identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A087D4FFB21371142547C0FAE2FAA7.text	03A087D4FFB21371142547C0FAE2FAA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum Ker Gawl.	<div><p>Genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl.</p><p>Key to all species, subspecies and varieties of Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. in Madagascar</p><p>The authors recommend that specimen identification should be performed on the most complete specimens available, and that flowers, fruits, leaves and the root system should all be examined whenever possible. Some characteristics are difficult to determine: if possible, alternatives such as ʻscabrous vs smoothʼ should be observed with a binocular microscope at ×25 magnification; seeds are often distorted, either due to being closely packed in the capsule or due to drying artefacts. Supplementary keys to accepted infraspecific taxa are placed at the beginning of the treatment for each species.</p><p>1. Floral bracts short and acute, 4 × 5 mm, purple (reddish when dry); fruits erect, longer than they are wide, the apex distinctly apiculate; plants up to 1 metre in height ..................................................... ............................................................................................................. C. tripedale (Baker) H.Perrier</p><p>– Floral bracts of varying sizes, usually acuminate, not purple (brown or pale grey when dry); fruits erect or pendulous, with an apex that is not apiculate, or if apiculate then with pendulous fruits ( C. graniticum) and of variable proportions; plants rarely exceed 60 cm in height ......................... 2</p><p>2. Plant with hairy rachises and peduncles; perianth approximately 5 mm long; anthers longer than the filaments .............................................................................................................. Chlorophytum sp. 2</p><p>– Plant does not exhibit this character combination ............................................................................ 3</p><p>3. Inflorescence branched ..................................................................................................................... 4</p><p>– Inflorescence simple ......................................................................................................................... 5</p><p>4. Inflorescence sparsely branched (with a few branches at the base) ................................................ 10</p><p>– Inflorescence well-branched ........................................................................................................... 12</p><p>5. The largest inflorescence bract&gt; 12 cm long, always scabrous .......................... Chlorophytum sp. 1</p><p>– The largest inflorescence bract &lt;12 cm long, scabrous or smooth ................................................... 6</p><p>6. Blade width uniform (except the basal pseudopetiole) ..................................................................... 7</p><p>– Blade width not uniform, narrowly elliptic ...................................................................................... 9</p><p>7. Blade filiform, enrolled, 0.3 to 0.5 cm wide ..................................................................................... 8</p><p>– Blade graminoid, 0.3–2.5 cm wide ................................................................................................. 14</p><p>8. Blade margin with fine white hairs, not scabrous ............................................................................... ............................................................................... C. albociliatum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>– Blade margin lacking fine white hairs, partially scabrous .................................................................. ............................................. C. meridionale subsp. ihosyense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>9. Blade elliptical or lanceolate .......................................................................................................... 19</p><p>– Blade ovate ................................................................................................... C. sylvestre Bard.-Vauc.</p><p>10. Blade of uneven width, broader in the middle, and tapering at both ends ......................................11</p><p>– Blade of uniform width, excluding the pseudo-petiole .................................................................. 21</p><p>11. Blade ovate ................................................................................................... C. sylvestre Bard.-Vauc.</p><p>– Blade elliptical or very narrowly lanceolate, and with a graminoid appearance when folded (e.g., for C. parkeri) ....................................................................................................................................... 22</p><p>12. Leaf with at least a portion of the blade with a rough margin ........................................................ 13</p><p>– Leaf with a smooth margin ............................................................................................................. 23</p><p>13. Leaf with a partially scabrous margin, at least the apical portion .................................................. 25</p><p>– Leaf with an entirely scabrous margin ............................................................................................ 26</p><p>14. Leaf with an entirely scabrous margin ............................................................................................ 15</p><p>– Leaves with a smooth margin ......................................................................................................... 18</p><p>15. Leaf lacking a distinct fold at the zone of transition from the sheath to the blade ......................... 16</p><p>– Leaf with a pronounced fold at the zone of transition from the sheath to the blade ....................... 17</p><p>16. Perianth with equal-sized tepals; leaf–blade 0.4–0.5 cm wide ........................................................... ............................................. C. meridionale subsp. ihosyense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>– Perianth with unequal tepals; leaf–blade 0.8–2.5 cm wide ................................................................ ............................................... C. meridionale Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov. subsp. meridionale</p><p>17. Leaves 3–7 mm wide, with 12–23 veins; tepals with the veins uniformly spaced; anther connective with a small triangular projection ....................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... C. dianellifolium (Baker) H.Perrier</p><p>– Leaves, 5–10 mm wide, with 29–32 veins; tepals with the veins closely-spaced in the centre; anther connective reduced to a simple ridge ........................................................ C. subligulatum H.Perrier</p><p>18. Sepals with 3 veins ............................................................................................... C. decipiens Baker</p><p>– Sepals with more than 3 veins .......................... C. basivaginatum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>19. Peduncle not glabrous ..................................................................................................................... 20</p><p>– Peduncle glabrous ........................................................................................................................... 28</p><p>20. Peduncle rough or papillose ............................................................................................................ 30</p><p>– Peduncle pilose ............................................................................................................................... 31</p><p>21. Blade with a glabrous surface ......................................................................................................... 32</p><p>– Blade with a scabrous surface ............................................................................................................. ............................................... C. meridionale sp. nov. Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. meridionale</p><p>22. Floral bract shorter than the pedicel ............................................................................................... 34</p><p>– Floral bract equal to or longer than the pedicel .............................................................................. 35</p><p>23. Floral bract equal to or longer than the pedicel .............................................................................. 24</p><p>– Floral bract shorter than the pedicel ............................................................................................... 50</p><p>24. Leaves 12–18 mm wide, with 17–18 veins; pseudopetiole comprising 1/3 to 1/2 of the leaf length. ............................................... C. graniticum subsp. ambrense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>– Leaves 15–50 mm wide, with 15–25 veins; pseudopetiole comprising 1/4 to 1/5 of the leaf length. ................................................................................ C. nusbaumeri Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>25. Pedicel glabrous .............................................................................................................................. 36</p><p>– Pedicel with an indument ......................................... C. ranirisonii Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>26. Peduncle with an indument ............................................................................................................. 27</p><p>– Peduncle glabrous ........................................................................................................................... 37</p><p>27. Peduncle tomentose ....................................................................................... C. ankarense H.Perrier</p><p>– Peduncle rough or papillose ............................................................................................................ 39</p><p>28. Leaf with a scabrous margin ........................................................................................................... 29</p><p>– Leaf with a smooth margin ............................................................................................................. 40</p><p>29. Blade margin partially scabrous (visible on young leaves for 1 cm from the tip, sometimes visible along the margin) ........................................................................ C. parkeri (Baker) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>– Blade margin entirely scabrous ....................... C. aspidistrifolium Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>30. Inflorescence equal to or shorter than the leaves ............................................................................ 41</p><p>– Inflorescence longer than the leaves ............................................................................................... 43</p><p>31. Sepals with 3 veins ........................................................ C. graniticum H.Perrier subsp. graniticum</p><p>– Sepals with 5 veins ...................................................... C. helvillae Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>32. Leaves with a scabrous margin ....................................................................................................... 33</p><p>– Leaves with a smooth margin ......................................................................................................... 44</p><p>33. Leaves with a partially scabrous margin (only at the tips of the blades) ............................................ ............................................................................................................................... C. decipiens Baker</p><p>– Leaf with an entirely scabrous margin ............................................................................................ 45</p><p>34. Peduncle rough or papillose .......................... C. nigrogranulosum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>– Peduncle glabrous ........................................................................................................................... 47</p><p>35. Fruit with a beaked apex formed by the hardened remnant of the style ............................................. ........................................................................................ C. graniticum H.Perrier subsp. graniticum</p><p>– Fruit with a rounded apex ............................................................................................................... 49</p><p>36. Blade filiform and curled ...................................................... C. geayanum (Baker) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>– Blade elliptical or lanceolate .......................................................................... C. chloranthum Baker</p><p>37. Blade surface glabrous .................................................................................................................... 52</p><p>– Blade surface not-glabrous, either asperous or with an indument .................................................. 38</p><p>38. Blade denticulate on the margins, and with long, translucent hairs on the veins ............................... .............................................................................. C. candelabrum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>– Blade with scabrous margins and a scabrous surface ..................................................................... 55</p><p>39. Pedicel with indumentum .......................................... C. tolyanum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>– Pedicel glabrous ....................................................................................... C. aff. chloranthum Baker</p><p>40. Inflorescence shorter than or equal in length to the leaves ................................................................. ...................................................................................... C. hypoxiforme (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>– Inflorescence longer than the leaves ........................................................... C. decaryanum H.Perrier</p><p>41. Blade with a scabrous surface ............................................................................................................. ....................................................... C. sofiense subsp. gautieri Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>– Blade with a glabrous surface ......................................................................................................... 42</p><p>42. Raceme lax ................................................................... C. helvillae Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>– Raceme congested ..................................... C. sofiense (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly subsp. sofiense</p><p>43. Fruit with a beaked apex formed by the hardened remnant of the style ............................................. ……………… ................................................................ C. graniticum H.Perrier subsp. graniticum</p><p>– Fruit with a rounded apex ............................................................................................................... 56</p><p>44. Inflorescence equal to or shorter than the leaves ............................................ C. distichum H.Perrier</p><p>– Inflorescence longer than the leaves ..................................................................... C. decipiens Baker</p><p>45. Sepals with more than 4 veins ........................................................................................................ 46</p><p>– Sepals with 3 veins ......................................................................................................................... 57</p><p>46. Undulating fold at the junction of the sheath and the blade ............................................................... .................................................................................................... C. dianellifolium (Baker) H.Perrier</p><p>– No fold at the junction of the sheath and the blade ............................................................................ ............................................................................. C. madagascariense Baker var. madagascariense</p><p>47. Leaf with a smooth margin ................................................ C. hypoxiforme (Baker) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>– Leaf with a partially scabrous margin (visible on young leaves for 1 cm from the tip, sometimes visible along the edge) .................................................................................................................... 48</p><p>48. Loose inflorescence; stamens in a single whorl .......................... C. parkeri (Baker) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>– Constricted inflorescence; stamens in two whorls ............... C. aff. parkeri (Baker) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>49. Pedicel with indument ........................................................................... C. humbertianum H.Perrier</p><p>– Pedicel glabrous ......................................... C. sofiense (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly subsp. sofiense</p><p>50. Leaves spreading on the ground, with 25–28 veins .................................. C. namorokense H.Perrier</p><p>– Leaves upright, or initially upright then arching, with up to 25 veins ............................................ 51</p><p>51. Leaves (5–)8–15(–21) × 0.3–1.2 cm in size, with 5–12 veins; filaments with scattered papillae ...... ..................................................................................................................... C. decaryanum H.Perrier</p><p>– Leaves 13–40(46) × 0.8–2.5– 3 cm, with 15–20(–25) veins; filaments with abundant papillae ......... ......................................................................................................................... C. chloranthum Baker</p><p>52. Blade graminoid .............................................................................................................................. 53</p><p>– Blade elliptical or lanceolate .................................. C. ratovosonii Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>53. Blade more than 1 cm in width ........................................................................................................... .................... C. madagascariense var. sciaphilum (H.Perrier) Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal comb. nov.</p><p>– Blade less than 1 cm in width ......................................................................................................... 54</p><p>54. Pseudo-petiole present; anthers with short appendages; fruit as tall as it is wide .............................. ............................................. C. madagascariense var. pervillei Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal nom. nov.</p><p>– No pseudo-petiole present; anthers with a developed appendage; fruit taller than it is wide ............. .............................................................................................................. C. appendiculatum H.Perrier</p><p>55. Tuberous areas on the roots, true tubers very rare; 1–3 inflorescence bracts; petals with 3 veins ..... ............................................ C. meridionale subsp. tulearense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>– No tuberous areas on the roots, numerous true tubers; a single inflorescence bract; petals with more than 3 veins .......................... C. madagascariense var. boinense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal var. nov.</p><p>56. Pedicel with a short indument ................................................................ C. humbertianum H.Perrier</p><p>– Pedicel glabrous ...................................................... C. darainense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>57. Connective of the anther reduced to a simple heel; pseudo-petiole present ....................................... ............................................................................. C. madagascariense Baker var. madagascariense</p><p>– Connective of the anther appendiculate; no pseudo-petiole present ................................................... .............................................................................................................. C. appendiculatum H.Perrier</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFB21371142547C0FAE2FAA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFBE137417D9416BFE1EFB9D.text	03A087D4FFBE137417D9416BFE1EFB9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum albociliatum Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>1. Chlorophytum albociliatum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324185-1</p><p>Figs 6L, 9–10</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>A C. madagascariense affinis est, sed inflorescentia simplici (vs ramosam), laminae foliorum bractearumque margine pilis albis erectisque (vs scabram), foliorum margine revoluta (vs planam), tepalis quinque-nervosis (vs tri-nervosa).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the thick, white and rough hairs present on the margin of the leaves and bracts.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Amoron’i Mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Betsileo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.8/lat -20.55)">West of Ambatofinandrahana</a>; [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; 16 Jan. 1955; fl bud, fr; H. Humbert 28077; holotype: P [P06169851]!; isotype: P [P06169856] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 20–30 cm tall; rhizome short, roots numerous, clustered, thickened, 1.2–1.5 mm in diam., some becoming tuberous, 2.5–3 mm thick; the remnants of old leaves in the form of fibres at the base; leaves filiform, 7–10, erect, thick, curled, 11–26 × 0.3–0.4 cm, outer leaves shorter than the inner ones on the shoot, the margins bordered by fine white hairs 0.1–0.4 (–1.2) mm long, perpendicular to the margin, veins 16–20, thick, closely spaced, raised on the lower surface, not visible on the upper surface; inflorescence barely longer than the leaves, 20–33 cm tall, unbranched, sparsely flowered, with a naked peduncle, 15–28 cm long; rachis short, 2.5–3.5 cm, with a single flower per node; floral bracts at the base, triangular, long-acuminate, 13 × 2.5 mm, much longer than the pedicel, veins 5, margin carrying hairs similar to those on the leaf margin; bracts transitioning gradually towards the apex to deltoid-based bracts, with a short pedicel, 2–2.5 mm long, articulated at 0.5 mm from the base; immature flowers with elliptical tepals, 8 × 4 mm, slightly laciniate at the upper margin, veins 5, the 3 central ones fused at the top; stamens shorter than the perianth; filaments 2.5 mm long; anthers 5 mm long, with a short triangular heel; gynoecium: ovary 1.3 mm long, ovules 12 per locule, style 5.5 mm long, stigma with a slightly spatulate tip; floral parts (observed on a young fruit): tepals ca 14 mm long; stamens shorter than the perianth, filaments flattened, 5.5–6 mm long, anthers 7 × 1 mm long, conical, with a short triangular margin that does not reach the base of the anther, and a filiform style 9 mm long; capsule higher than wide, 7 × 6 mm, with thickened sutures; young seed brown, ovate, 2.5 × 2 mm, with a granulate surface, not notched, and with a prominent radicle.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known specimens, collected in January, bear immature inflorescences and young fruits, suggesting that the plant flowers as early as December and bears fruit in January and likely also in February.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum albociliatum sp. nov. is endemic to Madagascar, and known only from the Amoron’i Mania Region near the town of Ambatofinandrahana in central Madagascar (approximate post facto georeference, 20°33′ S, 46°48′ E). The precise location for this single known occurrence of the species is not known, but it was described as occurring on western slopes in woodland on gneiss, at an altitude of 1400–1500 m. However, the eastern edge of the Itremo Massif protected area (status: Harmonious Protected Landscape, designated in April 2015) lies only 23 km to the west of Ambatofinandrahana and it is likely that the species was collected in this area. Nevertheless, a moderate level of botanical exploration has been undertaken in this vicinity, and the species is not known to have been collected again – it is clearly rare, or possibly even extinct.