identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A149627E619033FF27F9BDD74F749B.text	03A149627E619033FF27F9BDD74F749B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes Illiger 1807	<div><p>Phengodes Illiger, 1807</p><p>Type species: Phengodes plumosa (Olivier, 1790)</p><p>Diagnosis: Body elongated, head exposed, at most vertex partially covered; antennae with twelve antennomeres, antennomere XII filiform, antennomeres IV–XI with filiform flabellae; antennal tubercles strongly pronounced, separated from each other by a longitudinal depression, with a similar transversal depression posterior to the tubercles, vertex striated. Maxillary palpi four-segmented and labial palpi three-segmented, maxillary palpi long and thin, with the last palpomere similar in thickness and length to the penultimate, labial palpiger usually as long as first labial palpomere, galea expanded or not, mandibles falcate. Single tentorial fossa present. Pronotum ranging from wider than long to wide as long, with lateral expansions; posterior border discontinuous, mesepimeron concave. Tarsi without ventral combs and tarsal claws falcate without teeth. Abdominal segments without a visible luminous organ. Aedeagus with median lobe apically capitated and paramere bearing apical teeth.</p><p>Morphology</p><p>Body length 9–25.71; maximum body width at shoulder height 1.52–5.57. Individuals vary in color, ranging from yellow, orange, brown and black, usually species with stable coloration patterns (Fig 3–13).</p><p>Head: Head wider than long, usually narrower than or equal to pronotum, vertex chagrined and partially covered by pronotum (Fig 14–20). Eye finely faceted, in lateral view higher than long, in dorsal and ventral views eye width narrower than interocular distance. Antennal tubercles prominent, separated by a longitudinal depression, never fused. A deep transversal depression separates the antennal tubercles from the vertex. Antennae with twelve antennomeres, usually surpassing the middle of elytra. Antennomeres IV–XI with a pair of flabellae at base, these flabellae filiform and elongated, ranging from three to nine times the antennomere length. Scape widened towards the middle, then slightly thinned towards the apex, antennomere II and III shorter than scape, III usually shorter than II. Antennomere XII is usually more than 2.5 times longer than XI.</p><p>Longitudinal sulcus on the frons absent or present, punctures from incipient to strongly marked, lumen usually wider than puncture diameter. Fronto-clypeal suture straight, convex, or biconcave. Clypeus divided or fused, apically notched or entire, medial clypeal sulcus present or absent; clypeal lobes (hemispheres) usually triangular or fusiform, with long setae especially in the external half. Mandibles projected forwards, falcated, without denticles, shorter or longer than head, always overlapping; can vary between dorsoventrally flattened to rounded, widen at base or middle, narrowing towards apex, setae and punctures present usually at base. Galea reduced and glabrous (most Phengodes (Phengodes), in text abbreviated as P. (Ph.)) (Fig 2A–B) to expanded with abundant setae at the apex (most Phengodes (Phengodella), in text abbreviated as P. (Pla.).) (Fig 2C–D). Maxillary palpi four-segmented, with segment I shorter than the following ones or equal to II; palpomere IV elongated, usually with a truncated apex. Labial palpi three-segmented, palpifer reduced, equal to or less than palpomere I, I to III usually increasing in length. One tentorial fossa and one gular suture present (Figs 14–15 B, E, H; 16 B, E, I; 17–19 B, E, H; 20B).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum wider than or as wide as long, usually wider at base, integument smooth and lustrous to opaque, with superficial punctures, lumen wider than puncture diameter, especially on the disc. Lateral borders with expansions, ranging from narrow to wide, with the pronotal width 6 to 33 times the expansion width. Posterior border discontinuous, with a complete or incomplete carina along the discontinuity; posterior corners acute to right angled, with form rounded to sharp. Pronotal disc transverse, with or without a longitudinal sulcus, in some cases reduced to an isolated depression (Fig 14–15A, D, G; 16A, D, G, H; 17–19 A, D, G; 20A). Scutellum longer than wide, feebly bilobed to rounded. Mesepimeron concave (Fig 1B). Elytra dehiscent, usually constricted in the middle and expanded at apex, longer than pronotum, 1.5 to 3.75 times longer than wide; elytral disc surface chagrined, covered by setae and punctures, these denser near the apex. Hind wings venation with anal and W cell closed, radial cell, r3 and r4 could be present or not. Tibial apex with a crown of spines, tarsomeres I and II similar, III elongated, IV shorter than III and V, V longer than the preceding ones. Tarsal claws falciform, without teeth, finely covered with short hairs at the base, arolium and pulvilli present.</p><p>Abdomen: Abdominal segments slightly expanded, covered with minute yellow hairs; posterior border of tergite VIII rounded (Fig 21A) or bilobed (Fig 21G), tergite IX covered by VIII, and X subsquared to rounded (Fig 21D, H, L); posterior border of ventrite VII concave, straight, or undulated, with (Fig 21E, 22 G, O) or without (Fig 21I, M; 22C, K) a medial projection; VIII concave to emarginate. This projection could be sunken below the level of the posterior border. Aedeagus with the flagellum sclerotized, symmetric to slightly asymmetric; median lobe capitated, 1 to 1.7 times longer than parameres; parameres longer than wide, each paramere apex with two to three pronounced teeth, internal border of the paramere with or without a sinuate internal border, flagellum 1.5 to 6 times the aedeagus length (Fig 26–28).</p><p>Females and immatures: Phengodes females and immatures are poorly studied. Females are larviform and such as juveniles are soft bodied organisms without expanded segments. They are prognathous, with falcate, channeled mandibles used to inject digestive fluids into their prey. Each body segment bears a pair of bioluminescent organs, one on each side, the light produced has been reported as green (Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Pérez-Hernández 2014).</p><p>Biology: Phengodes species are nocturnal, easily attracted to light and remain inactive during the day. Females can be found in holes within dry wood, underneath rocks, and other dark niches, including under cow dung in disturbed environments (Sánchez-Echeverría et al. 2014). Phengodes species are active predators, mainly of Diplopoda . Laboratory assays on Floridobolus penneri Causey, 1957 (Eisner et al. 1998), and field observations with Rhysodesmus byersi Loomis, 1966 (Sánchez-Echeverría et al. 2014), show that Phengodes inoculates digestive substances to liquefy the prey’s internal tissues, anesthetize it, and inhibit quinone release. Miller (1997) indicated that Phengodes predation on millipedes may be non-specific, but further studies are needed regarding feeding habits. Interbreeding phenomena were reported by Barber (1914), resulting in inviable offspring, which he maintained alive for up to 15 months in confinement.</p><p>Remarks: Phengodes is similar to Zarhipis LeConte 1881, both can be differentiated because in Phengodes the antennal tubercles are conspicuous, with a deep depression posterior to them, whereas in Zarhipis, antennal tubercles are incipient and the depressions feebly pronounced or absent. Elytra in Phengodes are usually shorter, ranging from 2.17–3.9 times as long as wide, constricted in the middle, and highly dehiscent, while in Zarhipis the elytra are longer, generally 3.5-5.4 times as long as wide, not constricted in the middle, instead subparallel to slightly dehiscent. In Zarhipis the frons is generally anteriorly strongly declinate (near to vertical) to transversally concave, while in Phengodes it is weakly declinate, and never concave, at most with a longitudinal sulcus. Lastly, in Zarhipis, ventrite VII always presents a long medial projection, whereas this projection can be absent in Phengodes .</p><p>Another genus similar to Phengodes is Pseudophengodes Pic 1930 . However, the latter presents bulbous and strongly developed antennal tubercles that are closely near between them, a transversal sulcus posterior to antennal tubercles that is not strongly developed, and a conspicuous bioluminescent organ in the abdomen, which is absent in Phengodes . As a final remark, the remnant genus of Phengodinae Microphengodes Wittmer, 1976 differs from Phengodes in the characteristics mentioned for Pseudophengodes, except for the bioluminescent organ, which is also absent in Microphengodes . Microphengodes are generally small individuals, ranging between 4 to 7 mm while Phengodes specimens are larger, ranging from 9 to 25.71 mm.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E619033FF27F9BDD74F749B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E729034FF27FEE9D52D778C.text	03A149627E729034FF27FEE9D52D778C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodes) bolivari Zaragoza-Caballero 1981	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodes) bolivari Zaragoza-Caballero 1981</p><p>(Figs: 3A–C, 14A–C,21A–B. 26A–C)</p><p>Phengodes bolivari Zaragoza-Caballero 1981:379</p><p>Diagnosis: General body color black, except for the clypeus, which is slightly lighter (Fig 3A–C). Total length 12.1, width at shoulder height 3.35. Interantennal distance (0.94) 1.2 times longer than scape (0.73); antennomere II conical (0.29), subequal to III, which is cupuliform (0.26), latter with inner section of the cup expanded. Antennomeres IV– VI length 1.85, formula IV&lt;V=VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 4.3–6 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing the elytral apex. Eyes in dorsal view small with interocular distance (2.35) 7.3 times eye width (0.32). Clypeus apically concave, entire, with presence of a medial sulcus, lobes wide and triangular; clypeal suture straight, mandible short and wide. Maxillary palpi length (1.32) 1.5 times labial (0.88); maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II slightly longer (0.47) than IV (0.44) and labial 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III. Pronotum rectangular, 1.5 times wider at base (4.12) than long (2.79), wider in the middle (2.97); lateral borders rounded, constricted after posterior corners, these acute and sharp; lateral expansion thin (0.24), with pronotum width 12.25 times expansions width, medial sulcus absent (Fig 14A–C). Tergite VIII entire and ventrite VII with a short medial projection (21A–B); aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 3.36 times longer (1.08) than wide (0.34), with two apical denticles, central lobe (1.53) 1.42 times paramere length, and flagellum (6) 4 times aedeagus length (Fig 26A–C).</p><p>Remarks: This is the only species examined in this work with a uniform black coloration, except for the apex of the mandible and clypeus, which are dark brown. P. (Ph.) bolivari is similar to P. (Ph.) frontalis from which it differs due to its color and the presence of an elongated and hairy galea in P. (Pla.) frontalis . Additionally, P. (Ph.) bolivari has a southern distribution (Morelos) compared to the northern one of P. (Pla.) frontalis (Coahuila).</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Morelos (Fig 29), in leaf litter of Pinus sp. at 2400 masl (Zaragoza-Caballero 1981).</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Morelos, Huitzilac, Bosque de Pinus, Sobre Hojarasca, 1953, C. Bolivar, (CNIN) (1 ♂) : PARATYPES: Morelos, Huitzilac, Bosque de Pinus, Sobre Hojarasca, 1953, C. Bolivar, (CNIN) (1 ♂)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E729034FF27FEE9D52D778C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E729035FF27FAFBD0E170E9.text	03A149627E729035FF27FAFBD0E170E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodes) chamelensis Zaragoza-Caballero 2003	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodes) chamelensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 2003</p><p>(Figs: 3D–F, 14D–F, 21C–F, 26D–F)</p><p>Phengodes chamelensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 2003:154</p><p>Diagnosis: General color Dutch orange, except for the brownish elytral apex (Fig 3D–F). Total length 11.63, width at shoulder height 2.35. Interantennal distance (0.68) 1.24 times longer than scape (0.55), antennomere II longer (0.16) than III (0.12), the latter cup to plate-shaped; IV–VI (1.32), IV&lt;V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 4.8 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing elytra up to the apex of tergite IV. Interocular distance (1.35) 4.65 times eye width (0.29), clypeus lobed, entire with a conspicuous medial line, lobes apically truncate, fronto-clypeal suture straight, mandible short and thin, dorsoventrally flattened. Maxillary palpi (1.67) 1.40 times labial (1.15), maxillary palp formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II shorter (0.50) than IV (0.56) and labial 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III (Fig 14D–F). Pronotum transverse, 1.35 times wider at base (2.06) than long (1.53), wider in middle (2.15); lateral expansion narrow (0.15), pronotal width 13.7 times expansion width, lateral borders straight, constricted after posterior corners, these right-angled and sharp, medial sulcus absent (Fig 14D). Posterior border of tergite VIII emarginate (Fig 21C), X straight (Fig 21D); ventrite VII without medial projection (Fig 21E) and X emarginate. Aedeagus symmetrical, central lobe 1.2 times longer (1.05) than paramere, paramere 3.74 times longer (0.88) than wide (0.23) (Fig 26G–H), with two apical teeth (Fig 26I) (Zaragoza-Caballero 2003).</p><p>Remarks: This species differs from other members of Phengodes (Phengodes) by its narrow lateral pronotal expansion, with the pronotum width being 14.3 times the expansion width. Antennae surpassing the elytra, eyes reduced in dorsal view, antennomeres IV&lt;V&lt;VI, absence of a medial projection on the ventrite VII, and the presence of two apical teeth in the paramere. Specifically, P. (Ph.) chamelensis is similar to P. (Ph.) fuscipes LeConte, 1861, but it can be distinguished by the difference in the mean interantennal distance 2.21 vs 1.37, and in the length of antennomere IV–VI 1.24 vs 0.72 respectively (Zaragoza-Caballero 2003).</p><p>Variation: Size 10–14.5, width at shoulder high 2.35–4.09, head width 1.82–2.18; interantennal distance 0.67– 0.81, interocular distance 1.31–1.51, antennomeres IV–VI length 1.15–1.32, pronotum length 1.36–1.59; pronotum width 1.63–2.45, elytra length 3.14–3.71, and elytra width 1.02–1.40. In general there is a slightly variation in pronotum form, specially in the lateral sides curvature, general proportions are constant.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Jalisco (Fig 29), in tropical deciduous seasonal forest, its phenology could be correlated with the rainy season in the zone (Zaragoza-Caballero 2003).