantropical species, 16 Malesian, 3 native.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F67FFF1FCBBA1E5FECDF7A9.taxon	distribution	Distribution — This grain crop has probably evolved between 3000 – 2000 BC in the Sahel area of Africa by domestication of C. violaceus (Lam.) Morrone, an aggressive weed from W Africa, still used as a so-called famine cereal. Except for some specimens from experimental plots I have seen no field records from Malesia. Some strains are very tolerant to drought, more than Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Habitat — Fields. Uses — See also De Wet (1995), Oyen & Andrews (1996) and Lost crops of Africa (National Research Council, USA, 1996). Sixth most important cereal of the world, domesticated 4000 – 5000 years ago in the Sahel area, South of the Sahara. Thought to have crossed over to Asia 3000 years ago, and now in India the fourth most important cereal. Presently in Africa, India, and some other parts of the world an important staple food grain comparable to maize, rice, sorghum, and wheat. Best cereal under marginal conditions in harsh, hot (above 30 ° C), arid areas, needing relatively low moisture, possibly because it roots deeper than most other plants. Easy to grow, suffering less from various pests. The green ears may be roasted like young maize cobs. Grains used roasted, in porridges, couscous, for chest disorders, as an anthelminthic; used to treat leprosy, blennorrhoea, and poisonings. They can also be popped for snacks. The flour is used for unleavened bread (‘ chupatty’), and fermented foods ‘ kisra’ or ‘ galettes’. Dark coloured grains are used for beer and other beverages. However, its dehulling produces relatively low yields of flour, and it has poor storage stability. As a fodder it is considered to be mediocre to good. Sometimes infected by ergot and some forms produce hy- drocyanic acid. Culms used for screens, divans, roofing, fuel, basketry, paper. Red and purple flowered forms produce a red dye. Bran is used in poultices, and in a massage for kidney pains. Vernacular names — Bajra (India), Bulrush millet, Cattail millet, Pearl millet, Spiked millet. Notes — A very polymorphic species with a very involved nomenclature, which at present seems best resolved by adopting the name used here. See also Schlechtendal (1853), Terrell (1976), and Brunken (1977). Hybrids with P. purpureum have been cultivated as fodder, e. g. in the Philippines.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F66FFF1FCBAA488FB80FA77.taxon	description	Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult. (1817) 258. — Cenchrus inflexus R. Br. (1810) 195, non Poir. (1804). — Type: R. Brown 6140 (holo BM; E, K, P, US, fragm.). Cenchrus viridis Spreng. (1824) 301. — Cenchrus echinatus L. var. viridis Spreng. ex Griseb. (1864) 556. — Type: Bertero s. n. (holo B; US, fragm.).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F66FFF1FCBAA488FB80FA77.taxon	description	Cenchrus echinatus L. var. glabratus auct. non F. Br.: F. Br. (1931) 66, quoad BS 5995 (Ramos) (BISH). Pennisetum macrostachys auct. non Trin. (‘ macrostachyum ’). Pennisetum nigricans auct. non Miq. Annuals. Culms 0.25 – 1 m long, erect to geniculate at base, rooting in the decumbent nodes. Ligule 0.75 – 1.7 mm long. Leaf blades 8 – 38 cm by 4 – 15 mm. Inflorescence 3 – 8 (– 12) cm long. Common axis scaberulous, internodes 0.8 – 2.25 mm long. Stipe 1 – 1.5 by 0.45 – 1.5 mm, base obconical, pubescent. Burs crowded, 4.7 – 7 by 2.4 – 4.9 mm, tawny and becoming purple. Outer main bristles subequal to longer than the inner spines, retrorsely barbed. Inner spines 6 – 10, connate for more than halfway above the base, forming a closed bur, erect to interlocking, subequal, puberulous to margins pilose. Spikelets 2 – 4 per bur, 4.3 – 6.45 mm long. Lower glume absent to 2.5 mm long, 1 - nerved; upper glume 3.15 – 5.25 mm long, 3 – 5 - nerved. First lemma epaleate to paleate, sterile to male, 4 – 6 mm long, 3 – 5 - nerved; second lemma 4.3 – 6.45 mm long. Anthers 0.8 – 1.5 mm long. 2 n = 34, 36. Distribution — Originally from Central and South America, introduced elsewhere, e. g. Malesia: widespread, but