identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A887C6FFC3FFBEFD71F47DF90FF92F.text	03A887C6FFC3FFBEFD71F47DF90FF92F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila (Ibis 1871) Cabanis 1844	<div><p>Key to Sporophila Males</p><p>With rufous, buff, or yellow on the under parts. .. 1</p><p>With no rufous, buff, or yellow on the under parts ... 14</p><p>1. Under parts dull yellow. 2</p><p>Under parts not dull yellow ... 4</p><p>2. Above olive, below bright olive-yellow, tinged olive on chest; wing 65 mm. or over frontalis</p><p>Wing under 65 mm. ...3</p><p>3. Throat and upper breast black, back olive... n. nigricollis</p><p>Similar, but under parts brighter yellow ... nigricollis vivida</p><p>Similar, but black of head conﬁned to forecrown or forehead nigricollis inconspicua</p><p>Throat only black, back pale brown. melanops</p><p>4. Back black, or partially so... 5</p><p>Back gray, grayish brown, cinnamon, or chestnut... 6</p><p>5. Crown and sides of head black, mantle black ... t. torqueola</p><p>Crown and sides of head black, streak extending backwards from nostril, and subocular region white; upper mantle black, rest of mantle grayish; under parts white washed fulvous. c. collaris</p><p>Similar, but under parts ochraceous buﬁ‘... collaris ochrascens</p><p>Similar, but under parts darker, tawny. collaris melanocephala</p><p>6. Back gray, grayish brown, or brown. 7</p><p>Back entirely or partially cinnamon or chestnut. ..12</p><p>7. Base of tail white, feathers of rump white, tipped chestnut, throat and breast orange-rufous... insulata</p><p>Base of tail and rump white, throat chestnut, rest of under parts white... telasco</p><p>Base of tail not white ...8</p><p>8. Rump gray like the back, under tail coverts chestnut .. c. castaneiventris</p><p>Rump usually extensively orange-rufous or chestnut ...9</p><p>9. Throat and breast differently colored from rest of under parts. 10</p><p>Throat and breast uniform... 11</p><p>10. Throat and breast white ... palustris</p><p>Throat and breast auburn to sooty black. ruﬁcollis</p><p>11. Under parts, lower back and rump chestnut, back blue-gray, cheeks and auriculars chestnut. castaneiventris hypochroma</p><p>Under parts chestnut, rump crossed by a chestnut bar, cheeks and auriculars gray. castaneiventris subsp.</p><p>Under parts and rump orange-rufous, back brownish-gray to gray... m. minuta</p><p>Similar, but back browner, never gray (?) ... minuta parva</p><p>Differs from m. minuta by having ochraceous of under parts paler and extending to cheeks and auriculars ... minuta hypoxantha</p><p>12. Crown gray. cinnamomea</p><p>Crown black ... 13</p><p>13. Crown, hind neck, and upper back black. nigro-rufa</p><p>Crown only black ... b. bouvreuil</p><p>Similar, but paler... bouvreuil pileata</p><p>Similar, but very much darker, Sanford’s Brown to chestnut.. bouvreuil saturata</p><p>14. Back black... 15</p><p>Back not black. 25</p><p>15. Wing coverts tipped white... 16</p><p>Wing coverts plain... 19</p><p>16. Black band across chest indicated by mottling ... torqueola sharpei</p><p>Band across breast solid or broken in the middle .. 17</p><p>17. Wing 49-55.5 mm., band solid * .. torqueola morelleti</p><p>Wing 57-60.5 mm., band often interrupted ... 18</p><p>* In this race birds with a black throat (" mutanda ” Griscom) occur.</p><p>18. Gray feathers of rump extensively white-tipped, ﬂanks white ... americana dispar</p><p>Rather similar, but rump feathers grayer, and throat mottled with black * americana murallae</p><p>Rump gray with little white tipping, sides of body pale gray. a. americana</p><p>19. Entire body plumage black, except for a few white feathers on center of belly americana corvina</p><p>Entire plumage not black. 20</p><p>20. With a band across the breast ... 21</p><p>With no band across the breast. 22</p><p>21. Breast band wide, throat usually mottled with black... americana chocoana</p><p>Breast band narrower, throat pure white ... americana ophthalmica</p><p>22. Throat, breast and sometimes ﬂanks solid black... 23</p><p>With only throat black; under parts pure white or with black bars or marks on chest. 24</p><p>23. With a white mark at side of neck ... americana aurita</p><p>With no white mark at side of neck... luctuosa</p><p>24. Entire under surface white, including throat ... leucoptera bicolor</p><p>Throat black; a broad white mesial coronal stripe... lineola lineola</p><p>Throat black, rest of under parts pure white; no coronal stripe, or this only suggested by a few white dots ... lineola restricta</p><p>Similar to restricta, but chest marked with black. lineola bouvronides</p><p>25. Back gray... 26</p><p>Back brown or olive. 37</p><p>26. Under parts mainly black ... melanogaster</p><p>Under parts not mainly black. 27</p><p>27. With a band across breast... 28</p><p>With no band across breast ... 29</p><p>28. Throat white, large wing speculum white ... albogularis</p><p>Throat black, mustachial streak white, anterior portion of crown blackish c. caerulescens</p><p>Similar, but whole pileum to nape glossy black... caerulescens hellmayri</p><p>Similar, but only forehead blackish... caerulescens yungae</p><p>29. Throat and breast gray, patches at sides of neck white ... 30</p><p>No white patches at sides of neck ** ... 33</p><p>30. Wing 60-66 mm., tarsus 13-14 mm., maxilla shallow, about 3 mm. deep at nostril; feet dark, nails pale ... 31</p><p>Wing 53-59.5 mm., tarsus 15-16 mm., maxilla thicker, about 4 mm. at nostril; feet and nails dark. 32</p><p>31. Forecrown and ocular region the same gray as the back *** .. s. schistacea</p><p>Similar, but gray of plumage paler .. schistacea incerta</p><p>Similar, but forecrown and ocular region blackish... schistacea longipennis</p><p>* In the four males of this form which have been examined, one has the chin and throat almost solid black, the other three have black mottling on the throat.</p><p>** S. i. intermedia occasionally has an ill-deﬁned white patch at the sides of the neck. Therefore, it will be found under both sections of no. 29.</p><p>*** Occasionally the wing coverts in this species are tipped white.</p><p>32. General plumage slaty-gray, blackish about the head, bill yellow, white patches at sides of neck ... intermedia bogotensis</p><p>Similar, but much paler gray, without blackish about the head, white patches at sides of throat conspicuous ... intermedia agustini</p><p>Similar, but white patches at sides of throat absent or ill marked, belly less extensively white than agustini ... i. intermedia</p><p>33. Under surface and uropygial band white... l. leucoptera</p><p>Under surface mainly gray or grayish... 34</p><p>34. Wing coverts tipped white or grayish white, no white rump band leucoptera cinereola</p><p>Similar, but upper parts lighter, below purer white ... leucoptera mexianae</p><p>No white tips to wing coverts... 35</p><p>35. Maxilla very shallow, ﬂanks and under tail coverts buﬁy... ƒalcirostris</p><p>Maxilla normal, ﬂanks and under tail coverts not buffy... 36</p><p>36. Bill yellow, chin gray... i. intermedia</p><p>Bill black, chin, throat and breast pale grayish white .. p. plumbea</p><p>Similar, but chin whitish ... plumbea whiteleyana</p><p>Similar, but chin and upper throat white, gray of lower throat and breast darker plumbea colombiana</p><p>37. Throat and breast black ... 38</p><p>Throat and breast not black ... 39</p><p>38. Wing 62-65.5 mm .. p. peruviana</p><p>Wing 55-59 mm .. peruviana deuronis</p><p>39. Back olive green, throat, mustachial streak, eyebrow and sometimes forehead white.. .. frontalis * Back brown... 40</p><p>40. Maxilla strongly curved, wing bars and speculum white ... simplex</p><p>Maxilla not conspicuously decurved, no wing bars or wing speculum... 41</p><p>41. Under surface pale brown to grayish brown, throat and belly paler... o. obscura</p><p>Under surface uniform darker brown... obscura haplochroma</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFC3FFBEFD71F47DF90FF92F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFCEFFBFFEBBFB5BFADAFBD9.text	03A887C6FFCEFFBFFEBBFB5BFADAFBD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila frontalis (Verreaux)	<div><p>Sporophila frontalis (Verreaux)</p><p>Callirhynchus frontalis Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 5, Bull., p. 15, pl. 1, ﬁg. 1, 1869 (Cayenne, error= Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined. — BRAZIL: ♂, 3 ♀, locality unspeciﬁed. “ CAYENNE ": ♂, o.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 68 mm., tail 49-51 mm., culmen 10- 10.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ Wing 64.5 -68 mm., tail 44-47 mm., culmen 10- 10.5 mm.; o Wing 67, tail 48.5, culmen 10.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female. — The largest species of Sporophila . Distinguishable by its shallow maxilla, olive back and double Wing bar, either white or buff.</p><p>Range.— Extreme northeastern Argentina (Misiones), southeastern Paraguay and southeastern Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul.</p><p>* Worn plumage.</p><p>Remarks.— One male ("Cayenne "), fully adult, has the forehead, a spot on the middle of the crown, streak above and behind the eye, mustachial streak and throat white. The median wing coverts are white-tipped, the greater ones tipped buffy white. Another male, less mature, lacks the white forehead, crown spot and eyebrow, and the wing coverts are tipped pale buff. In the more adult specimen there is a grayish band across the chest, but in the younger example this is not present. One bird, marked ♀, has the margins of some of the inner primaries edged white forming a speculum. Our specimens are old and faded, the olive and yellow tints, shown in fresh specimens (Zoological Garden) in the American Museum, being replaced on the under surface with gray and white.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFCEFFBFFEBBFB5BFADAFBD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFCFFFBFFEB6F869FA2CF889.text	03A887C6FFCFFFBFFEB6F869FA2CF889.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila falcirostris (Temminck 1820)	<div><p>Sporophila falcirostris (Temminck)</p><p>Pyrrhula falcirostris Temminck,Nouv.Rec.P 1.Col.,livr. 2,pl. 11,fig. 2 (= ♀), 1820 (Brazil = Baía).</p><p>No specimens examined.</p><p>Measurements.—Wing ♂ 62 mm., ♀ ♀ 58-62 mm.; tail ♂ ♂ 46-47 mm., ♀ ♀ 42-46 mm.; bill 11-12 mm. (Hellmayr).</p><p>Description of female.—Of this species, I believe there are no females in American museums. In size it is the smallest of the 3 species with a shallow maxilla. The back is olive rather than brown or brownish olive as in frontalis .</p><p>Range.—Southeastern coastal region of Brazil from Baía southward to São Paulo (Pau Gigante; Nova Friburgo; Alto da Serra, Ribeirão Pires, Juquiá, Ubatuba).</p><p>Remarks.—This rare species somewhat resembles S. schistacea in coloration, but is said to have a still shallower maxilla. In American collections, I believe falcirostris is represented by a single immature male.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFCFFFBFFEB6F869FA2CF889	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFCFFFBFFEB2FBC7FD41F6A7.text	03A887C6FFCFFFBFFEB2FBC7FD41F6A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila schistacea subsp. crissalis (Lawrence 1862) Carriker	<div><p>? Sporophila schistacea crissalis Carriker</p><p>Sporophila crissalis Carriker, Ann.Carnegie Mus.,4,p. 301, 1908 (Buenos Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica).</p><p>No specimens examined.</p><p>Remarks.—All the characters given by Carriker,brownish suffusion on wings and under parts, etc.,are those of the young male of schistacea . The measurements are similar to those of typical schistacea . It would seem highly improbable that crissalis is a distinct race, particularly as 3 adult males from Bugaba, Chiriqui, examined by Hellmayr, were pure slate-gray both above and below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFCFFFBFFEB2FBC7FD41F6A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFCFFFBDFEB0F5D6FA0FFCBA.text	03A887C6FFCFFFBDFEB0F5D6FA0FFCBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila schistacea subsp. schistacea (Lawrence 1862)	<div><p>Sporophila schistacea schistacea (Lawrence)</p><p>Spermophila schistacea Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat.Hist.N. Y., 7, p. 474, 1862 (Lion Hill, Panama Railroad).</p><p>Specimens examined.— PANAMA: ♂ ¹ (type), Lion Hill, Canal Zone; ♂,¹ Madden Forest Preserve, Canal Zone; 8 ♂,³ Obaldia, Darién. COLOMBIA: ♂, Quimarí, Bolívar; ♂, ² ♀,² Las Ventanas, Norte de Santander .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing60 (imm.) 61-63mm.,tail 39-43 mm., culmen 9- 10 mm., tarsus 13-13.5 mm.; ♀ wing 62, tail 39, culmen 10, tarsus 13 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Intermediate in size between frontalis and falcirostris . Distinguishable from any other gray species of Sporophila by the porportion of the wing to the tarsus. This species differs from any other species examined by having the nails pale in contrast to the dark feet.</p><p>Range.—From the Canal Zone southeastward along the Caribbean slope of Darién, then eastward across northern Colombia through Bolívar (Quimarí) to the west slope of the Andes in Norte de Santander (Las Ventanas).</p><p>Remarks.—In all races of this species which I have examined the amount of white on the sides of the neck is very variable, some having a large amount, others completely lacking it. For example, a male from Madden Forest, Panama Canal Zone,has the upper throat entirely white, this color continuing down the sides of the throat to the fore neck. The type has two well-developed white spots on the sides of the neck, but one example from Obaldia has no trace at all of white on the sides of the neck.</p><p>The median wing coverts are either plain or edged with white forming a wing bar. In some examples the median wing coverts on one wing are edged with white, whilst the other wing coverts are unmarked.</p><p>It is probable that the fully adult gray plumage is not acquired for a considerable length of time,for out of 12 males examined, 6 are in gray plumage and 6 are in various stages of immature plumage. Birds in immature plumage from Obaldia are all marked " T.M.E." and indeed one of them which shows no trace of gray is thus marked. The fact that it does not have even a trace of a white speculum, a characteristic of males in any plumage, leads one to wonder if it is not wrongly sexed.