</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Jalisco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.95851&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.412922" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.95851/lat 19.412922)">Estación de Biología Chamela, Río Cutzamala</a>, 25/05/1990, 19°24’46.52”N, 104°57’30.65”O, Light Trap, E. Ramírez, (CNIN) (1 ♂) . PARATYPES: MEXICO: Jalisco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.044556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.498405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.044556/lat 19.498405)">Estación de Biología Chamela</a>, 21/09/1968, 19°29’54.26”N, 105°2’40.39”O, Light Trap, E. Ramírez, (CNIN) (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 02/06/1988, (1 ♂); idem except for: 03/06/1988, (2 ♂); idem except for: 11/06/1988, (3 ♂); idem except for: 08/07/1988, (1 ♂); idem except for: 09/06/1989, (1 ♂); idem except for: 05/11/1989, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/05/1990, (1 ♂); idem except for: 08/07/1998, (1 ♂); idem except for: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.95851&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.412922" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.95851/lat 19.412922)">Río Cutzamala</a>, 25/05/1990, 19°24’46.52”N, 104°57’30.65”O, E. Ramírez, T.L. (1 ♂) ; idem except for: Cuenca, A. Rodríguez (1 ♂); idem except for: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.95851&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.412922" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.95851/lat 19.412922)">Cuenca 4</a>, 14–19/06/1999,(1 ♂) ; idem except for: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.044556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.498405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.044556/lat 19.498405)">Eje Central</a>, 14–19/06/1999, 19°29’54.26”N, 105°2’40.39”O, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 15–20/05/1996, 28 masl, F.A. Noguera; A. Rodríguez (1 ♂) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E729035FF27FAFBD0E170E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E739035FF27FC1CD71274DB.text	03A149627E739035FF27FC1CD71274DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodes) mexicana Wittmer 1975	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodes) mexicana Wittmer, 1975</p><p>(Figs: 4A–C, 14G–I, 21G–J, 26G–I)</p><p>Phengodes mexicana Wittmer, 1975:240</p><p>Diagnosis: General color Dutch orange, except for antennomeres IV–XII brown and mandibles dark orange (Fig 4A–C). Total length 17.27, width at shoulder height 3.47. Interantennal distance (0.91) 1.20 times the scape length (0.76); antennomere II (0.26) shorter than III (0.32), the latter cup-shaped and ventrally expanded; longitude IV–VI (1.76), formula IV&lt;V=VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 4–6 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing pronotum and ending between middle and apex of elytra. Interocular distance (1.64) 3.09 times eye width (0.53), clypeus entire, lobes triangular and fused near the base, fronto-clypeal suture straight; mandible thin and dorsoventrally flattened, shorter than head. Maxillary palps (1.55) 2.41 times labial (0.65), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV and labial 0=I&lt;II&lt;III. Pronotum cupuliform, 1.48 times wider at base (2.91) than long (1.97), wide in the middle (2.79), narrowing toward apex; lateral borders rounded, posterior corners acute, sharp and projected; lateral expansion thin with pronotum width 11.41 times expansion width, medial sulcus absent (Fig 14G– I). Posterior border of tergite VIII emarginate and X straight; ventrite VII with medial projection and X concave (21G–J). Aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 3.63 times longer (1.38) than wide (0.38), with two apical denticles of equal length, central lobe 1.70 times longer than paramere (Fig 26G–I).</p><p>Remarks: This species can be distinguished by the combination of narrow lateral pronotal expansions, with the pronotal width 11 times expansion width, mandibles short and thin, central projection on the seventh ventrite long, and parameres with two apical denticles of equal length. Is similar to P. (Ph.) arizonensis Wittmer, 1975, from which it is separated by the flattened interantennal space, the less punctate frons, the greater interocular distance, emarginate clypeus and the dark elytral apex in P. (Ph.) mexicana (Wittmer 1975) .</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Durango (Fig 29). Reported in El Salto, municipality with influence of pine oak forest (CONABIO 1999).</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE [Photograph]: MEXICO: Durango, El Salto, 10 mi W el Salto, 9000’, 07/07/1964, J.E.H. Martin, CNC Mo. 15121, CNC 943014, (1 ♂) . PARATYPE: MEXICO: Durango, El Salto, 10 mi W el Salto, 15/07/1964, J.E.H. Martin, (CNIN) (1 ♂) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E739035FF27FC1CD71274DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E719037FF27FF59D58775FC.text	03A149627E719037FF27FF59D58775FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodes) vasquezae Zaragoza-Caballero 1978	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodes) vasquezae Zaragoza-Caballero 1978</p><p>(Figs: 4D–F, 15A–C, 21K–N, 26J–L)</p><p>Phengodes vasquezae Zaragoza-Caballero 1978:183</p><p>Diagnosis: General color honey yellow, head slightly clearer, and antennomeres IV–XII dark brown (Fig 4D–F). Total length 19.09, width at shoulder height 4.09. Interantennal distance (0.94) 1.62 times scape length; antennomere II and III equal, latter cup-shaped; IV&lt;V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 4.3–6 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing elytra, ending at the middle of the fourth abdominal segment. Interocular distance (1.94) 3.59 times eye width (0.54); clypeus divided, lobes wide and fusiform, fronto-clypeal suture slightly biconcave nearly straight; mandible wide and short, dorsoventrally flattened. Maxillary palp (2.26) twice labial (1.09), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV subequals and labial 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III. Pronotum transverse, wider at base, 1.72 times wider at base (3.44) than long (2.0), lateral borders straight, constricted after posterior corners, these straight-angled and sharp; lateral expansion wide, with the pronotum broad 9.83 times its width (0.35), medial sulcus absent (Fig 15A–C). Elytra 3.26 times longer (6.76) than wide (2.06) and two times longer than pronotum. Posterior border of tergites VIII weakly emarginate, and X straight; ventrite VII with a rounded and elongated medial projection, and X emarginate (21K–N). Aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 3.75 times longer (1.39) than wide (0.37), with two apical teeth, central lobe (1.90) 1.3 times longer than paramere, and flagellum 4 times aedeagus length (Fig 26J–L).</p><p>Remarks: P. (Ph.) vasquezae can be distinguished from other P. ( Phengodes) by the presence of long antennae that surpass the elytra, large eyes, long and thin elytra, divided clypeus, and the presence of medial projection in the ventrite VII. It is similar to P. (Ph.) mexicana, from which it can be additionally differentiated by the wider pronotal expansions and straight apical paramere teeth. Lastly P (Ph.). vasquezae is similar to P. (Pla.) varicolor Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986, but P. (Ph.) vasquezae is a central Mexican P. ( Phengodes) species, while P. (Pla.) varicolor is a northern P. ( Phengodella).</p><p>Variation: Size 16–22, width at shoulder high 3.63–5.63, head width 2.57–3.11, interantennal distance 0.83– 0.94, interocular distance 1.65–1.94, antennomeres IV–VI length 2.28–2.32; pronotum length 1.36–1.59, pronotum width 1.63–2.45; elytra length 6–6.7 and elytra width 1.71–2.05. Pronotum has typically straight borders, the specimen encountered in Puebla has mildly curved lateral borders.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Mexico City, Puebla, and State of Mexico (Fig 29). It is active from September to November (Zaragoza-Caballero 1978), vegetal cover in the type locality is classified as high altitude xerophytic micropyle scrub (Castillo-Argüero et al. 2007; Rzedowski 2005)</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Ciudad de México, Ciudad Universitaria - Jardín botánico, 21/09/1968, S. Zaragoza—Caballero, (1 ♂) . PARATYPES: MEXICO: Ciudad de México, Ciudad Universitaria - Jardín botánico, 21/09/1968, S. Zaragoza—Caballero, (CNIN) (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 10/10/1968, (6 ♂); idem except for: 17/10/1968, (7 ♂); idem except for: 21/10/1968, (12 ♂); idem except for: 03/10/1969, H. Pérez R., (11 ♂); idem except for: 05/10/1969, (1 ♂) . ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: MEXICO: Ciudad de México, (CNIN) (1 ♂); idem except for: 09/10/1968, (1 ♂); idem except for: Ciudad Universitaria - Jardín botánico, 06/10/1969, (3 ♂) ; idem except for: 21/10/1968, (1 ♂); idem except for: Estado de México, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.87201&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.47724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.87201/lat 19.47724)">Huexotla Texcoco</a>, 26/08/1997, 19°28’38.06”N, 98°52’19.22”O, Mario Lozano (1 ♂) ; idem except for: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.87201&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.47724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.87201/lat 19.47724)">Toluca</a>, 01–31/07/1961, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.207016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.717533" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.207016/lat 19.717533)">Tepotzotlán</a>, 30/09/1983, 19°43’3.12”N, 99°12’25.26”O, Harry Brailovsky (1 ♂) ; idem except for: Puebla, Nicolas Bravo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.207016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.717533" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.207016/lat 19.717533)">Azumbilla</a>, 13 km NE Azumbilla, 22/08/1986, 2450 masl, J. Brown; J. Powell (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 22/08/1987, (1 ♂) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E719037FF27FF59D58775FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E719039FF27F8E3D09E7659.text	03A149627E719039FF27F8E3D09E7659.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) atezcanus Zaragoza-Caballero 1981	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) atezcanus Zaragoza-Caballero, 1981 .</p><p>(Figs: 5A–C, 15D–F, 22A–D, 26M–O)</p><p>Phengodes atezcanus Zaragoza-Caballero, 1981:378</p><p>Diagnosis: General color Dutch orange to saffron yellow, except for brownish mandibles, elytral apex, tibiae, tarsi and antennomeres IV–XII (Fig 5A–C). Total length 23.16, width at shoulder height 5.36. Interantennal distance (1.24) 0.98 times the scape length 1.26, antennomere II longer (0.38) than III (0.29), both cup shape; distance IV–VI 2.55, formula IV&lt;V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 5.3–6.5 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing elytra and ending at apex of third abdominal segment. Interocular distance (2.44) 3.09 times eye width (0.79), clypeus entire, lobes triangular, fronto-clypeal suture convex; mandible long and thin, not dorsoventrally flattened. Maxillary palps (2.71) 1.8 times labial (1.47), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV; labial palpi formula 0&lt;I&gt;II&lt;III, I&lt;III. Pronotum semicircular, 1.7 times wider (5.08) than long (2.91), wider in the middle (5.18) than the base, lateral borders rounded, posterior corners straight-angled and sharp; lateral expansion wide, with the pronotum broad 9.54 times expansion width (0.79), medial sulcus present only in the basal half, not reaching the middle. Elytra 4.07 times longer (8.38) than wide (2.06) and 2.87 times longer than pronotum (Fig 15D–F). Posterior border of tergite VIII rounded and emarginate, border of X straight; ventrite VII with a short medial projection, and X emarginate (22AD). Aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 4.34 times longer (1.52) than wide (0.35), paramere apex with two teeth these blunt, central lobe 1.4 times longer (2.21) than paramere, and flagellum (11.32) 5.12 times aedeagus length (Fig 26M–O).</p><p>Remarks: This species is distinguished by its large size up to 25 mm, thin and long mandibles, semicircular pronotum with wide expansions, and the presence of a medial projection in the ventrite VII. Examined specimens have two apical teeth on the paramere, and antennomeres IV–VI progressively increasing in length. This species has the largest specimens documented for the family.</p><p>Variation: Size 23.18–25.71, width at shoulder high 5.18–5.57, head width 3.63–4.05; interantennal distance 0.90–1.23, interocular distance 2.18–2.44, antennomeres 4–6 length 2.5–2.55; pronotum length 2.45–2.9, pronotum width 4.36–5.08, elytra length 6.81–8.38 and elytra width 2.27–2.70.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Hidalgo and Veracruz (Fig 29). Previous reports on leaf litter in a Pinus –Quercus liquidambar forest, from 460 to 3000 masl (Zaragoza-Caballero 1981, 1989). Here reported in Coatepec, Veracruz, in areas with a mixture of Pinus forest, mesophile forest, and coffee plantations. Reported dates of collection are close to each other, and coincide with the reported rainy season (Gutiérrez-García &amp; Ricker 2011), which suggest a seasonal activity during these months.</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Hidalgo, Laguna Azteca, Bosque de Pinus–Quercus, 16/09/1978, 3000 masl, M.A. Moron (CNIN) (1 ♂) . ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: MEXICO: Veracruz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.05764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.592123" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.05764/lat 18.592123)">Estación biológica Los Tuxtlas</a>, 30/09/1985, 460 masl, 18°35’31.64”N, 95°3’27.50”O, P. Sinaca, (CNIN) (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 18/10/1985, E. Ramírez (1 ♂); idem except for: Bosque mesófilo/cafetal, (1 ♂); idem except for: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.05764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.592123" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.05764/lat 18.592123)">Coatepec</a>, 10/10/2007, L. Cervantes (1 ♂) ; idem except for: Xalapa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.05764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.592123" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.05764/lat 18.592123)">Rancho Guadalupe, KM 2, 5 Antigua Corr. A Coatepec</a>, Bosque mesófilo/cafetal, Bosque de Pinus, 01–30/09/1992, 1360 masl, L. Delgado (1 ♂) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E719039FF27F8E3D09E7659	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E7F903AFF27FA4CD1367659.text	03A149627E7F903AFF27FA4CD1367659.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) brailovskyi Zaragoza-Caballero & Wittmer 1986	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) brailovskyi Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer, 1986</p><p>(Figs: 5D–F, 15G–I, 22E–H, 26P–R)</p><p>Phengodes brailovskyi Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer, 1986:181</p><p>Diagnosis: General color from Dutch orange to gamboge yellow, with exception of antennal segments IV–XI, mandible apex, gena, mesosternum, and elytral apex, all brown; pronotal macula dark brown to black; tergites with black to brown maculae at base of each tergite, these maculae may briefly meet in the middle, last four ventrites nearly all black to dark brown. Total length 12, width at shoulder height 2.5 (Fig 7D–F). Interantennal distance (0.62) shorter than scape (0.64), antennomere II slightly longer (1.14) than III (1.12), latter cup-shaped; IV–VI (1.03), formula IV&lt;V=VI, VI could be feebly longer than V, flabellae of these antennomeres 2.3–4.2 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing elytra by less than half antennomere XII length, ending at the middle of abdominal segment III. Interocular distance (1.5) 3.94 times eye width (0.38); clypeus divided, lobes triangular and high, fronto-clypeal suture straight, mandible short and wide. Maxillary palpi (1.67) 1.77 times labial (0.94), maxillary palp formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV and labial 0&lt;I=II&lt;III, I&lt;III. Pronotum transverse and rectangular, 1.41 times wider (2.53) than long (1.79), slightly wider at middle (2.62); lateral borders convex, posterior corners straight-angled, pronotum wide, 9.72–10 times lateral expansion width (0.21); medial sulcus present at basal half of pronotum, not reaching base and slightly reaching middle (Fig 15G–I). Elytra length (3.61) 2.91 times longer than its width (1.24) and two times longer than pronotum. Posterior border of the tergite VIII straight to undulated, X rounded; ventrite VII without a medial projection and X emarginate (22E–H). Aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 3.16 times longer (0.76) than wide (0.24), with three developed apical teeth, central lobe longer (1.029) than paramere, flagellum (6.03) 5.86 times aedeagus length (Fig 26P–R).