identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03ACE221F372FE659CE3EE96FB2CFB79.text	03ACE221F372FE659CE3EE96FB2CFB79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) Klug 1835	<div><p>Pogonostoma subgenus Microstenocera Jeannel, 1946</p><p>Type species. Psilocera pusilla Laporte de Castelnau &amp; Gory, 1835 (by original designation).</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) Jeannel, 1946: 109, 112 (partim).</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera): Rivalier 1970: 318 (partim).</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera): Moravec 2007: 316.</p><p>A large subgenus, originally established by Jeannel (1946a) and further modified by Rivalier (1970), was recently considerably reassessed in the monograph of the genus (Moravec 2007). It presently comprises 40 species (including the new species described here).</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Species characterized by small to extremely small body and elytra covered with irregular setal vesture (throughout or at least on elytral disc) consisting of ornamental setae arising not only from main setigerous punctures, but also from tubercles, microtubercles, or micropits; irregularly distributed on intervals between the main punctures (see Rivalier 1970 and Moravec 2007); elytral surface shiny or matt; labrum consistently 4-setose bearing two anterior and two lateral setae; legs and buccal appendages variously coloured.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACE221F372FE659CE3EE96FB2CFB79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Moravec, Jiří;Trýzna, Miloš	Moravec, Jiří, Trýzna, Miloš (2026): New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles- 28. Reassessment of the concept of Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax Jeannel, and a revised key to the P. (M.) fleutiauxi species-group with description of P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Zootaxa 5849 (1): 59-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3
03ACE221F372FE629CE3E927FA5EF943.text	03ACE221F372FE629CE3E927FA5EF943.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi W. Horn 1905	<div><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi species-group</p><p>Identification. Species of this group (proposed by Moravec 2007) are characterised by black maxillae combined with yellow-testaceous labial or also maxillary palpi. These characters are shared with P. (Microstenocera) schaumi species-group (modified by Moravec 2007), but species of the fleutiauxi species-group are distinguished by their elytra with almost shiny elytral surface due to nearly smooth, shiny, or only indistinctly microtuberculate intervals between punctures.</p><p>It should be noted here that, as discussed by Moravec (2007), the division by Rivalier (1970) was in fact rather heterogenous because he created his P. (M.) schaumi species-group for species with testaceous labial palpi combined with “more or less brilliant” elytral surface, which also included P. (M.) fleutiauxi W. Horn, 1905 . Moreover, Rivalier (1970) underestimated that some species, including P. (M.) schaumi W. Horn, 1893, possess matt-tuberculate intervals between elytral punctures (previously recognized and described by Horn 1893), thus differing from P. (M.) fleutiauxi and other species with more shiny and never distinctly bumpy elytral intervals. Consequently, only species with distinctly bumpy elytral intervals (and yellow-testaceous labial, or also maxillary palpi) were accommodated in P. (M.) schaumi species-group by Moravec (2007), while species with similarly coloured palpi but more shiny and almost smooth or only microtuberculate elytral intervals were accommodated in P. (M.) fleutiauxi species-group. The same concept of P. (M.) schaumi species-group was maintained in Moravec &amp; Trýzna (2022) as is maintained here as well.</p><p>Revised key to species of P. (M.) fleutiauxi species-group</p><p>(longest palpomere of labial palpi always yellow-testaceous)</p><p>1 Metatarsi consistently black (as usual in the subgenus).................................................... 2</p><p>- Metatarsi ochre-testaceous (unique character within the subgenus). Maxillary (and labial) palpi, yellow except for blackened terminal palpomere. Antennae distinctly yellow-maculate (antennomere 5 yellow except for blackened apex). Posterior pronotal lobe testaceous. Leg knees yellow-testaceous.......................... P. (M.) andreevae Moravec, 2007</p><p>2 Maxillary palpi yellow-testaceous except for black-brown terminal palpomere or its apex (similarly coloured as labial palpi). Antennae distinctly yellow-maculate. Bases of tibiae or also apices of femora (knees) yellow-testaceous. Pronotal disc with notopleural sutures obvious in dorsal view on almost entire length, discal surface finely or more coarsely tuberculaterugulose or wavy rugulose, only limited posterior area continuously transverse-striate. Posterior pronotal lobe black or with brownish tinge.................................................................................... 3</p><p>- Maxillary palpi black except for basal (shortest, barely visible) palpomere at least partly whitish-testaceous, and ochre-testaceous apex of terminal palpomere. Antennae concolorous black (with only usual indistinctly testaceous basal joint). Femora and tibiae concolorous black (including knees).................................................... 4</p><p>3 Maxillary palpi entirely yellow-testaceous except for brown-darkened basal margin of terminal palpomere. Body 7.0– 8.5 mm long. Antennae in both sexes as long as body, antennomere 5 with only basal area yellow. Head temples short, 2.5 times shorter than eyes. Pronotal disc ellipsoidal to almost subglobose, finely to more coarsely tuberculate or granulaterugulose on anterior and lateral areas, vermicular-rugulose in middle. Mesepisterna in both sexes with elongate but short anteromedian furrow in middle. Aedeagus stout with short, rounded apex, basal portion boomerang-bent...................................................................................... P. (M.) skrabali Moravec, 2000</p><p>- Maxillary palpi yellow-testaceous, but with blackened terminal palpomere (only its apical margin brownish-testaceous). Body 8.0– 8.8 mm long. Antennae in both sexes longer than body, antennomere 5 yellow except for blackened apical area. Head temples longer, 2 times shorter than eyes. Pronotal disc extremely finely sculptured, rugae almost vermicular on anterior area, irregularly wavy and more continuous on large median area, only anterior and lateral areas tuberculate. Mesepisterna in both sexes with deep, pit-like impression at dorsal proepisternal margin..................................................................................... P. (M.) borisbubeniki Moravec &amp; Trýzna, 2022</p><p>4 Temples long, only 1.5 times shorter than eyes. Pronotal anterior lobe markedly narrower than posterior one. Elytra with conspicuous basodiscal convexity, delimited by deep discal impression from notably gibbose disc.................. 5</p><p>- Temples short, 2.4 times shorter than eyes. Surface of vertex markedly coarsely areolate-rugulose. Body 6.5–7.0 mm long. Pronotal anterior lobe only slightly narrower than posterior one. Pronotal disc elongate, angular-ellipsoidal notably coarsely transverse-parallel rugose; notopleural sutures well obvious in dorsal view. Pronotal posterior lobe indistinctly reddish-brown on basal area. Elytral discal impression moderate. Antennae shorter than body............................................................................................ P. (M.) rugosiceps Rivalier, 1970</p><p>5 Pronotal disc widely ellipsoidal, ovoid or widely subglobose, surface covered with very fine, mostly short, irregularly vermicular rugae which are more continuous and transverse-wavy only on posteromedian area; notopleural sutures thin, flat, but at least partly yet mostly indistinctly visible from above. Posterior pronotal lobe black. Antennae in both sexes longer than body. Body 7.4–8.6 mm long. Aedeagus either straight and dorsally dilated into dolabriform (axe-like) apex, or boomerang-bent in middle with ventral (right) moderately voluminous and shortly arcuate towards rounded apex, or much wider in middle and elongate-arcuate towards rounded, straight or dorsad-bent apex............................. 6</p><p>- Pronotal disc regularly subglobose, finely transverse wrinkled; notopleural sutures indistinct. Posterior pronotal lobe notably ochre-testaceous. Antennae of male as long as body, female antennae shorter. Body 8.5–9.0 mm long. Aedeagus ventrally dolabriform (axe-like) towards rounded apex............................ P. (M.) basale Fleutiaux, 1899</p><p>6 All femora entirely black, lacking testaceous bases. Head temples only 1.5 times shorter than eyes................. 7</p><p>- Meso- and metafemora with yellow-testaceous (alternatively rusty brownish-testaceous) bases. Head temples notably shorter, 1.7-1.9 times shorter than eyes. Pronotum mostly distinctly subglobose. Rounded apex of “snake-like” aedeagus moderately, yet notably bent dorsad....................................... P. (M.) globulithorax Jeannel, 1946</p><p>7 Pronotal disc generally widely ellipsoidal or ovoid. Rounded apex of rather elongate “snake-like” apical portion of aedeagus never distinctly dorsad-bent................................................ P. (M.) fleutiauxi W. Horn, 1905</p><p>- Pronotal disc generally subglobose, usually slightly attenuated anteriad. Aedeagus differently shaped, its ventral outline dilated from the middle and elongate-arcuate towards rounded, dorsally usually slightly emarginated apex................................................................................. P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACE221F372FE629CE3E927FA5EF943	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Moravec, Jiří;Trýzna, Miloš	Moravec, Jiří, Trýzna, Miloš (2026): New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles- 28. Reassessment of the concept of Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax Jeannel, and a revised key to the P. (M.) fleutiauxi species-group with description of P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Zootaxa 5849 (1): 59-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3
03ACE221F375FE6B9CE3EACCFC2BFB77.text	03ACE221F375FE6B9CE3EACCFC2BFB77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi W. Horn 1905	<div><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi W. Horn, 1905</p><p>(Figs 1–45, 133, 137, 139)</p><p>Pogonostoma fleutiauxi W. Horn, 1905: 276 .</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi: Jeannel (1946a):137, fig. 49, m–n.</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi: Rivalier (1970): 329, fig. 25, fl.</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi: Moravec (2007: 364, figs 1307–1318, 1778–1779).</p><p>Type locality. Montagne d’Ambre evergreen forest in the Antsiranana (= Diego Suarez) province, Diana Region, North Madagascar.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype, designated here (see “Remarks” below) ♂ in SDEI, labelled: “Heyne [leg.] / Ambre Geb.” [handwritten/printed] // “Type! / Coll. W. Horn” [printed] // “Syntypus” [red label, printed] // “Coll. W. Horn / DEI Eberswalde” [printed] .</p><p>Paralectotype. 1 ♀ in SDEI, labelled: “Diego Suarez” [green, printed] // “Donckier” [printed] // “Type! / coll. W. Horn ” [printed] // “ Syntypus ” [red label, printed] // “Fleutiauxi mihi” [large blue-green collection label universal for both syntypes, handwritten]. Both type specimens labelled: “Revision Jiří Moravec 2003: / Syntype / Pogonostoma fleutiauxi W. Horn, 1905 ” [red label, printed] and additionally labelled by lectotype and paralectotype red, printed labels.</p><p>Other material examined. 51 specimens (♂♂, ♀♀) in MNHN, 1 ♂ in SDEI, 1 ♂ in BMNH, 4 ♀♀ in CCJM (ex APCA): “ Mt. d’Ambre ” . 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ in CCJM: “ Madagascar Nord / Sakaramy, Montagne d’Ambre / 11.II.2004, leg. Jiří Moravec ” . 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ in CJVB: ibid., leg. Jan Vybíral. 5 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀ in CJVB, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in CCJM, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in CMTD: “ Madagascar / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.21875&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.476305" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.21875/lat -12.476305)">Ambohitra</a> env. / Montagne d’Ambre N.P. / S12°28'34.7" E049°13'07.5" / J. Vybíral leg. 1.–3.I-2007 ” . 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ in CJVB: “ Madagascar 31.XII.2006 / Antsiranana env. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.293972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.286334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.293972/lat -12.286334)">Ramena</a> / S12°17'10.8" E049°17'38.3" / J. Vybíral leg.” . 1 ♂ in JWCM: “ Madagascar N. / Mt. d’Ambre (near Ambohitra) / 20.–26.xii. / 2002, Ivo Jeniš leg” .</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) fleutiauxi is externally very similar to the two species treated below. It differs from the true P. (M.) globulithorax in having its femora entirely black (Figs 1–2) and by the shape of the aedeagus which is almost straight and has its ventral outline dilated above the middle (Figs 35–45) and its apex is never so dorsad bent as in P. (M.) globulithorax (Figs 49–53). See also the drawings of the aedeagus of P. (M.) fleutiauxi by Horn (1934a, fig. 42), Jeannel (1946, fig. 49 m –n) and Rivalier (1970, fig. 25, fl).</p><p>Males of P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. are clearly distinguished from males of P. (M.) fleutiauxi by the shape of their aedeagi which have their ventral outline dilated from the middle (Figs 122–132). The generally narrower, more ellipsoidal pronotal disc and its in-middle-narrower notopleural sutures in P. (M.) fleutiauxi (Figs 21–28) might not be reliable characters, particularly in females, due to a rather common variability of the pronotal shape within these two species, and because the notopleural sutures are sometimes barely recognisable. Therefore, some females of these two species might be barely differentiable, as also the size and shape of the inner teeth in female mandibles are not reliably diagnostic.</p><p>Redescription (see also “Remarks”). Body (Figs 1–2, 4–5) small to medium-sized, length 7.70–8.50 mm, width 1.70–2.00 mm, pitchy-black; setal vesture whitish.</p><p>Head (Fig. 6) narrower than body, 1.40–1.50 mm wide, with only one orbital sensory seta, lacking frontoclypeal setae; temples long (only 1.5 times shorter than eyes).</p><p>Frons merging with clypeus and not differentiated from vertex, finely scabrous-vermicular rugulose to subreticulate, flat or moderately convex; supraantennal keels consisting of distinctly elevated anterior crest and smaller posterior one which usually merges with surface sculpture.</p><p>Vertex nearly flat or indistinctly convex on anterior area, distinctly convex between posterior half of eyes, with distinct posterior impression; surface of anterior area rather coarsely scabrous-vermicular in middle; posterior area and temples scabrous-rugulose with irregular, short and wavy rugae; occipital area with short, transverse-wavy rugae; whole dorsal surface densely covered with very short, decumbent to erect, whitish ornamental microtrichia which are barely obvious in dorsal view.