</p><p>This species, as is well known, bears a striking resemblance to Sporophila intermedia, which has caused much confusion between the two species. With the material at hand, however, it becomes quickly apparent that they are very easily distinguishable. The unfailing distinctions are the following: schistacea has a very shallow maxilla, about 3 mm. deep at the nostril,as against 4.5 mm. for intermedia; the wing of schistacea above 60 mm. instead of under 60 mm.; the dark feet and pale nails instead of dark feet and nails; and the short tarsus, 13- 14 mm. as against 15.5- 17 mm. The tail of S. schistacea and its races is short, almost always shorter than in intermedia, but there is a slight overlap in measurements.</p><p>¹ Specimens in the American Museum of Natural History,New York, N. Y.</p><p>² Specimens in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Penna.</p><p>³ Specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.</p><p>Hellmayr records Sporophila schistacea schistacea from Le Cumbre, Valle, Colombia, but upon examination this specimen turns out to be a female of S. intermedia bogotensis . The bird recorded from Malaguita, Chocó, as schistacea is closer, in its large bill, to S. schistacea incerta than it is to the typical form, and is here included under that race.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFCFFFBDFEB0F5D6FA0FFCBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFCDFFBDFEB5FFE9F980F86D.text	03A887C6FFCDFFBDFEB5FFE9F980F86D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila schistacea subsp. incerta (Lawrence 1862) Riley	<div><p>Sporophila schistacea incerta Riley</p><p>Sporophila incerta Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 27, p. 213, 1914 (Gualea, western Ecuador).</p><p>Specimens examined. — COLOMBIA: ♂, Santa Cecilia, Caldas; ♂,² Malaguita, Chocó; 2 ♀, río Perlasiví, Mayasquer, Nariño. ECUADOR: ♂ ⁴ (type), Gualea, western Ecuador .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 63.5 - 66 mm., tail 41 - 44 mm., culmen 10.5 - 11 mm., tarsus 12 - 14 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 61.5 -64 mm., tail 40-41.5 mm., culmen 10.5- 11 mm., tarsus 14 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Distinguishable from the other two races by its larger bill.</p><p>Range.—Tropical and Upper Tropical Zones of the Pacific coast of Colombia from Caldas (headwaters of the río San Juan) southward through Chocó (Malaguita) and Nariño (Mayasquer) to northwestern Ecuador (Gualea).</p><p>Remarks.—Males of this race differ from those of the nominate form by having the gray portions of the plumage slightly paler, the wing longer, the bill bulkier with the culmen less curved. Females are browner on the back as well as on the under surface.</p><p>The specimens listed above are, I believe, the only ones known.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFCDFFBDFEB5FFE9F980F86D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFCDFFBAFEB3FB9AF9D8FA4A.text	03A887C6FFCDFFBAFEB3FB9AF9D8FA4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila schistacea subsp. longipennis (Lawrence 1862) Chubb	<div><p>Sporophila schistacea longipennis Chubb</p><p>Sporophila longipennis Chubb,Ann.Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), 7, p. 193, 1921 (Mt. Roraima, British Guiana = Venezuela).</p><p>Specimens examined.— DUTCH GUIANA: 3 ♂, ³ ♀,³ vicinity of Paramaribo; 2 ♂, ³ ♀ ³ = ♂, o,³ Lelydorp . BRAZIL: ♀ = ♂, Pará. VENEZUELA: ♀?, ¹ ♀,¹ La Unión, Caura. COLOMBIA: ♂,¹ base of the Macarena Mts., Meta .</p><p>Measurements. — ♂ ♂ wing 59-63 mm., tail 37-41 mm., culmen 9.5- 10 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 58-60 mm., tail 35 mm., culmen 9-10 mm.; o wing 58, tail 37.5, culmen 9 mm.</p><p>-</p><p>⁴ Specimens in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.</p><p>Description of female.—Not distinguishable from schistacea schistacea .</p><p>Range.—The region about Belém, Brazil, on the south bank of the Amazon near its mouth, and northwest Brazil in the rio Branco region. French, Dutch, and British Guiana westward across central Venezuela to the base of the Macarena Mts., in Meta, Colombia.</p><p>Remarks.—The males of this race are barely distinguishable from the Obaldia series, the only distinction being that the lores and cheeks are darker. Females are perhaps darker, particularly on the chest and back. The male from Belém, collected by Bond and myself, was recorded by Stone (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 173, 1928) as Sporophila sp.</p><p>Hellmayr (Bds. Amer., XI, p. 176, footnote 1, 1938) mentions a very dark male from Juntas, northern base of the cordillera of Cochabamba, Bolivia, as probably belonging to an undescribed race of schistacea . At any rate it shows that this species occurs in that region. Gyldenstolpe (Kungl. Sven. Vet. Akad. Hand., band 23, no. 1, p. 290, 1945) leaves a female Sporophila from Puerto Salinas, Beni, Bolivia, unidentified. Its short tarsus (13 mm.) and long wing (58 mm.) makes it possible that it belongs to schistacea . Thebillof 8 mm.is,however, rather small, and unfortunately no measurement of the depth of the upper mandible is given.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFCDFFBAFEB3FB9AF9D8FA4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFCAFFBBFEBDF9F9FC80FAC0.text	03A887C6FFCAFFBBFEBDF9F9FC80FAC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila (Ibis 1871) Cabanis	<div><p>Sporophila intermedia intermedia Cabanis</p><p>Sporophila intermedia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 149, 1851 (Venezuela = Puerto Cabello, ex Phelps and Phelps).</p><p>Specimens examined. — COLOMBIA: ♀,² Montería; ♂,² Lorica; 2 ♂, ² ♀,² Puerto Zapote; ♂, ² ♀,² Turbaco; ♂,¹ Ciénaga; ♂,² 2 ♂, Tucurinca; 6 ♂,² 3 ♂, Dibulla; 7 ♂, ² ♀,² Fundación; ♂, ² ♀,² Aguachica; 3 ♂,² 2 ♀,² Gamarra; ♂,1 Algodonal; ♂, ♀, Cúcuta; ♂,¹ Villavicencio; ♀,¹ Buenavista, Meta. VENEZUELA: 5 ♂,⁵ 3 ♀,⁵ Encontrados; ♂,⁵ 3 ♀,⁵ Maracay; ♂, ¹ ♀,¹ Alta Gracia; ♂,¹ Caicara; ♂,¹ La Prisión; ♀,¹ Suapure; ♂, ¹ ♀,¹ San Antonio, Cumaná; ♀,¹ Agua Salada; ♂, Orinoco; ♂, ♀, Caño de Corozal . GUIANA: ♂ ¹ (H. Whitely). TRINIDAD: ♂, ♀, Brighton; ♂, Caroni Swamp; 2 ♂, ♂ imm., Bessigny River; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Las Lomas .</p><p>Measurements of birds ƒrom Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana.— ♂ ♂ (33 specimens) wing 54.5 -59.5 mm., tail 39.5 (worn), 43- 46 mm., culmen 9-10.5 mm., tarsus 15- 16.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ (18 specimens) wing 52-57 mm., tail 40.5-46.5 mm., culmen 8.5 - 10 mm., tarsus 15- 16.5 mm.</p><p>Measurements of birds ƒrom Trinidad.— ♂ ♂ (6 specimens) wing 53 - 58.5 mm., tail 42-48 mm., culmen 9.5 - 10.5 mm., tarsus 15 - 16 mm.; 9 9 (3 specimens) wing 53 - 57.5 mm., tail 41.5-46 mm., culmen 10- 10.5 mm., tarsus 15 - 16 mm.</p><p>⁵ Specimens in the Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, III.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: forecrown and sides of head bright rusty buff,chest bright buff,somewhat paler on abdomen; upper parts brownish olive, wing coverts very slightly pale edged. Worn plumage: general color duller, belly very pale buff to almost white.</p><p>Range.—From northern Colombia (the lower río Sinú and Gamarra on the lower río Magdalena) through Venezuela to the Takutu Mts. on the Brazil-Guiana border. The island of Trinidad.</p><p>Remarks.—Birds belonging to this race usually lack the white patches on the sides of the neck. If present at all,they are merely suggested. Rarely they have the median wing coverts edged with white or pale grayish white. The feet and nails are always dark. In a series of 5 adult males from Trinidad, only one shows any white at all at the sides of the neck, which is said to be the distinguishing character of S. intermedia insularis (Gilliard) (Auk, 63, p. 571, 1946, Princestown, Trinidad). An equal amount is shown in a bird from Dibulla. I, therefore, do not feel it advisable to recognize insularis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFCAFFBBFEBDF9F9FC80FAC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFCBFFBBFEB4F970FD67F6A3.text	03A887C6FFCBFFBBFEB4F970FD67F6A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila intermedia subsp. bogotensis (Gilliard)	<div><p>Sporophila intermedia bogotensis (Gilliard)</p><p>Spermophila intermedia bogotensis Gilliard, Auk,63, no. 4, p. 572, 1946 (Lomitas, "Cauca" [error= Valle], Western Andes of Colombia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— COLOMBIA: ♂, ¹ Popayán; ♂,¹ 3 ♂,² Caldas; 2 ♂,¹ east of Palmira; ♂,² Bitaco Valley; 4 ♂, Salento; ♂,¹ Medellin; 2 ♂,¹ Medialuna; ♀, ² La Cumbre; ♀, ¹ Cali .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂♂ wing 55-59mm., tail 43-48 mm., culmen 9-10 mm., tarsus 15.5-17 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 55.5-57mm., tail 45.5-46.5 mm., culmen 10 mm., tarsus 16-17 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Not distinguishable from intermedia intermedia .</p><p>Range.—West slope of the Western Andes in the Dagua Valley, the upper Cauca Valley from Popayán to Medellin and eastward to the upper río Nechí (Medialuna).</p><p>Remarks.—This race differs from both S. intermedia intermedia and the following race by having the gray portions of the plumage considerably darker, thus in color somewhat resembling S. schistacea schistacea . Most specimens lack white at the sides of the neck, but if it is present it is reduced to a very small mark.</p><p>Birds from Medialuna and east of Palmira, 6800 ft., show an approach toward agustini in having the abdomen extensively white, but the gray parts of the plumage are dark.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFCBFFBBFEB4F970FD67F6A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFCBFFB8FEB7F5D1FD06FB4C.text	03A887C6FFCBFFB8FEB7F5D1FD06FB4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila intermedia subsp. agustini (de Schauensee)	<div><p>Sporophila intermedia agustini (de Schauensee)</p><p>Spermophila intermedia agustini de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 99, p. 121, 1947 (San Agustín, Huila, Colombia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— COLOMBIA: ♂ (type), ♂, ¹ ♀, San Agustín; ♂, La Candela; 3 ♂, ¹ ♀,¹ Andalucia; ♂,¹ Chicoral; 2 ♂,² Mariquita; 2 ♂,¹ Honda; ♀, Buenavista; 6 ♂,¹ “ Bogotá " .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 55.5-58 mm., tail 42.5-47 mm., culmen 8.5 - 10 mm., tarsus 15 - 16 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 52.5 -57 mm., tail 43.5-47 mm., culmen 8.5- 10.5 mm., tarsus 15 - 16 mm.</p><p>Description of female.-Notdistinguishablefrom intermedia intermedia .</p><p>Range.-From the head of the Magdalena Valley northward to Honda.</p><p>Remarks.- This is the palest race of intermedia . In addition to its paleness, its distinguishing characters are its extensively white abdomen and the always present and usually well-developed white markings on the sides of the neck. Birdsfrom Hondaform the transition between this form and S. i. bogotensis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFCBFFB8FEB7F5D1FD06FB4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFC8FFB8FEBAF8FCFAD0F85D.text	03A887C6FFC8FFB8FEBAF8FCFAD0F85D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila plumbea subsp. plumbea (Wied)	<div><p>Sporophila plumbea plumbea (Wied)</p><p>Fringilla plumbea Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras.,3, (1),p.579,1830.(In Campo Geral des inneren Brasiliens =Borders of Baia and Minas Gerais.)</p><p>Specimens examined.- BRAZIL: 2♂,¹ 2 ♀,¹ Chapada, Mato Grosso; ♂, ¹ ♀,¹ Espírito Santo.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂♂ wing 60-61.5mm., tail 40-44 mm., culmen 8-9.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 57 (worn), 59-63mm.,tail 42-46 mm., culmen 8-9 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: above pale brown,below buffy with a definite pinkish cast when compared to other species; wing coverts definitely edged with sandy buff. Worn plumage: somewhat duller, less pink below, belly definitely whitish in contrast to breast.</p><p>Range.—Eastern Argentina (Misiones, Buenos Aires), Paraguay and northern Bolivia westward to Beni. Central, western and eastern Brazil in Piauí, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFC8FFB8FEBAF8FCFAD0F85D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFC8FFB9FEB4FBECFDE6FBE0.text	03A887C6FFC8FFB9FEB4FBECFDE6FBE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila plumbea subsp. whiteleyana (Sharpe)	<div><p>Sporophila plumbea whiteleyana (Sharpe)</p><p>Spermophila plumbea whiteleyana Sharpe,Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., 12; p. 98, 1888 (Mt. Roraima, British Guiana =Venezuela).</p><p>Specimens examined.— BRITISH GUIANA: ♂, Rupununi River; 2 ♂, Annai (H. Whiteley). VENEZUELA: ♀, Mt.Roraima (H. Whiteley). COLOMBIA: 3 ♂,² La Colorada, Boyacá .</p><p>Measurements.—BRITISH GUIANA: ♂ ♂ wing 57, 58.5, 58.5 mm., tail 40.5, 41.5, 41.5 mm.,culmen 8.5,8.5, 9 mm. COLOMBIA: ♂ ♂ wing 61, 61, 63 mm., tail 42, 42.5, 44 mm.,culmen 8,9, 9 mm. VENEZUELA: ♀ wing 57, tail 42, culmen 9 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Not distinguishable from plumbea plumbea .</p><p>Range.—Probably Trinidad (recorded by Belcher and Smooker as S. p. colombiana, Ibis, 1937, p. 541). British, French and Dutch Guiana southward to the islands in the mouth of the Amazon (Marajó, Mexiana); southern and central Venezuela and the río Branco region of Brazil. The llanos of eastern Colombia (Meta) to the east slope of the Eastern Andes in Boyacá (La Colorada).</p><p>Remarks. —Guiana males of this race are paler than the typical form and have the chin and sub-ocular region whiter. Colombian birds are darker gray below than the Guiana examples and form the transition to the next race in color as well as in size. The female from Mt. Roraima was collected Dec. 3, 1883 and Was part of Whiteley’s original series on which the race was founded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFC8FFB9FEB4FBECFDE6FBE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFC9FFB9FEB5F827FE74F6DA.text	03A887C6FFC9FFB9FEB5F827FE74F6DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila plumbea subsp. colombiana (Sharpe)	<div><p>Sporophila plumbea colombiana (Sharpe)</p><p>Spermophila plumbea colombiana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 99, 1888 (Bogotá, Colombia— I suggest Volador, 25 km. west of Simití, southwestern Bolívar, Colombia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— COLOMBIA: 9 ♂,⁴ Atánquez, San José, Santa Marta region; Volador, Bolivar; ♀,⁴ o ⁴= ♀, San José .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 58.5 (imm.), 59- 61.5 mm., tail 40-44 mm., culmen 7.5-8.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 57.5-58 mm., tail 39 -41 mm., culmen 8.