local. Habitat — Sandy beaches, waste places, roadsides, rail- roads, rice fields, 0 – 600 (– 1800) m altitude. Uses — Highly palatable and nutritious when not in fruit, then an obnoxious weed, because of its clinging burs. Roots pound- ed and applied to wounds. Grains edible. Vernacular names — Burr grass, Fine-bristle sandbur, Green sandbur, Slimbristle sandbur. Note — Very similar to C. echinatus and often confused with it. It differs from that mainly by the more dense inflorescence and the longer outer main bristles, but some specimens remained difficult to place. Nearly all records for Malesia of C. echinatus belong to the present species.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F66FFFEFCBAA19AFED5FD3A.taxon	description	Perennials. Culms 1 – 2 (– 3) m long, erect to geniculate at base, not rooting. Ligule 0.75 – 1.6 mm long. Leaf blades 10 – 20 (– 55) cm by 3 – 14 (– 19) mm. Inflorescence 8 – 27 cm long. Common axis puberulous, internodes 1 – 3.4 mm long. Stipe 1 – 3 by 0.75 – 3 mm, base obconical, pubescent. Burs loosely spaced, 5.1 – 11 by 1.9 – 4.5 mm (excl. bristles), dark pink to wine red, becoming purple. Outer main bristles shorter than the inner spines, retrorsely barbed. Inner spines 8 – 9, connate only at the very base, forming a small disc or cup, subterete, erect, subequal, margins densely pilose. Spikelets 1 per bur, 3.8 – 6.5 mm long. Lower glume present (very inconspicuous, easily tearing), 1.2 – 3.5 mm long, 0 – 1 - nerved; upper glume 3 – 4.95 mm long, 0 – 5 - nerved. First lemma paleate, sterile to paleate, male, 5 – 6.5 mm long, 5 – 7 - nerved. Second lemma 3.8 – 6.15 mm long. Anthers 1.7 – 2.25 mm long. 2 n =?. Distribution — Malesia: Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor, Alor), Philippines (Mindanao), Papua New Guinea (Central, Morobe Prov.), Australia (Queensland, New South Wales), New Caledonia, New Zealand, C Pacific (Micronesia East to the Society Isl.). Habitat — Roadsides, dry rocky places, locally common, perhaps salt-resistant, 0 – 1400 m altitude. Uses — Coarse herbage when young, possibly a good soil binder. Vernacular names — Hillside-, large-, tall bur grass. Notes — As it is a native species in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific, it may well be native in Alor, Timor, and New Guinea as well. In non-Malesian specimens one inner spine may be consider- ably longer than the others. Webster (1987: 20) regarded C. australis distinct from C. caliculatus because of smaller involucres and spikelets. A specimen in P labelled “ Java, Labillardière ” is the larger form with an elongated spine and so must have come from the Pacific. It may even be an isotype of C. anomoplexis Labill. (1824; = C. caliculatus Cav.).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F69FFFEFFF4A6D6FB09FE97.taxon	description	Perennials. Culms 0.25 – 1 m long, erect to geniculate at base, rooting in the decumbent nodes. Ligule 0.6 – 1.5 mm long. Leaf blades 9.5 – 40 cm by 2 – 7 mm. Inflorescence 4 – 8.5 cm long. Common axis puberulous, internodes 0.75 – 3 mm long. Stipe 0.2 – 1.5 by 0.2 – 2 mm, base obtriangular, puberulous. Burs crowded, 7.5 – 10 by 1.7 – 2.5 mm, tawny to purplish. Outer bristles shorter than the inner ones, antrorsely barbed, one exserted, 10 – 12 mm long. Inner bristles free to connate only at the very base, forming a small flat disc or cup, 7 – 15, erect, one spine distinctly longer than the others, margins densely antrorsely pilose. Spikelets 1 – 3 per bur, 3.4 – 4.5 mm long. Lower glume 0 – 1.5 mm long, 1 - nerved; upper glume 1.9 – 2.25 mm long, 1 - nerved. First lemma rarely epaleate, usually paleate, sterile or male, 3 – 3.9 mm long, 3 – 5 - nerved; second lemma 3.4 – 4.5 mm long, 5 - nerved. Anthers 2 – 2.4 mm long. 2 n = usually 36, 44, also 18, 29, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56. Distribution — S Africa to N India, introduced elsewhere, and escaping, e. g. in Malesia: Malay Pen. (Selangor), Java (Bogor), Cocos Keeling, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumba, Timor), Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao), New Guinea: Irian Jaya (Manokwari), Papua New Guinea (Morobe, Central Prov.), probably much wider spread. Habitat — Dry, sandy areas, roadsides, 0 – 800 m altitude. Uses — Good fodder in dry areas, tolerant of heavy grazing and quickly recovering; useful because of its good soil binding capacity in sandy, especially low-rainfall areas; grains sometimes eaten in famine periods: however, they may contain cyanidin-diglycoside! Pollen allergenic. Vernacular names — African foxtail, Anjan (grass), (Black or Blue) Buffel grass. Notes — The inner spines are free to only shortly connate at base, antrorsely pilose. It hybridizes with P. glaucum (L.) R. Br. (National Research Council, USA (1996: 121 )).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F69FFFEFFF4A6D6FB09FE97.taxon	materials_examined	The form often distinguished as C. setigerus (Birdwood grass) has been cultivated near Manila in 1951 (Santos 5139, L). This is generally maintained as a species distinct from C. ciliaris because of its flattened, distinctly connate inner bristles, though material is sometimes difficult to name. Wipff (2001) reported that when examined across their range there is a complete intergradient of morphological characters.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F69FFFEFCBBA5B0FB59F9BE.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Originally from the mountains of E Africa, introduced elsewhere, e. g. Malesia: Malay Pen. (Pahang: Cam- eron Highlands), Sumatra (Palembang), Java (Cibeureum), Sabah (Pinosok Plateau), Philippines (Luzon), Papua New Guinea (Enga, W Highlands Prov.), and no doubt elsewhere: the plants are not easy to recognise as one usually only sees the thick, prostrate culms forming bands on the soil, but not the inconspicuous inflorescences with only the white stigmas protruding. Habitat — Grasslands on fertile soil subjected to grazing, trampling, and mowing, along paths, in fallow gardens, locally vegetation-forming, choking out other vegetation and preventing regeneration, it can form dense mats, the new shoots growing over the dead, old ones, which are then fire-prone, (0 –) 460 – 2745 m altitude. Uses — Grown for coarse lawns, pastures (nutritious fod- der), and soil binding. Propagated from runners, once estab- lished difficult to eradicate! Therefore in the USA listed as a Federal Noxious Weed. In Africa the whole plant or bruised leaves are used as a styptic. Vernacular name — Kikuyu grass.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F69FFFFFCBBA257FD07FDC8.taxon	description	Cenchrus echinatus L. (1753) 1050; Cav. (1799 b) 39, t. 462. — Lectotype: Herb. Van Royen s. n. (holo L, sh. 912.356 - 116; microfiche IDC BT- 341), designated by Veldkamp (1993). Cenchrus echinatus L. var. glabratus F. Br. (1931) 66. — Lectotype: F. Brown 745 (holo BISH), designated by St. John (1976). Annuals. Culms 0.15 – 0.6 (– 1) m long, erect to geniculate at base, rooting in the decumbent nodes (sometimes). Ligule 0.7 – 1.7 mm long. Leaf blades 4 – 26 (– 35) cm by 3.5 – 8 (– 12) mm. Inflorescence 3 – 7 (– 10) cm long. Common axis scaberulous, internodes 2 – 3 mm long. Stipe 1 – 3 by 2.2 – 3.6 mm, base obconical, pubescent. Burs loosely spaced, 4 – 7 (– 10) by 3.5 – 6 mm, becoming purple. Outer main bristles shorter than the inner spines, retrorsely barbed. Inner spines c. 10, connate for more than halfway above the base, forming a closed bur, flat, erect to sometimes interlocking, subequal, puberulous, margins densely pilose. Spikelets (1 –) 2 – 4 (– 6) per bur, 5 – 7 mm long. Lower glume present, 1.3 – 3.4 mm long, 1 - nerved; upper glume 3.8 – 5.7 mm long, 3 – 5 - nerved. First lemma paleate, sterile, 4.5 – 6.4 mm long, 3 – 5 - nerved. Second lemma 4.7 – 7 mm long. Anthers 0.8 – 2.4 mm long. 2 n = 34, 68, also 70. Distribution — Warmer regions of the New World, introduced elsewhere, e. g. Malesia: Malay Pen. (Selangor), Singapore, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali), Borneo (Brunei, E Kalimantan), Philippines (Cebu, Luzon, Palawan, Samar), Papua New Guinea (Central, Gulf, Morobe, New Ireland Prov., Manus Isl.), Ashmore Reef, N Australia, Polynesia (Carolines to Easter Island). Habitat — Waste places, beaches, roadsides, fields, grassy slopes, Melaleuca savannah, 0 – 2000 m altitude. Vernacular names — Hedgehog grass, Southern sandbur.