</p><p>Genae shallowly yet markedly rugulose on postgenal area, finely wrinkled on anterior area, while ventral half nearly smooth and with sparse whitish microtrichia.</p><p>Clypeus black, rough-coriaceous, distinctly elevated in frontoclypeal area, with sparse, short, whitish setae.</p><p>Labrum (Figs 13–20) 4-setose bearing 2 anterior and 2 lateral long yellow setae, black or black-brown, surface sparsely or more densely covered with short, appressed, white microtrichia which often surpass labral margin; central convexity distinct; male labrum (Figs 13–17) 0.45–0.50 mm long, 0.80–0.95 mm wide, lateral margins moderately rounded towards mostly blunt lateral indentations, with more or less distinct, subacute anterolateral teeth, and narrow, short median lobe which is shallowly emarginate between two blunt or subacute anterior teeth; female labrum (Figs 18–20) longer, length 0.55–0.60 mm, width 0.80–0.90 mm, with narrower and anteriad prolonged median lobe.</p><p>Maxillae (Figs 7–8). Galea black with brownish apex; lacinia black or black-brown with gradually dilated, 0.17–0.25 mm wide apex and dark brown setae.</p><p>Palpi (Fig. 6). Maxillary palpi either entirely black or with partly testaceous small basal palpomere; terminal palpomere with blackish basal area and ochre to brownish-testaceous apex. Labial palpi with black basal stipe; basal palpomere very small and whitish-yellow; longest palpomere yellow-testaceous covered with setigerous tubercles with long, brownish setae; terminal palpomere with black-brown basal area and ochre or testaceous apex.</p><p>Mandibles black-brown with reddish-brown teeth, lateral margins (in dorsal view) arcuate and moderately bent in middle; shape asymmetrical: with terminal tooth in left mandible markedly shorter than that in right mandible; size of inner teeth in both mandibles rather variable: male mandibles (Figs 9–10) usually with second tooth in left mandible much smaller than third tooth, while the second tooth is slightly larger than third tooth in right mandible; female mandibles (Figs 11–12) with inner teeth in left mandible nearly equally sized, second tooth in right mandible usually larger than third one.</p><p>Antennae (Figs 2, 4–6) in both sexes longer than body, scape black, with apical sensory seta, surface with variable number of whitish microsetae; pedicel black, usually with paler apical area; antennomeres 3–4 with testaceous stripe of basal joint, covered with numerous microtrichia; antennomere 5 sometimes with dark ochre basal half, antennomeres 6–11 gradually darkened, covered with usual micropubescence and microtrichia.</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 21–28) elongate, length 2.00– 2.10 mm, width 1.10–1.25 mm; anterior lobe markedly narrower than posterior one, surface irregularly rugulose, covered with sparse, short, whitish microtrichia; pronotal disc widely ovoid, lateral margins arcuate, notopleural sutures thin, flat, barely obvious in dorsal view in form of lines markedly narrower than proepisternal lateral margins; median line indistinct; surface sculpture consisting of very fine, mostly short, very irregularly vermicular rugae or rugae of indefinite shape, which are more continuous and transverse-wavy only on posterior-median area; discal surface covered with sparse, short, whitish microtrichia (which may be barely visible, as they partly appear blackened when tightly appressed on the black surface and may be easily abraded); posterior lobe black, glabrous, finely transverse-wavy wrinkled in middle; proepisterna shallowly parallel rugulose on juxtanotopleural area, ventral half smooth and rather shiny, with very sparse, long, hairlike setae; prosternum with sparse, long, erect, whitish hairlike setae; mesosternum and metasternum with only few microtrichia; mesepisterna notably narrow (delimited from mesosternum by more dorsally placed suture), smooth, shiny, in both sexes lacking any pit or furrow (except for usual, deep mesepisterno-mesepimeral pit), with scarce microtrichia on ventral area.</p><p>Elytra (Figs 29–34) elongate, length 4.30–4.70 mm; surface with conspicuous basodiscal convexity, delineated by deep discal impression from gibbose disc; humeri moderately declined and rounded; lateral margins moderately dilated towards rounded angles of anteapical convexity; apices sexually dimorphic: apex in male with rather wide, shallow sutural emargination towards sutures (lacking sutural spine), rounded in middle or mesially pointed; apex in female wider, with deeper sutural emargination which forms right-angled or subacute, blunt or sharpened inner tooth, outer angle obtuse; elytral surface notably shiny, coarsely punctate except for wide juxtasutural area which is microtuberculate yet brilliant; punctures deep and large on basodiscal convexity, largest and deepest and anastomosing in chains, or even forming caverns on sublateral areas of discal impression and within its anterior area, while posterior area of discal impression is usually effaced (covered with setigerous microtubercles); wide juxtasutural area nearly effaced towards nearly smooth and shiny posterior declivity and smooth juxtaepipleural area of anteapical convexity; apices with large and deep punctures and wide smooth intervals; setal vesture white, ornamental setae dense, very short, appressed, arising from microtubercles on intervals; sparse, long, erect, whitish hairlike sensory setae are present on humeral, basolateral and anteapical areas.</p><p>Abdomen. Ventrites with sparse, short, appressed whitish microtrichia, last three ventrites may be brownish, particularly so in old, faded specimens.</p><p>Legs (Figs 1–2, 4–5). Coxae partly cinnamon-testaceous, pro- and mesotrochanters ochre-testaceous, metatrochanters black; femora black, nearly glabrous, with only few indistinct, short, whitish setae; tibiae and tarsi black, densely covered with short, whitish or ferrugineous microtrichia which are darker on metatibiae; claws testaceous.</p><p>Aedeagus (Figs 35–45) 1.50–1.65 mm long, 0.20–0.25 mm wide, in its left lateral aspect boomerang-bent in middle, “snake-like” shaped; apical portion elongate, with dorsal margin straight (when translucent membrane of very long dorsoapical orifice is entire and tense) or slightly emarginate (when the membrane is partly collapsed), with rounded subapical ventral outline towards rounded apex, which in its dorsal aspect (Fig. 42) is conical-cylindric and blunt.</p><p>Variability. Apart from the rather variable shape of the labrum in both sexes (see Figs 13–20), the generally ellipsoidal pronotal disc is also ovoid or almost subglobose (Figs 21–28), independent of populations. Old specimens (including the two syntypes), have slight or stronger brownish tint throughout the body surfaces, legs, antennae, mandibles and labrum.</p><p>Biology and distribution. Pogonostoma (M.) fleutiauxi is known only from evergreen, mostly montane humid forest of Montagne d’Ambre near the town of Antsiranana (= Diego Suarez), in the region of Diana in North Madagascar, established as Montagne d’Ambre National Park in 1958 (see the maps Figs 133, 137 and Fig. 139). Apart from the old 51 specimens in MNHN, the occurrence of P. (M.) fleutiauxi was considered rare (Moravec 2007). However, a great number of adults were caught recently (see the above-listed specimens in “Other material examined”). Adults of this species were found running along trunks of various kinds of trees, about up to two meters from the tree bases. Most of the specimens come from the vicinity of Ambohitra (= Joffreville), some specimens come from the area of the village of Ramena, a forested hill above the shore. The name “Ramena” of the village and beach near Antsiranana must not be confused with the Ramena River in Sambirano.