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Indistinguishable from plumbea plumbea .</p><p>Range.—The southeastern Santa Marta region southward down the Magdalena Valley to the region about Simití (Volador) in southeastern Bolívar, in the upper Tropical Zone between 2500 -4400 m.</p><p>Remarks.—This species has not been recorded previously west of the Andes in Colombia other than for one record from Santa Marta (Ibis, 1880, p. 122) based on an immature bird. The above mentioned series agrees well with the description of colombiana, a race not generally recognized.</p><p>This series differs from S. p. whiteleyana in the following manner: the gray of the under parts is darker; the white of the throat more extensive, and much more evident and sharply deﬁned due to the darker gray with which it contrasts; gray of upper surface darker. Birds from La Colorada show an approach to colombiana by having the under parts darker than Guiana birds, but the white of the throat is not as extensive nor as sharply deﬁned as in more western birds. Females of the two races are not distinguishable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFC9FFB9FEB5F827FE74F6DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFC9FFA6FEBCF56AFA52FBA0.text	03A887C6FFC9FFA6FEBCF56AFA52FBA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila americana subsp. corvina (Sclater)	<div><p>Sporophila americana corvina (Sclater)</p><p>Spermophila corvina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, p. 379, 1859 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico).</p><p>Specimens examined.— HONDURAS: 5 ♂, ♀, Lancetilla . NICARAGUA: 2 ♂, San Juan; ♂, Blueﬁelds; 4 ♂, 3 ♀, Eden . PANAMA: ♂, Bocas del Toro .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 52- 55.5 mm., tail 42- 45.5 mm., culmen 8-9 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 52-53 mm., tail 43 -44 mm., culmen 8.5 -9 mm.</p><p>Description of female—Fresh plumage: the darkest of all the species of Sporophila; above oily olive green, below lighter, buffy on the abdomen, but not in strong contrast to the rest of the plumage; wing coverts like the back. Worn plumage: no specimens examined.</p><p>Range.—Southeastern Mexico southward to the Caribbean coast of northern Panama.</p><p>Remarks.—Ten adult males are very constant in their coloration, all showing a small amount of white in the center of the abdomen.</p><p>I can see no reason for regarding S. aurita and S. americana as distinct species, for birds from southeastern Colombia (murallae) form a perfect connectant between the two; therefore, I propose to unite them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFC9FFA6FEBCF56AFA52FBA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD6FFA6FEBFF8E6FCB1F6D6.text	03A887C6FFD6FFA6FEBFF8E6FCB1F6D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila americana subsp. aurita (Bonaparte 1851)	<div><p>Sporophila americana aurita (Bonaparte)</p><p>Spermophila aurita Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1 (2), p. 497, 1850 (Brazil, error= Panama Canal Zone).</p><p>Specimens examined.— COSTA RICA: 2 ♂, Boruca . PANAMA: 3 ♂, 3 ♀, Gatún, Canal Zone; 3 ♂, no locality; ♀, Chiriquí; ♀, Salamanca, Chagres River .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ Wing 52-555 mm., tail 40-45.5 mm., culmen 8-9.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 52, tail 39 -44 mm., culmen 8.5- 9.5 mm.</p><p>Description of ƒemale. —Fresh plumage: back somewhat paler olive than corvina; below yellower. Worn plumage: much browner above, below rather dark, sandy brownish.</p><p>Range.—Southwestern Costa Rica, the western slope of Panama, to the Canal Zone, probably into western Darién.</p><p>Remarks.—Males of this race are exceedingly variable as to the amount of white present in their plumage, as is attested to by the number of names which have been applied to Panama birds. In our series, 6 have the White of the under parts more or less restricted to the center of the abdomen with little or no white on the rump. The two Costa Rica males have the entire abdomen white as well as the rump. All have the throat black. The Costa Rica birds rather resemble chocoana, but the black of the throat is connected with the pectoral band, which is broader than in any of the 18 specimens of chocoana except one.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD6FFA6FEBFF8E6FCB1F6D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD6FFA7FEBFF56BFC15FAC0.text	03A887C6FFD6FFA7FEBFF56BFC15FAC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila americana subsp. chocoana (de Schauensee)	<div><p>Sporophila americana chocoana (de Schauensee)</p><p>Spermophila aurita chocoana de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 102, p. 138, 1950 (Nuquí, 100 m., Chocó, Colombia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— PANAMA: ♂, ♂ = ♀, río Sambú, eastern Darién. COLOMBIA: 4 ♂, 4 ♀, río Juradó; 2 ♂, ♀, Andagoya; ♂, Quibdó; 2 ♂, río Baudó; ♂ (type), 4 ♂, 2 ♀, Nuquí; 3 ♂, ♀, Santa Cecilia .</p><p>Measurements. — ♂ ♂ wing 52.5-57 mm., tail 40-44.5 mm., culmen 8-9.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ Wing 50.5 -54 mm., tail 40-43 (once 38.5) mm., culmen 8 -9.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: paler above, bronzy green rather than olive green, below considerably yellower than a. aurita . Worn plumage: back darker than in fresh plumage; under parts more buffy than yellowish.</p><p>Range.—From the Paciﬁc side of eastern Darién southward through Paciﬁc Colombia to the río Dagua region.</p><p>Remarks.—This race is stable with regard to the white lower breast and belly. There is always white on the rump. There are usually black feathers mixed with the white ones on the throat. In this respect, and in the considerably broader black breast band, it differs from ophthalmica . In addition the bill averages smaller.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD6FFA7FEBFF56BFC15FAC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD7FFA7FEBBF97CFA8BF711.text	03A887C6FFD7FFA7FEBBF97CFA8BF711.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila americana subsp. ophthalmica (Sclater)	<div><p>Sporophila americana ophthalmica (Sclater)</p><p>Spermophila ophthalmica Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 28, p. 276, 1860 (Babahoyo, Ecuador).</p><p>Specimens examined.— COLOMBIA: ♂, Mojarras; 5 ♂, 2 ♀, Ricaurte; 3 ♂, Guayacana . ECUADOR; ♂, Esmeraldas; 2 ♂, Bucay; 5 ♂, Santa Rosa; ♀, Piedras . PERU: 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Guadalupe, Libertád .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 52.5-59 mm., tail 42-47.5 mm., culmen 8.5 - 10.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 52-56 mm., tail 40-45 mm., culmen 9.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female. —Fresh plumage: the most brightly colored race, citrine above, sides and under parts much brighter yellowish, almost oldgold on sides of head. Worn plumage: duller above, more brownish; under parts yellowish white, darkest on chest.</p><p>Range.—Southwestern Colombia from the río Patía southward through western Ecuador to northwestern Peru (Piura, Libertád).</p><p>Remarks.—Birds from the southern coast of Ecuador (Piedras, Santa Rosa) are a triﬁe larger than birds from elsewhere in Ecuador and Colombia. The wings of males measure 55- 59 mm. as against 52.5- 55.5 mm. The two males from Libertád have wings of 55.5- 56.5 mm.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD7FFA7FEBBF97CFA8BF711	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD7FFA4FEBFF4B5FB8BFC81.text	03A887C6FFD7FFA4FEBFF4B5FB8BFC81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila americana subsp. americana (Gmelin)	<div><p>Sporophila americana americana (Gmelin)</p><p>Loxia americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1 (2), p. 863, 1789 (Cayenne).</p><p>Specimens examined.— VENEZUELA: ♂, Pedernales . BRITISH GUIANA: 2 ♂, Bartica Grove; ♂, locality unspeciﬁed. FRENCH GUIANA! 5 ♂, 7 ♀, locality unspeciﬁed.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 57- 60.5 mm., tail 44-48 mm., culmen 9- 105 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 54.5 -58 mm., tail 41 -48 mm., culmen 95- 105 mm.</p><p>Description of ƒemale.— Fresh plumage: not unlike intermedia intermedia, but duller below, under parts more uniform, back darker.</p><p>Range.—Tobago, Trinidad, the region about the mouths of the Orinoco in northeastern Venezuela, southward through the Guianas to Marajó, Mexiana, and the Pará region of Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD7FFA4FEBFF4B5FB8BFC81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD4FFA5FEB5FFC4FAC3FDA8.text	03A887C6FFD4FFA5FEB5FFC4FAC3FDA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila americana subsp. dispar Todd	<div><p>Sporophila americana dispar Todd</p><p>Sporaphila americana dispar Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 35, p. 90, 1922 (Santarém, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined. — BRAZIL: 2 ♂, ² ♀,² Óbidos; ♂, ² ♀,² islands opposite Óbidos; ♂, ² ♀,² Manacapurú; ♀,² Santarém.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 56.5- 59 mm., tail 47-48 mm., culmen 10- 11 mm.; ♀ ♀ Wing 57- 59 mm., tail 45-48.5 mm., culmen 10- 10.5 mm.</p><p>Description oƒ female. —Fresh plumage: similar to americana americana, but averaging larger. Worn plumage: greenish-grayish brown above, below isabelline, darker on chest.</p><p>Range.—Both banks of the middle Amazon at Óbidos and Santarém and the north bank of the rio Solimões at Manacapurú just west of Manaos and probably westward to the rio Juruá and Codajáz on the north bank of the Solimões.</p><p>Remarks.—Greenway and Griscom (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, no. 3, p. 334, 1941), Pinto (Cat. Aves Bras., pt. 2, p. 616, foot-note 3, 1944), and Gyldenstolpe (Ark. Zool., Bd. 2, no. 1, p. 314, 1951) do not recognize this race, and call all Brazilian birds S. a. americana . With my material, scanty as it is, I cannot follow this course. In size, what I call dispar is insigniﬁcantly larger, only averaging so, but there are color characters which are constant. In males of dispar the under parts are whiter, less suffused With grayish on the sides; the black collar is more evident and apt to be complete; the gray feathers of the rump are heavily fringed with white giving the rump a white look rather than dull gray. The females of this species, as is well known, are very variable, the depth of color probably depending on age.</p><p>I have seen no birds from the Pará region ( S. leucopterygia Spix), but Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., XIII, pt. II, p. 195, foot-note 2, 1938), who has examined specimens, says that they do not differ from Cayenne birds.</p><p>To the south of the Amazon this species apparently extends westward to the rio Juruá, and on the north bank to Codajáz, a short distance to the west of the mouth of the rio Purús. I have seen no specimens from this region, but both Pinto and Gyldenstolpe (1. c.) refer them to S. a. americana . If dispar is recognizable,as my material indicates,then birds from the above regions must undoubtedly belong to that form.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD4FFA5FEB5FFC4FAC3FDA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD5FFA5FEB3FED8FE35F65E.text	03A887C6FFD5FFA5FEB3FED8FE35F65E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila americana subsp. murallae Chapman	<div><p>Sporophila americana murallae Chapman</p><p>Sporophila aurita murallae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 649, 1915 (" La Muralla " = Morelia, Caquetá, Colombia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— COLOMBIA: 2♂ ¹ (including type), 2♂, ♂ imm. (? = ♀), ♀, Morelia .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 56-60 mm., tail 45-48 mm., culmen 9.5-11 mm.; ♀♀ wing54(worn), 57.5 mm., tail45, 47.5mm., culmen 10, 10 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: next to americana corvina the darkest female Sporophila . Above rather dark brown with an olive tinge. Throat, breast and sides of body rather dark reddish brown, center of abdomen buffy. Worn plumage: somewhat paler.</p><p>Range.—Known only from Morelia, Caquetá, Colombia.</p><p>Remarks.—Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 649, 1915) described murallae as a race of aurita . However, if aurita and americana are kept distinct, then murallae should be made a race of the latter.</p><p>S. a. murallae, in several of its characters, connects very neatly the aurita and americana groups. The latter has broadly white-edged wing-coverts, while in aurita they are black. In murallae the wing-coverts are usually only narrowly edged white, and in one specimen in fresh plumage these white edges are only slightly indicated by very narrow grayish borders.</p><p>In 4 adult males, 3 have a complete black collar across the breast, the fourth having black only on the sides of the breast as in typical americana . One has the entire chin and upper throat black, whilst another has the chin and upper throat black mixed with white. This coloration is often found in specimens of this species occurring west of the Andes, most notably in Sporophila americana chocoana . No other specimens of americana ex amined from farther east have any black at all on the chin and throat. In the whiteness of the rump and under parts they are closer to dispar than they are to typical americana, but can be easily told from that race by having a very much smaller white wing speculum. Western races have the rump white, and again it is interesting to note how these western forms of americana approach in this respect the " aurita " group.</p><p>The female of murallae is very much darker and browner than any female of the other two eastern races examined, but it is in very fresh plumage.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD5FFA5FEB3FED8FE35F65E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD2FFA2FEB4FDA1FB7CFB5D.text	03A887C6FFD2FFA2FEB4FDA1FB7CFB5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila torqueola subsp. torqueola (Bonaparte 1850)	<div><p>Sporophila torqueola torqueola (Bonaparte)</p><p>Spermophila torqueola Bonaparte, Conspec. Gen. Av., 1 (2), p. 495, 1850 (Mexico City, D. F., Mexico).</p><p>Specimens examined.— MEXICO: ♂, Temisco, Morelos; 2 ♂, “ Mexico. ”</p><p>,</p><p>Measurements.— (Temisco) ♂ wing 56.5, tail 49, culmen 8 mm.; (“ Mexico ”) ♂ ♂ wing 48, 55 mm., tail 40, 47 mm., culmen 7.5, 8 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—No females examined. According to Ridgway above plain light olive, paler on rump; below yellowish buffy, tinged with olive on chest, sides and flanks, wing coverts without pale markings.