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F68FFFFFFF4A64CFA58FDB4.taxon	description	Sericura elegans Hassk., Flora 25, 2, Beibl. 1 (1842) 2; (1843) 116; (1844) 17; non Pennisetum elegans Nees ex Steud. (1854). — Gymnothrix elegans Buse (Feb. 1854) preprint: 28; (Aug. 1854) 368. — Type: not indicated, not found in BO, L. — Neotype: Zollinger 2367 (Steud. (June 1854: 58, 60 )) was partly taken from the plants in the Hortus Bogoriensis that provided the type of Hasskarl’s species, designated here. Gymnotrix macrostachys Brongn. (1831) 104, t. 11, f. 1 – 9. — Pennisetum macrostachys Trin. (1834) 177 (‘ macrostachyum ’), non Cenchrus macrostachys Hochst. ex Steud. (1854). — Type: Dumont d’Urville s. n. (holo P).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F68FFFFFFF4A64CFA58FDB4.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Widespread in W Malesia into the Pacific (Solomon Isl.), but not in the Malay Peninsula (once cultivated in Penang and Singapore) nor in Australia. Habitat — Sunny, infertile soil, slopes, along hollow roads, Imperata fields, gravel beds, savannahs, 0 – 2130 m altitude. Uses — Cultivated as an ornamental, best below 100 m altitude. In the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea a form with uniformly reddish purple stems, leaves, and panicles occurs between 1500 – 2100 m altitude. This might be the same as what is known as the cv. Burgundy Giant of horticulturists. See P. advena. Young stems eaten in the Baliem Valley, but otherwise too hard for fodder. Vernacular name — Pacific fountaingrass. Notes — Blume’s combination had no description and is invalid. He referred to Reinwardt (‘ R’). Koorders made the combination Pennisetum caninum but included the older P. macrostachys and Sericura elegans, and it is therefore superfluous. Morrone mentioned the specimens cited by Koorders as syntypes: Reinwardt s. n., Junghuhn s. n., and Zollinger s. n. (‘ types not located’). They are of course in L; the latter two cannot be Blume types, as they were collected many years after 1823. He thus excluded the type of G. macrostachys and actually described a new species, which is invalidly published. For some reason Soreng & Pennington (2003: 532) have equated this species with the older Pennisetum peruvianum Trin. (1836) ≡ Cenchrus peruvianus (Trin.) Morrone. According to Clayton et al. (2014) they differ: –. Ligule a ciliolate rim. Inflorescence terminal and axillary. Involucre base obtuse. Spikelets 4.5 – 6.5 mm long. Lower glume oblong, hyaline; upper glume oblong. First lemma el- liptic, chartaceous, acuminate; second lemma 4.5 – 6.5 mm long, chartaceous, acuminate. — Old World ... C. elegans –. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Inflorescence terminal. Involucre base truncate. Spikelets 3.7 – 4.3 mm long. Lower glume ovate, membranous; upper glume ovate. First lemma oblong, membranous, acute; second lemma 3.7 – 4.2 mm long, co- riaceous, acute. — S America ........... C. peruvianus	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F68FFFFFCBBA658FAD0FA63.taxon	description	Perennials. Culms erect, not stoloniferous, rhizomatous, 0.15 – 0.75 m long, nodes glabrous. Ligule a setose rim, c. 0.15 mm long, setae 0.7 – 1.1 mm long. Blades involute, 3.5 – 65 cm by 1.5 – 5 mm, margins scaberulous. Peduncle pilose below the panicle. Panicle exserted, many-spikeled, 4 – 12 cm long, common axis scaberulous to pubescent. Involucre stipitate, disarticulating at base. Bristles many, rather stiff, pilose (some outer ones excepted), unequal, 15 – 30 mm long, longest bristle 25 – 45 mm long. Spikelets 1 – 2 within the involucre, sessile, 8.25 – 11 mm long. Lower glume 0 – 1.35 mm long, 0 – 0.53 times as long as the upper glume; upper glume 1.65 – 4.1 mm long, 1 - nerved. First lemma epaleate to paleate, male, acuminate to aristate, membranous, 7 – 11 - nerved, glabrous, nerves scaberulous; second lemma 8.25 – 11 mm long, acuminate to aristate, membranous. Anthers 3.6 – 5 mm long, apex glabrous. Styles and stigmas more or less completely fused, apically exserted, yellowish. 