</p><p>The occurrence of P. (M.) fleutiauxi in Ankarana area mentioned in the monograph (Moravec 2007) was incorrect as it covered also the new species described here as P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov.</p><p>Remarks. As discussed above, the redescription of this species in the monograph of the genus (Moravec 2007) partly included characters of the new species described here as P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. The aedeagus of the male from Sakaramy illustrated by the first author in his monograph (Moravec 2007, fig. 1325) represents in fact the aedeagus of P. (M.) fleutiauxi illustrated here as Fig. 44.</p><p>In the spirit of the recommendation in ICZN (1999), the first author (in his monograph Moravec 2007) had not designated a lectotype from the two syntypes of Pogonostoma fleutiauxi deposited in SDEI. The two syntypes were presented by Horn (1905) in his original description as: “ 1 ♀; Diego Suarez, 1 ♂ Montagne d’Ambre”. The female is also labelled by Horn’s green label “Fleutiauxi mihi” (large collection label universal for both syntypes). Although the stability of the taxon might have been collectively fixed by the combination of the male and female characters of the two syntypes (as supposed by Moravec 2007), the male is designated here as lectotype to assure stability of the taxon more clearly (see “Type material” above). It must also be noted here that the two type specimens are now rather damaged: the male lectotype has almost entirely missing its right elytron (Fig. 1), because it was originally pinned with a thick pin, which inevitably caused the damage; the female paralectotype has its antennae missing, and only its anterior legs (but missing tarsi) and its posterior left leg are present.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACE221F375FE6B9CE3EACCFC2BFB77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Moravec, Jiří;Trýzna, Miloš	Moravec, Jiří, Trýzna, Miloš (2026): New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles- 28. Reassessment of the concept of Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax Jeannel, and a revised key to the P. (M.) fleutiauxi species-group with description of P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Zootaxa 5849 (1): 59-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3
03ACE221F37CFE729CE3E8D6FBCDFE7B.text	03ACE221F37CFE729CE3E8D6FBCDFE7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax Jeannel 1946	<div><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax Jeannel, 1846</p><p>(Figs 46–79, 135–137, 140–141)</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax Jeannel, 1946: 137 .</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax: Rivalier (1970): 331, fig. 25 gl.</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax: Moravec (2007: 367, partim)—partly confused with P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. (see “Remarks” below).</p><p>Type locality. “Ankarahitra” (newly spelled Ankirihitra), western deciduous forest in West Madagascar. Jeannel (1946a) interpreted the locality as “ Plateau de l’Ankara, au sud-ouest de Maevatanana ”, but quite inaccurately (see “Biology and distribution” below).</p><p>Type material. Holotype ♂ (by monotypy—see “Important note” below) in MNHN, labelled: “Ankarahit. / Perrier” [handwritten] // “Museum Paris, Madagascar / (Perrier de la Bathie) / Coll. Léon Fairmaire 1906” [green-blue label, printed] // “globulithorax / n. sp.” [handwritten] // “Typ” [red label, printed] // “Revision Jiří Moravec 2003: / Holotype (by monotypy) / Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 ” [red label, handwritten].</p><p>Important note on the holotype. Jeannel (1946a), in his original description of this species mentioned that the holotype (collected by Perrier de la Bâthie) was a female and that a male was unknown. However, the holotype in MNHN, bearing the original labels, is a male (Fig. 46) with a well-preserved aedeagus (Fig. 49). The aedeagus was separately glued (probably by Rivalier) on a papered board and pinned together with another papered board bearing the beetle and with above-listed and illustrated original labels (Fig. 48). Such misinterpretation of sex might have been caused by the fact that the first three protarsomeres in male are only moderately dilated, thus barely distinguishable from females, and the emargination of the elytral apex is somewhat deeper in the holotype than usually (see Figs 46, 78). The pronotum, elytral apex and aedeagus of the male holotype were illustrated by Rivalier (1970, fig. 25 gl) clearly showing the shape of the aedeagus in accordance with the aedeagus photographed and presented in the monograph of the genus (Moravec 2007, fig. 1323) and also here as Fig. 49. The evidence that the holotype is male was previously recognized by Rivalier (1970) and the fact that apart from the holotype there was no additional specimen of the species in MNHN at the time is clear from the note by Rivalier (1970): “ Toujours connue par un seul exemplaire ”.</p><p>Other material examined. Historical data. 1 ♂ [missing aedeagus] in SDEI: “ Ankarahit. / Perrier ” // “Coll. W. Horn / DEI Eberswalde” [printed]. Recent data . 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ in CJVB, 1 ♂ in CCJM, 1 ♀ in CMTD: “ Madagascar, 12.–16.i.2024 / Ankarafantsika N.P., 105 m. / near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.816082&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.295694" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.816082/lat -16.295694)">Lake Ravelobe</a> / S 16°17'44.5", E 46°48'57.9" / primary forest, M. Trýzna leg.” . 2 ♀♀ in CJVB with same label data except for “ Vl. Štrunc leg.” . 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀ in MHCW: “ 17km [18 km respectively] north of Bekopaka / Bemahara [Bemaraha] N.P., Mahajanga / Dist. Madagascar / Dec. 8 [9 respectively] 2013 / Michio Hori leg.” . 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in MHCW: “ Madagascar W. Mahajanga Pr[ovince] / Bemaraha N.P. 17–18 km / N of Bekopaka, 18–20.XII. / 2013, leg. Michio Hori &amp; Elysé Ranzanajaonarivalona ” .</p><p>Note. The above-listed specimens from Bekopaka in Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park (MHCW) were partly and rather cursorily examined by the first author in the years 2014 and 2020 and were labelled: “ Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / det. Jiří Moravec 2014, or “ Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / sensu Moravec (2007) / det. Jiří Moravec 2020” respectively. The first author was unable to examine the specimens again, yet fortunately, some photos, including aedeagi, had been sent by Michio Hori (MHCW)—the printable ones of which are published here in Figs 53, 73.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. The true Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax is immediately distinguished from the other two similar species treated here by the basal areas of its meso-and metafemora yellow-testaceous (Figs 46–47, 54, 71, 72), or rusty-brownish in adults from Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park (Fig. 73); its head temples somewhat yet noticeably shorter; labrum with almost or entirely absent anterolateral teeth (Figs 62–66); pronotal disc (Figs 55–60) mostly regularly subglobose; elytra (Figs 74–79) generally wider, and aedeagus clearly differing in the shape of its apex that is rather distinctly bent dorsad (Figs 49–53). The aedeagus in P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. (Figs 122–132) clearly differs from the two species in having its ventral outline of the apical portion distinctly dilated from the middle and elongate-arcuate towards rounded, dorsally usually slightly emarginated apex, and despite its variability it always clearly differs from the two similar species treated here.