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum albociliatum sp. nov. is endemic to Madagascar. It is known from a single collection made in January 1955 and is therefore known from a single occurrence at a single location. The area in which it was recorded is not well-explored, and a targeted search for the species is recommended to determine whether the species is extant, and if so, to obtain data to re-evaluate its conservation status and update this assessment. The species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD).</p><p>Remark</p><p>A young fruit surrounded by the remains of a flower enabled us to obtain measurements of the tepals, anthers and style.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFBE137417D9416BFE1EFB9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFBB1377144E4050FC06FE62.text	03A087D4FFBB1377144E4050FC06FE62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum ankarense H. Perrier	<div><p>2. Chlorophytum ankarense H.Perrier</p><p>Figs 4A, 11</p><p>Chlorophytum ankarense H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 47) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The epithet refers to the Ankara Plateau (NW Madagascar).</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.466667/lat -16.916666)">Rochers (calcaires) boisés de Kamakama, causses d’Ankara</a>; [16°55′ S, 46°28′ E]; Mar. 1901; fl; H. Perrier de La Bâthie 10948; holotype: P [P01046141] !.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • Ampandrandava; 1943; fl; Jardin botanique 5989; TAN ! • Crête des Pisopiso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.066668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -24.066668)">Nord d’Ampandrandava</a>; [24°04′ S, 45°42′ E]; 900 m; Jan. 1943; fl; A. Seyrig 521; P [P02071689] ! • same data as for preceding; 1943 (en culture); fl, fr; A. Seyrig 521B; P [P02071695] !. – Atsimo-Andrefana [Toliara Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.499443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.962223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.499443/lat -22.962223)">Sud-ouest Manombo</a>; [22°57′44″ S, 43°29′58″ E]; 26 Jan. 1947; fr; H. Humbert 19977; P [P02158247]!, MO [MO-3020335, MO-3020336] image !. – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.8/lat -16.316668)">Massif de l’Ankarafantsika</a>; [16°19′ S, 46°48′ E]; 19 Jan 1938; fr; R. Decary 12828; P [P02157231]!, TAN ! • RN 8, Soalala, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.333332/lat -16.466667)">Andranomava</a>; [16°28′ S, 45°20′ E]; 27 Mar. 1954; fr; RN 6144 (Rakotovao); P [P02157237] ! • same data as for preceding; [16°34′ S, 45°34′ E]; 10 Mar. 1955; fl, fr; RN 7115 (H. Randriamiera); P [P 02157232, P02157224] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 13–38 cm tall; roots fasciculated, fibrous, slightly thickened, 0.5–0.7 mm, bearing infrequent fusiform tubers, 8–10 × 1–2 mm; leaves 4–13, lanceolate, 13–38 × 1.5–3 cm, base attenuated into a pseudo-petiole of 4.5–10 cm long, approximately 1/3 to 1/4 of the total length of the leaf blade, leaf-base sheathing, surrounded by a fibrous sleeve composed of the remains of old leaves, leaf margins hyaline, mostly scabrous (except for RN 6144 where the leaf margin is smooth), leaf apex tapered, with a pseudo-midrib, comprising 24–34 evenly-spaced, conspicuous veins and with a network of transverse veinlets; inflorescence 1(–2) per plant, erect, branched, robust, 32–60 cm in height; central axis and lateral branches covered with hyaline, more or less papillose hairs up to 0.1 mm long, mixed with short excrescences of variable density differing between the specimens, peduncle 18–32 cm long, with 1–3(–4), triangular, often long-tapered bracts, 7–40 × 2.5–5 mm at the base, veins 8–16, rachis 16–30 cm long; flowers 2–5(–7) per node, floral bracts triangular, very slender, reddish, 2.5–6(–10) × 1.5–3 mm, veins 3–5, shorter than the pedicel, the latter (3–) 4–8 mm long, generally articulated below the middle, or occasionally ca 1.5 mm from the base (e.g., Seyrig 521 and 521B), pedicel glabrous; perianth white or very pale green; tepals narrowly elliptical, equal or subequal, 4.5–5.7 × 0.5–0.8 mm; veins 3, discreet; stamens unequal, shorter than the tepals, in two groups – 3 long (2.5–4 mm) and 3 short (1.8–3 mm), filaments flattened at the base, spindle-shaped, thickened, papillose above, anthers with a triangular base, sometimes curved at anthesis, 0.5–1 × 0.2–0.3 mm, divergent at the base, anthers dorsifixed, inserted on the filament at the lower 1/3; gynoecium: ovary, 0.5–0.8 × 0.6–1 mm; ovules 1(–2) per locule, style filiform, 4.2–6 mm long, exserted; stigma with thickened tip; capsules pendulous at maturity, distinctly wider than tall, 3–5 × 5–7 mm, often with one or two aborted locules, with 4–6 thick transverse ribs; seeds 1 per locule, black, somewhat discoid, 2–2.8 mm, with a convex surface and a small depression on the flat side behind the hilum, shiny, granulate, with a narrow notch, where the radicle is visible, but not protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowering has been recorded from December to March, and fruiting from January, and continues beyond the month of March.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum ankarense has a highly disjunct known distribution. It has been recorded in the western parts of Madagascar in Boeny and Atsimo-Andrefana Regions, as well as in the Androy Region in the south-central part of the country, near Ampandrandava. It occurs at elevations ranging from 100 to 900 m above sea level, on both sandy and limestone substrates, but always in dry forest, and generally in well-shaded areas. The disjunct and climatically heterogeneous distribution of the species does raise questions, and furthermore the available material is limited, and no recent collections of C. ankarense are known. Close to half of the available collections consist of separate elements, including just a few leaves, inflorescences, or a single infructescence. Observing similarities in the hairiness of the floral axes, the size and arrangement of the floral parts, the appearance of the fruit and seeds, we group together the cited elements as a single species without absolute certainty, as not all these characteristics are consistently present together, and new material is needed to confirm the species delimitation.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum ankarense is endemic to Madagascar. The species is known from a total of 9 collections that represent 5 occurrences. These show a highly disjunct distribution with one group of records from the south of the country, and a second group from the northeast. The species is not known to have been collected or observed since 1955. Furthemore, the known collection sites are mostly not considered to be badly degraded, and there are records of the species from the following three formally protected areas: the Parc National d’Ankarafantsika and Parc National de Namoroka in the west, and the Aire Protégée de Ranobe PK 32 in the southwest. The two other known records are from areas lacking formal protection, the Causse d’Ankara in the west – which nevertheless has relatively intact vegetation, and Ampandrandava in the south, where, in contrast, the vegetation is badly degraded. We therefore consider the 5 known subpopulations to represent 5 locations due to differing management levels of the corresponding sites, due to there diverse conditions and wide separation. With an AOO of only 20 km 2, but an EOO of over 150 000 km 2, Chlorophytum ankarense could be assessed as Endangered [EN B2ab(i,iii,iv,v)], however, given the lack of any recent material of the species, we propose an assessment of Data Deficient [DD]. Nevertheless, we suspect that this rather inconspicuous plant is likely to be more frequent across its broad range than the limited number of available collections would suggest, and we recommend a targeted search for the species in the vicinities of the known localities.