2 n = (18, 27) 36, 45 (54). Distribution — E Africa, Arabia, introduced elsewhere, e. g. Malesia: Java (Cibodas). Habitat — Lawns, along paths, c. 1450 m altitude in Java. Uses — Ornamental (as P. longistylum auct.), escaping. Vernacular names — Feathertop, White foxtail.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F68FFFCFCBBA197FD02F8AA.taxon	distribution	Distribution — E Africa, cultivated elsewhere, e. g. Malesia: Java, Philippines (Luzon: Manila),? Papua New Guinea (Morobe, NGF 27826 (Streimann & Kairo), BO, fide Ms Sad- soeitoeboen, Manokwari, pers. comm.; the specimen in L is P. polystachion). Habitat — Up to 1000 m altitude. Uses — As a fodder plant, soil binder, ornamental. Notes — Monod de Froideville (1968: 575) has misapplied the name P. orientale to P. setaceum, and P. triflorum to P. orientale. In most accounts the latter two are kept distinct, but the differences given appear to be untenable. A puzzling population was found in an abandoned field near Desa Tonasa near Malino, SW Celebes, Veldkamp 8917, 14 Aug. 2008 (L), that keys out to P. orientale, but is not it. Superficially, it also resembles P. pedicellatum, but is not that, either. Description Plants perennial. Culms geniculate at base, not rooting in the decumbent nodes, not stoloniferous, rhizomatous, c. 1.5 m long, nodes pilose, but soon glabrous. Ligule a setose collar, c. 0.15 mm long, setae 1.8 mm long. Blades flat, 30 cm long, 4 mm wide, margins scaberulous. Panicle exserted, many-spikeled, 9 cm long, common axis pubescent. Involucre not stipitate, disarticulating at base. Bristles many, rather stiff, the inner ones pilose (some outer ones excepted), one distinctly longer than the others, 9 – 10 mm long, longest bristle 13 – 17 mm long. Spikelets 1 within the involucre, pedicelled, 5.2 mm long. Lower glume well-developed, 1.3 mm long, 0.28 times as long as the upper glume. Upper glume 4.6 mm long, 3 - nerved. First lemma acuminate, membranous, 5 - nerved, glabrous, nerves smooth. Second lemma not indurated, c. 4 mm long, obtuse. Anthers apex glabrous, apiculate. –. Culms 0.5 – 1 m long. Ligule setae c. 0.6 mm long. Panicle 18 – 25 cm long. Involucre stipitate. Lower glume 1.5 – 2.5 mm long, 0.39 – 0.48 times as long as the upper glume. First lemma nerves scaberulous. Second lemma 4.8 – 6.4 mm long ................................. C. orientalis –. Culms 1.5 m long. Ligule setae c. 1.8 mm long. Panicle c. 9 cm long. Involucre not stipitate. Lower glume c. 1.3 mm long, c. 0.28 times as long as the upper glume. First lemma nerves smooth. Second lemma c. 4 mm long ................................... Cenchrus Veldkamp 8917 –. Plants annual, not rhizomatous. Culms erect. Ligule a ciliolate rim, 0.4 – 1.3 mm long. Involucral bristles a few distinctly longer than the others, densely crinkly pilose around the spikelet (some outer ones excepted). Upper glume 5 - nerved. First lemma erosely truncate. Second lemma 2.1 – 3.2 mm long .............................. C. pedicellatu s –. Plants perennial, rhizomatous. Culms geniculate at base. Ligule a setose collar, 0.15 mm long, setae c. 1.8 mm long. Involucral bristles one only distinctly longer than the others, the inner ones pilose. Upper glume 3 - nerved. First lemma acuminate. Second lemma c. 4 mm long ........................................ Cenchrus Veldkamp 8917	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F6BFFFCFFF4A3ABFA5DFB59.taxon	description	Cenchrus pedicellatus (Trin.) Morrone in Chemisquy et al. (2010) 128. — Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. (1834) 184. — Type: Peters in Herb. Trinius 1102.1 (holo LE, microfiche IDC BT- 16 / 1). Pennisetum holcoides auct. non Schult. (see note). Annuals. Culms erect, 0.3 – 1.5 m long, nodes glabrous. Ligule a setose rim to collar, 0.4 – 1.3 mm long, setae 0.6 – 1.5 mm long. Blades flat, 5 – 30 cm by 4 – 20 mm, margins scaberulous. Peduncle glabrous to pilose below the panicle. Panicle exserted, many-spikeled, 5 – 15 cm long, common axis scaberulous to pubescent. Involucre not stipitate, disarticulating at base. Bristles many, rather stiff, densely crinkly pilose around the spikelet (some outer ones excepted), a few distinctly longer than the others, 5 – 10 mm long, longest bristle 13 – 18 mm long. Spikelets 1 – 5 within the involucre, pedicelled (at least the basal one), 3.5 – 6 mm long. Lower glume 0 – 3.2 mm long, 0 – 0.6 times as long as the upper glume; upper glume 3.5 – 6 mm long, faintly 5 - nerved. First lemma paleate, sterile, erosely truncate, membranous, faintly 5 - nerved, glabrous, nerves smooth; second lemma 2.1 – 3.2 mm long, obtuse, chartaceous. Anthers 1.8 – 3.45 mm long, apex glabrous. 