</p><p>Redescription. Body (Figs 46–47, 54) small to medium-sized (independent of sex), rather robust, length 6.90– 8.30 (HT 8.20) mm, width 1.90–2.20 (HT 2.15) mm, pitchy-black; setal vesture whitish.</p><p>Head (Fig. 61) distinctly narrower than body, 1.40–1.55 mm wide, with only one orbital sensory seta, lacking frontoclypeal setae; temples rather short (1.7–1.9 times shorter than eyes).</p><p>Frons and vertex similarly shaped and sculptured as in P. (M.). fleutiauxi and P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov., except for notably finer sculpture on posterolateral areas.</p><p>Genae shallowly and finely rugulose on posterior area, with coarse rugae on anterior area adjacent to eyes, ventral half nearly smooth and with sparse whitish microtrichia.</p><p>Clypeus black, distinctly elevated in frontoclypeal area rather distinctly wrinkled, with sparse, short, whitish setae.</p><p>Labrum (Figs 62–66) 4-setose with 2 anterior and 2 lateral long, mostly yellow setae, black or with indistinct brownish tinge in middle, surface sparsely covered with short, appressed, white microtrichia; central convexity distinct; male labrum (Figs 62–64) 0.45–0.55 mm long, 0.75–0.90 mm wide, lateral margins almost straight or indistinctly rounded towards blunt lateral indentations; anterolateral teeth indistinct or entirely absent; short median lobe shallowly emarginate between two blunt, rarely subacute yet small anterior teeth; female labrum (Figs 65–66) more elongate, length 0.55–0.60 mm, width 0.75–0.85 mm, with narrower and anteriad prolonged median lobe.</p><p>Maxillae (Figs 67–68). Galea black; lacinia black, mostly gradually dilated towards 0.17–0.20 mm wide apex, with stiff testaceous setae mixed with feebler ones.</p><p>Palpi (Fig. 61) similarly shaped as in other species. Maxillary palpi black arising from black stipe which has whitish apex; small basal palpomere ivory-yellow; longest palpomere comparatively narrow, black, its surface covered with whitish microsetae and its inner margin with long, stiff, testaceous-brownish setae; penultimate palpomere concolorous, covered with whitish microsetae and long, stiff, testaceous-brownish setae on its apex and inner margin; terminal palpomere with narrow basal area black and ochre-testaceous apex. Labial palpi with black basal stipe; small basal palpomere very small and ivory-yellow; longest palpomere yellow-testaceous covered with rusty setigerous tubercles with long, stiffened brownish setae; terminal palpomere with black-brown basal area and ochre-testaceous apex.</p><p>Mandibles (Figs 69–70) generally shaped and coloured as in P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov.</p><p>Antennae (Figs 46–47, 54) shaped, coloured and long as in P. (M.) fleutiauxi and P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov.</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 55–60) elongate, length 1.75–2.10 mm, width 1.20–1.40 mm; anterior lobe markedly narrower than posterior one, its surface and surface of disc covered with similar fine, irregularly rugulose sculpture as in P. (M.) fleutiauxi and P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. and covered with similar, sparse, easily abraded whitish microtrichia; pronotal disc subglobose, lateral margins mostly regularly convex, very rarely slightly attenuated towards anterior sulcus; notopleural sutures thin, barely recognisable from above only on basal half of the disc; mesepisterna in females with deep, rounded fovea (probably coupling sulcus) placed at the margin of metepisterna; other lateral and ventral thoracic sterna as in P. (M.) fleutiauxi and P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov.</p><p>Elytra (Figs 74–76) elongate, but comparatively wide, length 4.50–4.70 mm, with similar shape of humeri and apices (Figs 46–47, 54, 74–79); surface punctate-sculpture as in P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov.</p><p>Abdomen. Ventrites entirely black with scattered or denser, appressed whitish microtrichia.</p><p>Legs (Figs 46–47, 54, 71–73). Coxae black, all trochanters including metatrochanters ivory whitish; femora black, mesofemora and metafemora with conspicuous yellow-testaceous basal area (Figs 71–72), appearing rusty brownish-testaceous in specimens from Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park (Fig. 73); tibiae and tarsi as in P. (M.) fleutiauxi and P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov.</p><p>Aedeagus (Figs 49–53) boomerang-bent in middle, apical half “snake-like” shaped with ventral outline gradually or more distinctly arcuate dilated towards rounded, distinctly dorsad-bent apex, which is in its dorsal aspect (Fig. 51) conically attenuated towards narrow, rounded apex.</p><p>Variability. Apart from the variability mentioned in the description above, e.g. in shape of the pronotum (Figs 55–60) that is, however, much less variable than in the two other species treated here, and only inessential variability in the shape of aedeagi (Figs 49–53), the population from Bekopaka area in the Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park have their meso- and metafemora with rusty brownish-testaceous bases (instead of yellow or yellow-testaceous bases in adults from the type locality and Ankarafantsika), thus noticeably darker, but not entirely black as in P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov.</p><p>Biology and distribution. The type locality of the genuine P. (M.) globulithorax “Ankarahitra” (newly spelled as Ankirihitra) lies in the calcareous plateau of Tsitondroina (see Jeannel 1946: 193), 59 km southwest of Ambato-Boeni (see the maps Figs 135–137). Nevertheless, in the original description of the species, the place was surprisingly and quite inaccurately interpreted by Jeannel (1946: 137) also as “ forêts du plateau de l’Ankara, au sud-ouest de Maevatanana ”, despite the fact that Ankirihitra lies some 46 km northwest of Maevatanana. His statement was even more surprising as also according to the map “ Carte indiquant les principales localitiés citées dans la littérature entomol ogique” enclosed in the paper by Olsoufieff (1934), the two places are considerably distant. It is also noteworthy that Jeannel (1946) did not mention in his characteristics of the “Domaine de l’Ouest” the preserved areas in the area of today’s Ankarafantsika National Park, such as Réserve &amp; Station Forestière d’Ampijoroa which was created in 1929, thus before his publication in 1946.</p><p>It may be possible that the type locality is in fact situated somewhat northeast of Ankirihitra, towards southwestern part of today’s Ankarafantsika National Park, where the above-listed and here treated adult specimens of P. (M.) globulithorax were found recently. It might have been analogous with the distribution of Physodeutera (Diarrhiza) janthina (Fairmaire, 1903) which also occurs in Ankarafantsika despite its type locality “Ankarahitra” (see Moravec 2002).</p><p>The adults of P. (M.) globulithorax recently caught in Ankarafantsika National Park inhabit the primary forest near Lake Ravelobe (S 16°17'44.5", E 46°48'57.9")—see the map Fig. 136 and Figs 140–141. The adults were caught by the second author when running preferably on the coarse bark of large trunks of trees (Fig. 141) and also the adults in Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park preferred large trees (Michio Hori, pers. com.). They were never observed flying. The adults shared the trees with adults of Pogonostoma (Pogonostoma) majunganum Jeannel, 1946 which is much more frequent in Ankarafantsika. Developmental stages are unknown. Pogonostoma (Microgeniatum) signifemorale was described from the area by Moravec &amp; Trýzna (2021).