</p><p>Range. —Western Mexico from southern Sinaloa to western Oaxaca.</p><p>Remarks.—A specimen from “ Mexico ” represents the variant named “ albitorquis,” which has a complete white collar around the hind neck. In the male from Temisco this collar is almost complete.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD2FFA2FEB4FDA1FB7CFB5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD2FFA3FEBBF8EAF984FA77.text	03A887C6FFD2FFA3FEBBF8EAF984FA77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila torqueola subsp. morelleti (Bonaparte 1850)	<div><p>Sporophila torqueola morelleti (Bonaparte)</p><p>Spermophile morelleti Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1 (2), p. 497, 1850 (Petén, Guatemala).</p><p>Specimens examined.— MEXICO: 4 ♂, 3 ♀, Tampico; ♂, río Pánuco; ♂, Jalapa . GUATEMALA: 5 ♂, 3 ♀, Quiriguá; “ mutanda ” ♂, Quiriguá; ) ♂, Lake Isabal; ♂, Guatemala City; “ mutanda ” ♂, Mocá; ♀, Mocá; ♀, above Amatitlán . HONDURAS: 2 ♂, ♀, Julian; 2 ♂, ♀, Lancetilla .</p><p>Measurements.—MEXICO: (Tampico) ♂ ♂ wing 50, 50, 50.5, 51 mm., tail 41, 42 (3) mm., culmen 7.5 (3), 8 mm., ♀ ♀ wing 47, 48, 48.5 mm., tail 39.5, 40, 41 mm., culmen 7, 7.5, 7.5 mm.; (río Pánuco) ♂ wing 51, tail 45, culmen 7. 5 mm.; (Jalapa) ♂ wing 50.5, tail 40, culmen 8 mm. GUATEMALA: (Quiriguá) ♂ ♂ wing 49.5, 50, 50.5, 51, 51.5 mm., tail 40, 41.5, 42, 43, 44 mm., culmen 7, 7, 8 (3) mm., ♀ ♀ wing 47.5, 48, 50.5 mm., tail 40, 41, 41 mm., culmen 7.5 (3) mm.; (Lake Isabal) ♂ wing 50, tail 42.5, culmen 8 mm; (“ mutanada, ” Quiriguá) ♂ wing 55.5, tail 45, culmen 9 mm.; (Guatemala City) ♂ wing 53, tail 45, culmen 8 mm.; (above Amatitlán) ♀ Wing 53.5, tail 46, culmen 8.5 mm.; (Mocá) ♀ wing 52.5, tail 46, culmen 8.5 mm. HONDURAS: (Julián) ♂ ♂ wing 50, 53.5 mm., tail 41, 41 mm., culmen 8, 8.5 mm., ♀ wing 49, tail 39.5, culmen — mm.; (Lancetilla) ♂ ♂ wing 49, 51 mm., tail 39, 42.5 mm., culmen 7.5, 8 mm., ♀ wing 48.5, tail 39.5, culmen 8 mm.</p><p>.</p><p>Description of female. —Fresh plumage: above light brownish olive, more brownish on rump; below buff, paler on abdomen; double Wing bar white. Distinguishable from any species with wing bars by being the smallest. Worn plumage: above pale brown, brighter on rump. Chest buff, belly buffy white.</p><p>Range. —From southern Tamaulipas southward through eastern Mexico to Honduras.</p><p>Remarks.—Birds from southernmost Tamaulipas are smaller in dimensions than specimens from Texas, and in size are like birds from farther south. An adult male from Tampico shows an ill-defined pectoral band rather like that of sharpei .</p><p>It is curious to note that two black-throated birds, one from Quiriguá, a locality on the humid eastern coastal plain of Guatemala, are rather larger than the rest of the series. Two females from the Pacific slope of Guatemala (Amatitlán, Mocá) are also large. Griscom (Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 438, p. 7, 1930) described mutanda as a form inhabiting the Pacific coast, but the specimen from Quiriguá with a completely black throat disproves this distribution. It would be interesting to examine a large series of black-throated birds in order to ascertain whether this large size is constant. Unfortunately, Griscom gives no measurements for mutanda, nor does he suggest that it is larger.</p><p>In default of large series I cannot but agree with Hellmayr (l. c., p. 188, footnote 1) in believing that " mutanda " is but a variant of morelleti, particularly in view of the fact that " mutanda " obviously occurs on both the Caribbean and Pacific sides of Guatemala. Further, in the western races of S. americana the presence of a black throat is not at all unusual.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD2FFA3FEBBF8EAF984FA77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD3FFA3FEB2FBA4FC20F696.text	03A887C6FFD3FFA3FEB2FBA4FC20F696.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila collaris subsp. collaris (Boddaert 1783)	<div><p>Sporophila collaris collaris (Boddaert)</p><p>Loxia collaris Boddaert, Tabl.Pl. Enl.,p. 40,1783 (" Angola,"error=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined.— ♂, ¹ southern Brazil (no exact locality specified).</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ wing60,tail48, culmen 10.5 mm.</p><p>Range.—Eastern Brazil in the states of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais,and southern Goiaz.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD3FFA3FEB2FBA4FC20F696	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD3FFA3FEB2F985FCF8F814.text	03A887C6FFD3FFA3FEB2F985FCF8F814.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila torqueola subsp. sharpei (Bonaparte 1850) Lawrence	<div><p>Sporophila torqueola sharpei Lawrence</p><p>Sporophila morelleti sharpei Lawrence,Auk,6, p.53,1889 (Lomita,Texas).</p><p>Specimens examined.— UNITED STATES: 11 ♂, 6 ♀, Brownsville, Texas.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂♂ wing 50.5-55.5mm., tail 43(worn), 44-48 mm., culmen 7.5-8 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 50-53mm., tail 41-46.5 mm., culmen 7-8 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Similar to torqueola morelleti .</p><p>Range.—The lower Rio GrandeValley,Texas,and northeastern Mexico in Nuevo León, northern and central Tamaulipas.</p><p>Remarks.—Birds from Tampico are intermediate between morelleti and this race, but nearer the former.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD3FFA3FEB2F985FCF8F814	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD3FFA0FE8DF526F9B8FB34.text	03A887C6FFD3FFA0FE8DF526F9B8FB34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila collaris subsp. ochrascens (Boddaert 1783) Hellmayr	<div><p>Sporophila collaris ochrascens Hellmayr</p><p>Sporophila melanocephala ochrascens Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot.Gesells.Wien, 54, p. 534, 1904(Rio Paraná,northern São Paulo, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined.— BRAZIL: ♂, Descalvados . BOLIVIA: 4 ♂ (including type of pallida Carriker), 2 ♀, Chatarona .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 58-63mm., tail 46.5(imm.), 50-51 mm., culmen 9.5 (imm.), 10- 11 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing58.5, 62 mm., tail 46, 53 mm., culmen 10, 10 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: a large species,uniform brown above, lower rump and upper tail coverts rufescent; throat, breast and flanks reddish buff,center of abdomen paler but not in strong contrast. Bill black (?always).</p><p>Range.—Northern Bolivia and west central Brazil in northern Mato Grosso to western São Paulo.</p><p>Remarks.—The type and other specimens of" pallida " differ in no way from an example of ochrascens from Descalvados. The type of pallida has, in addition to the pale spots above the nostrils, two short pale lines in the center of the crown, in another male the lines on the crown are absent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD3FFA0FE8DF526F9B8FB34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD0FFA0FEB9F943FE08F945.text	03A887C6FFD0FFA0FEB9F943FE08F945.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila collaris subsp. melanocephala (Vieillot 1783)	<div><p>Sporophila collaris melanocephala (Vieillot)</p><p>Coccothraustes melanocephala Vieillot,Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 13, p. 542, 1817 (Paraguay).</p><p>Specimens examined.— South America: 2 ♂, no locality.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing60.5, 62.5 mm.,tail49, 52.5 mm., culmen 10, 10.5 mm.</p><p>Range.—Northern Argentina, Paraguay and southwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD0FFA0FEB9F943FE08F945	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD0FFACFD9BFAF3FE01FC9E.text	03A887C6FFD0FFACFD9BFAF3FE01FC9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus 1758) and S. bouvronides	<div><p>The Status of S. lineola and S. bouvronides</p><p>For over 80 years the status of Sporophila lineola and Sporophila bouvronides has been a subject of controversy. In northern and western South America bouvronides and lineola are found together, with all sorts of intermediates between the two " species " being of frequent occurrence. As Hellmayr (l. c., pp. 211- 12, footnote 2) has pointed out,the difference between the two does not seem of specific value, the difference being that in lineola the crown is adorned by a broad white stripe, while in bouvronides the crown is rarely entirely black, usually black dotted with white, the white dots not infrequently coalescing into a restricted white line. In addition bouvronides always has more or less black barring on the chest, while lineola has the chest usually entirely white, occasionally slightly barred or blotched with black.</p><p>In 1871 Sclater (Ibis, p. 14)suggested that bouvronides was merely a variant of lineola, although he recognizedit as distinct. In 1938 Hellmayr did the same and said that he was " not certain that it [ bouvronides] is anything more than an individual mutant of S. lineola ... the geographical distribution of the two ‘ species ’ is almost incomprehensible further investigation of the problem is imperative ” (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool., XIII, no. XI, foot-note 2, p. 212). Pinto in his Catálogo das Aves do Brasil places bouvronides as a synonym of lineola (1944, p. 623). Phelps and I in our respective lists of the birds of Venezuela (Bol. Soc. Ven. Cien. Nat., XII, no. 75, p. 346, 1950) and Colombia (Caldasia, V, no. 25, p. 1090, 1951) recognized the two as distinct species.</p><p>Through the kindness of the museums listed in the acknowledgments I have been able to examine 176 males of the two “ species ” in question from virtually their entire range. A theoretical solution is here offered to this most interesting problem.</p><p>From northeastern Colombia in 1917 Todd (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 128) described Sporophila lineola restricta (type from Gamarra, Magdalena). This race was promptly rejected by everyone and placed in the synonymy of bouvronides, where it has remained ever since. In restricta, which I now regard as undoubtedly valid, I believe lies the key to the entire problem.</p><p>It would appear that in Pliocene times two populations of Sporophila lineola existed in South America, one in the north and west and another in the eastern part of the continent south of the equator. These were cut off from each other by vast alluvial or marshy areas which extended in those days from the mouth of the Amazon in a broad band (about 200 miles wide at its eastern end) westward to the Andes in ever increasing width (see Plate 14).</p><p>The northern population was disposed to lose the white crown stripe and was either black crowned or with the crown only dotted with white, while the southern population had a broad white stripe on the crown. In Pleistocene times, when the waters withdrew from the Amazon “ valley, ” the barrier between the two populations was removed, and the white-crowned lineola began to move north-westward into the territory of the dark crowned restricta and interbred with it, producing a population of hybrids showing intergradation between the two races. The last remnant of the original northern stock ( restricta) is now found only in the northwestern corner of South America, where it is farthest removed from the inﬂuence of lineola .</p><p>The black markings on the chest of the hybrid population are probably due to an interaction of genes between the two populations. It should be noted that in restricta the under parts are always pure white, while in lineola this pureness of white is variable. Twenty-three per cent have either black blotches or black bars on the chest.</p><p>A comparison of the distributional map (Pl. 15) of lineola, restricta and bouvronides with the Pliocene map of South America (Pl. 14) shows a very striking correlation with their distribution today.</p><p>The problem now to be resolved is the treatment of lineola, bouvronides and restricta . Lineola is a stable form in the southern and eastern portions of South America, easily recognizable by its white crown band. Unquestionably restricta is a stable raceconfined to the northwestern corner of South America, exhibiting a combination of characters (white under parts, dark crown) not shown by any other population. S. bouvronides is a highly variable population, hybrid between the two. Birds which are typically S. bouvronides and S. lineola are found at the same localities (reported from the Supanaan River, British Guiana; reported from Lake Valencia, Venezuela; examined from Caicara, Venezuela). S. bouvronides has no range if the area which it occupies is taken as a whole. In certain restricted areas, Trinidad and the mouth of the Orinoco for example, birds of the lineola type apparently do not occur. However, in British Guiana we find that white-crowned birds are predominant,in Dutch Guiana dark-crowned birds, and in French Guiana we find again white-crowned birds exclusively. The nomenclature to be used is a harassing problem. I would suggest the following:</p><p>Sporophila lineola lineola (Linnaeus) for birds from Brazil south of the Amazon, east of the rio Tapajoz (at the mouth of the Amazon there appears to be a slight influx of " bouvronides " blood), Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.</p><p>The original type locality for this bird was given as "Asia." Later Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 26, 1902) suggested Surinam. As Surinam appears to be populated mainly by the bouvronides type of bird and is in the area of hybridization, I would suggest Baía, Brazil, as a more appropriate type locality.</p><p>Sporophila lineola restricta Todd for birds from northeastern Colombia (Bolívar, Magdalena, Norte de Santander).</p><p>Sporophila lineola bouvronides (Lesson) for birds from Trinidad and Tobago only. In Trinidad, birds with a broad white band on the crown apparently never occur, thus it seems warranted to use Lesson's name for this population rather than to drop it altogether. Fortunately, Trinidad is the type locality.</p><p>Sporophila lineola X restricta or Sporophila restricta X lineola for birds from Venezuela, British, Dutch and French Guiana, southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northern and western Brazil and northeastern Peru.