identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AEFA570164FFEEFF1F9FA07C31FB89.text	03AEFA570164FFEEFF1F9FA07C31FB89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procellaria altirostris Tennyson & Tomotani 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Procellaria altirostris sp. nov.</p>
            <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 093F56E5-D07E-44C3-8E75-059C486CB222</p>
            <p> Etymology: From the unusually deep premaxilla in comparison to other members of the  Procellaria genus. </p>
            <p> Holotype:  NMNZ S.46691; partial skeleton embedded, but largely exposed,in a concretion.Elements preserved: partial cranium (crushed) with premaxilla, furcula, both coracoids, right scapula, right humerus, both ulnae, right radius, synsacrum, left femur, both tibiotarsi, both tarsometatarsi but the left is missing both ends, one pedal phalange, and other fragments . The fossil is from a fully grown individual based on bone ossification (Fig. 2). </p>
            <p> Type Locality, Type Horizon and Age: Ohawe Beach, south Taranaki,  North Island , New Zealand (New Zealand Fossil Record Electronic Database Number Q21/F0175, Fig. 3). The fossil was found inside a marine mudstone concretion loose on the beach in 2015, and prepared by John Buchanan-Brown in the same year. The concretion is presumed to have eroded from an adjacent cliff in the Tangahoe Formation. This Formation is 3.0-3.4 Ma (local Waipipian stage, late Pliocene, Piacenzian; McKee, 1994; Naish et al., 2005; Thomas et al., 2020). Such concretions are thought to have formed on the ocean floor at a depth of up to 50 m or more (Tennyson &amp; Mannering, 2018). </p>
            <p> Generic attribution:  Procellaria altirostris sp. nov. is referred to  Procellaria because it is a large petrel falling in the size range of  Procellaria species and outside the size range of every other recent genus in  Procellariiformes : all recent  Diomedeidae are larger and all  Hydrobatidae and  Pelecanoididae are smaller. Within the family  Procellaridae , birds in the  Procellaria genus are the largest, with the exception of  Macronectes Richmond, 1905 , which is similar in size to some albatross taxa. Based on the narrow and deep beak, the strongly hooked premaxilla and the prominent pila supranasalis, the genus  Procellaria can be easily distinguished from almost all other genera within the  Procellaridae ; the exceptions being  Pterodroma Bonaparte, 1856 and  Pseudobulweria Mathews, 1936. Generally,  Pterodroma taxa have a narrower and shorter beak than  Procellaria taxa; moreover, as in all  Procellaria , the fossil has a longer humerus than ulna, while  Pterodroma taxa have longer ulnae than humeri (Tennyson &amp; Mannering, 2018). The apertura nasi ossea of  Pseudobulweria is smaller than in  Procellaria taxa; moreover, the proximal end of the humerus of  Pseudobulweria taxa lack the tubercle on the cranial surface of the ventral margin in the bicipital area (Tennyson &amp; Mannering, 2018).The shape of the apertura nasi ossea and this humeral tubercle of the fossil are features found in  Procellaria taxa (Tennyson &amp; Mannering, 2018). </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis:  Procellaria altirostris sp. nov. is identified as a member of the  Procellariiformes by the beak having a sharply hooked tip, lateral furrows rostral of the nostrils (nasolabial grooves) and marked supraorbital fossae for nasal glands (fossa glandulae nasalis), i.e., salt glands. </p>
            <p> Procellaria altirostris sp. nov. is most similar to the White-Chinned Petrel (  P. aequinoctialis ), Spectacled Petrel (  P. conspicillata ) and Westland Petrel (  P. westlandica ). Compared with these taxa, the new species has a deeper and shorter premaxilla, a larger coracoid and shorter wings, while its legs are a similar size. It is slightly larger than the Grey Petrel (  P. cinerea ) and notably larger than the Black Petrel (  P. parkinsoni ). The Grey Petrel also differs in having a more slender beak (width and depth relative to length) than all other members of the genus.  Procellaria species show minor sexual dimorphism in size, with males averaging a little larger (Marchant &amp; Higgins, 1990; Warham, 1990). However, regardless of the sex of the fossil, it still falls outside the range of variation seen in other species (Table 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 4, Appendix 2). </p>
            <p>Measurements: see Table 1, Fig. 1.</p>
            <p> Distribution: The holotype is the only known specimen of  Procellaria altirostris sp. nov. All members of the genus  Procellaria travel thousands of kilometres at sea when foraging and/or migrating (Brooke, 2004), so we expect that  Procellaria altirostris sp. nov. had similar behaviours and would have ranged widely in the seas around proto – New Zealand and probably been a long-distance migrant like other members of this genus (Brooke, 2004). </p>
            <p>DISCUSSION</p>
            <p> The discovery of a well-preserved specimen of a  Procellaria petrel from the Pliocene adds important new knowledge about the history of this genus. Only two previous studies have identified this genus in Pliocene deposits and those were disarticulated remains: a single partial humerus from the early Pliocene of South Africa (Olson,1985a) and three bones from the early Pliocene of North Carolina, USA (Olson &amp; Rasmussen, 2001). No older fossils of the genus are known (Olson, 1985b). Otherwise only much younger (Holocene) fossils have been documented (e.g., Tennyson, 2020; Worthy &amp; Jouventin, 1999). </p>
            <p> This lack of a good fossil record for the genus has impaired more detailed analyses of its evolution.Our description of a Pliocene  Procellaria provides further evidence to support the phylogeny proposed by Penhallurick &amp; Wink (2004), which suggested that crown-group  Procellaria taxa were already present in the Miocene. </p>
            <p> While we can only speculate on the functional significance of the minor skeletal differences between  P. altirostris sp. nov. and other members of the genus, the fossil species probably had similar feeding strategies to living  Procellaria . For example, surface feeding and shallow diving, with a diet consisting mainly of fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans (Brooke, 2004). When compared with other  Procellaria , the relatively short wings, particularly the short ulna compared with the humerus length, suggest that it may have been less of a glider (Kuroda, 1955), perhaps using diving more often as a feeding strategy. </p>
            <p> Finally, while New Zealand today is the worldwide centre of diversity for species of procellariiforms, including  Procellaria (Dickinson &amp; Remsen, 2013) , the new Pliocene fossil is the only evidence of  Procellaria petrels being present in the country prior to the Late Pleistocene (Gill et al., 2010) and demonstrates a longer history for the genus in the region. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AEFA570164FFEEFF1F9FA07C31FB89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Tennyson, Alan James Drummond;Tomotani, Barbara Mizumo	Tennyson, Alan James Drummond, Tomotani, Barbara Mizumo (2021): A new fossil species of Procellaria (Aves: Procellariiformes) from the Pliocene of New Zealand. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo) 61: 1-11, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.16, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.16