</p><p>Ankarafantsika National Park is located in West Madagascar in the Districts of Ambatoboeny and Marovoay (Boeny Region with Ambato-Boeni district—note the different spelling “Boeni” vs “Boeny”). It was declared as a National Park in 2002. It covers the former Réserve Naturelle Intégrale (RNI) previously created in 1927, as well as the Réserve &amp; Station Forestière d’Ampijoroa created in 1929 (see Goodman et al. 2018). The protected area is covered with tree savannah and dense dry deciduous forest, passing to more humid gallery forest formations around lakes and rivers.</p><p>Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park, one of the most amazing natural landscapes in the world due to formations of the extensive limestone massif which had eroded into spectacular karst pinnacles, is situated in West Madagascar near the town of Antsalova (administratively Melaky Region of the large province of Mahajanga).</p><p>The specimens of P. (M.) globulithorax deposited in MHCW come from the area near Bekopaka. The area is prevailingly covered with dry western deciduous forest formations of the Bemaraha plateau (see photos in Moravec et al. 2021), which are places of occurrence of a great number of rare tiger beetles, some of them listed above in “History and recent research of tiger beetles in Madagascar ”, such as Pogonostoma (Bathypogonum) horimichioi, Physodeutera (Axinomera) horimichioi and Paraphysodeutera naviauxi . As discussed by Moravec et al. (2021), it must be mentioned here that some specimens of several other Pogonostoma and Physodeutera species from the area of the Bemaraha plateau are generally labelled “Antsalova” only.</p><p>The locality in Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park is situated far south of Ankarafantsika National Park (see map Fig. 137) and the adults of P. (M.) globulithorax may represent a vicariant isolate population there.</p><p>Remarks. In the monograph of the genus by the first author (Moravec 2007: 367) this at-the-time little-known species was partly confused with P. (M.) fleutiauxi and particularly with P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. described below as new to science (for the circumstances of the confusions see “Introduction” above). The aedeagi illustrated in the monograph as figs 1326–1327 are in fact aedeagi of P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. (also illustrated here in Fig. 130 and in Fig. 126 respectively), while the aedeagus illustrated as fig. 1325 is the aedeagus of P. (M.). fleutiauxi (also illustrated here as Fig. 44). Only the aedeagus illustrated in the monograph as figs 1323–1324 represents the aedeagus of the holotype of P. (M.) globulithorax . The male pronotum illustrated under the name P. (M.) globulithorax in the monograph (fig. 1320) is in fact pronotum of the male paratype of P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. from Manongarivo (illustrated also here in Fig. 108). Also, the male habitus, illustrated in fig. 1781 of the monograph, shows in fact a male of the new species from the Ankarana massif.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACE221F37CFE729CE3E8D6FBCDFE7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Moravec, Jiří;Trýzna, Miloš	Moravec, Jiří, Trýzna, Miloš (2026): New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles- 28. Reassessment of the concept of Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax Jeannel, and a revised key to the P. (M.) fleutiauxi species-group with description of P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Zootaxa 5849 (1): 59-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3
03ACE221F365FE449CE3EDDAFB94FAAF.text	03ACE221F365FE449CE3EDDAFB94FAAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) paraglobulithorax Moravec & Trýzna 2026	<div><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) paraglobulithorax sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 80–132, 133–134, 137)</p><p>Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax sensu Moravec (2007) partim. Non P. (M.) globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 !</p><p>Type locality. Madagascar, Sambirano, Island of Nosy Be, forêt de Lokobe ( Lokobe National Park).</p><p>Type material. Holotype ♂ in NMPC (temporarily in CJVB), labelled: “Madagascar, Nosy Be Isl. / circ. Mitsinjo, 296 m. / S13°24'21"; E48°18'36", / 26.– 30.11. 2019, M. Trýzna leg.” [printed] // “Holotype Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / paraglobulithorax sp. nov. / det. Jiří Moravec / &amp; Miloš Trýzna 2026” [red label, printed]. Allotype ♀ in CCJM (ex CJVB) with same label data as holotype and: “Allotype Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / paraglobulithorax sp. nov. / det. Jiří Moravec / &amp; Miloš Trýzna 2026” [red label, printed]. Paratypes [all labels printed]. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in CJVB, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in CMTD with same label data as holotype . 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ in JWCM, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in CCJM: “ Madagascar, Nosy Be, Sambirano, forêt de Lokobe, 5–9. XII. 2001, leg. I. Andreev V. Dolin &amp; R. Andreeva ” // “ Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / det. Jiří Moravec 2002”. 5 ♂♂ in JWCM, 2 ♀♀ in CCJM, 1 ♂ in MHCW: “ Madagascar / Sambirano, Marovato / 35 km SE Ambanja / 24–30.11.2001, I. Andreev, / V. Dolin &amp; R. Andreeva leg.” // “ Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / det. Jiří Moravec 2002”. 6 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ in CJVB, 1 ♂ in CCJM, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in COSJ, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in BMNH, 1 ♂ in MNHN [all faded to black or brownish coloration]: “N Madagascar, Nosy Be isl, / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.313305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.381361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.313305/lat -13.381361)">Lokobe N.P.</a>, 11.1.2007 / S13°22'52.9" E048°18'47.9" / J.Vybíral leg.” . 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ in CJVB: “ Madagascar Nord / Marotaolana / Massif du Ankarana / 7–9.II. 2000, leg. Jan Vybíral ” “ Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / sensu J. Moravec 2007 / det. Jiří Moravec 2025”. 1 ♂ in CCJM: “ Madagascar Nord / Massif de l’Ankarana / 24.XII.2004, leg. Alain Monfort ” // “ Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / det. Jiří Moravec 2004 ” // “ Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / sensu J. Moravec 2007 / det. Jiří Moravec 2025”. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ in CCJM: “ Madagascar, Sambirano / Ankaramy env. / Massif du Manongarivo / 3.II.2000, leg. Jiří Moravec ” // “ Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / det. Jiří Moravec 2002” // “ Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / sensu J. Moravec 2007 / det. Jiří Moravec 2025”. 1 ♂ in CCJM, 1 ♂ in MKPC: “ Madagascar N / Antsiranana [province] 13.12.2002 / Djangoa env. [near Ambanja] / Mráček lgt.” // “ Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / det. Jiří Moravec 2003” // “ Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / sensu J. Moravec 2007 / det. Jiří Moravec 2025”. 1 ♂ in JWCM: “ Madagascar Sambirano / Ambodidimaka, Ambanja / (25 km SE), 15–16.Xii. / 2002, Ivo Jeniš leg.” // “ Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / det. Jiří Moravec 2002” // “ Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / sensu J. Moravec 2007 / det. Jiří Moravec 2025”. 