</p><p>Remarks: The coloration pattern in P. (Pla.) brailovskyi is constant, also the elytra length is one of the shortest in relation with pronotum. P. (Pla.) brailovskyi is alike to other species with similar coloration patterns as P. (Pla.) leonilae Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer, 1976, but in P. (Pla.) brailovskyi the short elytra, the smaller eyes, and the absence of the projection of the seventh ventrite separates them. P. (Pla.) brailovskyi is also similar to P. (Pla.) bipennifera Gorham, 1881, but the reduced interantennal distance, shorter antennomere IV–VI length, shorter flabellae, and thinner pronotum in P. (Pla.) brailovskyi separates it from P. (Pla.) bipennifera.</p><p>Variation: Size 10.9–12.9, width at shoulder high 2.35–3.71; head width 1.85–2.23, interantennal distance 0.3–0.6, interocular distance 0.6–1.4, antennomeres 4–6 length 0.88–1.14; pronotum length 1.50–1.79, pronotum width 2.02–2.52, elytra length 3.23–3.74, and elytra width 1.14–1.25. Coloration is stable, with most variation in the tone of the pronotal macula.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Veracruz (Fig 29). This species is attracted to light, additional specimens have been collected in forest ecosystems in big quantities (Zaragoza-Caballero, 1989).</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Veracruz, Metlac, 07/11/1978, E. Barrera, (CNIN) (1 ♂) . ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: MEXICO: Veracruz, Estación biológica <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.05764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.592123" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.05764/lat 18.592123)">Los Tuxtlas</a>, El Vigía, 20/03/1986, 18°35’31.64”N, 95°3’27.50”O, 480 masl, Trampa Malaise Suelo, A. Ibarra, (CNIN) (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 08/04/ 1986, 220 masl, E. Ramírez (1 ♂); idem except for: 09/04/ 1986, 480 masl (6 ♂); idem except for: 10/04/1986 (2 ♂); idem except for: 13/04/1986, E. Ramírez, P. Sinaca, A. Ibarra (1 ♂); idem except for: 13/04/1986, E. Ramírez (2 ♂); idem except for: 280 masl (1 ♂); idem except for: 15/04/ 1986, 190 masl (1 ♂); idem except for: 18/04/ 1986, 480 masl (3 ♂); idem except for: 18/04/1986, P. Sinaca (1 ♂); idem except for: 21/04/1986, E. Ramírez (3 ♂); idem except for: 24/04/1986, P. Sinaca (1 ♂); idem except for: 220 masl (1 ♂); idem except for: 480 masl (1 ♂); idem except for: E. Ramírez (1 ♂); idem except for: 25/04/1986 (1 ♂); idem except for: 220 masl (1 ♂); idem except for: 26/04/ 1986, 480 masl, A. Ibarra (1 ♂); idem except for: E. Ramírez (1 ♂); idem except for: 28/04/1986, P. Sinaca (2 ♂); idem except for: 30/04/1986 (1 ♂); idem except for: 05/05/1986 (3 ♂); idem except for: E. Ramírez (1 ♂); idem except for: 07/05/1986, P. Sinaca (2 ♂); idem except for: 08/05/ 1986, 220 masl (1 ♂); idem except for: 10/05/ 1986, 480 masl, E. Ramírez (2 ♂); idem except for: 11/05/1986 (1 ♂); idem except for: 13/05/1986 (2 ♂); idem except for: 15/05/1986 (1 ♂); idem except for: 28/05/ 1986, 460 masl, P. Sinaca (1 ♂); idem except for: 29/05/1986 (1 ♂); idem except for: 04/06/1986 (2 ♂); idem except for: 07/06/1986 (1 ♂); idem except for: 13/08/1986 (1 ♂); idem except for: 08/10/ 1986, 280 masl, E. Ramírez (1 ♂); idem except for: 17/04/1989, 21/04/1986, Jchemsak (1 ♂) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E7F903AFF27FA4CD1367659	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E7C903BFF27FA4CD4CB71C1.text	03A149627E7C903BFF27FA4CD4CB71C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) frontalis LeConte 1881	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) frontalis LeConte, 1881</p><p>(Figs: 6A–C, 16A–C, 22I–L, 26S–U)</p><p>Phengodes frontalis LeConte, 1881:39</p><p>Diagnosis: General color Dutch orange to saffron yellow, with exception of mandible apex, antennomeres IV–XI, elytral apex and elytral internal border, all brown to yellowish brown (Fig 6A–C). Total length 14.54, width at shoulder height 3.12 (Fig 6A–C). Interantennal distance (1.18) 3.75 times longer than scape (0.79), antennomere II (0.23) longer than III (0.176), the latter cup-shaped; IV–VI (1.18), IV=V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 8.2–9.5 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae ending between the elytral apex and elytral middle. Interocular distance (1.68) 2.59 times eye width (0.647); clypeus entire with a marked medial sulcus, lobes wide and with a truncated apex, fronto-clypeal suture straight; mandible short, wide, and dorsoventrally flattened. Maxillary palps (2.12) two times labial (1.06), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II=IV, and labial 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III. Pronotum transverse tending to semicircular, 1.57 times wider (3.24) than long (2.06), middle wide as base; lateral borders curved, narrowed anteriorly to posterior corners, these acute-angled and sharp; lateral expansion wide, with the pronotum width 11 times expansion width (0.29); medial sulcus present only in the basal half of the disk, does not reach neither pronotal middle nor posterior border (Fig 16D–F). Elytra 2.84 times longer (5) than width (1.76) and 2.42 times longer than pronotum. Posterior border of the tergite VIII weakly emarginate and X straight; ventrite VII with a semicircular and swollen medial projection, X emarginate (22I–L). Aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 4.35 times longer (1.35) than wide (0.31), apex with two developed apical teeth and a third reduced, just insinuated; central lobe (1.76) 1.31 times longer than paramere (Fig 26S–U).</p><p>Remarks: This species is the type species of the subgenus Phengodella, and its morphology as represented by Wittmer (1975) is diverse. Furthermore is similar to other northern species, such as P. (Ph.) arizonensis, P. (Ph.) laticollis LeConte, 1881 and P. (Pla.) varicolor Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986, from which it can distinguished by its expanded galea, wide pronotal expansion, notched undivided clypeus with a conspicuous medial sulcus, short medial projection on the ventrite VII, and the three apical teeth on the paramere. Additionally, the head, pronotum, and elytral base are concolorous.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: This species has been reported for the southern states of the USA (Wittmer 1975) to Coahuila (Fig 29).</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE [Photograph]: UNITED STATES: Texas, Type: 2805 (MCZH) . ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: MEXICO: Coahuila, Allende, 10 mi S. Allende, 11-08-1958, H.F. Howden, (CNIN) (1 ♂)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E7C903BFF27FA4CD4CB71C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E7D903BFF27FD34D58D754F.text	03A149627E7D903BFF27FD34D58D754F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) insulcata Pic 1925	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) insulcata Pic, 1925</p><p>(Figs: 6D–F)</p><p>Phengodes insulcata Pic, 1925:5</p><p>Diagnosis: General color gamboge yellow to reddish-orange, with exception of antennae, elytral apex, and tergites VI–VII which are chestnut brown. Tergites VI–VII with two irregular maculae, one at each side of the tergites (Fig 6D–F). Total length 14.06, width at shoulder height 2.78 (Fig 6D–F). Interantennal distance (0.73) 0.66 times longer than scape (0.61), antennomere II (0.2) longer than III (0.11), both cup-shaped, IV–VI (1.09), IV&lt;V=VI, flabellae of these 8–9.7 times respective antennomere length. Antennae surpassing elytral apex. Interocular distance (1.55) 2.81 times eye width (0.55); clypeus divided, lobes triangular, fronto-clypeal suture convex; mandible long and thin (1.5), longer than head. Pronotum transverse, 1.49 times wider (2.54) than long (1.73), wider in the middle (2.7) than in base; lateral borders straight, posterior corners straight-angled and sharp, lateral expansion wide, with the pronotum width 8.73 times its width, medial sulcus absent. Elytra (4.02) 2.98 times longer than wide (1.35) and 2.32 times longer than pronotum, seventh ventrite without medial projection.</p><p>Remarks: This species can be distinguished from other Phengodes (Phengodella) species by the clypeus bilobed, antennomeres II–III cupuliform II&gt;III, IV&lt;V=VI, pronotum transverse with lateral borders straight, pronotal expansions wide, with the pronotum width 8.7 times the expansion width.</p><p>Variation: This species has variation in color, specimens could have a dark macula on the pronotum disc.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: In this work no physical specimens were found. Originally described from Costa Rica and distributed from Tabasco state (Fig 29) to Colombia (Wittmer 1976),</p><p>Examined material: LECTOTYPE [Photograph]: COSTA RICA: Turribalba, Paris Museum 1958, MNHN Paris: EC25435 (1 ♂).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E7D903BFF27FD34D58D754F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E7D903DFF27F9B7D0F77762.text	03A149627E7D903DFF27F9B7D0F77762.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) leonilae Zaragoza-Caballero & Wittmer 1986	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) leonilae Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986</p><p>(Figs: 7A–C, 16D–F, 22M–P, 26V–X)</p><p>Phengodes leonilae Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986:180</p><p>Diagnosis: General color yellow, except for mandible apex, antennal segments IV–XII, elytral apex and internal border all dark brown; abdomen with a dark brown line on abdominal segments I–VI, and tergites VII–VIII totally or centrally dark brown (Fig 7A–C). Total length 10–13.18, width at shoulder height 2.35. Interantennal distance (0.47) subequal to scape (0.50), antennomere II shorter (0.21) than III (0.17), the latter cup to plate-shaped; IV–VI (4.32), IV&lt;V=VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 6–7.2 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing elytra and ending at second abdominal segment. Interocular distance 1.35 times eye width; clypeus divided, lobes triangular, fronto-clypeal suture convex, mandible long and thin. Maxillary palps (1.73) twice labial (0.88), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV and labial 0&lt;I=II&lt;III, I&lt;III; pronotum transverse to cupuliform 1.65 times wider (2.44) than long (1.47), sub equally wide at middle (2.41) than at base; lateral borders rounded, depressed anteriorly to posterior corners, these acute-angled and sharp; lateral expansion wide, with the pronotum width 15.25 times its width (0.16), medial sulcus absent to weakly enunciated; elytra 2.70 times longer (3.18) than wide (1.17), and 2.16 times longer than pronotum (Fig 16D–F). Posterior border of the tergite VIII weakly emarginate to undulated, X straight; ventrite VII without a medial projection and VIII emarginate (22M–P). Aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 2.94 times longer (0.73) than wide (0.25), with three apical teeth, the ventral slightly pronounced; central lobe (1.03) 1.4 times longer than paramere, and flagellum 5.58 times aedeagus length (Fig 16W–X).</p><p>Remarks: P. (Pla.) leonilae is similar to P. (Pla.) insulcata, P. (Pla.) wittmeri and P. yaxoquintelaensis, a comparison among these four similar species is offered in Table 2. In general it can be differentiated from other P. ( Phengodella) species by the conjunct of the distinct coloration pattern (taking into consideration the previously described variation), narrow pronotal explanations, each one around 1/15 pronotal width, clypeus divided in two triangular lobes, maxillary palp 1.5–2 times labial, maxillary palp formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV and labial 0&lt;I=II&lt;III, I&lt;III. Lastly, ventrite VII entire without a ventral projection. Genitalia in P. (Pla.) leonilae is similar to other species but three apical teeth with the ventral incipient are two constant characteristics.</p><p>Variation: Size 11.18–15.71, width at shoulder high 1.54–3.38; head width 2–2.6, interantennal distance 0.47– 0.68, interocular distance 1.35–1.54, antennomeres IV–VI length 1.32–1.42; pronotum length 1.32–1.88, pronotum width 2–2.85, elytra length 3.2– 4.22 and elytra width 1.17–1.54.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Yucatán, and Quintana Roo (Fig 29). This species has a Caribbean distribution, recorded from the gulf states, no specimen was found on the Pacific side of the country. The nearest reported locality to the Pacific is San Juan Juquila Mixes in Oaxaca (Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986). Some reports are associated with the rainy season (Chamé-Vázquez et al. 2022; Zaragoza-Caballero 1989).</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE [Photograph]: MEXICO: Veracruz, Fortín de las Flores, Sumidero de la Cerveceria, Ing Daniel Rábago Res, 2500–3000’, 14/07/1968, H.V.Weems (FSCA) (1 ♂) . PARATYPES: MEXICO: Nuevo León, Juárez, San Roque, 16/05/1975, Fco. Holguín, (CNIN) (1 ♂) ; Veracruz, Ciudad Mendoza, 01/05/1976, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: Fortín, 01/05/1944, C. Bolívar (1 ♂) . ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: MEXICO: Quintana Roo, Raudales, 21/ 09–09/10/2021, Trampa Malaise, León Ibarra, (CNIN) (5 ♂) . Tamaulipas, Reserva de la Biósfera El Cielo, 17/04/2021, 1800 masl, Ecotono de selva baja, arboles grandes y arbustos, O. Pérez, (1 ♂) . Veracruz, Lago Catemaco, 08/08/1960, 16/08/1960, HF Howden, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: Cordoba, 06/07/1966, J.S. Buckett; RC Gardner, (3 ♂) ; idem except for: Fortín de Las Flores, Río Metec, 16/07/1974, J. Powell, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: Estación biológica los <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.05764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.592123" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.05764/lat 18.592123)">Tuxtlas</a>, El Vigía, 07/06/1985, 18°35’31.64”N, 95°3’27.50”O, 160 masl, Trampa Malaise Suelo, A. Ibarra, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 05/08/1985, Trampa Malaise Suelo, E. Ramírez, (1 ♂); idem except for: 01/09/1985 (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/09/1985,(1 ♂); idem except for: 10/10/1985,(1 ♂); idem except for: 13/10/1985,(1 ♂); idem except for: 15/06/ 1986, 168 masl, A. Ibarra, (1 ♂); idem except for: 13/07/1986, 18°35’31.64”N, 95°3’27.50”O, 480 masl, Trampa Malaise Suelo, P. Sinaca, (1 ♂); idem except for: 13/09/1986, P. Sinaca, (1 ♂); idem except for: 20/09/1986, E. Ramírez, (2 ♂); idem except for: Estación biológica los Tuxtlas, 03/10/1986, J. L. Colen; H. Rojas, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 10/11/1989, 18°35’31.64”N, 95°3’27.50”O, Trampa Malaise Suelo, JC Colin, H Rojas, (1 ♂); idem except for: Aula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-95.074585&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.5846" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -95.074585/lat 18.5846)">Laboratorio</a> EBTL, 16/ 08–17/09/2013, 18°35,076’N, 095°04,475’W, 155 masl, M. Madora, (2 ♂) ; idem except for: Estación biológica los <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.05764&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.592123" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.05764/lat 18.592123)">Tuxtlas</a>, 17/ 09– 15/10/2013, 18°35’31.64”N, 95°3’27.50”O, Zaragoza-Caballero, (3 ♂) ; idem except for: 15/ 10–16/11/2013 (2 ♂); idem except for: 31/ 03–16/04/2014, N18°34’57.8”, O95°04’34.6”, Selva Alta perennifolia, M. Madora, (3 ♂); idem except for: 05/ 09–06/10/2023, 18°35’11”N, 95°04’31”O, 166 masl, Selva Alta Perennifolia, (3 ♂) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E7D903DFF27F9B7D0F77762	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E7B903DFF27FB95D752749C.text	03A149627E7B903DFF27FB95D752749C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) nigricornis Gorham 1881	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) nigricornis Gorham, 1881</p><p>(Figs: 7D–E, 16G)</p><p>Phengodes nigricornis Gorham, 1881: 64</p><p>Diagnosis: General color wood yellow, except for temples and antennomeres I–II brown, pronotum disc with two irregular brownish maculae, one on each side, separated by a yellowish orange stain (in general aspects, the pronotum coloration resembles a skull); legs and the basal half of each abdominal segment (central macula in the ventrites and two lateral stains in dorsal tergites) brownish (Fig 7D–E). Antennae surpassing elytra. Interocular distance (1.21) 4.03 times eye width (0.3). Clypeus hemi-elliptical, fused, widened and not apically notched, fronto-clypeal suture concave, mandible short and slightly widened in the middle then thinning towards the apex. Pronotum transverse, 1.18 times wider 1.73 than long 2.04, wider in middle 2.23; lateral borders rounded, constricted anteriorly to posterior borders these straight-angled and sharp, lateral expansion wide (0.23), with the pronotum width 9.28 times expansion width, medial sulcus absent (Fig 16G). Elytra 2.22 times longer (1.33) than wide (0.60) and 9.28 times longer than pronotum, ventrite VII without a medial projection.