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFBB1377144E4050FC06FE62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFB81349146D462DFEFCFBBE.text	03A087D4FFB81349146D462DFEFCFBBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum appendiculatum H. Perrier (Perrier de la Bathie 1935	<div><p>3. Chlorophytum appendiculatum H.Perrier</p><p>Figs 6B, 7I, 12</p><p>Chlorophytum appendiculatum H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935:58) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the appendix of the connective of the anthers, which is particularly well-developed.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR • Sud; Sep. 1900; fl, fr; C. Alluaud 84; holotype: P [P01046114]!; isotype: P [P01046115] !.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.85/lat -25.033333)">Kokomba</a>; [25°2′ S, 44°51′ E]; Dec. 1917; fl; R. Decary, s.n. (334?); P [P02157241] ! • Ankobo, district <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.383335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.383335/lat -24.916666)">d’Ambovombe</a>; [24°55′ S, 45°23′ E]; 6 May 1924; fl; R. Decary 2713; P [P02157243] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.083332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.083332/lat -25.166666)">Ambovombe</a> [25°10′ S, 46°5′ E]; 3 Feb. 1931; fl; R. Decary 8494; P [P02157244] !. – Anosy [Toliara Prov.] • Andrahomana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.65/lat -25.166666)">Fort Dauphin</a>; [25°10′ S, 46°39′ E]; 21 Jun. 1926; fl; R. Decary 4155; P [P02157240] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.283333/lat -24.95)">Vallée du Mandrare moyen</a>; [24°57′ S, 46°17′ E]; 4 Aug. 1926; fl; R. Decary 4598; P [P02157242] ! • Andrahomana, cap Andavaka, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.633335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.633335/lat -25.2)">Fort Dauphin</a>; [25°12′ S, 46°38′ E]; 25–26 Feb. 1955; fl; H. Humbert 29086; P [P06169833] ! • W of Tolanaro, NE of Amboasary sud, Hazofotsy Madagascar, Toliara, Anosy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.533333/lat -24.833334)">Fort Dauphin (Tôlanaro) region</a>, W of town and NE of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.533333/lat -24.833334)">Amboasary Sud</a>, near village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.533333/lat -24.833334)">Hazofotsy</a>; [24°50′ S, 46°32′ E]; 80–120 m; 28 Jan. 1990; fl; G. McPherson et al. 14928; MO [MO-3020343] image!, TAN ! • Ranopiso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.666668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.666668/lat -25.05)">Fort Dauphin</a>; [25°03′S, 46°40′E]; 23 Nov. 1959; fl; J. Peltier &amp; M. Peltier 1476; P [P02157239] !. – Atsimo-Andrefana [Toliara Prov.] • Toliara, Vallée de l’Onilahy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.827694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.428638" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.827694/lat -23.428638)">Route de Toliara à Ambohivahavelona</a>; 23°25′43.1″ S, 43°49′39.7″ E; 88 m; 5 May 2024; M. Bardot-Vaucoulon &amp; J.-D. Randrianandrasana 2025; végétation xérophyte, forêt sèche clairsemée, arbres et arbustes souvent épineux et ou à feuilles réduites; vallon calcaire bordé de zones escarpées; en bordure de petite falaise de 2.5 m, en sous-bois, dans un sol peu profond argilo calcaire, petite population d’une vingtaine de pieds dispersée sur plusieurs mètres; MO!, P [P02275952, P02275953]!, TAN ! • same data as for preceding; 23°25′38.6″ S, 43°49′45″ E; 98 m; 11 May 2024; M. Bardot-Vaucoulon &amp; J.-D. Randrianandrasana 2054; végétation xérophyte, fourré constitué d’arbres et arbustes souvent épineux et ou à feuilles réduites; vallon calcaire bordé de zones escarpées; en bordure de petite falaise de 2.5 m, en sous-bois, dans un sol peu profond argilo calcaire, petite population répartie en haut de la falaise et dans les rochers 1 m en contrebas; MO!, P [P02275951]!, TAN ! • Colline de la Table, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.783333/lat -23.4)">Tuléar</a>; [23°24′ S, 43°47′ E]; Mar. 1960; J. Bosser 14206; TAN ! • La Table, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.766666/lat -23.4)">Tuléar</a>; [23°24′ S, 43°46′ E]; 1952 – 1955; fl; J. Dequaire 27578; P [P 06169847, P06169855] ! • La Table, près de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.783333/lat -23.4)">Tuléar</a>; [23°24′ S, 43°47′ E]; 4 Feb. 1957; fl; B. Descoings 2260; MO [MO-3020331]!, TAN ! • Environs de Tuléar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.666668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.666668/lat -23.35)">La Table</a>; [23°21′ S, 43°40′ E]; Mar. 1960; fl; M. Keraudren 594; P [P06169890] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.75/lat -23.433332)">Entre Tuléar et Saint Augustin</a>; [23°26′ S, 43°45′ E]; 31 Mar. 1966; fl; J. Peltier et M. Peltier 5834; P [P06169917]!. – locality unknown • s.loc.; 1898 – 1901; G. Grandidier s.n.; P [P02157245]! .</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 20–55 cm in height; underground part with a rhizome, roots fleshy, shallow at a depth of 5–10 cm, 1–3 mm in diam., 13–30 cm in length, bearing one or more ovoid tubers 1–4 × 1–1.2 cm, some showing constrictions; leaves 4–8, glaucous green in living specimens, sometimes surrounded at their base by the remains of old leaves forming a fibrous sheath, narrow, grass-like, folded; leafblade, 12–56 × 0.4–0.6 cm, with finely scabrous margins, tip tapered, veins, 15–21, closely spaced and clearly visible; inflorescence robust, solitary, 24–50(–86) cm in height, simple or slightly branched, peduncle smooth, 16.5–32 (–56.5) cm long, bearing 1–2 triangular inflorescence bracts, 10–30 × 2.5–4 mm, with at least 8 veins, smooth margins and tapered tips; rachis (8–) 11–32 cm long, bearing solitary or clustered flowers, up-to 4 per node; floral bracts with a triangular base and a tapered apex, 5.5–12.0 mm × 1.5–2.0 mm; pedicels 3–7 mm long (shorter than the bracts), with an infra-medial articulation; perianth white or pale pink, 8.5–11.5 mm long, elliptic, with 3 closely-spaced veins at the centre; outer tepals shorter and narrower, 7.8–10 × 1.5–2 mm; inner, 9–10 × 2–2.5 mm; stamens equal, shorter than the perianth, filament with a flattened base and tapered apex, 3.5–4.5 mm long, anthers triangular, 3.4–5 × 1–1.2 mm, basifixed, with a well-developed triangular appendage on the connective, 0.5–0.8 mm long; gynoecium: ovary longer than wide, 1.1–2 × 0.7–1.8 mm, ovules 6–10 per locule, style 7–10 mm long, weakly deflexed, with a slightly thickened stigma; capsule taller than wide, 10 × 7.5 mm, with distinct transverse veins; seeds black, flat, 2.3 × 3.2 mm, with a wide, shallow notch, and with the radicle protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowering can occur from September to June, and is well-represented by the available collections. Fruiting starts in September and can last until June, depending on the population.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum appendiculatum is endemic to Madagascar, where it occurs primarily in the southern, subarid bioclimatic region, with its range just extending into the subhumid region to the east. It has a disjunct known distribution across its geographic range that comprises a subpopulation in the vicinity of the city of Toliara on the west coast that lies within the Tsinjoriake Protected Landscape and the Amoron’i Onilahy protected area, and a second subpopulation that is sparsly scattered across a large area of southern and southeastern Madagascar, including within the Behara-Tranomaro Protected area. It occurs on limestone and on acidic rocks, such as sand or gneiss, at altitudes below 500 m. It can form small populations in humus-rich clay-limestone undergrowth on cliff tops or under limestone boulders.