</p><p>The French Guiana population could be placed with typical lineola, and in fact all birds examined agree with that race. However, I have seen only birds from the coast (vicinity of the city of Cayenne, etc.) and I would think it probable, in fact almost certain, that inland birds of the bouvronides type occur. In any case the fact that the lineola type is prevalent is not surprising,as French Guiana is geographically very near eastern Brazil where typical lineola is found, and would probably have been one of the first regions to receive the influx of birds from the south.It should be noted that on the island of Mexiana in the mouth of the Amazon " bouvronides " has been recorded.</p><p>Table 1 shows the percentages of the different types of males found in various regions of South America. An explanation of the table is given in the next paragraph.</p>Number of specimensIIIIIIIVBW S. l. bouvronides Trinidad 1416%65%19%100% S. l. restrictaColombia128%75%17%100% S. linecla restrictaVenezuela. ..2612%62%8%18%81 %19%British Guiana176%94%25%75%Dutch Guiana1457%43%100%French Guiana23100%4%96%Brazil north of the Amazon4100%25%75%Ecuador1166%100%Peru333%33%33%100%Totals895%32%10%53%52%48% S. l. lineolaEastern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina62100%23%77%Colombia 1 100% 100%<p>The numbers I to IV refer to the type of crown possessed by the specimens examined. No. I denotes a completely black crown with no trace of white. No. II denotes a black crown dotted with white. Often the white feathers are concealed and the feathers must be lifted to see them. In this category are placed birds which may have even a single concealed white feather. No. III denotes specimens in which the white feathers coalesce into a narrow white line, sometimes rather broad at the base of the bill. These birds are really intermediate between bouvronides and lineola in crown pattern. No. IV denotes birds with a broad white crown stripe typical of lineola . These numbers correspond to the symbols on the map (fig. A): I =0, II = -0-, III= 0, and IV= -0-. In the last two columns B indicates, with black markings below, W pure white below.</p><p>The map (Pl. 15) shows the distribution of S. lineola and its races and the numbers and varieties of specimens examined from specific localities. The shaded area shows the range of S. l. lineola, the dotted area the range of S. l. restricta and the lined area the range of S. l. bouvronides . This map is based on males only.</p><p>Table 2 shows the number and types of males examined from various South American countries. Nos. I to IV refer to the type of crown pattern, and are similar in meaning to the numbers in table 1. The x denotes that the under parts are marked with black, while o denotes that they are pure white.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD0FFACFD9BFAF3FE01FC9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFDCFFADFEBAFB05FAE7FA31.text	03A887C6FFDCFFADFEBAFB05FAE7FA31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila lineola subsp. lincola (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Sporophila lineola lincola (Linnaeus)</p><p>Loxia lineola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 174, 1758 ("Asia," error=Surinam as designated by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 26, 1902. For reasons given above I suggest Baía, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined.— BRAZIL: 6 ♂,¹ Urucurituba, rio Tapajoz; 7 ♂,³ Tauarý, rio Tapajoz; 3 ♂, ³ ♀,³ Pinhý, rio Tapajoz; ♀,³ Caxiricatuba, rio Tapajoz; ♀,³ Belém; ♂,³ S. João, Araguaya; ♂, ¹ ♂ juv.,¹ I. Goyana, rio Tapajoz; ♂,⁴ near Recife; ♂, ³ ♂,⁴ Pernambuco; 2 ♂, ³ ♀,³ Nova Roma, Goiaz; 3 ♂,¹ 5 ♀,¹ Baía; ♂,¹ Falls of rio Madeira; ♂,⁵ Barra do rio Dourado, São Paulo ; ♂,⁴ rio Paraná; ♂,¹ near Corumbá, Mato Grosso; 2 ♂,¹ Cuyabá River, Mato Grosso ; ♂,¹ Cachoeira, Mato Grosso . BOLIVIA: ♂, ³ ♂, Chiquitos; ♂,² río Yapacani, Santa Cruz ; ♂, ² ♂,⁵ Buena Vista, Santa Cruz . PARAGUAY: ♂,⁴ 7 ♂, ⁵ ♀, ⁴ ♀,⁵ Chaco . ARGENTINA: 5 ♂,¹ Embarcación, Salta; 3 ♂, ¹ ♀,¹ Ocampo, Chaco; 2 ♂,⁵ Iscayacu, Santiago del Éstero; 3 ♂, ³ ♀,³ Concepción, Tucumán; ♂, ¹ ♀,⁵ Tucumán.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 57.5 -63 mm. (rio Tapajoz, ave. 59) (Argentina, ave. 60.4), tail 40-47 mm. (rio Tapajoz, ave. 43.8) (Argentina, ave. 45.5), culmen 7-8 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 52-58 mm., tail 40-46 mm., culmen 7-8 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Very similar to female of S. luctuosa, but distinguishable by having the mandible pale yellowish rather than dusky brown. Fresh plumage: above olive,breast and flanks bright ochraceous buff to olive buff,lower breast and abdomen yellowish. Culmen less curved than in most species of Sporophila . Worn plumage: above grayish olive, breast and flanks buffy, center of abdomen whitish.</p><p>Range.—Eastern Brazil from the mouth of the Amazon westward to the rio Tapajoz and southward to Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay.</p><p>Remarks.— Two immature males in the Academy's collection from Camacusa, British Guiana, have a very few black feathers scattered about the head, back and throat; the basal portion of the feathers of the crown are pure white, showing that their head pattern will probably be that of lineola . A young male in the collection of the American Museum (no. 126,097) from the Potaro River shows the same characteristics. None of the three, however,show a white speculum. In fact 18 young males, including one in the Carnegie Museum's collection (no. 17,362), which is marked breeding, do not show a trace of a white speculum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFDCFFADFEBAFB05FAE7FA31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFDDFFADFEB0FA4EFBF0F8EB.text	03A887C6FFDDFFADFEB0FA4EFBF0F8EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila lineola subsp. bouvronides (Lesson 1758)	<div><p>Sporophila lineola bouvronides (Lesson)</p><p>Pyrrhula bouvronides Lesson, Traité d'Orn., livr. 6, p. 450, 1831 (Trinidad).</p><p>Specimens examined.— TRINIDAD: 3 ♂,¹ ³ ♂,³ 2 ♂,⁴ 6 ♂.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂♂ wing 56-60.5mm., tail 43.5-46 mm., culmen 7-8 mm.</p><p>Range.—Islands of Trinidad and Tobago.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFDDFFADFEB0FA4EFBF0F8EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFDDFFADFEB2FB18FB73F693.text	03A887C6FFDDFFADFEB2FB18FB73F693.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila lineola subsp. restricta (Linnaeus 1758) Todd	<div><p>Sporophila lineola restricta Todd</p><p>Sporophila lineola restricta Todd,Proc.Biol.Soc.Washington, 30,p.128,1917(Gamarra, Magdalena,Colombia).</p><p>Specimens examined. —COLOMBIA: ♂,⁴ Ayacucho, Magdalena; 3 ♂,² 3 ♂ juv., ² ♂, Gamarra, Magdalena; 2 ♂, Aguachica, Magdalena; ♂,⁴ Cartagena, Bolívar; 2 ♂,⁴ Santa Rosa, Bolívar; ♂, ⁴ ♂ juv.,⁴ El Hato, Norte de Santander; ♂,⁴ Villa Felisa, Norte de Santander.</p><p>Measnrements. ♂ ♂ wing 57.5 - 60 mm., tail 43 - 46 mm., culmen 7-8 mm.</p><p>Range.—Northeastern Colombia east of the Andes in Norte de Santander, and west of them in Magdalena and Bolívar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFDDFFADFEB2FB18FB73F693	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFDDFFAAFEB2F535FCFBFA74.text	03A887C6FFDDFFAAFEB2F535FCFBFA74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Sporophila lineola x restricta</p><p>Specimens examined. — VENEZUELA: 2 ♂,¹ 3 ♂, ⁴ ♀,¹ Ciudád Bolivar; 4 ♂, ¹ ♂, ⁴ ♂ juv., ¹ ♀, ¹ ♀,⁴ Caicara; 2 ♂,⁴ Orinoco; ♂, ¹ Santa Lucía, Miranda; 2 ♂,¹ Las Barrancas; ♂,⁴ Soledád; ♂,⁴ Ocumare de la Costa; 2 ♂,¹ Cristobal Colon, Paría Peninsula; ♂,¹ Sacupana, delta Orinoco; ♂,¹ Las Trincheras, Carabobo; ♂,⁴ Cantaura, Anzoateguí; ♂ juv.,¹ Nericagua; 2 ♂ ¹ o,¹ Caura, mouth of the Chanaro River; ♂, Roraima . BRITISH GUIANA: ♂,⁵ Buxton; ♀,¹ Rockstone; 2 ♂, ¹ ♂, ♀, Annai; 2 ♂, ¹ ♂,⁴ Demerara; 2 ♂, ¹♀, Carimang River; 5 ♂,¹ 2 ♂ juv.,¹ 7 ♀,¹ Tumatumari; ♂,¹ Rupuruni River; 2♂,¹ 2 ♂ juv., Camacusa; ♂,¹ " British Guiana." DUTCH GUIANA: 2 ♂,¹ 10 ♂, ³ ♂ juv.,³ 2 ♀, ¹ 5 ♀, ³ 3 o,³ near Paramaribo; ♂, ¹ ♀, ¹ Crippie . FRENCH GUIANA: 2 ♂,¹ 5 ♂, ♀,¹ " Cayenne " ; 9 ♂,1 vicinity Cayenne; 4♂, ¹ ♀,¹ Roche Marie; 2 ♂, " French Guiana." BRAZIL: 4 ♂, ⁴ ♀,⁴ Santa Isabel, río Negro; 2 ♂,¹ Calamá, río Madeira . PERU: ♂,¹ Puerto Indiana; ♀, Apayacu, río Amazonas; 2 ♂,¹ 2 ♂ juv.,¹ 5 ♀,¹ Boca río Curaray; ♀, río Jelashte, San Martín ; ♀, Puerto Yessup . ECUADOR: ♂, Montalbo . COLOMBIA: ♂, Morelia .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 57-61mm.,tail 43-47 mm., culmen 8 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 52-57 mm., tail 40-46 mm., culmen 7-8 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Indistinguishable from lineola lineola .</p><p>Range.—Venezuela, the Guianas,northern and western Brazil, south of the Amazon from the río Madeira westward, northeastern Perú, eastern Ecuador, southeastern Colombia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFDDFFAAFEB2F535FCFBFA74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFDAFFABFEBEF984FC32FBD9.text	03A887C6FFDAFFABFEBEF984FC32FBD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila luctuosa (Lafresnaye 1843)	<div><p>Sporophila luctuosa (Lafresnaye)</p><p>Spermophila luctuosa Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 291, 1843 (Bogotá, Colombia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— COLOMBIA 7 ♂, " Bogotá ", 2 ♀,⁴ El Hato, Norte de Santander ; ♂, ♀, río Jurubidá; ♂, Toche; 4 ♂, 2 ♀, Morelia . ECUADOR: ♂, 2 ♀, Tumbaco; ♂, 2 ♀, Cumbaya; ♀, Chunchi; 2 ♀, Loja; ♀ = ♂, Las Pinas; ♂, junction of the Chanchan and Chiguancay; ♂, ♀, “ Oriente ” ; ♂, no locality . PERU: ♂, ♀ 2 o, río Jelashte; ♂, imm., Uscho; 2 ♂, ♀, Moyobamba; 2 ♀, Saposoa; ♂, Huancapistana; ♂, Accobamba (type of S. l. albilateralis Carriker) ; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Puerto Yessup; 2 ♂, ♀,) Huancamayo; ♂, La Oroya . BOLIVIA: ♂, 2 ♂ imm., Chiñirí; ♀, Calabatea; ♂ imm., Todos Santos; 2 ♂, Santa Ana; 2 ♂ imm., ♀, Samaipata .</p><p>€$ 6d</p><p>o,</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 51 (worn, río Jurubidá), 55-60 mm., tail 37 (worn, río Jurubidá), 38- 44.5 mm., culmen 8-9.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 53 - 58.5 mm., tail 34.5 (worn, río Jurubidá), 38-44 mm., culmen 7.5-8.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: very similar to lineola, but under parts hardly tinged yellow. Culmen less curved than in most species of Sporophila . Worn plumage: upper parts browner, below isabelline suffused with brownish on the breast. Distinguishable from S. lineola by having a darker, more brownish, mandible.</p><p>Range.—Colombia, except the southwest,Venezuela (Tachira), eastem and western Ecuador, Peru, and northern Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, and La Paz).</p><p>Remarks.—Undeniably birds from Colombia have on the average more black on the sides than do birds from Ecuador southward. However, as has been noted before,birds from the last mentioned region sometimes have just as much.Should one wish to recognize this difference,it is possible that Lesson's leucomelas,described from"Amerique"(Écho du Monde Sav., 11e année,2nd sém., No. 10, col.234, 1844),is applicable if based on a southern bird with white flanks.(Unfortunately, the publication in which it is described is not available to me.) If not,Carriker's albilateralis (Proc. Acad. Nat.Sci.Phila.,82, p. 374, 1930)based on a bird from Peru, could be used.I do not believe,however,that southern birds are constantly different enough to warrant their separation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFDAFFABFEBEF984FC32FBD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFDBFFABFEB4F860FA4FF7C0.text	03A887C6FFDBFFABFEB4F860FA4FF7C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila nigricollis subsp. nigricollis (Vieillot 1823)	<div><p>Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot)</p><p>Pyrrhula nigricollis Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Méth., Orn., livr. 93, p. 1027, 1823 (“ Brésil ”).</p><p>Specimens examined.— GRENADA: 2 ♂ TRINIDAD: 2 ♂, ♀ BRITISH GUIANA: ♂, Annai . VENEZUELA; ♀, Mt. Roraima . COLOMBIA: 2 ♂, ♀, Minca; 2 ♀, Pueblo Viejo; ♂, San Gil; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, Toche; 6 ♂, ♀, Salento; ♂, La Candela; ♂, San Agustín; ♂, 3 ♀, El Tambo; ♀, río Baudó; 2 ♂, ♀, Morelia . BRAZIL: ♀</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 53-59 mm., tail 41.5 - 47.5 mm., culmen 7.5 - 8.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 50-56.5 mm., tail 37.5-46 mm., culmen 7-8.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage very similar to lineola and luctuosa, but closer to the former.Bellyon the average slightly yellower. Perhaps the best distinction between this species and lineola is the dusky, rather than brown,bill. From luctuosa it differs by having a more yellow abdominal area.It averages smaller than luctuosa . Worn plumage: above browner, less olive; chest grayish,abdomen yellowish-white.</p><p>:</p><p>Range.—Southwest Costa Rica,Panama, Colombia(excepting Nariño), Venezuela, Grenada, Tobago,Trinidad,island of Cariacou,British Guiana, Brazil from the rio Negro region southward in the more eastern parts of the country, in Lower Amazonia and Mexiana Island to Goiaz and São Paulo,thence westward to Mato Grosso and Santa Cruz,Bolivia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFDBFFABFEB4F860FA4FF7C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFDBFFA8FEB2F470FB73FBC4.text	03A887C6FFDBFFA8FEB2F470FB73FBC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila nigricollis subsp. vivida (Vieillot 1823) Hellmayr	<div><p>Sporophila nigricollis vivida Hellmayr</p><p>Sporophila nigricollis vivida Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Series, 13, part 11, p. 209, 1938 (Chimbo, Ecuador). New name for Spermophila gutturalis olivacea Berlepsch and Taczanowski (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 550) preoc.</p><p>Specimens examined.— COLOMBIA: 7 ♂, ♀, Ricaurte; ♂, Chorreado; ♂, ♀, Guayacana; ♂, 2 ♀, Mayasquer . ECUADOR: 4 ♂, 2 ♀, Bucay; ♂, Quevedo; 3 ♂, junction of the Chanchan and Chiguancay; 2 ♂, ♀, Chimbo; ♂, ♀, Cumbaya .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 50 (imm.), 50.5-55.5 mm., tail 38-49 mm., culmen 7.5-8.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 49-53 mm., tail 37-41 mm., culmen 7.5- 8.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Indistinguishable from nigricollis nigricollis .</p><p>Range.—Southwestern Colombia (Nariño), southward through western Ecuador to Loja Province.</p><p>Remarks.