</p><p>Remarks: The coloration pattern in other reported specimens varies, nonetheless, the abdominal pattern remains constant. This species is similar to other species with long antennae, however, the combination of an entire, rounded clypeus, quadrangular pronotum with the surface deeply punctured and long antennae serve to differentiate it. One specimen deposited in the BNHM differs in morphology to the syntype, since the syntype has been examined and referenced more often, we use those photos, and the key is based on it. The other specimen needs to be re-examined, nonetheless we have included it in the map for future comparisons.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Oaxaca and Veracruz (Fig 29). The original report of this species correspond to La Parada a mountain region in Oaxaca, (Gorham 1881; Selander &amp; Vaurie 1962).</p><p>Examined material: SYNTYPE: MEXICO [Photograph]: Veracruz, La Parada, B.C.A. Coll. III. (2) NHMUK015543702 (NHMUK) (1 ♂) . ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: MEXICO [Photograph]: Chiapas, San Cristobal de Las Casas 7-10-1975, V . Vomeno (NHMB) (1 ♂)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E7B903DFF27FB95D752749C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E79903FFF27FF59D6BA7420.text	03A149627E79903FFF27FF59D6BA7420.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) succinacius Zaragoza-Caballero 2003	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) succinacius Zaragoza-Caballero, 2003</p><p>(Figs: 8A–C, 16H–J, 23A–D, 27A–C)</p><p>Phengodes succinacius Zaragoza-Caballero, 2003: 156</p><p>Diagnosis: General color saffron yellow, except for mandible apex, antennomeres IV–XII and temples brownish. Total length 15, width at shoulder height 3.24 (Fig 8A–C). Interantennal distance (0.64) subequal to scape (0.67), antennomere II (0.23) shorter than III (0.16), the latter cup-shaped; IV–VI (1.62), IV=V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 6–7 times respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing elytra up to the posterior border of the third abdominal segment. Interocular distance (1.59) 3.18 times eye width (0.5) clypeus deeply notched apically, nearly totally divided only fused at base, lobes fusiform, fronto-clypeal suture straight, mandible short and wide, dorsoventrally flattened. Maxillary palp (1.74) two times labial (0.82), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV and labial 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III. Pronotum transverse, 1.58 times wider (2.79) than long (1.76), wider in the middle (2.94); lateral expansion wide with pronotum width 8.4 times its width (0.35), medial sulcus on the basal half of the pronotum slightly reaching the base (Fig 16H–J). Elytra 2.82 times longer (4.23) than wide (1.5) and 2.41 times longer than pronotum. Posterior border of tergites VIII and X straight; ventrite VII with a medial projection not detached or swollen, giving the appearance of a continual posterior border, posterior border of X concave (23A– D). Aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 2.96 times longer (1.065) than wide (0.36), with two apical denticles, the dorsal longer than the central. Central lobe (1.48) 1.38 times longer than paramere, and flagellum (7.27) 4.91 times aedeagus length (Fig 27A–C).</p><p>Remarks: P. (Pla.) succinacius is similar to other species in Phengodella, especially P. (Pla.) bipennifera, but can be differentiated by its deeply notched clypeus, nearly completely divided; relatively large eyes compared to the interocular distance; maxillary palp formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV; continuous increase in antennomeres IV–VI size, pronotal width less than 10 times the lateral expansion width, and ventrite VII lacking a conspicuous medial projection. This species is also similar to P. (Pla.) frontalis from which it differs by larger eye size in P. (Pla.) succinacius versus the reduced eye in P. (Pla.) frontalis . Additionally P. (Pla.) frontalis presents a conspicuously detached and digitiform medial projection on the seventh ventrite (Wittmer 1975).</p><p>Variation: Size 10.45–15.27, width at shoulder high 2.62–3.23; head width 2.11–2.64, interantennal distance 0.51–0.77, interocular distance 1.37–1.58, antennomeres IV–VI length 1.42–1.67, pronotum length 1.14–1.76, pronotum width 2.25–2.79, elytra length 3.55–4.23 and elytra width 1.11–1.42.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Jalisco (Fig 30). Found in ecosystems primarily composed of lowland deciduous forests (Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer, 1986). The reported dates suggest a temporality synchronized with the rainy season (García-Oliva et al., 2002).</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Jalisco, Estación de Biología Chamela, 02–07/07/1997, Trampa Malaise, F.A. Noguera y A. Rodríguez, (CNIN) (1 ♂) . PARATYPES: MEXICO: Jalisco, Estación de Biología Chamela, 25/06/1986, (CNIN) (5 ♂) ; idem except for: 30/04/1988, E. Ramírez, (1 ♂); idem except for: 02/06/1988, (1 ♂); idem except for: 03/06/1988, (3 ♂); idem except for: 11/06/1988, (4 ♂); idem except for: Cuenca 4, 17–22/06/1992, Trampa Malaise, A. Rodríguez, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 03–08/06/1993, (2 ♂); idem except for: 02–07/07/1997, Trampa Malaise, FA Noguera y A Rodríguez, (1 ♂); idem except for: 17/06/1998, (1 ♂); idem except for: Buho, 17–19/06/1999, E. Ramírez, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: Cuenca 4, (2 ♂) ; idem except for: Chacalaca, (4 ♂) ; idem except for: 08/04/2001, (1 ♂) . Jalisco, San Buenaventura, 29/04/1997, Trampa de luz, S. Zaragoza, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 29/04/1997,(1 ♂); idem except for: T3, 29/04/1997, (1 ♂); idem except for: T3, 29/04/1997, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/04/1997, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/04/1997, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/04/1997, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/04/1997, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/04/1997, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/04/1997, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/04/1997, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/04/1997, (1 ♂) . Jalisco, Amacahuatitlan, 01/05/1997, Trampa de luz, Zaragoza-Caballero, (2 ♂) ; idem except for: 02/05/1997 (10 ♂) . ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: MEXICO: Jalisco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.05/lat 19.5)">Estación de Biología Chamela</a>, 01–04/06/2004, 19°30’N, 105°03’O, Zaragoza-Caballero, (CNIN) (1 ♂)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E79903FFF27FF59D6BA7420	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E469000FF27FF59D6D2744C.text	03A149627E469000FF27FF59D6D2744C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) tuxtlaensis Zaragoza-Caballero 1989	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) tuxtlaensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 1989</p><p>(Figs: 8D–F, 17A–C, 23E–F, 27D–F)</p><p>Phengodes tuxtlaensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 1989: 82</p><p>Diagnosis: General color black, except for the pronotum, which is saffron yellow to Dutch orange with a black macula in the center. This macula may extend from the posterior border to the anterior border or may not reach either. Head brownish orange or reddish orange, especially near clypeus and around eyes. Abdominal segments typically black, rarely yellow. Finally, in this species, some individuals may be yellow, but this is rare (Fig 8D–F). Total length 14.09, width at shoulder height 3.24. Interantennal distance (0.79) 1.4 times scape length (0.65), antennomere II (0.18) twice III length (0.09), latter cup-shaped; IV–VI length 1.32, IV&lt;V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 5–6 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing elytra, ending in the posterior border of third abdominal segment. Interocular distance (1.76) 4 times eye width (0.44); clypeus divided, lobes triangular and long, fronto-clypeal suture straight, and a longitudinal depression in the front; mandible short and wide, dorsoventrally flattened. Maxillary palps (1.97) 1.91 times labial (1.03), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV and labial 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III. Pronotum cupuliform semicircular, 1.46 times wider at base (2.88) than long (1.97), wider in the middle (3.00); lateral borders convex, narrowed anteriorly to the posterior corners, these acute angled, sharp and projected; lateral expansion wide, with the pronotum width 9.93 times expansion width (0.29), medial sulcus present through all pronotal longitude, usually ending before posterior and anterior borders (Fig 17A–C). Elytra 2.59 times longer (4.12) than width (1.59) and 2.09 times longer than pronotum. Posterior border of tergite VIII weakly emarginate, and X straight; ventrite VII with a short and swollen medial projection, and X emarginate (23E–J). Aedeagus asymmetrical, paramere 4.28 times longer (1.24) than wide (0.29), with two apical teeth; central lobe 1.23 times longer than paramere, and flagellum 5.6 times aedeagus length (Fig 27D–F).</p><p>Remarks: This species can be differentiated mainly by the predominantly black color pattern and the combination of a clypeus divided, lobes triangular and long, longitudinal sulcus in the frons that reaches the fronto-clypeal suture, maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV and labial 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III. Antennae extend to the posterior border of the third abdominal segment, pronotal sulcus long, pronotal expansion wide, with the pronotal width 9.93 times expansion width, presence of medial projection in the seventh ventrite.</p><p>Variation: Size 14.09–17.14, width at shoulder high 3.18–3.82; head width 2.5–3.03, interantennal distance 0.7–0.88, interocular distance 1.59–1.94, antennomeres IV–VI length 1.32–1.62; pronotum length 1.85–3.42, pronotum width 2.63–3.52, elytra length 3.62–4.7 and elytra width 1.4–1.82. This species varies in color as previously mentioned.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Veracruz (Fig 30). It has also been reported in Belize (Vega-Badillo &amp; Zaragoza-Caballero, 2019). This species is active throughout the year and occurs sympatrically with with P. (Pla.) leonilae and P. (Pla.) brailovskyi, showing particular abundance from May to June, when the populations of the latter two species are low (Zaragoza-Caballero 1989).</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Veracruz, Estación biológica los Tuxtlas, El Vigía, 21/07/ 1986, 480 masl, Trampa Malaise Suelo, E. Ramírez, (CNIN) (1 ♂) . PARATYPES: MEXICO: Veracruz, Estación biológica los Tuxtlas, El Vigía, 11/07/ 1986, 480 masl, Trampa Malaise Suelo, (CNIN) (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 24/07/1986, E. Ramírez, (1 ♂); idem except for: 12/08/1986, (2 ♂); idem except for: 27/08/1986, (1 ♂); idem except for: 08/09/1986, (1 ♂) idem except for: 13/09/1986, P. Sinaca, (1 ♂) . ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: MEXICO: Veracruz, Estación biológica los Tuxtlas, 13/ 08–13/09/ 2013, 246 masl, Selva Alta Perennifolia, M. Madora, (CNIN) (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 16/08/– 17/10/2016, 18°35,076’N, 095°04,475’W, 115 masl, (1 ♂); idem except for: 30/ 08– 17/09/2013, 18°34’55,4”N, 95°04’34.7”W, 207 masl, (1 ♂); idem except for: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.07697&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.582085" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.07697/lat 18.582085)">Estación biológica Los Tuxtlas, San Andrés</a> 17/ 09–02/10/2013, 18°34’55,5”N, 95°04’37,1”O, 246 masl, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 15/ 10–16/11/2013, 18°35’31.64”N, 95°3’27.50”O, M. Madora, (1 ♂) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E469000FF27FF59D6D2744C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E449002FF27FF59D18877A8.text	03A149627E449002FF27FF59D18877A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) varicolor Zaragoza-Caballero & Wittmer 1986	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) varicolor Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986</p><p>(Figs: 9A–C, 17D–F, 23I–J, 27G–I)</p><p>Phengodes varicolor Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986: 178</p><p>Diagnosis: General color Dutch orange, except for elytral apex and elytral internal border that are umber brown (Fig 9A–C). Total length 20.45, width at shoulder height 4.79. Interantennal distance (0.94) subequal to scape (1), antennomere II (0.29) subequal to III (0.26), latter plate-shaped; antennomeres IV–VI (1.5) IV&lt;V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 4.4–6 times longer than their respective antennomeres. Antennae surpassing pronotum, ending between middle and apex of elytra. Interocular distance (2.09) 2.45 times eye width (0.85), clypeus divided, lobes fusiform and narrow, fronto-clypeal suture straight, distinct longitudinal sulcus on the frons; mandible short and wide, dorsoventrally flattened. Maxillary palps (2.38) 1.58 times labial (1.50), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II=IV and labial 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III. Pronotum transverse, 1.9 times wider (4.11) than long (2.15), wider in the middle (4.23) than at base; lateral border straight, constrained anteriorly to posterior corners, these corners acute-angled, sharp, slightly projected; lateral expansion wide, with pronotum width 11 times expansion width (0.35), medial sulcus present in posterior half not reaching posterior border (Fig 17D–F). Elytra 2.29 times longer (5.53) than wide (2.41) and 5.43 times longer than pronotum. Posterior border of terguite VIII rounded; ventrite IV with an acute medial projection that is swollen by half its total longitude, and X emarginate (23I–J). Aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 2.75 times longer (1.21) than wide (0.44), with two apical teeth, central lobe (1.85) 1.53 times longer than paramere, and flagellum (8.52) 5.56 times aedeagus length (Fig 27G–I).</p><p>Remarks: This is one of the largest Phengodes, it is similar to large species, such as P. (Ph.) vasquezae and P. (Pla.) atezcanus . It can be distinguished from P. (Ph.) vasquezae by its transverse, rectangular pronotum and shorter antennae which do not surpass the elytral apex. It differs from P. (Pla.) atezcanus due to the less curved aedeagus and the more acute apical teeth in P. atezcanus, while in P. (Pla.) varicolor the aedeagus is more curved and the apical teeth are rounded. Finally it is also similar to P. (Pla.) frontalis but differs by its larger size, pronotal shape, and genitalia.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Tamaulipas (Fig 30). Collected in Villa Aldama (Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986), a municipality with lowland ecosystems, ranging from lowland caducifolious forest in higher altitude areas, to grasslands in lower ones (Gobierno del Estado de Tamaulipas 2024).