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum appendiculatum is endemic to Madagascar. The species is known from 15 collections from 5 occurrences across its range and has an AOO of 44 km ² and an EOO of 21 270 km ². It is known to occur in the protected areas of Amoron’i Onilahy and Behara-Tranomaro in the west of its range and in Tsinjoriake in the southeast, and at the six other locations that currently lack any formal protection, but where its habitat is undoubtedly threatened by overgrazing or by land clearance for agriculture locations. The species is assessed as Vulnerable [VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)].</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig.VIII 1–4.</p><p>Nomenclatural remarks</p><p>1) The specimen, C. Alluaud 84; [P01046114], bears the word “type” on a determinavit written by H. Perrier de la Bâthie, and must therefore be considered to be the holotype, while another sheet [P01046115] contains dissected elements of the same collection.</p><p>2) We include Decary 4598 in C. appendiculatum, although it was originally determined as C. decipiens by H. Perrier de la Bâthie, and only later reclassified by him as C. appendiculatum in order to maintain geographical consistency. The specimen currently consists of two separated leaves, a dry floral scape without flowers, and a damaged flower fragment, likely consumed by insects, that is impossible to identify with certainty. It is likely that the degradation of the specimen occurred after Perrier de la Bâthieʼs determination.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFB81349146D462DFEFCFBBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF86134B17F4404EFB0DF92D.text	03A087D4FF86134B17F4404EFB0DF92D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum aspidistrifolium Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>4. Chlorophytum aspidistrifolium Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324056-1</p><p>Figs 2A, 5I, 13, 19</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Chlorophyto ratovosonii Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal affinis, sed planta paucifoliata (2 foliis vs 7), pseudopetiolo gracili aequante vel longiore laminae (vs latiorem et 1/3 longitudine laminae), inflorescentia simplice (vs ramosam), pedunculo ebracteoso (vs 2- bracteatum), pedicello breviore articulatoque infra medium (vs longiorem supra medium articulatum), loculo fructi uniseminali (2–3 seminales), radicula seminis breviore paulo prominentique (vs latiorem clare prominentemque) praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet of this new species refers to the shape of its leaves, which resemble those of Aspidistra elatior Blume ( Asparagaceae), the well-known houseplant.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – SAVA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Vohemar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.575275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.093611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.575275/lat -13.093611)">Daraina</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.575275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.093611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.575275/lat -13.093611)">forêt de Solaniampilana-Maroadabo</a>; 13°05′37″ S, 49°34′31″ E; 133 m; 7 Feb. 2006; fr; L. Nusbaumer &amp; F. Ranirison 2033; holotype: G [G00090381]!; isotype: TEF n.v.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 20 cm tall; the base of the plant is surrounded by fibres formed from the remains of old leaves; rootstock clustered, a mixture of fibrous and tuberous roots, the tubers forming on fibrous roots at a distance of ca 1 cm from the crown; tubers fusiform, very slender, 12–20 × 1–2 mm, often extending into a distal fibrous-root portion; leaves 2(–3), inclined, 27.0–31.5 × 1.4–2.0 cm, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, the base transitioning to a slender, 14–16 cm long pseudo-petiole, equaling or surpassing the blade in length, leaf-bases nested, protected by two short congruent sheaths measuring 2.5 and 5 cm, the underside appearing blue-green when fresh, the margins finely scabrous, displaying 15–25 conspicuous, well-spaced veins, with a central pseudo-vein and visible transverse veins (at least on dried material) on the underside; inflorescence inadequately known (N.B. complete flowers unknown, but some data for the floral remains were observed and measured and presented here), tepals 5 mm long, with 3 veins; stamens with filaments papillose in their upper part; infructescence 24 cm in height, simple, erect, with a smooth peduncle lacking bracts, rachis 7 cm long in fruit, fruits few, usually 1–2(–3) per node, axillary floral bract, triangular, tapering to a point, 4 × 1.5 mm, with 5 veins, shorter than the fruiting pedicel; fruiting pedicel ca 8 mm long, with an medial articulation, and marked by a swelling, ca 2 mm from the base, the lower part tinged reddish-orange, upper part green (in vivo); capsule blue-green, becoming brown-purple, almost as long as wide, 4–5 × 5 mm; seeds 1 per locule, semi-circular, 2 × 1.5 mm, with a pronounced notch; radicle short, wide barely protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known collection of the species was made in early February and bears young fruit, suggesting that flowering took place in December or January.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The sole population known for the species is in the Solaniampilana forest at approximately 130 m above sea level, in northeastern Madagascar within the Paysage Harmonieux de Loky Manambato (category 5 protected area, see Lowry et al. 2018) in the region known as Daraina (see Fig. 19). It occurs in the understory of a dense, medium-sized sclerophyllous forest, dominated by a few emergent trees, on ferric and humus-rich soil, between numerous granite slabs. This plateau forest is interlaced with areas of more humid riparian forest. For a map showing the only known locality of C. aspidistrifolium sp. nov. see Fig. 19.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum aspidistrifolium sp. nov. is endemic to Madagascar, where it is known from a single collection made in 2006 from Loky Manambato in NE Madagascar within the Daraina forest. While little exploration of the forests of Loky Manambato had been undertaken prior to the expeditions carried out recently by staff of CJBG (Gautier et al. 2006; Nusbaumer et al. 2010), data from the site has shown the different forest patches to be rich in highly localised endemism. However, with only a single known fully documented occurrence, in an area that is not well explored, this species is assessed as DD (Data Deficient). While the species is probably highly localised, further information about its occurrence is needed in order to provide a realistic assessment of any treat to the species at its only known location. It is therefore recommended that targeted fieldwork be undertaken to provide adequate data for an assessment.</p><p>Morphological remark</p><p>The papillose upper part of the filament confirms that this taxon belongs to Group 1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF86134B17F4404EFB0DF92D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF84134E17EA42E0FB42FBDA.text	03A087D4FF84134E17EA42E0FB42FBDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum basivaginatum Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>5. Chlorophytum basivaginatum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324061-1</p><p>Figs 6K, 14–15</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>A Madagascariae omnibus aliis speciebus vagina foliorum brevi stramineaque ad basim caulis disposita, duobus foliis brevis complanatisque, apice antherae apiculato baseque paulo auriculata differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the basal sheath of the vegetative parts.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Amoron’i Mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Fianarantsoa, Amoron’i Mania, Ambatofinandrahana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.573055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.504444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.573055/lat -20.504444)">Itremo</a>, au <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.573055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.504444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.573055/lat -20.504444)">Nord-ouest de Soatsihotapaka</a>; 20°30′16″ S, 46°34′23″ E; 1652 m; 23 Nov. 2004; fl; T. Andriamihajarivo, B. Rakotonirina &amp; J.N. Rakotonirina 417; holotype: MO [MO-3020298]!; isotypes: P n.v., TAN!, TEF n.v .