—This is a rather unsatisfactory race, for although males of vivida are slightly brighter yellow below, this difference is only apparent in birds in fresh plumage. A worn male of vivida can be paler and duller yellow below than a male of the typical form in fresh plumage. The wing of vivida averages shorter than in typical nigricollis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFDBFFA8FEB2F470FB73FBC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD8FFA8FEBFFA0DFDECF621.text	03A887C6FFD8FFA8FEBFFA0DFDECF621.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila melanops (Pelzeln 1870)	<div><p>Sporophila melanops (Pelzeln)</p><p>Spermophila melanops Pelzeln,Orn.Bras., 3,pp.224,331,1879(Porto do rio Araguaia, Goiaz,Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined.- BRAZIL: (♀,1 Goiaz — G. A. Baer coll., May 1906) .</p><p>Measurements.-Adult ♂ wing 55, tail 41, culmen 8 mm. (from Hellmayr).</p><p>Range.-Known with certainty only from the type from Porto do rio Araguaia, interior of Goiaz, Brazil.</p><p>Remarks.—This species apparently rather resembles S. n. nigricollis, but differs, among other characters, by having the black of the head sharply deﬁned on the hind neck and restricted below to the throat.</p><p>A female from Goiaz which I examined in the collection of the American Museum could possibly belong to this species. Compared to females of nigricollis, it is very much browner above, and below it is duller, browner, with no yellowish tint. It measures as follows: Wing 57, tail 45, culmen 8 mm., which is slightly larger than the measurements given by Hellmayr. The bill is somewhat more bulky than in nigricollis, and the maxilla somewhat more curved.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD8FFA8FEBFFA0DFDECF621	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD8FFA8FEBDF876FA35F9F1.text	03A887C6FFD8FFA8FEBDF876FA35F9F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila nigricollis subsp. inconspicua (Vieillot 1823) Berlepsch and Stolzmann	<div><p>Sporophila nigricollis inconspicua Berlepsch and Stolzmann</p><p>Sporophila gutturalis inconspicua Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 84, 1906 (Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru).</p><p>Specimens examined.— PERU: ♂, Tamborapa; ♂, 3 ♀, Eneñas .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 59, — mm., tail 45.5, — mm., culmen 8, 8.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 56, 57, — mm.,tail39.5, 41.5, — mm., culmen 7, 8, 8.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Indistinguishable from nigricollis nigricollis .</p><p>Range.—From Piura and northern Cajamarca southward to Cuzco.</p><p>Remarks.—This race differs from the preceding by having duller yellow under parts, less black on the crown, and averages larger in size.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD8FFA8FEBDF876FA35F9F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD9FFA9FEB9FBCDF9BBF5CD.text	03A887C6FFD9FFA9FEB9FBCDF9BBF5CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila obscura subsp. haplochroma Todd	<div><p>Sporophila obscura haplochroma Todd</p><p>Sporophila haplochroma Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 200, 1912 (Cincinnati, Santa Marta district, Colombia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— COLOMBIA: 2 ♂,² 3 ♀,² Cincinnati, Santa Marta; ♂,² Minca; ♂, ² ♂, ♀,² 2 ♀, Pueblo Viejo .</p><p>Measurements. — ♂ ♂ wing 53.5 -57 mm., tail 40-48 mm., culmen 9 -9.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 50.5-55 mm., tail 36-40 mm., culmen 9- 10 mm.</p><p>Description of female—Fresh plumage: differs from obscura by having the under parts almost uniform pale buffy brown. Worn plumage: rather uniform grayish brown below, the chest not in sharp contrast as in obscura .</p><p>Range.—The Santa Marta region of Colombia and Táchira, Venezuela.</p><p>Remarks. — A male taken in June has the bill quite black, and is the only one with it so colored out of 34 examples of this species examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD9FFA9FEB9FBCDF9BBF5CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFD9FFA9FEB4FDA2FD2EF8B0.text	03A887C6FFD9FFA9FEB4FDA2FD2EF8B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila obscura subsp. obscura (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)	<div><p>Sporophila obscura obscura (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)</p><p>Emberiza obscura Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 81, 1837 (Chiquitos, Bolivia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— COLOMBIA: ♂, Mojarras; 2 ♂, ♀, Ricaurte . ECUADOR: ♂,¹ Portovelo; ♂, junction of the Chanchan and Chiguancay; ♂, Huigra; ♂,¹ Zaruma; ♂, Santa Rosa; ♂,¹ Las Piñas; ♀, ¹ ♀, Naranjo; ♀,¹ Bucay; ♀, ¹ ♀, Cebollal . PERU: ♂, Tamborapa; ♂, Chagual; ♀, Porculla Pass; ♀, Cochabamba; ♀, Santa Clara; ♀, Perené . BOLIVIA: ♀, Huanay, 2 ♀, río Lipeo . ARGENTINA: 2 ♂,¹ Embarcación; ♂,¹ Avia Terai, Chaco .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 51 (imm.), 52- 57. 5 mm. (61 mm., Argentina), tail 39.5 (imm.), 40 -44 mm., culmen 8 -8.5 mm. (9, 9, 10 mm., Argentina;) ♀ ♀ wing 50-57 mm., tail 36.5 -45 mm., culmen 8-9 mm.</p><p>Description oƒ female—Fresh plumage: best recognized by having a straighter culmen than any other species of Sporophila — the upper mandible dusky, the lower pale. Above brown with no olive tinge, very slightly brighter on the rump. Chest grayish-brown. Abdomen buffy white. Worn plumage: upper surface grayish brown, chest gray, abdomen white.</p><p>Range.—From southwestern Colombia (Cauca-Nariño border) southward through western Ecuador to Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina (Salta, Tucumán, Chaco, Buenos Aires).</p><p>Remarks.—Irrespective of locality these birds are very variable in color. Immature birds are "redder" than adults, and have the wing-coverts margined with bright brown. Adults vary from dull brown to grayish brown. Three males from Argentina have the bill slightly larger than other birds examined. The wings measure 56.5, 57, and 61 mm. Two out of the three have the throat more markedly white. Otherwise, they do not differ from birds of other regions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFD9FFA9FEB4FDA2FD2EF8B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE6FF96FEBFFDB5FD80F9C0.text	03A887C6FFE6FF96FEBFFDB5FD80F9C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila caerulescens subsp. caerulescens (Vieillot 1823)	<div><p>Sporophila caerulescens caerulescens (Vieillot)</p><p>Pyrrhula caerulescens Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Méth., Orn., livr. 93, p. 1023, 1817 (Vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined.— ARGENTINA: ♂, ♀, La Plata . PARAGUAY: ♂, 40 km. west-southwest of Camambay - C Bado . BRAZIL: ♀, Curitiba, Paraná . BOLIVIA: ♂, Mójos .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 58-60.5 mm.,tail 45-50 mm., culmen 8.5-9 mm.; ♀♀ wing58.5, 59.5mm., tail 43,46 mm., culmen 7.5,8 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: very similar to luctuosa, but back browner, only very slightly olivaceous, and upper tail coverts slightly tinged rufescent,not the same color as the back,as in luctuosa . Worn plumage: aboveduller,lesswarm brownish, below duller, belly whiter, less buffy.</p><p>Range.—Northern Argentina, Brazil from the south bank of the lower Amazon southward to Goiaz, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, and the Bolivian Chaco.</p><p>Remarks.—A single male from the rio Tapajoz examined by Hellmayr and another from the rio Irirí seen by Griscom and Greenway are paler gray than the typical form. A series may show a lower Amazonian race to be separable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE6FF96FEBFFDB5FD80F9C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE6FF96FEBFFA71FD59F780.text	03A887C6FFE6FF96FEBFFA71FD59F780.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila caerulescens subsp. hellmayri (Vieillot 1823) Wolters	<div><p>Sporophila caerulescens hellmayri Wolters</p><p>Sporophila caerulescens hellmayri Wolters, Orn.Monatsb., 47, p.152,1939(Baía, Brazil). New name for ornata (Lichtenstein) (Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 26, 1823) preoc.</p><p>Specimens examined.— BRAZIL and " SOUTH AMERICA ": 5 ♂, exact locality unspecified.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂♂ wing 56-57.5 mm.,tail 43-48 mm., culmen 8-8.5 mm.</p><p>Range.—Known only from the State of Baía. Theonly definite locality is Corupéba near the city of Baía (see Pinto, Compt. Rend., XII Congr. Int. Zool., Lisbon, 1937)..</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE6FF96FEBFFA71FD59F780	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE6FF97FEBFF431FA64FD66.text	03A887C6FFE6FF97FEBFF431FA64FD66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila caerulescens subsp. yungae (Vieillot 1823) Gyldenstolpe	<div><p>Sporophila caerulescens yungae Gyldenstolpe</p><p>Sporophila caerulescens yungae Gyldenstolpe, Ark. f. Zool., Bd. 33B, no. 13, p. 3, 1941 (Chulumani, Yungas de la Paz, Bolivia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— BOLIVIA: ♂, Hunay, río Mapiri, La Paz; 3 ♂, Chatarona, Beni; ♂, Susi, Beni.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 58-60.5 mm., tail 45-48 mm., culmen 8.5-9 mm.</p><p>Range.—Northern Bolivia in Beni,La Paz and Cochabamba.</p><p>Remarks.—Gyldenstolpe says that birds from Beni differ slightly from examples of yungae from La Paz by having the extreme forehead, the lores, and the auriculars more blackish. I cannot confirm this difference as our single La Paz bird is not fully adult,while the four from Beni are.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE6FF97FEBFF431FA64FD66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE7FF97FEBFFE96FADEFAA5.text	03A887C6FFE7FF97FEBFFE96FADEFAA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila albogularis (Spix 1825)	<div><p>Sporophila albogularis (Spix)</p><p>Loxia albogularis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 46,pl.60,figs. 1, 2 (♂, ♀) 1825 (Baía, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined. — BRAZIL: ♂, Ibiapaba, Piauí; ♂, " Brazil "; ♀, Várzea Formosa, Ceará.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 55, 60 mm., tail 44, 47 mm., culmen 9.5, — mm.; ♀ wing 56,tail41, culmen 9 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Worn plumage: above dull brown, with no olive tinge, throat and abdomen white, breast suffused with dull buffy, wing-coverts with clay-colored margins.</p><p>Range.—Northeastern Brazil in Pernambuco,Ceará, Baía and Piauí.</p><p>Remarks.—According to Hellmayr, Oberholser's record from Sapucay, Paraguay, is based on a female of perhaps S. caerulescens .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE7FF97FEBFFE96FADEFAA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE7FF97FEB7FB4BFB99F71B.text	03A887C6FFE7FF97FEB7FB4BFB99F71B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila leucoptera subsp. cinereola (Temminck)	<div><p>Sporophila leucoptera cinereola (Temminck)</p><p>Pyrrhula cinereola Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Pl.Col.,livr.2, pl.11,fig. 1 (♂), 1820 (Baía, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined.— BRAZIL: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ "Brazil."</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 56.5, 61.5 mm., tail 47, 52 mm., culmen 10, 10.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 55.5, 56 mm., tail 46, 50 mm., culmen 10.5, — mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Not distinguishable from leucoptera leucoptera .</p><p>Range.—Eastern Brazil in (Pará?), Maranhão, Pernambuco, Piauí, Baiá, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE7FF97FEB7FB4BFB99F71B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE7FF97FEBAF9D2FE36F93A.text	03A887C6FFE7FF97FEBAF9D2FE36F93A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila leucoptera subsp. mexianae Hellmayr	<div><p>Sporophila leucoptera mexianae Hellmayr</p><p>Sporophila leucoptera mexianae Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math-Phys. Ki. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, no. 2, p. 119, 1912 (Santa Maria, Mexiana Island, Brazil). New name for S. l. aequatorialis Snethlage (Orn. Monatsb., 15, p. 193, 1907) preoc.</p><p>No specimens examined.</p><p>Range.—Known only from the island of Mexiana at the mouth of the Amazon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE7FF97FEBAF9D2FE36F93A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE7FF94FEB1F4A9FA14FC89.text	03A887C6FFE7FF94FEB1F4A9FA14FC89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila leucoptera subsp. leucoptera (Vieillot 1817)	<div><p>Sporophila leucoptera leucoptera (Vieillot)</p><p>Coccothraustes leucoptera Vieillot,Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 13, p. 521, 1817 (Paraguay).</p><p>Specimens examined.— BRAZIL: 6 ♂, ♀, Descalvados, Mato Grosso.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 61.5-63 mm., tail 51-57 mm., culmen 9.5- 10.5 mm.; ♀ wing 51.5, tail 58, culmen — mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Very similar to collaris, but center of belly whiter, and upper tail coverts and lower rump not as rufescent, bill pale instead of black (?). Color of bill has not been used as diagnostic, for in many species this character seems variable and has nothing to do with seasons. It is perhaps an age character. In this instance, however, males of leucoptera are pale billed, while those of collaris are black billed.</p><p>Range.—Northeastern Argentina (Formosa, Chaco, Santa Fé), Paraguay, central Brazil in Mato Grosso, Goiaz and Minas Gerais.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE7FF94FEB1F4A9FA14FC89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE4FF94FEBFFFC6FACFFA08.text	03A887C6FFE4FF94FEBFFFC6FACFFA08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila leucoptera subsp. bicolor (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny 1817)	<div><p>Sporophila leucoptera bicolor (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)</p><p>Pyrrhula bicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny,Syn.Av.,1,in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 86, 1837 (Mójos, Bolivia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— BOLIVIA: ♂, Chatarona; ♂, Mójos (142 of d'Orbigny) . " SOUTH AMERICA ": ♂.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 60-62 mm., tail 50-56 mm., culmen 10-11.5 mm.</p><p>Range.—Eastern Bolivia in Beni and Santa Cruz.</p><p>Remarks.—The adult male from Chatarona has the lesser wing-coverts inconspicuously tipped with gray. The d'Orbigny specimen from Mójos has the lesser wing-coverts white. The specimen marked " South America " has the lesser wing-coverts rather broadly fringed with white.