</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Tamaulipas, Villa Aldama, 08/06/ 1979 masl, Valencia, (1 ♂)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E449002FF27FF59D18877A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E449003FF27FADFD66B71ED.text	03A149627E449003FF27FADFD66B71ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) varicornis Zaragoza-Caballero & Wittmer 1986	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) varicornis Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer, 1986</p><p>(Figs: 9D–F, 17G–J, 23K–N, 27J–L)</p><p>Phengodes varicornis Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer, 1986:177</p><p>Diagnosis: General color saffron yellow, except for mandible apex and antennomeres IV-XII, which are brown (Fig 9D–F). Total length 15.91, width at shoulder height 3.27. Interantennal distance (0.74) 1.09 times as long as scape (0.68), antennomere III cylindrical and elongated, twice the length of II (Fig 17J), longitude IV–VI, IV=V=VI (2.8– 3), flabellae of these antennomeres 4.5–6 times longer than respective antennomere. Antennae surpassing elytra, ending in the seventh abdominal segment. Interocular distance (1.50) 3.19 times eye width (0.47), clypeus entire, lobes fusiform and widened, fronto-clypeal suture straight, mandible long and thin. Maxillary palps (1.68) 1.63 times labial (1.03), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II=IV, and labial 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III. Pronotum transverse, 1.69 times wider (2.79) than long (1.65), slightly wider at middle than at base (2.84), lateral borders straight from base to middle and curved towards apex, posterior corners straight angled and angled, not projected, lateral expansion wide, with pronotum width 10 times expansion width (0.26). Medial sulcus present only in posterior half of pronotum, not reaching posterior border (Fig 17G–I). Elytra 3.74 times longer (6.18) than wide (1.65) and 3.75 times longer than pronotum. Posterior border of tergite VIII straight; ventrite VII with short, round and swollen medial projection, ventrite X posterior border concave (23K–N). Aedeagus symmetrical, paramere 4.65 times longer (1.21) than wide (0.26), with two apical teeth, central lobe 1.23 times longer (1.50) than paramere, and flagellum (4.65) 3.1 times aedeagus length (Fig 27J–L).</p><p>Remarks: This species can be differentiated by the combination of the elongated and cylindrical antennal segment III, clypeus entire, pronotum rounded and long antennae that ends up to the abdominal segment VII, additionally the antennomeres IV–VI are subequal in length.</p><p>Variation: up to 19 mm, this species varies in the clypeus sightly rounder in a Coacalco de Barriozabal specimen.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: State of Mexico and Tlaxcala (Fig 30). This species was originally described from the Parque Nacional Zoquiapan and Parque Nacional La Malinche, both geographically continuous locations mainly covered by Pine-oak forest (Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986). Here it is also recorded in Coacalco de Barriozabal, also in a montane ecosystem.</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Estado de México, Zoquiapan, Parque Nacional Zoquiapan, 01/10/1982, A. Ibarra, (CNIN) (1 ♂) . PARATYPE: [Photograph]: MEXICO: Tlaxcala, 07/10/1981, S. Hernandez, PHENG 00000481, (BNHM) (1 ♂) . ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: MEXICO: Estado de México, Coacalco de Barriozabal, Parque estatal Sierra Guadalupe, Encinares, 14/10/2023, 19°36’6”, 99°6’39”, 2615 masl, Trampa de Luz, L. Aponte y A. Pinedo, (CNIN) (1 ♂)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E449003FF27FADFD66B71ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E459004FF27FCA8D5F0775D.text	03A149627E459004FF27FCA8D5F0775D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodes) dugesi Uchima-Taborda & Vega-Badillo & Zaragoza-Caballero 2026	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodes) dugesi sp. nov. Uchima-Taborda, Vega-Badillo &amp; Zaragoza-Caballero</p><p>(Figs: 10A–C, 18A–C, 24A–B, 27M–O)</p><p>Description:</p><p>Male. General Body: Body length 14.09; body width at shoulder height 1.53. General color sienna yellow to buff orange, except for antennomeres II–XII and two stripes on pronotum disc, all brownish; two maculae at base of abdominal segments II–V, ventrites VI–VII, and base of VIII all black (Fig 10A–C, 18A–C).</p><p>Head (Fig 18A–C): Head 1.69 times wider (2.15) than long (1.27), narrower than pronotum (2.5); eye 0.93 in length, 0.71 in height (lateral view), 0.37 in dorsal width (dorsal view), and 0.44 in ventral width (ventral view); in lateral view 2.51 times temple (0.37), eye posterior border concave, gena still visible, being approximately half eye high (Fig 18C); in dorsal view interocular distance (1.43) 3.86 times eye width, in ventral (1.26) 2.87 times eye width.Antennal tubercles abruptly pronounced, close and covered with superficial punctures; interantennal distance (0.80) 1.86 times antennal fossae width (0.43), and 0.94 times scape length (0.85) (Fig 18A). Antennae (11.7) ending after elytral apex, and above middle of abdominal segment IV. Scape widens from middle towards apex; antennomeres I–III length (1.29), II and III equally long (0.22) and conical, III projected ventrally and dorsally; IV–VI (1.70), IV&lt;V&lt;VI (1.70), flabellae of these antennomeres 5–6 times longer than respective antennomere; antennomere XII (4.93) 6 times longer than XI (0.76).</p><p>Vertex with deep punctures forming transverse carinae that converge toward an incipient central longitudinal sulcus. Fronto–clypeal suture convex; clypeus apically notched, fused, with an incipient middle line; clypeal lobes fusiform with truncate apex, densely punctate, more punctate at external border with abundant setae. Mandibles short (1.23), shorter than head, dorsoventrally flattened, widen at the base then thinning towards the apex; setae, and punctures incipient, present only in the basal third, without external border marks, internal border with an incipient sulcus. Galea short with 6–7 setae at apex; maxillary palpi (1.86) long and thin, 3.1 times labial palpi length (0.94), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV, second (0.22) 3.14 times the first (0.69); labial palpi formula 0&lt;I&gt;II&lt;III, 1&lt;3, II (0.26) 1.5 times I (0.176) (Fig 18B).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum transverse and semicircular, 1.45 times wider at base (2.5) than long (1.73), wider in middle (2.85); anterior border convex, lateral border rounded, posterior border undulate and discontinuous with a carina present near the extremes of the discontinuity and absent in middle; posterior corners right-angled and angled. Lateral expansions wide (0.35), pronotum width 7.53 times expansion width, expansions widened in middle, constricted near base. Pronotal disc transverse, longitudinal impression only at the posterior half; tubercles absent; punctures superficial with lumen greater than its diameter, lumen smooth and opaque (Fig 18A–C). Scutellum 2.91 times longer (0.67) than wide (0.23) (Fig 16D). Elytra 3 times longer (4.11) than wide (1.35) and 2.36 times longer than pronotum, ending at apex of second abdominal segment; elytra disc with two costae; punctures dense at apex. Membranous wings 2.62 times longer (11.81) than wide (4.5), anal lobe reduced (Fig 10A–B). Tibial apex with uniform spines; arolium present in III and IV tarsomeres, in IV elongated in III short; pulvilli formed by two setae, tarsal claw glabrous.</p><p>Abdomen: Abdominal segments feebly expanded, covered by minute yellow hairs; posterior border of tergite VIII straight, ventrite VII notched without a detached medial projection (Fig 24A–B). Aedeagus long (1.41); parameres 2.76 times longer (1.02) than wide (0.37); central lobe longer than parameres. Apex of each paramere with two pronounced teeth, both same size, medial wide and ventral acute, paramere without sinuate internal border; flagellum (6.17) 4.4 times aedeagus length (Fig 27M–O).</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis: Clypeus fused, with fusiform lobes; antennae long, surpassing elytra. Antennomere II equal to III, IV–VI increasing in size, maxillary palpomeres I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV, labial 0&lt;I&gt;II&lt;III, I&lt;III. Transverse semicircular pronotum wider at the middle than at the base. Paramere with two apical teeth, middle one widened and dorsal acute. Coloration pattern of two longitudinal maculae in the pronotum, the first four tergites black at base, and the rest dark brown.</p><p>Remarks: It is similar to P. (Pla.) brailovskyi and P. (Pla.) nigricornis, but P. (Ph.) dugesi has a reduced galea, long antennae extending beyond the elytra, a transverse semicircular pronotum wider in the middle than at the base, expanded lateral pronotal margins, and two longitudinal pronotal maculae. It can be specifically differentiated from P. (Pla.) nigricornis, due to the clypeus narrower and apically notched, while in P. (Pla.) nigricornis is entire.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Hidalgo (Fig 30). There is no additional ecological data regarding this species, the reported locality Chapulhuacán is influenced by coniferous forest and evergreen seasonal forest (Martinez-Morales et al. 2007).</p><p>Etymology: This species is dedicated to Alfredo Dugès, a French-Mexican physician and naturalist who made invaluable contributions to the knowledge of Mexican fauna.</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Hidalgo, Chapulhuacán, Bolívar, 18/05/1944, 1100 masl, F Bonnet, Pelaez, (CNIN) (1 ♂).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E459004FF27FCA8D5F0775D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E429006FF27FB48D611768D.text	03A149627E429006FF27FB48D611768D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodes) mime Uchima-Taborda & Vega-Badillo & Zaragoza-Caballero 2026	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodes) mime sp. nov. Uchima-Taborda, Vega-Badillo &amp; Zaragoza-Caballero</p><p>(Figs: 10D–F, 18D–F, 24C–F, 27P–R)</p><p>Description:</p><p>Male. General Body: Body length 15, body width at shoulder height 3.11. General body coloration ochre yellow to sienna yellow, except for apex of mandibles, around eyes, and elytral apex, all yellowish brown. No additional spots on abdomen (Fig 10D–F).</p><p>Head (Fig 18D–F): Head 1.69 times wider (2.29) than long (1.35), narrower than pronotum (2.4). Eye 0.61 in length, 0.64 in height (lateral view), 0.32 in dorsal width (dorsal view) and 0.44 in ventral width (ventral view); in lateral view 0.95 times temple (0.64), its posterior border concave and gena still visible being approximately 1/3 of eye height (Fig 18B); in dorsal view interocular distance (1.16) 3.62 times eye width; in ventral (1.38) 3.33 times eye width. Antennal tubercles abruptly pronounced and spaced, covered with superficial punctures, diameter narrower than its lumen; interantennal distance (0.81) 1.83 times antennal fossae width (0.35), and 1.25 times scape length (0.65). Antennal length (10.18) ending at elytral apex, and above abdominal segment II. Scape conical; antennomeres I–III length (0.97), II conical (0,65) and III cupuliform (0,18), ventrally projected; IV–VI (1,53), IV&lt;V&lt;VI, flabellae of these 7–8 times longer than respective antennomere; antennomere XII (3.12) 4.5 times longer than XI (0,70) (Fig 10D).</p><p>Vertex with transversal carinae that converge to a central longitudinal sulcus. Longitudinal sulcus in frons absent; fronto–clypeal suture convex. Clypeus apically notched, divided, just briefly fused near base, middle line present; clypeal lobes fusiform, sparsely punctate, more punctate at external border with abundant setae. Mandibles thin and short (1.55), 1.14 times longer than head, dorsoventrally rounded; mandibles widening from base to curvature, then thinning towards apex, setae and punctures present up to curvature, external and internal border without marks (Fig 18D–F). Galea digitiform with five setae at apex; maxillary palpi (1.94) long and thin, 1.78 times labial palpi length (1.08); maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&lt;IV, II 2.12 times I; labial palpi formula 0=I&lt;II&lt;III (Fig 18E).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum transversely trapezoidal, 1.56 times wider at base (2.40) than long (1.53), pronotum is wider (3.26) between middle and base; pronotal anterior and lateral borders straight, posterior border undulated and discontinuous, with a carina along all discontinuity; posterior corners right-angled and angled. Lateral expansion wide (0.50), pronotum width 4.46 times expansion width, expansions widened from base to apex. Pronotal disc transverse, with a longitudinal impression only at basal half, tubercles near posterior border; punctures superficial, whose lumen greater than its diameter, lumen smooth and lustrous (Fig 10D). Scutellum 2.16 times longer (1.58) than wide (0.73). Elytra 2.5 times longer (4.11) than wide (1.58), and 2.36 times longer than pronotum, ending at apex of second abdominal segment; elytral disc with one costa visible, punctuation dense at apex (Fig 10D, 18D), hind wings 2.45 times longer (10.45) than wide (4.27). Tibial apex with uniform spines; arolium only present in tarsomere IV and without expansion; pulvilli absent, tarsal claw glabrous.</p><p>Abdomen: Abdominal segments feebly expanded, covered by minute yellow hairs. Posterior border of tergite VIII straight; ventrite VII with rounded medial projection, sunken below level of the posterior border by one time its length; ventrite X posterior border emarginate (Fig 24C–F). Aedeagus long (1.44), symmetric; central lobe 1.33 times longer than parameres; parameres 3.08 times longer (1.08) than wide (0.33). Apex of each paramere with two pronounced teeth, dorsal absent, central wider than ventral, paramere without sinuate internal border. Flagellum (5.11) 3.55 times aedeagus length (Fig 27P–R).</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis: Small eyes (0.32), wide interocular distance (1.16) 3.62 times the ocular width, and ventrally interocular distance 3.3 times the ocular width (1.38:0.44). The galea is reduced and almost glabrous, clypeus divided, with broad fusiform lobes. The pronotum is particularly triangular, with broad pronotal expansions, both wider near posterior border and apex; pronotum width 4.46 times expansion width. Presence of a short ligula in ventrite VII and genitalia elongated and thin, with two apical teeth, central one rounded.</p><p>Remarks: This species is similar to P. (Pla.) atricolor, P. (Pla.) atezcanus and P. (Pla.) insulcata, but it can be differentiated by the galea, which in the previously mentioned species is expanded and hairy, while in P. (Pla.) mime it is short with few setae at the apex. It is also similar to P. (Pla.) vasquezae from which it can be distinguished by its clearer body coloration, the pronotum particularly triangular with wider expansion, and the elongate genitalia with a median apical tooth that is rounded and broad.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Hidalgo and Tamaulipas (Fig 30). Reported specimens were collected in forest zones in the Sierra Madre Oriental province, in the limit with the Veracruzan province. This distribution corresponds with the ecological continuity between the two localities. Lastly specimens were collected in April, a month associated with the historical transition between the hot and cold seasons (Roy et al. 2020).</p><p>Etymology: This name is in apposition, “ mime ” is an acronym of the first letters of the names of Miriam Aquino-Romero, Ishwari G. Gutiérrez-Carranza, Mireya González-Ramírez and Daniel Edwin Domínguez-León, Coleoptera researchers at CNIN and colleagues of the authors who assisted during the realization of this work.</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Hidalgo, Tlanchinol, La Cabaña, 15–22/04/2006, 21°01,33’N, 98°38,65º, 1462 masl, Bosque mesófilo de montaña, Trampa de intercepción de vuelo, C Ortiz, MC Pedraza, (CNIN) (1 ♂) . PARATYPES: MEXICO: Tamaulipas, Reserva de la Biósfera El Cielo, 19-04-2021, 1200 masl, Trampa Malaise, O. Pérez, (CNIN) (2 ♂) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E429006FF27FB48D611768D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E409008FF27F9B0D1997109.text	03A149627E409008FF27F9B0D1997109.