</p><p>iNaturalist observation</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Amoron’i mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.575638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.565556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.575638/lat -20.565556)">Itremo</a>); 20°33′56.0″ S, 46°34′32.3″ E; 15 Feb. 2018; fr; Ramaro (sederaramarom); iNaturalist 9931965.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, slender, vegetatively with a grass-like appearance; roots few, clustered – less than 10 – thickened and fusiform, 40–100 × 1.5–3 mm in diam.; leaves ≤ 3, the outer consisting of a short, cuspidate, straw-yellow sheath, 7–9 × 0.5 cm, and the two others with sheathing bases 10–13 cm long, the blade rigid, narrow, grass-like, folded, distinctly diverging from the axis opposite the sheath, blades almost parallel glabrous, with a smooth margin, a tapered tip, and 15 prominent veins, 28–36 × 0.4–0.5 cm; inflorescence solitary, large, simple, spicate, 50 cm in length, surpassing the leaves, peduncle smooth, lacking bracts, reddish-tinged (observed in situ), with a short rachis, 6–7 cm long; flowers few, large, isolated, the floral bract 16 × 1.5 mm, triangular, with a tapered apex, much longer than the pedicel; pedicel 3–4.5 mm long, articulated at 1–2 mm from the base; perianth 14 mm long, tepals white, of uniform length with numerous veins, the 3 central veins forming a bundle that anastomoses at the apex; outer tepals 5 mm wide, with 7 veins, inner 4 mm wide with only 5 veins; stamens equal in length, shorter than the tepals, arranged in two groups of 3 on each side of the ovary, filaments flattened, 5 mm long, anthers ca 6 × 1 mm, the apex apiculate, sub-basifixed, attached ca 0.5 mm from the base, heel in the form of a rounded thickening or a short ridge; gynoecium: ovary 3 × 2.5 mm, with 10–12 ovules per locule; style 10 mm long, not surpassing the perianth, curved in its upper part; stigma flattened; capsule young erect (mature not seen), more-or-less pyriform, 10 × 8 mm, with slightly thickened sutures, surface not ornamented (based on iNaturalist 9931965).</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known collection was in bloom at the end of November, young fruits were observed in February (iNaturalist 9931965).</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The species is known only from the high plateau of the Itremo Massif, growing among metamorphic rocks such as quartzite or cipolin, at an altitude of 1600 metres. It occurs in open habitats, such as sparselywooded meadows, often in stony ground, where it has been noted as frequent.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum basivaginatum sp. nov. is only known from a single collection and an iNaturalist observation, both of which were made from locations in the Itremo Massif Protected Harmonious Landscape only ca 6 km apart from each other. While the species is undoubtedly highly localised, further information about its occurrence within the protected area will be needed to estimate the threats to species and to provide an adequate conservation assessment, and it is therefore assessed as DD (Data Deficient).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF84134E17EA42E0FB42FBDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF81134017E54092FCA6F876.text	03A087D4FF81134017E54092FCA6F876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum candelabrum Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>6. Chlorophytum candelabrum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324059-1</p><p>Figs 5H, 16, 19</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Chlorophyto aspidistrifolio Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal affinis, sed foliis majoribus (32–50 × 4–5.9 vs 27–31.5 × 1.4–2 cm), pseudopetiolis longioribus (18–23 vs 14–16 cm), nervis laminae numerosioribus (25–36 vs 19–25), pseudopetiolo nervisque utrinque pubescentibus (vs glabros), inflorescentiis majoribus (36.5 cm vs 24 cm), candelabriformibus (vs eramosam), rhachidibus inflorescentiae flexuosis (vs rectam), capsula latiore quam alta (vs altiorem quam latam), laevi (vs ornatam), pariete tenui (vs crassum), praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet of this new species refers to the shape of its inflorescence, which is likened to a candelabra.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – SAVA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Daraina, forêt de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.705&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.111834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.705/lat -13.111834)">Bekaroaka</a>, partie nord; 13°06′42.6″ S, 49°42′18.0″ E; 200 m; 12 Jan. 2005; fr; P. Ranirison &amp; L. Nusbaumer 875; holotype: G [G00019617]!; isotypes: K!, MO!, P [P04186575]!, research herbarium of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.705&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.111834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.705/lat -13.111834)">Daraina</a>, TEF n.v.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 30–50 cm tall; roots clustered, fibrous, each bearing a slender fusiform tuber, 10–13 × 2–3 mm, often extending into the system of fine, often branched, fibrous roots; base of the plant bearing the remains of old leaves; leaves 2(–3), lanceolate, and tapering at both ends, with an acuminate apex, 32–50 × 4.5–9.0 cm, the leaf-base transitions into an elongated pseudo-petiole, 18–23 × 0.6 cm, ca half the length of the blade, the leaves somewhat variable, with the upper typically lanceolate, and the lower sub-elliptical; the margins rough with numerous small, tightly-packed, short, irregular teeth, the pseudo-petiole and leaf veins with translucent hairs, 0.5–1.0 mm long, which are more abundant on the lower leaf surface and towards the base; central pseudo-vein yellow when dry, veins 25–36, well-spaced, conspicuous, leaf-base surrounded by one or two sheaths, 3.0– 4.5 cm and 6.0– 9.5 cm, respectively, pedicels (1–)2–4 per node; flowers known only from observations of floral remains on a fruit; tepals 4.5 × 0.8 mm, veins 3, well-spaced, brown; stamens shorter than the perianth, the filaments flattened, ca 3 mm long, widened in the upper 1/3 and slightly papillose on the upper 2/3, anthers 1.0 × 0.2 mm, dorsifixed (point of attachment towards the lower 1/3); gynoecium: ovary and style not observed; infructescence 1 per plant, upright, 22.0– 36.5 cm in height, peduncle smooth, 16–20 cm long, bract translucent, situated at basal branch, 9 × 2 mm, with a triangular base and a very acute, long-tapered apex, veins 8, dark, with a scabrous margin near the tip, rachis (6–) 13–15 cm long in fruit, branches of the ramifications curved, in candelabra shape; capsules 3–5 per node, wider than tall 2.5 × 3.5–4.0 mm, fruiting bract translucent with a triangular base, 3.5 × 1.0 mm, 3-veined, shorter than the pedicel; pedicel slender; 8–9 mm long in fruit, articulated below the middle at ca 3 mm from the base; walls thin, lacking ornamentation except for the veins; seeds 1(–2) per locule, shiny, black, finely granulate, suborbicular, 2.0 × 1.8 mm, with one side slightly convex and the other side with a tiny hollow behind the radicle, the radicle visible and protruding when the locule contains two compressed seeds.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known collection was in fruit in December, which suggests that it flowered just before that month.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The only known population of this species was found in the vicinity of Loky-Manambato in northeast Madagascar, within Bekaroaka forest, at an altitude of 200 metres. It grows in the understory of a dense dry forest, alongside tall emergent trees. It is present at the bottom of the slope on a poorly developed soil consisting of fine rubble derived from the underlying granite.