1 ♂ in CCJM: “N. Madagascar, 9.I.2007 / 20km SE of Ambanja / Ambobako env. / F. Pavel leg” . 1 ♂ in JWCM, 1 ♂ in CCJM: “ Madagascar N. / Mt. d’Ambre (near Ambohitra) / 20.–26.xii. / 2002, Ivo Jeniš leg” [probably mislabelled] // “ Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) / globulithorax Jeannel, 1946 / sensu J. Moravec 2007 / det. Jiří Moravec 2025”. All paratypes labelled: “ Paratype Pogonostoma / ( Microstenocera) / paraglobulithorax sp. nov. / det. Jiří Moravec / &amp; Miloš Trýzna 2026” [red label, printed].</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. clearly differs from P. (M.) globulithorax in having all its femora entirely black (Figs 80–82, 84), its pronotal disc generally not so regularly subglobose, but usually ovoid, slightly attenuated anteriad (Figs 102–111), yet the pronotal shape may vary to the measure that females of the new species might be sometimes barely distinguishable from P. (M.) fleutiauxi . The elytra of the new species (Figs 112–121) are very similar to the two other species treated here, yet generally more matt than in P. (M.) fleutiauxi, because the coarse punctures cover also anteapical convexity (in contrast to usually almost effaced and shiny surface on anteapical convexity in P. (M.) fleutiauxi). Aedeagus of the new species (Figs 122–132) differs significantly from the two other species by its shape, its ventral outline of the apical half is elongate-arcuate towards rounded, dorsally usually slightly emarginated apex; although the shape varies, the ventral arcuate-dilated outline of the apical half is always longer as starting from the middle of the aedeagus, thus clearly distinguished from the aedeagi of P. (M.) globulithorax and P. (M.) fleutiauxi .</p><p>Description. Body (Figs 80–82, 84) small to medium-sized (independent of sex), length 7.80–8.60 (HT and AT 7.90) mm, width 1.80–2.00 (HT and AT 1.90) mm, pitchy-black; setal vesture whitish.</p><p>Head (Fig. 85) narrower than body, 1.40–1.55 mm wide, with only one orbital sensory seta, lacking frontoclypeal setae; temples long, only 1.5 times shorter than eyes (in dorsal view); supraantennal keels consisting of distinctly elevated anterior crest and smaller posterior one which usually merges with surface sculpture.</p><p>Vertex nearly flat or moderately convex on anterior area when merging with frons (between small impressions on either side of anterior keels), usually with shallow central impression between eyes but mostly distinctly convex or bulged between posterior half of eyes and with deep (but smaller) postero-median impression; surface of anterior area passing from frons coarsely scabrous-vermicular; sculpture on median area between eyes finer but very irregular; posterior and whole occipital area including temples again more coarsely scabrous-rugulose to almost reticulate-rugulose, usually with transverse-wavy rugae; whole dorsal head surface primarily densely covered with decumbent, whitish ornamental microtrichia which are barely obvious in dorsal view, also for that some of the microtrichia become blackened when tightly impressed on the black surface, and others may be easily abraded.</p><p>Genae shallowly yet markedly rugulose on posterior area, finely wrinkled on anterior area, nearly smooth and with short sparse whitish microtrichia on ventral half.</p><p>Clypeus merging with frons, its surface black, rough-coriaceous, distinctly elevated in middle, covered with sparse or denser, short whitish setae.</p><p>Maxillae (Figs 100–101). Galea black or black-brown, usually with black apex; lacinia black-brown with gradually dilated, 0.17–0.18 mm wide apex; setae dark brown and reddish-brown, mixed with yellow feebler setae.</p><p>Palpi usually shaped (Figs 80–82, 84–85). Maxillary palpi with pale ivory yellow basal palpomere arising from darker basal stipe; longest dilated palpomere black, covered with whitish microsetae and stiff lateral setae; penultimate palpomere black or black-brown covered with whitish microsetae, inner margin with sparser, longer and stiff rusty setae and several long, black-brown setae; terminal palpomere with narrow blackish base, dilated apical part yellow-ochraceous, with usual micropubescence. Labial palpi with very small and ivory-whitish basal palpomere arising from blackened basal stipe; longest palpomere ivory-yellow or yellow-testaceous, covered with rusty setigerous tubercles bearing long, brownish setae; terminal palpomere with blackened basal half and apical elongate-dilated portion ochre-testaceous, with usual micropubescence.</p><p>Labrum (Figs 90–99) 4-setose bearing 2 yellow-ochre or rusty-reddish long and almost straight anterior setae and 2 ochre or brownish-testaceous lateral setae; surface black or black-brown, sparsely or more densely covered with short, appressed, white microtrichia which are often barely visible and easily abraded; shape sexually dimorphic, sometimes indistinctly due to great variability: male labrum (Figs 90–91, 96, 98) 0.45–0.55 mm long, 0.75–0.85 mm wide, shape as in P. (M.) fleutiauxi, with short median lobe which is shallowly emarginated between two blunt, right-angled or subacute anterior teeth; female labrum (Figs 92–95, 97, 99) slightly or more distinctly longer, length 0.55–0.60 mm, width 0.80–0.90 mm, narrowed anteriad towards more prolonged median lobe, emarginated between two anterior teeth which are usually less distant from each other than in the male labrum;</p><p>Mandibles (Figs 86–89) black-brown with reddish-brown or cinnamon-reddish teeth, lateral margins (in dorsal view) arcuate, asymmetrical: terminal tooth in left mandible markedly shorter than in right mandible; size of inner teeth in both mandibles rather variable, but male mandibles (Figs 86–87) with second tooth in left mandible slightly smaller than third tooth, while the second tooth is slightly larger than the third tooth in right mandible; female mandibles (Figs 88–89) with second tooth in left mandible only slightly larger than the third tooth, while the second tooth in right mandible is notably larger than the third tooth; basolateral portions black-brown, sparsely covered with whitish microtrichia.</p><p>Antennae (Figs 80–82, 84) in both sexes longer than body, shape as in P. (M.) fleutiauxi; scape entirely black, rarely with indistinct bluish and/or reddish iridescence, with apical sensory seta, surface with sparse or more numerous whitish microsetae; pedicel black, usually with paler apical area; antennomeres 3–4 with indistinctly testaceous stripe of basal joint, covered with numerous microtrichia; antennomeres 5–11 black, covered with usual microtrichia and micropubescence.</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum (Figs 102–111) elongate, length 1.75–2.10 mm, width 1.15–1.40 mm; anterior lobe markedly narrower than posterior one, its surface irregularly but mostly transverse- rugulose, covered with sparse, short, whitish microtrichia; pronotal disc widely ovoid, lateral margins arcuate, often attenuated towards anterior sulcus; notopleural sutures thin, barely recognisable in dorsal view in form of indistinct lines which nearly copy lateral margins but only on basal half of the disc; median line indistinct yet always visible on anterior and posterior area, merging with surface sculpture in central area; discal surface sculpture consisting (as in two preceding species) of very fine, mostly short, very irregularly wavy and vermicular rugae, or rugae of indefinite shape, more continuous and transverse only on posterior discal area; whole discal surface covered with scattered whitish microtrichia, which may be barely visible as partly appearing blackened when tightly appressed on the black surface and are partly or almost entirely abraded; posterior lobe notably wider than the anterior lobe, but narrower than disc, black, glabrous, its median area finely and irregularly transverse-wavy rugose while dorsolateral areas of the posterior lobe are almost effaced; proepisterna, mesepisterna and ventral thoracic sterna as in P. (M.) fleutiauxi .