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) dichoclypeus Uchima-Taborda & Vega-Badillo & Zaragoza-Caballero 2026	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) dichoclypeus sp. nov. Uchima-Taborda, Vega-Badillo &amp; Zaragoza-Caballero</p><p>(Figs: 11A–C, 18G–I, 24G–J, 27S–U)</p><p>Description:</p><p>Male. General Body: Body length 15, body width at shoulder height 3. Body color ochre yellow to honey yellow; except for around eyes, temples and apical half of mandibles brownish; apical third of elytron darkened, especially on borders; last three ventrites with brown areas. These ventrites with a dark brown triangular macula that may be divided on the penultimate ventrite; this macula is always present and divided (Fig 11A–C).</p><p>Head (Fig 18G–I): Head 2.56 times wider (2.56) than long (1), feebly wider than pronotum (2.50). Eye 1.176 in length, 1.176 in height (lateral view), dorsal width 0.64 (dorsal view) and 0.76 in ventral width (ventral view); in lateral view 0.68 times the temple (1.73), eye posterior border concave and gena still visible, being one fifth of eye height (Fig 18I), in dorsal view interocular distance (2.058) is 3.216 times eye width, in ventral 1.4 times eye width. Antennal tubercles abrupt pronounced and close, covered by superficial punctures; interantennal distance (0.7) 1.59 times antennal fossae width (0.44), and lesser than scape length (0.625); antennal length (9.5) ending after elytral apex, and above the apex of third abdominal segment; scape widened in the middle and towards the apex, antennomeres I–III length (1.03), II conical (0,20), longer than III, latter cupuliform, compressed (0,17), ventrally projected, IV–VI (1.50), IV&lt;V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 6–7 times longer than respective antennomere, antennomere XII (3.72) 3.98 times longer than XI (0.93).</p><p>Vertex with longitudinal carinae converging to center, without a central longitudinal sulcus. Longitudinal sulcus in the frons absent; fronto-clypeal suture straight; clypeus apically notched, divided, briefly fused near base, where a middle line is present; clypeal lobes fusiform; clypeal puncture diameter wider than lumen, more punctate in external half, with abundant setae. Mandibles long (1.53), 1.53 times head length, thin and dorsoventrally rounded; mandible widen at base, then thinning from curvature toward apex, setae and punctures present up to apex, without marks on external or internal borders. Galea developed, lanceolated, with 5–6 setae at apex; maxillary palpi (2.36) long and thin, 2.03 times labial palpi length (1.16), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&gt;IV, palpomere II (0.70) 3.5 times I (0.20); labial palpi formula 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III, palpomere I (0.23) 1.4 times palpiger (0.17) (Fig 18H).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum transverse, 1.51 times wider at base (2.5) than long (1.66), wider at middle (2.66); anterior and lateral borders rounded, posterior border undulated and discontinuous, with a carinae that occupies extremes and center of the discontinuity, posterior corners right-angled and angled. Lateral expansion wide (0.33), pronotum width 7.75 times expansion width, expansions widened near apex, narrow near posterior border. Pronotal disc transverse, without longitudinal sulcus, tubercles absent, punctures superficial and dense, whose lumen is less than its diameter, lumen smooth. Scutellum 2.91 times longer (0.67) than wide (0.23). Elytra apically expanded, 2.5 times longer (3.5) than wide (1.4) and 2.1 times longer than pronotum, ending at the apex of the second abdominal segment; elytral disc with two visible costae, punctuation dense at apex (Fig 18G), membranous wings 2.07 times longer (10.33) than wide (5.0). Tibial apex with uniform spines, tarsal arolium elongated, present only in fourth tarsomere, pulvilli formed by two setae, tarsal claw glabrous.</p><p>Abdomen: Abdominal segments weakly expanded and covered by minute yellow hairs; posterior border of tergite VIII rounded, X straight; posterior border of ventrite VII undulated, without medial projection, VIII emarginate (Fig 24G–J). Aedeagus long (1.56), symmetric; central lobe longer than parameres. Parameres 3.5 times longer (1.16) than wider (0.33); apex with two pronounced teeth, dorsal absent, central and ventral equal in size, internal border of paramere not sinuate, flagellum (6.7) 4.29 times aedeagus length (Fig 27S–U).</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis: Galea lanceolated and acute with few hairs at apex, clypeus divided and clypeal lobes fusiform, mandibles thin and dorsoventrally rounded, antennae feebly surpassing elytra, ventrite VII without projection, paramere with two apical denticles, central wider than ventral, additionally the abdominal color pattern is stable.</p><p>Remarks: This species is similar to P. (Pla.) huatulcoensis sp. nov. from which it differs by the following characteristics: in P. (Pla.) diploclypeus, the clypeus is divided and apically notched, pronotum is wider and the paramere base is ventrally straight while the anterior border of the paramere is angled. In contrast, in P. (Pla.) huatulcoensis, the clypeus is entire, not divided and not apically notched, the pronotum is narrower, the paramere base is dorsally widened and the anterior end of the paramere rounded. The coloration pattern is also useful to separate them since P. (Pla.) huatulcoensis has a different color pattern on the abdomen. P. (Pla.) diploclypeus is similar to P. (Pla.) succinacius but it differs mainly by the genitalia, which is more rounded and stouter in P. (Pla.) succinacius which also has the apical denticles closer and pointier than in P. (Pla.) diploclypeus. It is also similar to P. (Ph.) chamelensis but can be differentiated by the pronotum and head form, and the galea that is lanceolated in P. (Pla.) diploclypeus.</p><p>Variation: Size 10.09–15, width at shoulder high 2.4–3, head width 2–2.56; interantennal distance 0.55–0.73, interocular distance 1.29–1.53; pronotum length 1.29–1.66, pronotum width 1.8–2.63, elytra length 3.14–3.5, and elytra width 1.11–1.43. Clypeus usually completely divided into two halves, if fused, then just briefly at base and middle line still evident. When observed in liquid this middle line is translucent and membranous, making the separation more evident. In dry specimens the clypeus is concave.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Oaxaca (Fig 30). Encountered in Huatulco in tropical dry forest habitat, this species shows activity from May to July, which are the beginning of the rainy season reported for the area (Noguera et al. 2018). This pattern could suggest a phenology coordinated with the start of the rainy season. However, more studies are needed to confirm this.</p><p>Etymology: dicho - Gr. in two, by half, the name P. dichoclypeus refers to the divided clypeus.</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Huatulco <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.172134&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.812028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.172134/lat 15.812028)">4,6 KM NE Entronq Carr Salina Cruz/ Santa Cruz</a>, 08–13/05/2005, 15°48’43.3”N, 96°10’19,7 O, 194 masl Trampa Malaise, S. Zaragoza, F. Noguera, E. Gonzalez, E. Ramírez, (CNIN) (1 ♂) . PARATYPES: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Huatulco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.17166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.811306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.17166/lat 15.811306)">4, 5 km NE Estronq Carr Salina Cruz/Santa Cruz</a>, 08–13/05/2005, 15°48’40,7”N, 96°10’18,0”O, 187 masl, Trampa Malaise, S. Zaragoza, F. Noguera, E. Gonzalez, E. Ramírez, (CNIN) (2 ♂) ; idem except for: Huatulco <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.172134&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.812028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.172134/lat 15.812028)">4,6 KM NE Entronq Carr Salina Cruz/ Santa Cruz</a>, 08–13/05/2005, 15°48’43.3”N, 96°10’19,7 O, 194 masl (2 ♂) ; idem except for: Huatulco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.17461&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.815028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.17461/lat 15.815028)">5,1 KM NE Entronq Carr Salina Cruz/Santa Cruz</a>, 15°48’54,1”N, 96°10’28,6”O, 179 masl, (1 ♂) ; idem except for: Huatulco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.16778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.805944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.16778/lat 15.805944)">El Carnero, 3,7 KM NE Entronq Carr Salina Cruz/Santa Cruz</a>, 08–13/05/2005, 15°48’21,4”N, 96°10’04,0”O, 90 masl (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 06–11/06/2005, 15°48’21,4”N, 96°10’04,0”O, 90 masl, (2 ♂); idem except for: Oaxaca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.16778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.805944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.16778/lat 15.805944)">Huatulco Entronque Carr Salina Cruz/Santa Cruz</a>, 06–11/07/2005, 15°48’33,3”N, 96°10’11,7”O, 204 masl (3 ♂)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E409008FF27F9B0D1997109	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E4E9009FF27FD7CD50177C9.text	03A149627E4E9009FF27FD7CD50177C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) huatulcoensis Uchima-Taborda & Vega-Badillo & Zaragoza-Caballero 2026	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) huatulcoensis sp. nov. Uchima-Taborda, Vega-Badillo &amp; Zaragoza-Caballero</p><p>(Figs: 11D–F, 19A–C, 24K–N, 27V–X)</p><p>Description:</p><p>Male. General Body: Body length 11.66, body width at shoulder height 2.37. General coloration ochre, except for antennomeres IV–XII, around eye, temples, apical half of mandible, apical third of elytra, all brownish. Abdomen totally ochre, some cases with disperse darker spots but not brown (Fig 11D–F).</p><p>Head (Fig 19A–C): Head 2.68 times wider (2.23) than long (0.83), narrower than pronotum (2.4), eye 0.86 in length, 0.93 in height (lateral view), 0.5 in dorsal width (dorsal view) and 1.0 in ventral width (ventral view); in lateral view 0.5 times temple, its posterior border concave, and gena still visible (Fig 19C); in dorsal view interocular distance (1.33) 2.66 times eye width, in ventral (1.25) 1.25 times eye width.Antennal tubercles abruptly pronounced, punctures superficial and sparse which diameter is narrower than its lumen; interantennal distance (0.63) 1.9 times antennal fossae width (0.325), and 1.26 times scape length (0.5); antennal length (7.25), surpassing the elytral apex by 3 mm ending above the apex of the third abdominal segment; scape cylindrical widening in middle towards apex, antennomeres I–III length (0.90), II conical (0.23), III cupuliform to plate-shaped (0,17), projected ventrally; IV–VI (1.25), IV&lt;V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 6–7 times longer than respective antennomere, antennomere XII (2.83) 4.28 times longer than XI (0.66).</p><p>Vertex with longitudinal carinae converging toward the center, without a longitudinal central sulcus. Longitudinal sulcus in frons absent, fronto-clypeal suture convex. Clypeus apically straight, entire, middle line incipient; clypeal lobes with truncated apex, sparsely punctuated, more punctuated and with long setae at external half. Mandibles long (1.25), 1.56 times longer than head, thin and dorsoventrally flattened; mandibles widen at base and middle, then narrowing towards apex, setae and punctures present to mandible middle, with an incipient impression along internal border. Galea lanceolated, with 3–5 setae at apex; maxillary palpi (1.785) long, thin, 2.32 times labial palpi length (0.77); maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&lt;III&gt;IV, II&lt;IV, II (0.35) twice I (0.175); labial palpi formula 0=I&lt;II=III (Fig 19B).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum rectangular, 1.57 times wider at base (2.4) than long (1.53), width at middle (2.33); anterior border rounded, lateral border straight to feebly undulate, posterior border undulate, discontinuous, with a carina along all discontinuity; posterior corners acute-angled and angled. Lateral expansion wide (0.20), pronotum width 11.83 times expansion width, widened at base and narrowing toward apex. Pronotal disc transverse, with a longitudinal impression only at basal half, punctures superficial, lumen smooth, greater than puncture diameter (Fig 19A). Scutellum 1.54 times longer (0.57) than wide (0.37). Elytra 2.5 times longer (3) than wide (1.2), 2.1 times longer than pronotum, with an expanded apex, ending above second abdominal segment apex; elytral disc with two costae, punctuation dense at apex, lumen chagrined (Fig 19A); membranous wings 2.56 times longer (8.52) than wide (3.32). Tibial apex with uniform spines, tarsal arolium only in the fourth tarsomere, pulvilli formed by two setae, tarsal claw glabrous.</p><p>Abdomen: Abdominal segments not expanded and covered by minute yellow hairs; posterior border of the tergite VIII undulated, X straight; ventrite VII undulated, without medial projection, ventrite VIII posterior border emarginate (Fig 24K–N). The apex of each paramere with two pronounced teeth, central and ventral, the central being wider than the ventral. Internal border of the paramere without a sinuate internal border, flagellum (5) 3.84 times aedeagus length (Fig 27V–X)</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis: Galea lanceolated and acute with few hairs at the apex, clypeus entire and clypeal lobes apically truncated, mandibles thin and dorsoventrally rounded, antennae feebly surpassing the elytra, absence of projection in the seventh abdominal segment, two apical denticles on each paramere, central thinner than the ventral, additionally the abdominal color pattern is stable.</p><p>Remarks: This species is similar to P. (Pla.) diploclypeus, in measurements and shape. Firstly, in P. (Pla.) huatulcoensis the clypeus is entire, not divided, lobes trapezoidal with a straight apex, in lateral view the paramere is rounded from base to middle, the paramere anterior end is rounded and apical denticles are acute; in frontal view the parameres are not strongly expanded (Fig 27V–X). In contrast, in P. (Pla.) diploclypeus, the clypeus is divided in two fusiform hemispheres, paramere in lateral view is straight from base to middle, the anterior end is angled, and apical teeth more rounded. In frontal view the parameres are abruptly expanded (Fig 27S –UI). Finally, P. (Pla.) huatulcoensis does not have a dark spot on the last abdominal segments, unlike P. (Pla.) diploclypeus.</p><p>Variation: Size 11.66–16.36, width at shoulder high 2.35–3.23; head width 2.11–2.85, interantennal distance 0.62–0.91, interocular distance 1.20–1.64, antennomeres IV–VI length 1.17–1.52; pronotum length 1.47–1.94, pronotum width 2.20–3.14; elytra length 2.91–3.9 and elytra width 1.2–1.61. Clypeus always fused, in some specimens clypeal lobes tend to be fusiform with a rounded apex.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Oaxaca (Fig 30). Same information as mentioned for P. (Pla.) dichoclypeus .</p><p>Etymology: The name “huatulcoensis ” refers to the type locality Huatulco - Oaxaca</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Huatulco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.16836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.807694" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.16836/lat 15.807694)">4 KM NE Entronq Carr Salina Cruz / Santa Cruz</a>, 06–11/07/2005, 15°48’27,7”N, 96°10’06,1”O, 165 masl, Trampa Malaise, S. Zaragoza, F. Noguera, E. Gonzalez, E. Ramírez, (CNIN) (1 ♂) . PARATYPES: MEXICO: Oaxaca, Huatulco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.16778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.805944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.16778/lat 15.805944)">El Carnero, 3,7 KM NE Entronq Carr Salina Cruz/Santa Cruz</a>, 08–13/05/2005, 15°48’21,4”N, 96°10’04,0”O, 90 masl Trampa Malaise, S. Zaragoza, F. Noguera, E. Gonzalez, E. Ramírez, (CNIN) (1 ♂) ; idem except for: 06–11/06/2005, (1 ♂); idem except for: Huatulco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.17166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.811306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.17166/lat 15.811306)">4, 5 km NE Estronq Carr Salina Cruz/Santa Cruz</a>, 15°48’40,7”N, 96°10’18,0”O, 187 masl, (3 ♂) ; idem except for: Huatulco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.16836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.807694" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.16836/lat 15.807694)">4 KM NE Entronq Carr Salina Cruz/Santa Cruz</a>, 15°48’27,7”N, 96°10’06,1”O, 165 masl, (2 ♂) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E4E9009FF27FD7CD50177C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E4F900AFF27FB3CD5BE7624.text	03A149627E4F900AFF27FB3CD5BE7624.