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE4FF94FEBFFFC6FACFFA08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE4FF95FEB9FA47FB82FBE5.text	03A887C6FFE4FF95FEB9FA47FB82FBE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila peruviana subsp. peruviana (Lesson)	<div><p>Sporophila peruviana peruviana (Lesson)</p><p>Callyrhynchus peruvianus Lesson, Rev.Zool.,5,p.209,1842(Callao, Peru).</p><p>Specimens examined.— PERU: 7 ♂, 2 ♀, Názca; ♂, Huarmey; ♀, Cartávia; 2 ♂, Guadalupe; o, Peru (type) .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂♂ wing(58.5), 62 -65.5mm.,tail(39.5), 42-44 mm., culmen (11), 11.5-12.5 mm.; ♀♀ wing 57-61mm., tail 39-43 mm., culmen 11.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: distinguishable from other species by its very large, much curved bill. Above brown, below isabelline. Very similar in color to simplex, but wing considerably longer, double wing bar white or buffy. Worn plumage: duller and paler, the wing bars sometimes completely worn off.</p><p>Range.—Arid littoral of Peru from northern Libertád southward to Ica.</p><p>Remarks.—Birds from northernmost Libertád (Guadalupe) are somewhat smaller than more southern birds, grading toward the smaller, more northern race. They measure ♂ ♂ wing 58.5, 61.5 mm., tail 39.5, 40 mm., culmen 11 mm. The type measures wing 62, tail 39 (worn), culmen 12 mm.</p><p>I regard this very distinct species as merely a large Sporophila with a heavy bill and see no reason to recognize the genus Neorhynchus (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 147) for it. In proportions and color pattern it is like Sporophila, and although the bill is large,it differs little from the bill of S. leucoptera in shape or size. Certainly the bill of S. nigricollis differs far more from that of leucoptera than the latter does from peruviana, particularly from that of the smaller race devronis .</p><p>Further, the female of S. peruviana bears a very striking resemblance to S. simplex, also an inhabitant of the arid littoral of Peru. In color they are more or less alike, both have the median and greater wing coverts pale edged, forming a double wing bar, both have a white wing speculum. The bill of simplex, although smaller than in peruviana, is of the same color and shape. In short, simplex is a hen-feathered miniature of peruviana .</p><p>It is interesting to note that Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 87, 1888) said of Neorhynchus, it "... is in fact little more than a thick-billed form of that large genus [ Sporophila]."</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE4FF95FEB9FA47FB82FBE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE5FF95FEBBF813FEF5F9AB.text	03A887C6FFE5FF95FEBBF813FEF5F9AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila peruviana subsp. devronis (Verreaux)	<div><p>Sporophila peruviana devronis (Verreaux)</p><p>Callirhynchus devronis Verreaux, Rev.Mag. Zool. (2), 4, p. 314, 1852 (no type locality indicated).</p><p>Specimens examined.— PERU: ♂ sub-ad., Romeros . ECUADOR: ♂, ¹ ♀, ¹ Puná Island .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 55.5-59mm., tail 39-42mm., culmen 10-10.5 mm.; ♀ wing 52.5,tail39,culmen 11 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Not distinguishable from peruviana peruviana except in size.</p><p>Range.—Arid southwestern Ecuador from Manaví southward to Piura, Peru.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE5FF95FEBBF813FEF5F9AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE5FF95FEB4FAD9FD05F699.text	03A887C6FFE5FF95FEB4FAD9FD05F699.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila simplex (Taczanowski 1874)	<div><p>Sporophila simplex (Taczanowski)</p><p>Spermophila simplex Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874,p. 132 (Lima, Peru).</p><p>Specimens examined.- PERU: 2 ♂, o, Yuramarca; ♂,¹ Lima; ♀, ¹ Vitarte; ♂,¹ Huaral; 2 ♂, ¹ Succha .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 55.5-63 mm., tail 44-49.5 mm., culmen 8.5- 9.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing55,57mm.,tail39,44mm., culmen ♀, ♀ mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Very similar to devronis,but wing averaging shorter and bill smaller,somewhat less curved.</p><p>Range.—From Libertád southward to northern Ica on the Pacific slope of the Peruvian Andes.The upper Marañón Valley from sea level up to about 8500 ft.</p><p>Remarks.—Females have the wing bars buffy,and lack the wing speculum found in males.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE5FF95FEB4FAD9FD05F699	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE5FF92FEB1F528FC83FCAE.text	03A887C6FFE5FF92FEB1F528FC83FCAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila nigro-rufa (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny 1871)	<div><p>Sporophila nigro-rufa (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)</p><p>Pyrrhula nigro-rufa Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny,Syn.Av., 1, in Mag.Zool.,7,cl. 2, p. 1837(Chiquitos,Bolivia).</p><p>No specimens examined.</p><p>Description of female.—No specimens examined. There is a colored plate of the female in the Ibis (1871, pl. 1), but due to the presence of a white speculum, I suspect it is an immature male.</p><p>Range.—Eastern Bolivia(Chiquitos) and adjacent Mato Grosso, Brazil (Vila Bela do Mato Grosso and Porutí).</p><p>Remarks.—A colored plate of this rare seed-eater is to be found in the Ibis for 1871 (pl. 1). I believe there are no specimens of this species in North American museums.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE5FF92FEB1F528FC83FCAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE2FF92FEB5FB8FFCE5F65C.text	03A887C6FFE2FF92FEB5FB8FFCE5F65C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila bouvrcuil subsp. saturata (Ibis 1871) Hellmayr	<div><p>Sporophila bouvrcuil saturata Hellmayr</p><p>Sporophila saturata Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesells., Wien, 54, p. 520, 1904 (State of São Paulo, Brazil).</p><p>No specimens examined.</p><p>Range.—Known with certainty only from Ipiranga in the vicinity of the city of São Paulo, south of the range of pileata .</p><p>Remarks.—I follow Pinto (Cat. Av. Bras., pt. 2, p. 628, 1944) in placing this bird as a subspecies of bouvreuil, a course already suggested by Hellmayr (p. 223, foot-note 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE2FF92FEB5FB8FFCE5F65C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE2FF92FEB9FFDFFA1DF95B.text	03A887C6FFE2FF92FEB9FFDFFA1DF95B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila bouvreuil (Muller) bouvreuil (Müller	<div><p>Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil (Müller)</p><p>Loxia bouvreuil Müller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 154,1776 (Baía, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined. — BRAZIL: ♂, Belém; 2 ♂, " Cayenne " ; ♂, " Brazil."</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 50-52 mm., tail 35.5-39 mm., culmen 7-7.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—According to the Cat.Bds. Brit. Mus. (12, p. 114, 1888) the upper parts are olive brown, the median and greater wing coverts edged with olive, tipped with yellowish white, lores, feathers around the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat and fore neck ochraceous buff with an olive tinge; center of breast and abdomen yellowish white, under tail coverts ochraceous buff.</p><p>Range.—Eastern Brazil from the islands of Mexiana and Marajó, southward through Pará, Maranhão, Pernambuco,Baía,Goiaz,Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo to Rio de Janeiro and northeastern São Paulo.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE2FF92FEB9FFDFFA1DF95B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE2FF92FEBBFAEAF913F87E.text	03A887C6FFE2FF92FEBBFAEAF913F87E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila bouvreuil subsp. pileata (Sclater)	<div><p>Sporophila bouvreuil pileata (Sclater)</p><p>Spermophila pileata Sclater,Proc. Zool.Soc. London, 1864, p.607 (Borda do Mato, near Mogi-Mirim, eastern Sao Paulo, Brazil).</p><p>No specimens examined.</p><p>Range.-Northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay, eastern Sao Paulo.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE2FF92FEBBFAEAF913F87E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE3FF93FEB8FDAAF909F8D5.text	03A887C6FFE3FF93FEB8FDAAF909F8D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila cinnamomea (Lafresnaye 1839)	<div><p>Sporophila cinnamomea (Lafresnaye)</p><p>Pyrrhula cinnamomea Lafresnaye,Rev.Zool., 2, p. 99, 1839 ("Rio Grande" = Rio Araguaia, interior of Goiaz, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined.— ♂, " Brazil," (? type) .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ wing56.5,tail40, culmen " 7 " (tip broken) mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Female unknown.</p><p>Range.—Known only from the rio Araguaia,a river forming the west branch of the rio Tocantins.</p><p>Remarks.—This rare species isapparently known from the type and three other specimens in the Vienna Museum from Porto do Rio Araguaia. Pinto (Cat. Av. Bras., pt. 2, p. 628, 1944) does not record any additional examples. He points out that in the past the rio Araguaia was called rio Grande.</p><p>Lafresnaye described the species from a specimen in the collection of Charles Brelay, of Bordeaux. According to Hellmayr the whereabouts of the type is in doubt. Lafresnaye, in the same paper, described other species from the Brelay collection. Among them were Platypsaris aglaiae (named for Madame Brelay), the type of which is in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, and Myadestes obscurus, the type now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. Thinking it possible that the type of S. cinnamomea might also be in Boston I asked Dr. J. L. Peters to see if it was in the collection in his charge, but he wrote me that it is not.</p><p>Our specimen is from the Rivoli Collection which arrived at the Academy in 1846, and I feel it is not impossible that the Brelay type may have been acquired by Prince Massena, and that therefore our bird is the type of the species,a suggestion already made by Bond (Auk, 56, p. 481, 1939).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE3FF93FEB8FDAAF909F8D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE3FF90FEB6FB63FDB8FD34.text	03A887C6FFE3FF90FEB6FB63FDB8FD34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila insulata Chapman	<div><p>Sporophila insulata Chapman</p><p>Sporophila insulata Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 18, p. 12, 1921 (Tumaco Island, off southwestern Colombia).</p><p>Specimens examined. — COLOMBIA: ♂ ¹ (?), ♀ ¹ (?) (undoubtedly= ♂), ♀,¹ Tumaco Island, Nariño.</p><p>q</p><p>l</p><p>)</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ Wing 50, 52 mm., tail 39, 40 mm., culmen 8, 8.5 mm.; ♀ wing 51, tail 37, culmen 8 mm.</p><p>Description of female. —Very worn plumage: above brown with traces of dark centers to the feathers; below isabelline, darkest on chest; base of inner primaries and secondaries white; extreme base of tail White.</p><p>Range.—Known only from Tumaco Island, less than half a mile off the coast of southernmost Nariño, Colombia.</p><p>Remarks.—This little known species is probably most closely related to S. minuta, but differs in several important particulars. It is interesting to note, however, that in an adult male of S. minuta from Mamatoco, Santa Marta (A.N.S.P. No. 63,530), and another from Honda (A.N.S.P. no. 35,325), Colombia, the base of the tail is white, as it is in insulata, but less extensively so. Further, both males of S. minuta parva which I have examined have the bases of the rectrices white. S. insulata is known from three specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE3FF90FEB6FB63FDB8FD34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE0FF90FEB9FF44FB0DFB2C.text	03A887C6FFE0FF90FEB9FF44FB0DFB2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila minuta (Linnaeus 1758) parva (Lawrence	<div><p>Sporophila minuta parva (Lawrence)</p><p>Spermophila parva Lawrence,Ann.N. Y. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 382, 1883 (Tehuántepec, Oaxaca, Mexico).</p><p>Specimens examined.— MEXICO: ♂, ¹, ♀,¹ Tuxpan . GUATEMALA: ♂, Hacienda California .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 51-53mm., tail 41 mm., culmen 8-8.5 mm.; ♀ wing 48, tail 43, culmen 8 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Not distinguishable from minuta minuta .</p><p>Range.—Pacific slope of Mexico from Nayarít southward along the Pacific slope of Central America to Nicaragua.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE0FF90FEB9FF44FB0DFB2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE0FF91FEBBF95BFCE8FB0C.text	03A887C6FFE0FF91FEBBF95BFCE8FB0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila minuta subsp. minuta (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Sporophila minuta minuta (Linnaeus)</p><p>Loxia minuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 176, 1758 (Surinam).</p><p>Specimens examined.— PANAMA: ♂, ⁴ Lion Hill; ♂,⁴ Canal Zone; ♂, ⁴ ♀,⁴ no specific locality . COLOMBIA: 3 ♂, Quimarí; ♂, Pueblorrico; ♀, El Tambo; ♂, Mojarras; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Salento; ♂, Honda; 3 ♂, 2 ♀, San Agustín; 4 ♂, ♀, Tucurinca; ♂, Mamatoco . VENEZUELA: ♂, Mérida, 1620 m .; 3 ♂, Pedernales; 3 ♂, ♀, Roraima . TRINIDAD: 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Caroni Swamp; 3 ♂, ♀, St. Augustine; ♂, Las Lomas; ♀, Piarco Savanna . BRITISH GUIANA: ♂, Annai . FRENCH GUIANA: 10 ♂, no specific locality .</p><p>Measurements.—PANAMA: ♂ ♂ wing 48.5-49 mm., tail 36.5-38 mm., culmen 7.5-8 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 50.5, tail 38, culmen 7.5 mm. COLOMBIA: ♂ ♂ wing 48-52.5 mm., tail 37-42 mm.,culmen 7.5-8 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 47-49 mm., tail 36-39 mm., culmen 7.5-8 mm. VENEZUELA: ♂ ♂ wing 48.5-52.5 mm., tail 38-39.5 mm., culmen 7.5-8 mm.; ♀ wing 52.5, tail 39, culmen 7 mm. TRINIDAD: ♂ ♂ wing 48-52.5 mm., tail 37-40 mm., culmen 7.5-8 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 47-48.5 mm., tail 36-39,mm.,culmen 7-8 mm. BRITISH GUIANA: ♂ wing 49, tail 37.5, culmen 7 mm. FRENCH GUIANA: ♂ ♂ wing 50-53.5 mm., tail 38-42 mm., culmen 7.5-8 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: the smallest of the Sporophilae . Wing coverts and tertials blackish, edged with reddish brown, above bright brown, tail blackish, under surface ochraceous buff, darkest onchest. Worn plumage: above duller, below paler buffy; wing coverts and tertials edged with buffy white.