</p><p>Elytra (Figs 112–121) elongate, length 4.40–4.90 mm, of a similar shape as in P. (M.) fleutiauxi, with similar basodiscal convexity, but delineated by mostly shallower discal impression from convex disc; humeri moderately declined and rounded; lateral margins moderately dilated towards rounded angles of anteapical convexity; apices sexually dimorphic: apex in males (Figs 112–115, 118–119) generally with somewhat shallower sutural emargination towards sutural apex (lacking sutural spine), rounded in middle or indistinctly mesially pointed; apices in females (Figs 116–117, 120–121) wider, with deeper sutural emargination which form right-angled or subacute, blunt or sharpened inner tooth, outer angle obtuse, but sometimes with an angle and with the inner tooth almost acute; surface generally matt (less shiny on posterior convexity, than in P. (M.) fleutiauxi), coarsely punctate throughout except for wide juxtasutural area which is microtuberculate; punctures deep and large on basodiscal convexity, largest and deepest and generally more commonly anastomosing in chains than in P. (M.) fleutiauxi, or even form caverns on sublateral areas of discal impression and within its anterior area, while posterior area of discal impression is very rarely covered with smaller punctures and setigerous microtubercles; wide juxtasutural area with smaller punctures and microtubercles; posterior declivity and juxtaepipleural area of anteapical convexity also coarsely punctate (in contrast to almost effaced and shiny surface on these areas in P. (M.) fleutiauxi); apices with large and deep and more isolate punctures with wide, smooth intervals; setal vesture white; ornamental setae dense, very short, appressed, arising from the microtubercles of epicuticle on intervals, whitish but appearing blackened when appressed on the black surface and easily abraded; sparse, long, erect, whitish hairlike sensory setae are present on humeral, basolateral and anteapical areas.</p><p>Abdomen. Ventrites entirely black with scattered or denser, appressed whitish microtrichia as in P. (M.) globulithorax .</p><p>Legs (Figs 80–82, 84). Coxae black or partly cinnamon-testaceous, pro- and mesotrochanters ivory-yellow, metatrochanters black; femora entirely black, nearly glabrous, with only few indistinct, short, whitish microtrichia; metafemora with indistinct impression in middle; protibiae rather sparsely covered with short whitish setae; mesotibiae densely covered with short, whitish or ferrugineous setae which may appear blackened passing to usual, dense pad of rusty setae on the tibial apical third; tarsi black or black-brown, rather densely covered with microtrichia which are darker on metatarsi, first three protarsi in male moderately dilated; claws testaceous.</p><p>Aedeagus (Figs 122–132) 1.50–1.80 mm long, 0.26–0.35 mm wide, boomerang-bent in middle, its ventral (right) apical outline dilated from the middle and elongate-arcuate towards rounded, dorsally usually slightly emarginated apex; the aedeagus in its dorsal view (Fig. 129) is straight, moderately dilated in middle and conically attenuated towards narrow, rounded apex.</p><p>Variability. Apart from the variability mentioned in the description above, e.g. in shape of the pronotum (Figs 102–111) and the variability in the shape of aedeagi (Figs 122–132) addressed also in “Differential diagnosis”, old specimens, particularly their legs, are faded to black-brown. Moreover, the 18 above-listed specimens from Lokobe (CJVB, CCJM, COSJ, BMNH, MNHN) are notably faded due to their long exposure to light, their elytra black-brown, legs pale brownish and antennae ochre-yellowish.</p><p>Biology and distribution. Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. is distributed in a rather large area of Northern and Western Madagascar, particularly the area of evergreen forest of Sambirano including the offshore island of Nosy Be, with preserved forêt de Lokobe (established as <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.240284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.788917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.240284/lat -12.788917)">Lokobe National Park</a> in 2011), which is its type locality (see map Fig. 134). It was common particularly near the town of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.240284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.788917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.240284/lat -12.788917)">Ambanja</a> situated across from Nosy Be island, near places called Ambodidimaka, Ambobako, Marovato and Djangoa and in the nearby Massif de Manongarivo (see map Figs 134, 137). It is spread along the western shore northwards to deciduous western forest of the Ankarana massif and occurs in the place called Marotaonala which is located along the RN6 northwards from Ankarana (coordinates: S 12°47.335' E 049°14.417' —see map Figs 133, 137). It must be noted here that the locality Marotaolana must not be confused with several towns or places also named “Marotaolana” distributed throughout Madagascar, where there are also several places homonymously named Marovato, Maevatanana, Manongarivo, Ramena, and many other homonymous places.</p><p>As the distance from the place of Marotaolana and the centre of Montagne Ambre National Park is only about 20 km (see map Fig. 133), the occurrence of P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. in the evergreen forest of Montagne d’Ambre can be possible. Nevertheless, the only two specimens (CCJM and JWCM) of the new species with “Mt. d’Ambre (near Ambohitra)” on their locality labels (both collected by Ivo Jeniš) were probably mislabelled.</p><p>In the type locality, which is the forest of Lokobe in the island of Nosy Be, the adults of the new species were found when running along the mostly narrow trunks of trees with smooth bark. Other adults found in the same humid forest along a small brook near the type locality (S 13°22'52.9" E 048°18'47.9") inhabited trees measuring only about 15–20 cm in diameter, up to two metres above the tree base (Jan Vybíral (CJVB) pers. com). Some of them manifested a strange behaviour: they did not try to hide on the opposite side of the trunk, but stood shaking their head, possibly imitating similar behaviour of ants observed by us and our colleagues just on the island of Nosy Be. Despite their well-developed thoracic wings, the adults (as in some other species) used their wings very seldom or never. Developmental stages unknown.</p><p>Remarks. For circumstances resulting in the previous confusion of this new species with P. (M.) globulithorax and partly also with P. (M.) fleutiauxi in the monograph of the genus (Moravec 2007) and also for references to relevant figures in the monograph, see “Remarks” under P. (M.) globulithorax above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACE221F365FE449CE3EDDAFB94FAAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Moravec, Jiří;Trýzna, Miloš	Moravec, Jiří, Trýzna, Miloš (2026): New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles- 28. Reassessment of the concept of Pogonostoma (Microstenocera) globulithorax Jeannel, and a revised key to the P. (M.) fleutiauxi species-group with description of P. (M.) paraglobulithorax sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Zootaxa 5849 (1): 59-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5849.1.3