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) mejiabernale Uchima-Taborda & Vega-Badillo & Zaragoza-Caballero 2026	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) mejiabernale sp. nov. Uchima-Taborda, Vega-Badillo &amp; Zaragoza-Caballero</p><p>(Figs: 12A–C, 19D–F, 24A–C, 28A–C)</p><p>Male. General Body: Body length 17.90; body width at shoulder height 3.29. General coloration lemon yellow to gamboge yellow except for mandible, antennomeres III–XII and elytral apex yellowish-brown (Fig 12A–C).</p><p>Head (Fig 19D–F): Head 1.78 times wider (2.41) than long (1.35), narrower than pronotum (2.79). Eye 0.88 in length, 0.88 in height (lateral view), 0.50 in dorsal width (dorsal view) and 0.67 in ventral width (ventral view). In lateral view, eye 2.5 times temple length (0.35), its posterior border straight and gena not visible (Fig 19F); in dorsal view interocular distance (1.38) 2.76 times eye width, in ventral (1) 1.48 times eye width. Antennal tubercles abruptly pronounced and close, with 5–6 deep punctures, whose lumen is lustrous and narrower than puncture diameter. Interantennal distance (0.64) 2.76 times antennal fossae width (0.26), and 0.72 times scape length (0.88). Antennal length (13.09) surpassing elytral apex by 5.9 mm, ending above middle of abdominal segment VI. Scape cylindrical, widened from middle to apex. Antennomeres I–III length (1,12), II and III both (0.29) cupuliform, III projected dorsally, both with a cylindrical appearance due to enlargement; IV–VI (2,26), IV&lt;V&lt;VI, IV (0.76) subequal to V (0.79), flabellae of these antennomeres 3.8–6 times longer than respective antennomere; antennomere XII (5.73) 6.72 times longer than XI (0.85) (Fig 19D).</p><p>Vertex with deep punctures forming transverse carinae that converge to an incipient central sulcus. Longitudinal sulcus in the frons absent, fronto-clypeal suture convex. Clypeus apically straight, not divided, middle line absent. Clypeal lobes fusiform with truncated apex, densely punctuated, more punctuated on the external half where it bears long setae. Mandibles short (1.29), shorter than head, wide, dorsoventrally flattened; mandibles widen at middle, then thinning towards apex, setae and punctures present up to curvature, external and internal border without marks. Galea elongated but not expanded, with long setae only at apex; maxillary palpi (2.24) long and thin, 2.1 times labial palpi length (1.06); maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&lt;IV, second (0.65) 2 times the first (0.264), labial palpi formula 0=I&lt;II&lt;III (Fig 19E).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum transverse, semicircular, 1.62 times wider at base (2.7) than long (1.67), wider at middle (3.05); anterior and lateral border rounded, posterior border undulate, discontinuous, with a carina only at middle and extremes; posterior corners right-angled and angled. Lateral expansion wide (0.47) with pronotum width 6.15 times expansion width, expansions widened at middle. Pronotal disc transverse, with a longitudinal impression only at basal half, tubercles absent, punctures superficial, lumen smooth, lustrous, greater than puncture diameter (Fig 19D). Scutellum 1.39 times longer (0.74) than wide (0.53). Elytra 3.28 times longer (5.03) than wide (1.53) and 3.01 times longer than pronotum, ending between base and middle of abdominal segment III; disc with one costa, punctuation dense at apex. Membranous wings 2.41 times longer (12.5) than wide (5.18). Tibial apex with uneven spines; arolium present in III–IV tarsomeres, in III reduced and in IV elongated, covering one fourth of last tarsomere; pulvilli formed by two setae, tarsal claws glabrous.</p><p>Abdomen: abdominal segments slightly expanded, covered by minute whitish hairs. Posterior border of tergite VII straight; ventrite VII concave, with a truncated medial projection, this one is sunken below level of posterior border by 1.5 times its longitude, ventrite VIII posterior border emarginate (Fig 25A–C). Aedeagus long (1.67) and asymmetric; central lobe longer than parameres, parameres 6.38 times longer (1.21) than wide (0.18). Apex of each paramere with two pronounced teeth, dorsal reduced, only central, and ventral present both same size, paramere without sinuate internal border; flagellum (5.43) 3.25 times aedeagus length (Fig 28A–C).</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis: Clypeus fused, clypeal lobes truncated. Maxillary palpi long and thin, antennae long, surpassing elytral apex and ending above the abdominal segment VI. Antennomeres II–III subequal and elongated. Pronotum semicircular, wider at middle, pronotal width 6.15 times the expansion width, these lateral expansions are wider at middle. Ventrite VII with a rounded, short, and swollen medial projection. Apex of paramere with two teeth.</p><p>Remarks: This species is similar to long-antennae species such as P. (Pla.) varicornis . From P. (Pla.) varicornis can be distinguished by the fused clypeus with the clypeal lobes trapezoidal due to the truncated apex, which is divided into two fusiform lobes with rounded apex. Additionally, in this species antennomeres II–III are subequal, elongated and clearly cup-shaped, while in P. varicornis, III is longer than II and distinctly cylindrical.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Hidalgo. Collected in a Montane rainforest cover (Fig 30).</p><p>Etymology: Name in apposition, composed by union of the last names of the entomologist Andrés Mejía and his partner Sofía Bernal, friends of the first author.</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Hidalgo, La Misión, Lomas de Pericón, 08–16/03/2008, 21°06’46,0”, 99°06’15,6”, 1377 masl, Bosque mesófilo de montaña, Trampa de intercepción de vuelo, J. Marquez, J. Asiain, (CNIN) (1 ♂)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E4F900AFF27FB3CD5BE7624	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E4C900CFF27FA53D5FA768D.text	03A149627E4C900CFF27FA53D5FA768D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) wittmeri Uchima-Taborda & Vega-Badillo & Zaragoza-Caballero 2026	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) wittmeri sp. nov. Uchima-Taborda, Vega-Badillo &amp; Zaragoza-Caballero</p><p>(Figs: 12D–F, 19G–I, 25D–G, 28D–F)</p><p>Description:</p><p>Male. General Body: Body length 10.09, body width at shoulder height 1.86. Body general coloration ochre yellow, except the lighter toned head and pronotum; areas around eyes, inner edge, and apical half of the mandible brownish. Elytral disc darker than apex and internal border. Last two ventrites and last three tergites brown (Fig 12D–F).</p><p>Head (Fig 19G–I): Head 1.72 times wider (2.56) than long (1.48), narrower than pronotum (2.24). Eye 0.56 in length, 0.56 in height (lateral view), 0.35 in dorsal width (dorsal view), and 0.37 in ventral width (ventral view). Eye in lateral view twice temple length (0.25); its posterior border concave, gena is still visible (Fig 19I); in dorsal interocular distance (1.02) 2.94 times eye width; in ventral interocular distance (0.90) 2.23 times eye width.Antennal tubercles gradually pronounced and spaced, covered by superficial punctures; interantennal distance (0.43) 2.15 times antennal fossae width (0.20), and subequal to scape length (0.46); antennal length (4.27) ending between middle and elytral apex and above apex of second abdominal segment. Scape cylindrical, widen at the middle; antennomeres I–III length (0.69), II conic (0.16) and III cupuliform (0.07), III not projected ventrally or dorsally; antennomeres IV–VI (1.06), formula IV&lt;V=VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 3–5 times longer than respective antennomere, antennomere XII (1.15) 2.80 times XI (0.41).</p><p>Vertex with converging transverse carinae, without longitudinal medial sulcus. Longitudinal sulcus in frons absent, punctuation incipient, lumen narrower than puncture diameter. Fronto-clypeal suture convex. Clypeus divided and apically notched; clypeal lobes fusiform; clypeus covered with punctures, diameter greater than lumen, denser near borders. Mandibles short (0.68), shorter than head and dorsoventrally flattened; mandibles widened at base, then thinning towards apex; setae and punctures present from base to curvature, external and internal border without marks (Fig 19G). Galea expanded with abundant setae at apex; maxillary palpi long (1.02) and thick, two times labial palpi length (0.46), maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&lt;IV, second 1.8 times first; labial palpi formula 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III, second 1.2 times the first (Fig 19H).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum quadrangular, 1.08 times wider at base (1.43) than long (1.32), wider in middle (1.62); anterior and lateral borders convex, latter constricted near posterior border, posterior undulate, discontinuous, with incipient sulcus along entire discontinuity; posterior corners acute-angled and angled. Lateral expansions narrow, pronotum width 16.5 times expansion width (0.092), expansions widen at middle. Pronotal disc quadrangular, without medial sulcus, two incipient pronotal tubercles near middle; punctures superficial with lumen greater than its diameter, lumen lustrous (Fig 19G). Scutellum 1.86 times longer (0.65) than wide (0.35). Elytra 3.7 times longer (3) than wide (0.81) and 2.27 times longer than pronotum, ending at middle of abdominal segment III; surface chagrined, punctuation denser at apex (Fig 12D). Membranous wings 5.76 times longer (6.70) than wide (1.17). Tibial apex with uniform spines; arolium present in the tarsomere IV, covering the first quarter of V.</p><p>Abdomen: Abdominal segments feebly expanded, covered with minute yellow hairs. Posterior border of tergite VII straight; posterior border of ventrite VII straight with a rounded medial projection that is not sunken, ventrite VIII emarginate (25D–G). Aedeagus short (1.44) and slightly asymmetric; central lobe longer than parameres; parameres 3.29 times longer (0.613) than wider (0.186). Apex of each paramere with two pronounced teeth, equal in size (Fig 28F); internal border of paramere not sinuate. Flagellum (2.98) 3.4 times aedeagus length (Fig 28D–F).</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis: Small specimen 10.09, divided clypeus with fusiform lobes, pronotum quadrangular with rounded lateral borders, and pronotum width 16 times the expansion width; elytra not strongly constricted in the middle, antennae short and ending in between middle and apex of the elytra. Medial projection in the ventrite VII incipient, non-sunken below the level of the posterior border, and two equal sized denticles at paramere apex. Additionally, interocular distance 1, and antennomeres IV–VI distance 0.75.</p><p>Remarks: This species is similar to P. (Pla.) leonilae, but differentiated especially for the pronotum form, which in P. (Pla.) leonilae is not quadrangular, usually transverse, additionally parameres in P. (Pla.) wittmeri are wider than those in P. (Pla.) leonilae .</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Chiapas (Fig 30). Reported in Mapastepec, municipality influenced by mangrove, xerophile ecosystems, and mountain forests (CONABIO 1999; Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia. INEGI 2010).</p><p>Etymology: This species is dedicated to Dr. Walter Wittmer, former researcher of Phengodidae, who made great advances in the study of the family.</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Chiapas, Mapastepec, 11/04/1940, 15°26’8.00”N, 92°54’0.53”O, (CNIN) (1 ♂).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E4C900CFF27FA53D5FA768D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E4A9015FF27F9F8D63075EC.text	03A149627E4A9015FF27F9F8D63075EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes (Phengodella) yaxoquintelaensis Uchima-Taborda & Vega-Badillo & Zaragoza-Caballero 2026	<div><p>Phengodes (Phengodella) yaxoquintelaensis sp. nov. Uchima-Taborda, Vega-Badillo &amp; Zaragoza-Caballero</p><p>(Figs: 13A–C, 20A–C, 25H–J, 28G–I)</p><p>Description:</p><p>Male. General Body: Body length 18.18; width at shoulder height 3.24. General color Dutch orange to saffron yellow, except for mandibles apex, antennomeres IV–XI, three apical fourths of the elytra, and last three abdominal segments which are umber brown to yellowish brown (Fig 13A–C).</p><p>Head (Fig 20A–C): Head 1.5 times wider (2.56) than long (1.70), narrower than pronotum (3.03). Eye as long as wide (0.88) (lateral view), dorsal width 0.50 (dorsal view) and ventral width 0.68 (ventral view). In lateral view, eye 0.82 times temple length, its posterior border concave and gena not visible (Fig 20C); in dorsal view interocular distance (1.38) 2.76 times eye width, in ventral (1) 1.48 times eye width. Antennal tubercles abrupt and spaced, with 4 to 5 punctures, diameter wider than lumen; interantennal distance (0.71) 2.76 times antennal fossae width (0.32), and 0.89 times scape length (0.79). Antennal length (8.29) ending 2 mm after elytral apex, and above third abdominal segment. Scape conical, antennomeres I–III length (1,17), II (0.24) and III (0.15) cup-shaped, III projected ventrally; IV–VI (1.26), IV&lt;V&lt;VI, flabellae of these antennomeres 7–8 times longer than respective antennomere; antennomere XII (3.44) 5.37 times XI (0.64).</p><p>Vertex with deep punctures forming transverse carinae that converge toward an incipient central longitudinal sulcus. Longitudinal line in frons present, fronto-clypeal suture convex; clypeus apically notched, divided, middle line present, clypeal lobes triangular-fusiform to semispherical, sparsely punctate, puncture diameter diameter similar to its lumen. Mandibles shorter than head (1.41), thickened and dorsoventrally flattened; mandibles widen at base and at middle, then thinning towards the apex, setae and punctures present up to the middle, no external border marks, internal border with an incipient sulcus (Fig 20A). Galea elongated similar to a tubercle and with a brush of setae only at apex. Maxillary palpi (2.06) long and thin, 2.42 times labial palpi length (0.85); maxillary palpi formula I&lt;II&gt;III&lt;IV, II&lt;IV, II (0.59) twice I (0.29); labial palpi formula 0&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III, palpomere I (0.17) 1.2 times II (0.14) (Fig 20B).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum transverse and rectangular, 1.38 times wider at base (2.64) than long (1.9), wider at middle (3.03); anterior and lateral borders rounded, posterior border undulate, with a carina that occupies center and extremes of discontinuity; posterior corners projected, acute angled and pointed. Lateral expansions wide (0.29) being the pronotum width 9.10 times expansion width, expansions widened just before the middle up and to the upper quarter of the pronotum. Pronotal disc transverse, with longitudinal impression, tubercles not evident; punctures superficial, whose lumen is greater than its diameter, lumen smooth and lustrous. Scutellum constricted in middle, 1.47 times longer (0.73) than wide (0.50) (Fig 20A). Elytra apically expanded, 2.82 times longer (4.32) than wide (1.53) and 2.26 times longer than pronotum, ending above apex of third abdominal segment, disc with two costae, punctuation dense at apex and sparse at disc. Membranous wings 2.23 times longer (9.71) than wide (4.36) (Fig 13A–C). Tibial apex with uneven spines; arolium present only in tarsomere IV, elongated and reaching the first quarter of tarsomere V, pulvilli formed by two setae, tarsal claw glabrous.