2 n = usually 36, also 18, 42, 45, 48, 50, 54. Distribution — Disjunct in W Africa and India to Burma. Cultivated elsewhere, Malesia: e. g. Philippines (Luzon: La Union). Habitat — Roadsides, abandoned fields, rubber-, oil palm-, and sugar cane plantations, 0 – 1100 m altitude in Africa. Uses — Cultivated for forage and naturalizing. Culms may be woven onto mats, or for thatching. A decoction is considered diuretic, externally as a haemostatic. In the USA considered as a noxious weed. Vernacular names — Barra grass, Dinanath grass, Hairy fountaingrass, Matting grass. Notes — Leeke (1907) used the name P. holcoides [Roxb.] Schult. (1824), based on Panicum holcoides Roxb. (1820), non Jacq. (1814)] for this, which names are not mentioned by Bor (1960). Stapf & Hubbard (1934: 1067) noted that there is no Roxburgh type specimen, while Roxburgh’s drawing (Icon. Ined. 784: CAL, K) ‘ probably’ represents P. polystachion. The differences with P. polystachion are but slight and consist mainly of involucres with the lowermost spikelet distinctly pedicelled. The bristles are generally more densely plumose.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F6BFFFDFCBBA0FFFEFAFC25.taxon	description	Cenchrus polystachios (L.) Morrone in Chemisquy et al. (2010) 129. — Panicum polystachion L. (1759) 870, quoad descr., excl. Gramen vulpinum Rumph. — Pennisetum polystachion Schult. (1824) 146. — Gymnotrix polystachya Sw. ex Trin. (1826) 66. — Lectotype: P. Browne in Herb. Linn. 80.4 (holo LINN, microfiche IDC), designated by Van der Zon (1992).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F6BFFFDFCBBA0FFFEFAFC25.taxon	description	Pennisetum indicum auct. non Kuntze. For further synonymy see Soreng & Pennington (2003). Annuals or perennials. Culms erect to geniculate at base, not rooting in the decumbent nodes, not stoloniferous, shortly rhizomatous, 1 – 3 m long, lower ones hollow, upper ones filled with marrow, nodes glabrous. Ligule a setose rim, setae 1.3 – 3.5 mm long. Blades flat, 5 – 45 cm by 4 – 18 mm, margins scaberulous. Peduncle glabrous below the panicle. Panicle exserted, many-spikeled, 5 – 25 cm long, common axis scaberulous. Involucre not stipitate, disarticulating at base. Bristles many, rather stiff, densely crinkly pilose around the spikelet (some outer ones excepted), a few distinctly longer than the others, 5 – 11 mm long, longest bristle 10 – 25 mm long. Spikelets 1 within the involucre, sessile, 3.15 – 4.5 mm long. Lower glume 0 – 1 mm long; upper glume 3.2 – 4 mm long, faintly 5 - nerved. First lemma paleate, sterile, erosely truncate, membranous, faintly 5 - nerved, glabrous, nerves smooth; second lemma 1.8 – 2.25 mm long, acute, chartaceous. Anthers 1.1 – 1.8 mm long, apex glabrous. 2 n = 18, 36, 54, also 32, 34, 45, 52, 53, 56, 63, 78. Distribution — Originally from tropical Africa, introduced elsewhere, Malesia: Malay Pen. (widespread), Singapore (already in cult. in 1929!), Sumatra (Lampung), Java (Bogor), Sabah, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor), Philippines (Cuyo Isl.: Pamalican Isl., Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan), New Guinea: Irian Jaya (Jayapura), Papua New Guinea (Manus, Morobe). Undoubtedly much more widespread. Habitat — Roadsides, abandoned fields, rubber-, oil palm-, and sugar cane plantations, upland rice fields, replacing Imperata cylindrica (!), 0 – 900 m altitude. Uses — Introduced as a fodder grass, but developed into a major pest. Culms used for thatching and the weaving of mats. Juice from young culms promotes healing of cuts, wounds, and sores, conjunctivitis. Decoction of the root is antiemetic, of the