</p><p>Range.—From the Canal Zone,Panama,southward to northwestern Ecuador and across Colombia through Venezuela to Trinidad, the Guianas, and northeastern Brazil at Belém, Mexiana Island, the rio Tocantins and rio Tapajoz.</p><p>Remarks.—Out of the above series of 40 males from localities other than Panama, only one (Tucurinca) has a pure gray back. Fourteen have the back brown tinged gray and 22 have the back brown. Three males and a female from Lion Hill,Canal Zone, and Panama (no specific locality) do not differin any way from the latter in color. In size they may average smaller than French Guiana birds, but birds from the intervening countries bridge any possible gap. Indeed the Panama female is larger than the smallest French Guiana male. The Panama specimens measure as follows: ♂ ♂ wing 48.5, 48.5, 49 mm., tail 36.5, 37.5, 33 mm., culmen 7.5, 7.5, 8 mm.; ♀ wing 50.5, tail 38, culmen 7.5 mm., which is well within the range of S. m. minuta . Under the circumstances it seems impossible to recognize S. m. centralis Bangs and Penard (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 90, 1918) described from near Panama City.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE0FF91FEBBF95BFCE8FB0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE1FF91FEB8F8B9FC53F76F.text	03A887C6FFE1FF91FEB8F8B9FC53F76F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila minuta subsp. hypoxantha (Linnaeus 1758) Cabanis	<div><p>Sporophila minuta hypoxantha Cabanis</p><p>Sporophila hypoxantha Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p.150(note),1850 ("Montevideo"= Uruguay).</p><p>Specimens examined.— PARAGUAY: ♂,¹ río Negro; ♀, ¹ Puerto Piñasco .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ wing 52.5, tail 39, culmen 8 mm.; ♀ wing 50, tail 39, culmen 8 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Not distinguishable from minuta minuta .</p><p>Range.—Southern Brazil in southern Mato Grosso, Goiaz, São Paulo and Paraná, northern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and northeastern Bolivia.</p><p>Remarks.—Hellmayr (p. 218, foot-note 1) doubts the accuracy of Montevideo as the type locality, but does not say why. He feels it should be corrected to southern Brazil. Pinto (p. 625, foot-note 1) refers to Hellmayr's statement, but apparently does not see the necessity for changing the type locality.</p><p>This form differs from the other races by having the orange-rufous of the under parts paler and extending to the cheeks and auriculars. From Hellmayr's measurements (wing ♂ ♂ 53-57, ♀ ♀ 51-53 mm.) it probably averages larger than the typical race.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE1FF91FEB8F8B9FC53F76F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFE1FF9EFEB7F49DFE70FAD1.text	03A887C6FFE1FF9EFEB7F49DFE70FAD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila ruficollis Cabanis	<div><p>Sporophila ruficollis Cabanis</p><p>Sporophila ruficollis Cabanis,Mus.Hein., 1,p.150,1851(" Montevideo").</p><p>Specimens examined.— ARGENTINA: ♂,¹ Ocampo; ♀,¹ Selva, Santiago del Éstero; ♂,¹ Tucumán.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 54-55.5mm., tail 38-40.5 mm., culmen 8.5-9 mm.; ♀ wing 51.5, tail 39, culmen 7.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Worn plumage: above dull palebrown, cheeks and under surface bright chamois (in fresh plumage probably bright ochraceous), wing coverts edged with clay color.</p><p>Range.—Southern Brazil in Mato Grosso, southern Goiaz and São Paulo; northern Argentina in Tucumán, Santiago del Éstero, Chaco, Santa Fé Entre-Ríos, Buenos Aires; Uruguay (" Montevideo "), Paraguay at Sapucay and Puerto Bertoni,and Bolivia in Santa Cruz and Beni (Chiquitos, San Fermín; El Consuelo).</p><p>Remarks.—The male from Ocampo has the throat and upper breast blackish brown; in the male from Tucuman it is even blacker. According to Hellmayr the color of the throat and breast varies (with age?) "from auburn to chestnut brown and sooty black." Hellmayr questions the type locality. The species appears to be known in Uruguay only from " Montevideo."</p><p>For a species considered to be rare, this seed-eater seems to have a wide distribution.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFE1FF9EFEB7F49DFE70FAD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFEEFF9FFEB9F962FC51FDAD.text	03A887C6FFEEFF9FFEB9F962FC51FDAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila palustris (Barrows 1883)	<div><p>Sporophila palustris (Barrows)</p><p>Spermophila palustris Barrows, Bull.Nutt.Orn.Cl.,8, p. 92, 1883 (Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina).</p><p>No specimens examined.</p><p>Description of female.—No female examined. There is a plate of it in the Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. (12, pl. 2, 1888). This is perhaps a young male, for it shows a white speculum. According to the Cat. Bds.(p. 113), above it is dull olive brown, slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers of the back, as is the crown of the head. This perhaps may be the best distinguishing feature. The wing coverts and tertials are blackish, edged pale.</p><p>Range.—Northeastern Argentina (Entre Ríos), extreme southern Brazil (Itaquí, rio Uruguai), and Paraguay(low lying islands in the río Paraguay at Concepción).</p><p>Remarks.—A colored plate of this species is to be found in the Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. (12, pl. 2, 1888). The (sight?)record of this conspicuous bird from Villa Concepcion, Paraguay,by Kerr (Ibis, 1901, pp. 217, 223) is credible, as the species has been taken since in the same general marshy region at Itaquí, Rio Grande do Sul, which is located about 300 miles southeast of the Paraguayan locality. Hellmayr doubted therecord, but when he wrote about this species it was only known from the type locality.</p><p>The two males in the Museum of Comparative Zoology are, I believe, the only ones in this country.</p><p>Sporophila lorenzi Hellmayr, described from a specimen without locality, bought in 1840 from Lennier,a Parisian dealer in natural history objects, is believed by Hellmayr to be an artifact (p.220,foot-note3). It is apparently a specimen of S. palustris with the wings ofsome otherbird. I do not believe it should be regarded as a distinct species unless it can be proved not to be a made-up specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFEEFF9FFEB9F962FC51FDAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFEFFF9FFEBDFEDAFA0AF862.text	03A887C6FFEFFF9FFEBDFEDAFA0AF862.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila castaneiventris subsp. castaneiventris Cabanis 1849	<div><p>Sporophila castaneiventris castaneiventris Cabanis</p><p>Sporophila castaneiventtris Cabanis, in Schomburgk,Reisen Brit.Guiana,3, p. 679, 1849 (Cumaka, coast of British Guiana).</p><p>Specimens examined. — BRITISH GUIANA: ♂, Bartica Grove . COLOMBIA: 10 ♂, 5 ♀, Morelia; ♂, Umbria . PERU: ♂, mouth of the río Curaray; ♀, Puerto Indiana; ♂, Saposoa; 2 ♂, Puerto Yessup; ♂, Colonia Perené . BOLIVIA: ♂, Chiñiri; ♂, Palmar; ♂, Todos Santos .</p><p>Measurements.—BRITISH GUIANA: ♂ Wing 49, tail 37.5, culmen 7 mm. COLOMBIA: ♂ ♂ Wing 49- 53 mm., tail 37 -41 mm., culmen 7.5-8 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 47.5- 50.5 mm., tail 37-40.5 mm., culmen 7.5 -8 mm. PERU: ♂ ♂ wing 49.5 -54 mm., tail 36-42.5 mm., culmen 6.5- 8 mm. BOLIVIA: ♂ ♂ wing 53- 56 mm., tail 38-41 mm., culmen 7.5- 8 mm.</p><p>Description of female. —Fresh plumage: above olivaceous brown, below dull buffy ochraceous, wing coverts and tertials dusky, margined with olive brown. Worn plumage: similar, but duller, abdomen paler, lower mandible pale.</p><p>Range.—The Guianas, the río Negro region of Venezuela, eastern Colombia in the Caquetá region southward through Ecuador and Peru to Bolivia, and Amazonian Brazil.</p><p>Remarks.— I cannot follow Gyldenstolpe or Griscom and Greenway in recognizing S. c. rostrata Todd (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 91, 1922). In color there is no difference between northern and southern birds and the above measurements do not reveal any size difference. I have not seen any birds from the south bank of the lower Amazon, but Pinto, who has examined 45 Brazilian birds, can discover no size difference among birds from the río Vaupés and upper rio Negro and the upper rio Juruá.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFEFFF9FFEBDFEDAFA0AF862	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFEFFF9CFEB5FBA4F9F9FA06.text	03A887C6FFEFFF9CFEB5FBA4F9F9FA06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila castaneiventris Cabanis 1849	<div><p>Sporophila castaneiventris subsp.</p><p>Specimens examined.— ♂ ad., South America .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ wing 51.5, tail 39, culmen 8 mm.</p><p>Range.—Unknown.</p><p>Description.—Exactly intermediate between S. castaneiventris Cabanis and S. hypochroma Todd. Differs from the former by having the under parts chestnut, a little duller and deeper in tone, and the sides of the body chestnut with only a few scattered gray feathers instead of solid gray; feathers of the rump tipped chestnut forming a rather narrow chestnut band.</p><p>Differs from S. hypochroma by having the cheeks and auriculars gray instead of chestnut, the sides of the body chestnut slightly mixed with gray instead of solid chestnut, the rump crossed by a rather narrow chestnut band instead of having the lower back and rump solid chestnut; chestnut of lower surface slightly paler and brighter.</p><p>It is interesting to note that S. minuta hypoxantha differs from S. m. minuta mainly in having the cheeks as well as the under parts orange-rufous, whereas in S. m. minuta the cheeks are gray.</p><p>Remarks.—This interesting bird is from the Rivoli Collection, and most unfortunately it is without locality. In its exactly intermediate characters it is probable that it came from some region atthe southern extremity of the range of S. castaneiventris and north of the range of S. hypochroma .</p><p>In plotting the range of castaneiventris and hypochroma it becomes apparent that in the Guaporé region the species is unrecorded and it may well be in this area, between the ranges of the two, that the form here described occurs. Mr. James A. G. Rehn, of the Academy, tells me that 100 years ago specimens from this region coming out by way of Chiquitos were more common than they are today.</p><p>In default of specimens with exact data it seems best to leave this undoubtedly new race unnamed until someone has better material available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFEFFF9CFEB5FBA4F9F9FA06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFECFF9CFEBAF9B5FA72F864.text	03A887C6FFECFF9CFEBAF9B5FA72F864.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila castaneiventris subsp. hypochroma Todd 1849	<div><p>Sporophila castaneiventris hypochroma Todd</p><p>Sporophila hypochroma Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 28,p. 79, 1915 (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia).</p><p>Specimens examined.— BOLIVIA: ♂, ² ♂, Buenavista, Santa Cruz; ♂,² Palmarito, río San Julián, Chiquitos).</p><p>Measurements. — ♂ ♂ wing 525 - 55 mm., tail 495- 51 mm., culmen 8 -8.5 mm.</p><p>Range.—Known only from the Departments of Santa Cruz and Beni, Bolivia (Buenavista; Palmarito; Reyes, El Consuelo and Bresta).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFECFF9CFEBAF9B5FA72F864	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFECFF9DFEB7FB90FADFFD63.text	03A887C6FFECFF9DFEB7FB90FADFFD63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila melanogaster (Pelzeln 1870)	<div><p>Sporophila melanogaster (Pelzeln)</p><p>Spermophila melanogaster Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 225, 332, 1870 (Itararé [type] and Borda do Mato [near Mogí-Mirím], São Paulo, Brazil).</p><p>Specimens examined.— BRAzIL: ♂, ¹ ♀,¹ Paccaria, Rio Grande do Sul.</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ wing 54.5, tail 49.5, culmen 8.5 mm.; ♀ wing 52.5, tail 47.5, culmen 8.5 mm.</p><p>Description of female.— Fresh plumage: above olive brown, throat, breast pale buff shading to almost white on under tail coverts. Tail and wing coverts black,edged pale olive brown. The presence of a white speculum in the only specimen examined may show it to be a young male.</p><p>Range.—Southeastern Brazil, in the states of São Paulo (Itararé, Borda do Mato) and Rio Grande do Sul (Paccaria).</p><p>Remarks.—Although the throat, center of breast and abdomen and the under tail coverts are black instead of chestnut as in S. c. castaneiventris, the pattern is very similar and I regard it not impossible that melanogaster may eventually prove to be a subspecies of castaneiventris .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFECFF9DFEB7FB90FADFFD63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
03A887C6FFEDFF9DFEB8FE90FE10F90C.text	03A887C6FFEDFF9DFEB8FE90FE10F90C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sporophila telasco (Lesson)	<div><p>Sporophila telasco (Lesson)</p><p>Pyrrhula telasco Lesson, Voyage Coquille,Zool., 1(2) livr. 8,pl.15,fig. 3(= ♂), 1828 (Vicinity of Lima, Peru).</p><p>Specimens examined.— ECUADOR: ♂, ♀, Puná Island; ♂, Piedras . PERU: ♂, Huarmey; ♂, 2 ♀, Suchimán; ♀, Callao; 4 ♂, Pisco; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, Názsca .</p><p>Measurements.— ♂ ♂ wing 50.5-56mm., tail 37-42 mm., culmen 7.5-8.5 mm.; ♀ ♀ wing 50.5-54mm.,tail 37.5-40 mm., culmen 7.5-8 mm.</p><p>Description of female.—Immediately distinguishable in any plumage from any other Sporophila by having the upper surface streaked brown and blackish brown.</p><p>Range.—Gorgona Island off the coast of Colombia. Coastal regions from northwestern Ecuador to northern Chile.</p><p>Remarks.—The Colombian record rests on a single immature male in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology which I have examined on a previous occasion. It is old enough to show the unmistakable characters of the species. Owing to the fact that this species is found in arid situations it is impossible for it to occur on the very wet coast of Nariño. One wonders if the species has not been introduced on Gorgona Island.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887C6FFEDFF9DFEB8FE90FE10F90C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De	Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer De (1952): A Review Of The Genus Sporophila. Academy of Natural Sciences, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18258080