</p><p>Abdomen: Abdominal segment slightly expanded and covered by minute yellowish hairs. Posterior border of tergite VIII straight; border of ventrite VII undulate, with narrow, squared medial projection, not sunken below posterior border, ventrite VIII posterior border emarginate. Aedeagus long (1.67) and slightly asymmetric; central lobe longer than parameres, parameres 6.78 times longer (1.21) than wide (0.18). The apex of each paramere with two pronounced teeth, both the same size and thickness, paramere without sinuate internal border, flagellum (5.43) 3.25 times aedeagus length (Fig 28G–I).</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis: Body size 18 mm, clypeus divided, with fusiform-semicircular lobes. Galea elongated but not widely expanded, with setae only at apex. Lateral pronotal expansion wide, with pronotum width 9 times expansion width. Medial projection on the seventh ventrite quadrangular and not sunken below the posterior border of the ventrite. Apical teeth on parameres similar in shape and length. Additionally, the last three abdominal segments are black.</p><p>Remarks: This species is similar to P. (Pla.) leonilae . P. (Pla.) yaxoquintelaensis has a bigger body size with individuals reported above 18.18 mm, larger eyes relative to the interocular distance both dorsally and ventrally, the pronotum shape (Fig 20A–C), and shorter antennae length differentiate both species. Regarding genitalia, the paramere forms are different, but specifically in P. (Pla.) yaxoquintelaensis the apical teeth on the paramere are thinner and similar in shape (Fig 28I), while in P. leonilae, the medial tooth is wider than ventral (Fig 26X).</p><p>Variation: Size 18.18, width at shoulder high 3.23–3.58, head width 2.53–2.58: interantennal distance 0.7– 0.76, interocular distance 1.47–1.52, antennomeres IV–VI length 1.20–1.26; pronotum length 1.76–1.91, pronotum width 2.64–2.85, elytra length 4.32–4.41 and elytra width 1.52–1.67.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: There is not additional data regarding this species. Yaxoquintelá the reported locality is mainly a harm weathered location covered by high perennifolius forest and mesophile forest (Morales-Iglesias et al. 2017) (Fig 30).</p><p>Etymology: “ yaxoquintelaensis ” refers to the type locality of the species in Yaxoquintelá— Chiapas.</p><p>Examined material: HOLOTYPE: MEXICO: Chiapas, Yaxoquintelá, 14/08/1978 16°58’N, 91°47’W, 560 masl, E. Rawlins, (CNIN) (1 ♂) . PARATYPE: MEXICO: Chiapas, Yaxoquintelá, 20/08/1978 16°58’N, 91°47’W, 560 masl, E. Rawlins, (CNIN) (1 ♂)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E4A9015FF27F9F8D63075EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
03A149627E5E901AFF27F8FDD1837795.text	03A149627E5E901AFF27F8FDD1837795.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phengodes Illiger 1807	<div><p>Key to the species of Phengodes in Mexico</p><p>1) Galea totally reduced or truncated, with few to no apical setae (Fig 2A–B) Phengodes (Phengodes) Illiger. .......... 2</p><p>- Galea elongated, digitiform to expanded, apex with setae (Fig 2C–D)..................... Phengodes (Phengodella) Wittmer. ........................................................................................ 7</p><p>2) Posterior border of the ventrite VII straight, or notched without a detached medial projection; pronotal width more than 13.5 times the pronotal expansion width (Pronotum Width at Base + Pronotum Width at Middle)/2) / Pronotal Expansion Width).......................................................................................... 3</p><p>- Posterior border of the ventrite VII with a detached medial projection; pronotal width less than 13.5 times the pronotal expansion width................................................................................... 4</p><p>3) Small individuals, body length generally 8.7–12 mm, rare cases 14.5 mm; coloration yellow; Interocular distance (ID) 1.22–1.40 mm, longitude of antennomeres 4 to 6 (L IV– VI) 1.10–1.40 mm; pronotum more than 14 times expansion width; eyes reduced, posterior border of the seventh ventrite entire............................................................................................. Phengodes (Phengodes) chamelensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 2003</p><p>- Body length of 15 mm; coloration pattern of two longitudinal lines in the pronotum and two dark spots in the base of tergites (Fig 10A, 24A); ID 1.43 mm, LIV– VI 1.70 mm; pronotum lateral border rounded, width 7.58 times expansion width, lateral expansions widen in the middle (Fig 18A), posterior border of ventrite VII notched with an incipient medial projection not detached.......................................................... Phengodes (Phengodes) dugesi sp. nov.</p><p>4) Color black (Fig 3A–C), pronotum transverse and deeply punctuated, head width 7.27 times eye dorsal width, and pronotum width 12.25 times expansion width (Fig 14A)............ Phengodes (Phengodes) bolivari Zaragoza-Caballero 1981</p><p>- Coloration ochre, orange or yellow (Fig 4A, 4D, 10D); pronotum transverse surface smooth, punctuation incipient to smooth. Eye bulbous with the head width less than 6 times dorsal eye width, pronotum usually less than 12 times expansion width............................................................................................ 5</p><p>5) Coloration bright yellow; eye small, pronotum width 6 times expansion width, lateral borders straight (Fig 18D); genitalia long and slender (Fig 27P–Q), paramere with medial apical teeth rounded (Fig 27 R)............................................................................................... Phengodes (Phengodes) mime sp. nov.</p><p>- Coloration ochre to orange, pronotum width more than 8 times expansion width, lateral borders variable, genitalia wide and stout, paramere with acute medial apical teeth........................................................... 6</p><p>6) Interantennal distance less than scape, second antennomere equal to third, third ventrally projected; pronotal lateral borders curved and not constricted between base and middle (Fig 4A); in lateral view paramere base angled and acute (Fig 26H), apical paramere teeth recurved (Fig 26I). Durango ................ Phengodes (Phengodes) mexicana Wittmer, 1975</p><p>- Interantennal distance equal to less than scape, second antennomere equal to third, third not expanded; pronotal lateral borders undulated, constricted between base and middle (Fig 15D); in lateral view paramere base widened and rounded (Fig 25K), apical teeth not curved (Fig 26L)............... Phengodes (Phengodes) vasquezae Zaragoza-Caballero 1978</p><p>7) Antennae almost as long as body, ending at tergite IV, if not, always surpassing elytra, flabellae long and thin (Fig 9D, 12A). Elytra three to four times longer than width at shoulder height, third antennomere equal or longer than second, elongated cylindrical, LIV– VI more than 1.7 mm; clypeus fused, clypeal lobes (clypeal hemisphere) never triangular........... 8</p><p>- Antennae length variable, but never as long as body (not surpassing tergite IV), flabellae variable, third antennomere equal to or shorter than second; clypeus variable............................................................. 11</p><p>8) General color brownish orange, with base of tergites black and generally with a pronotum macula (Fig 7D); third antennomere cup-shaped equal to second; eyes small, clypeus not apically swollen, ID 1.5–1.53 mm, L4–6 1.93–2.07 mm, pronotum quadrangular, surface deeply punctured (Fig 16G); medial projection on ventrite VII variable.................................................................... Phengodes (Phengodella) nigricornis Gorham, 1881</p><p>- General color ochre to orange, no coloration patterns (Fig 9D–F, 12A–C); third antennomere longer than second (Fig 17J); eyes bulbous (Fig 117G–H, 19D–E) and medial projection on ventrite VII present............................... 9</p><p>9) Third antennomere cylindrical, nearly twice the length of second, IV– VI subequal in length, LIV– VI 2.8–3 mm (Fig 17J); clypeus apically concave, lobes fusiform (17G); elytra 3.7 times longer than wide and 3.7 times pronotum length (Fig 9D); genitalia with two apical teeth wide and long (Fig 27L)........................................................................................ Phengodes (Phengodella) varicornis Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer, 1986</p><p>- Third antennomere cup-shaped and oblique, equal to second, IV– VI increasing in size; clypeus apically straight, truncated (Fig 19D); elytra 3.28 times longer than wide and three times the pronotum, genitalia with two apical stout teeth (Fig 28C)...................................................... Phengodes (Phengodella) mejiabernale sp. nov.</p><p>10) Ventrite VII without medial projection, if present then is not detached and posterior border continuous............. 11</p><p>- Ventrite VII with a conspicuous medial projection....................................................... 17</p><p>11) Antennae ending before elytral apex or at its apex, usually between middle and apex, if surpassing elytra, then only by less than antennomere XII length and ending rightly after..................................................... 12</p><p>- Antennae clearly surpassing elytral apex............................................................... 13</p><p>12) Size 9 mm; coloration ochre, antennae ending at elytral middle (Fig 12D); clypeus fused; pronotum as wide as long, lateral borders rounded, pronotum width 16 times lateral expansion width (Fig 19G); elytra not strongly constricted, 3.7 times longer than wide (Fig 12D); genitalia in dorsal view nearly the same width at base as at middle (Fig 28D), paramere with two apical teeth (Fig 28F)......................................... Phengodes (Phengodella) wittmeri sp. nov.</p><p>- Size 8.5–13 mm; coloration yellow, except for the head, pronotal disc, scutellum, elytral apex, and abdominal segments specially the base, typically dark brown to black (Fig 5D–F); clypeus divided; pronotum transverse, width 10 times the expansion width (Fig 15G); elytra strongly constricted, 2.8–3 times longer than wide, genitalia in dorsal view more compressed at base than middle (Fig 15G), paramere with three apical denticles (Fig 26 R)........................................................... Phengodes (Phengodella) brailovskyi Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer, 1986</p><p>13) Coloration yellow, ochre or orange, sometimes with pronotal and abdominal black maculae (Fig 6D); clypeus divided; ID 1.43, LIV– VI 0.77 (Zaragoza 1986); pronotal lateral borders straight, not strongly constricted between middle and posterior corners (Fig 6D)............................................... Phengodes (Phengodella) insulcata Pic, 1925</p><p>- Coloration yellow or ochre; clypeus variable, ID 12– 1.7mm, LIV– VI 1.1–2 mm; pronotal lateral borders undulated, constricted between middle and base (Fig 16D, 16H)..................................................... 14</p><p>14) Coloration yellow, except for elytral apex and interior border black (Fig 7A–C); DI 1.2–1.72, LIV– VI 1.5–1.09 (Zaragoza), galea expanded not lanceolated, with a tuft of setae at apex; clypeus divided with fusiform lobes; lateral borders rounded (Fig 16D); gulf states and Chiapas (Fig 29).. Phengodes (Phengodella) leonilae Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986 .</p><p>- Coloration amber to dull ochre, elytra concolor, at most apex slightly darkened (Fig 8A–C, 11D–F, 12A–C); DI 1.69– 1.1 mm, LIV– VI 1.22–2.08 mm, galea with few setae at apex, it could be lanceolated (Fig 2C) or not, but in any case, not widely expanded; pronotum more than 1.5 times wider than long, lateral borders undulated...................... 15</p><p>15) Coloration reddish orange (Fig 8A–C); galea digitiform, clypeus divided, lobes fusiform (Fig 16H), genitalia stout (Fig 27A), paramere base ventrally curved (Fig 27B) and apical teeth subequally widened (Fig 27C). Chamela (Fig 30)................................................. Phengodes (Phengodella) succinacius Zaragoza-Caballero, 2003 .</p><p>- General coloration ochre (Fig 11A–C, 11D–F): galea lanceolate with 5–6 setae at apex (Fig 2C), clypeus variable, genitalia tend to be elongate (Fig 27S, 27 V), paramere base ventrally straight (Fig 27 T) or curved (Fig 27W), paramere denticles unequally widened (Fig 27 R, 27X), Huatulco (Fig 30).................................................... 16</p><p>16) Last three tergites usually darkened, this macula divided medially (Fig 11A); clypeus divided (Fig 18G); pronotal width 7–10 times expansion width; paramere anterior border angled and ventrally straight (Fig 27 T), medial paramere denticle widened than dorsal (Fig 27U).................................. Phengodes (Phengodella) dichoclypeus sp. nov.</p><p>- Last three tergites without macula (Fig 11D); clypeus fused, lobes apically truncate (Fig 19A); pronotum width more than 11 times expansion width; paramere anterior border rounded, ventrally expanded and curved (Fig 27W), medial denticle narrower and more acute than dorsal (Fig 27X)................... Phengodes (Phengodella) huatulcoensis sp. nov</p><p>17) Galea triangular and with hairs only at apex, Antennae ending before elytral apex or at its apex, usually between middle and apex........................................................................................... 18</p><p>- Galea expanded with a tuft of thick setae from base to apex. Antennae clearly surpassing elytral apex.............. 19</p><p>18) Size 19–20 mm; clypeus divided, lobes fusiform to trapezoidal; frons with a longitudinal sulcus; pronotum 1.9 times wider than long (Fig 17D).................... Phengodes (Phengodella) varicolor Zaragoza-Caballero &amp; Wittmer 1986</p><p>- Size less than 17 mm; clypeus fused, with apex straight or concave; frons without longitudinal sulcus; pronotum 1.57 times wider than long (Fig 16A)............................. Phengodes (Phengodella) frontalis LeConte, 1881 (Fig 8)</p><p>19) Coloration reddish orange, with the apex and internal border of elytra, as well as last three abdominal segments black (Fig 13A–C); antennae ending before elytral apex or at its apex; pronotum transverse (Fig 20A); paramere with two apical denticles of equal size and thickness (Fig 28I)................. Phengodes (Phengodella) yaxoquintelaensis sp. nov.</p><p>- Coloration variable; antennae clearly surpassing elytral apex (Fig 5A, 8D); pronotum semicircular (Fig 15D, 17A); paramere apex with two teeth of unequal size (Fig 26O, 27F)...................................................... 20</p><p>20) Size 20–25 mm; coloration reddish orange, just elytral apex, antennomeres VI –XII and tarsi darkened (Fig 5A–C); pronotal width 6–7 times the expansion width (Fig 15D); elytra 1.7–2.8 times longer than pronotum (Fig 5A); paramere teeth acute and thin, recurved (Fig 26O)...................... Phengodes (Phengodella) atezcanus Zaragoza-Caballero, 1981</p><p>- Size 11–17 mm; coloration usually black with the pronotum sides yellow and last three abdominal segments yellowish (Fig 8D –FI), some specimens yellow to orange but first abdominal segments black; longitudinal sulcus on pronotum complete, pronotal width 10 times expansion width (Fig 17A) and elytra length 1.7–2.2 times pronotal length (Fig 8D), paramere denticles blunt (Fig 27F)........................ Phengodes (Phengodella) tuxtlaensis Zaragoza-Caballero, 1989</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A149627E5E901AFF27F8FDD1837795	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Uchima-Taborda, Diego;Vega-Badillo, Viridiana;Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago	Uchima-Taborda, Diego, Vega-Badillo, Viridiana, Zaragoza-Caballero, Santiago (2026): Synopsis of Phengodes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) of Mexico with the description of seven new species. Zootaxa 5744 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5744.1.1