inflorescence against ear aches, a poultice of the grain for pain in the sides, dislocation of the shoulder, internal pains. Vernacular names — Barra grass, Feather pennisetum, Matting grass, Mission grass. Notes — The reference to this species by Miquel (1857) as P. holcoides seems a misidentification of Rumphius’s “ Gramen caricosum prima species ” which is Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. Gramen vulpinum Rumph. cited by Linnaeus (1759) belongs to Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen. PNH 20447 (Mendoza) has proliferating spikelets, which form has been described by Fosberg & Sachet (1984 ‘ 1982 ’) as forma viviparum.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F6AFFFDFFF4A029FB95FD77.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Andamans to S China, Japan, to Australia (Queensland to Tasmania), Malesia: Java (Pasuruan, Besuki), Philippines (Luzon: Benguet, Ilicos, Nueva Vizcaya; Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte). Introduced elsewhere as an ornamental. Habitat — Sunny, open slopes in Casuarina and Pinus forests, roadsides, locally vegetation-forming, (250 –) 915 – 2400 m altitude. Frost-resistant (Van Steenis on Coert 1203, L). Uses — Satisfactory grazing for sheep and horses when young, too tough for cattle. Grain a famine food in India. An ornamental. Vernacular names — Chinese pennisetum, Foxtail fountaingrass, Swamp foxtail (it would grow in moister places then P. setaceum, which is not supported by the Malesian field data). Note — Distribution disjunct.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F6AFFFAFCBBA693FEBBFEFF.taxon	description	Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone in Chemisquy et al. (2010) 129. — Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (1827) 44. — Type: Thonning 355 (holo C; BM). Perennials. Culms erect to geniculate at base, rooting in the decumbent nodes, stoloniferous (stolons up to 1 m long), rhizomatous, 1 – 4 (– 6) m long, solid, nodes glabrous or rarely pilose. Ligule a setose rim, c. 0.2 mm long, setae 2 – 3 mm long. Blades flat, 16 – 150 cm by 4 – 40 mm, margins spinulose. Peduncle pilose below the panicle. Panicle exserted, many-spikeled, 7 – 30 cm long, common axis pubescent. Involucre stipitate, disarticulating at base. Bristles many, rather stiff, the inner ones pilose, one distinctly longer than the others, 5 – 12 mm long, longest bristle 14 – 25 mm long. Spikelets 1 – 4 within the involucre (1 – 2 bisexual, the others male, shortly pedicelled, 1 - flowered), pedicelled, the bisexual ones 5.5 – 6.5 mm long. Lower glume 0 – 1 mm long, 0 – 0.1 times as long as the upper glume; upper glume 1 – 3 mm long, 0 – 1 - nerved. First lemma usually epaleate, sterile, sometimes paleate, male, rarely bisexual, acute to acuminate, membranous, 3 – 5 - nerved, glabrous, nerves scaberulous; second lemma 5.5 – 6.5 mm long, acuminate, membranous. Anthers 2.25 – 3.75 mm long, apex penicillate. 2 n = (14, 21, 27) 28, 32, 56. Distribution — Native to tropical Africa, cultivated and escaping elsewhere, in Malesia widely cultivated and escaping along roadsides, fallow fields, etc. Habitat — Pioneering species in wet, disturbed sites, stream banks, roadsides, fallow fields, gaps in tropical rain forest, but also drought tolerant, 0 – 1900 m altitude. Uses — Cultivation started in southern Africa. Grown below 1400 m altitude as a valuable forage crop, but will not stand intensive grazing; also as carp food, windbreaks, thatching, etc. Suitable for paper making. Culms used for fences, walls of huts, etc. When uncontrolled may choke young tree and sugarcane plantations. Young leaves are rich in protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, but cyanic acid has been reported. Extracts are strongly diuretic. An infusion of foliage and culms is used in anuria, a root decoction for blennorrhoea, a leaf infusion for gargle and mouthwash. Sap from young shoots is used for cataracts, healing wounds, and ear trouble. The caryopses are used to cure headache. Vernacular names — Elephant grass, Merker grass, Napier fodder or - grass. Notes — A collection from near Wanariset, SE Borneo (Ambriansyah 1419, L, WAN) perhaps belongs here, but differs in a number of features. Unfortunately anthers are lacking: Ligular setae c. 1.5 mm long. Margins of blades scaberulous. Longest bristle 12 – 13 mm long. Lower glume c. 1.35 mm long, acute, 0.28 – 0.3 times as long as the 4.65 – 4.9 mm long, 5 - nerved upper glume.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F6DFFFAFCBBA760FA5AFBA4.taxon	description	Cafres, Réunion (Bourbon), which is not correctable to ‘ caffra’.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F6DFFFAFFF4A516FD02F8D0.taxon	description	Cenchrus setaceus (Forssk.) Morrone in Chemisquy et al. (2010) 129. — Phalaris setacea Forssk. (1775) 17. — Pennisetum phalaroideum Schult. (1824) 147, nom. superfl. — Pennisetum setaceum Chiov. (1923) 113. — Type: Forsskåhl 117 (holo C, IDC microfiche 2200; BM, LD). Pennisetum macrostachyon Fresen. (1836) 135, non P. macrostachyum Trin. (1834). — Pennisetum ruppelii Steud. (1841) 298. — Pennisetum ruppelianum Hochst. ex Penz. (1893) 366 (‘ rueppellianum ’). — Type: Rüppel s. n. (holo FR). Pennisetum orientale auct. non Rich. Perennials. Culms erect to geniculate at base, not rooting in the decumbent nodes, not stoloniferous, rhizomatous, 0.25 – 1.25 m long, nodes glabrous. Ligule a setose rim, c. 0.15 mm long, setae c. 0.75 mm long. Blades involute, 30 – 100 cm by 1 – 3.7 mm, margins scaberulous. Peduncle glabrous below the panicle. Panicle exserted, many-spikeled, 10 – 26 cm long, common axis pubescent. Involucre stipitate, disarticulating at base. Stipe pubescent, 1 – 3 mm long. Bristles many, rather stiff, pilose (some outer ones excepted), a few distinctly longer than the others, 15 – 27 mm long, longest bristle 17 – 42 mm long. Spikelets 1 – 3 within the involucre (the basal one bisexual, the others male), sessile (the basal one) or pedicelled (the others), 4.7 – 6.8 mm long. Lower glume absent to obsolete, rarely to c. 0.3 times as long as the upper; upper glume 1 – 3.5 (– 5.25) mm long, 0 – 1 - nerved. First lemma epaleate (rarely paleate, male), acuminate to aristate, membranous, 3 – 5 - nerved, glabrous, nerves scaberulous; second lemma 4.7 – 6.8 mm long, acuminate to aristate, membranous. Anthers 2.6 – 3.7 mm long, apex glabrous. 2 n = 9, 17. Distribution — N and E Africa, Near East, cultivated elsewhere and escaping, Malesia: Singapore, Java (Priangan, Tengger: none in L). Habitat — Stony slopes, roadsides, c. 600 m altitude in Java, 300 – 1600 m in Africa. Uses — Cultivated as P. ‘ rueppellii ’ for its inflorescences. Not very suitable as a fodder because of the harshness of the foliage. An invasive weed in many places in the (sub) tropics. Vernacular name — (Tender) Fountain grass. Notes — Occasionally the rachilla is prolonged beyond the second lemma, an exceptional occurrence in the Paniceae. Similar to P. alopecuroides: –. Ligular setae 1.9 – 3.4 mm long. Blade margins smooth. Peduncle puberulous to pilose below the panicle. Involucral stipe glabrous; bristles scaberulous, unequal. Lower glume well-developed, 0.5 – 2 mm long ....... C. alopecuroides –. Ligular setae c. 0.75 mm long. Blade margins scaberulous. Peduncle glabrous below the panicle. Involucral stipe pubescent; bristles pilose (some outer ones excepted), a few distinctly longer than the others. Lower glume absent to obsolete .............................. C. setaceus	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
03B70E2F8F6DFFFAFFF4A367FA81FD15.taxon	distribution	Distribution — South to tropical Africa, introduced elsewhere, e. g. in Malesia: Papua New Guinea (E Highlands, Aiyura). Habitat — Shaded woodlands and moist places, at c. 1675 m altitude in Papua New Guinea. Uses — A high-yielding pasture grass when young, with- standing mowing and cutting. A decoction with ginger may be used for sore throat and tonsillitis. A famine cereal, and a base for beer. Vernacular names — Duncan, Natal, or Silky grass.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2014): A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59 (1): 59-75, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X684376, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x684376