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum candelabrum sp. nov. is endemic to Madagascar, where it is known from a single collection made in 2005 in Bekaroaka forest, within the Loky Manambato Harmonious Landscape in NE Madagascar, representing a single known occurence. While little exploration of the forests of Loky Manambato had been undertaken prior to the expeditions carried out recently by staff of CJBG (Gautier et al. 2006; Nusbaumer et al. 2010), data from the site has shown the different forest patches are often rich in highly localised endemism. Within Loky Manambato, extensive habitat degradation of many of the forest patches has been observed during recent expeditions, and this is undoubtedly the major threat to this species. Based on this information, we assess the species as CR B1B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v). For a map showing the only known locality of C. candelabrum sp. nov. see Fig. 19.</p><p>Morphological remarks</p><p>1) One of the specimens whose leaves have been grazed by herbivores, has only the scabrous edge of the blade remaining, and the abundant hairiness of the blades and the pseudo-petioles is not apparent.</p><p>2) In two specimens, the axis forms a zig-zag pattern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF81134017E54092FCA6F876	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF8E134514434518FEDDF945.text	03A087D4FF8E134514434518FEDDF945.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum chloranthum Baker (Baker 1887	<div><p>7. Chlorophytum chloranthum Baker</p><p>Figs 3A–D, 4B, 17</p><p>Chlorophytum chloranthum Baker (Baker 1887: 529) .</p><p>Chlorophytum gracile Baker (Baker 1890: 348) . – Type: MADAGASCAR – Analamanga [Antananarivo Prov.] • East Imerina; yrs 1880; fl, fr; R. Baron 5927; holotype: K [K000432401, K000432402] images !.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The epithet refers presumably to the greenish colour of the perianth (according to the protolog).</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR • Central Madagascar; R. Baron 3825; holotype: K [K000432403] image!; isotypes: P [P01046133, P01046134]!. (See Nomenclatural remarks.)</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Alaotra-Mangoro [Prov. Toamasina Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.823334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.433334/lat -18.823334)">Forêt d’Analamazotra</a>; [18°49′24″ S, 48°26′ E]; 800 m; Dec. 1905; C. d’Alleizette s.n.; CLF [CLF345104] ! • Moramanga, Commune Ambohibary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.287777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.862778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.287777/lat -18.862778)">Fokontany Ampitambe. Sahaviana forest. Ambatovy</a>; 18°51′46″ S, 48°17′16″ E; 1024 m; 22 Feb. 2007; fl, fr; P. Antilahimena 5394; MO n.v., P [P02090186]!, TAN n.v., TEF n.v . • Alaotra Mangoro, Ambohibary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.315556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.865557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.315556/lat -18.865557)">Ampitambe Vavanomby</a>; 18°51′56″ S, 48°18′56″ E; 1006 m; 13 Feb. 2008; fr; P. Antilahimena et al. 6037; MO [MO-3020353] image!, P [P06773989]!, TAN n.v . • Fivondronana: Moramanga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.285&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.86139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.285/lat -18.86139)">Commune</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.285&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.86139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.285/lat -18.86139)">Ambohibary</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.285&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.86139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.285/lat -18.86139)">Fokontany</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.285&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.86139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.285/lat -18.86139)">Ampitambe</a>.Ambatovy forest/ Zone de déblai Celearing zone 5; 18°51′41″ S, 48°17′06″ E; 950 m; 28 Feb. 2008; Antilahimena et al. 6078; MO [MO-3020346] image!, P [P06773988]!, TAN n.v., TEF n.v . • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.42778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.42778/lat -18.933332)">Périnet</a>; [18°56′ S, 48°25′40″ E]; 900 m; Dec. 1962; fr; J. Bosser 16975; P [P02071699]!, TAN ! • Ambatondrazaka, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.416668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.416668/lat -17.833334)">Ankaropa</a>; [17°50′ S, 48°25′ E]; 1300 m; 30–31 Jan. 1938; fl, fr; G. Cours 137; P [P02071666] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.433334/lat -17.966667)">Rahobevava</a>; [17°58′ S, 48°26′ E]; 960 m; 11 Mar. 1951; fr; G. Cours 4280; P [P02071669] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.233334/lat -18.95)">Iandrangato</a>, sud de Moramanga; [18°57′ S, 48°14′ E]; 6 Mar. 1942; fl, fr; R. Decary 17767; P [P02071671] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.42861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.856667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.42861/lat -18.856667)">Forêt d’Analamazaotra</a>; [18°51′24″ S, 48°25′43″ E]; 800–900 m; Feb. 1912; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10980; MO [MO-3020322] image!, P [P02071736] ! • same data as for preceding; [18°52′ S, 48°26′ E]; Dec.; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10982; P [P02071739]!, TAN ! • Moramanga, Amboasary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.149723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.054167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.149723/lat -19.054167)">Mangabe</a>, forêt <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.149723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.054167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.149723/lat -19.054167)">Amparihy</a>; 19°3′15″ S, 48°8′59″ E; 929 m; 16 Nov. 2012; fl bud; J.A. Ramahenina, R. Randrianaivo, H. Rasoazanany, E. Razanakoto &amp; C. Randriamialisoa 180; MO!, P [P00820742]!, TAN n.v . • Alaotra Mangoro, Ambohibary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.288055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.8575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.288055/lat -18.8575)">Ampitambe Vavanomby</a>; 18°51′27″ S, 48°17′17″ E; 1005 m; 1 Mar. 2008; fr; S. Rakotondrasana, A. Rakotondrafara, M. Ratovomanana, J.M. Rakotomazava, J.D Ramarolahy 1285; MO [MO-3020430] image!, TAN n.v . • Moramanga, forêt <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.433334/lat -18.833334)">d’Analamazotra</a>; [18°50′ S, 48°26′ E]; 900 m; 21 Jan. 1912, fl, fr; R. Viguier &amp; H. Humbert 894; P [P02071735, P06169919] !. – Amoron’i mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • environs <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.791943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.494444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.791943/lat -20.494444)">d’Ambatofinandrahana</a>, gneiss; [20°29′40″S, 46°47′31″ E]; 1600–1800 m; 23 Feb. 1938; fl, fr; R. Decary 13282; P [P02071667] ! • Ambositra, près <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.525555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.166668/lat -20.525555)">d’Andina</a>, gneiss; [20°31′32″ S, 47°10′ E]; 1500 m; Dec. 1911; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10970; P [P02071731, P02071732] !. – Analamanga [Antananarivo Prov.] • Madagascar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.890556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.913334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.890556/lat -18.913334)">la Mandraka</a>; [18°54′48″ S, 47°53′26″ E]; Aug. 1906; fr; C. d’Alleizette 1022; P [P02071727] ! • Manerinerina, sur le Tampoketsa, entre <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.15/lat -18.0)">Ikopa et Betsiboka</a>; [18°00′ S, 47°09′ E]; 1500 m; Dec. 1924; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 16852; G!, P [P02071720, P02071721] ! • Anjorozobe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.831944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.463612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.831944/lat -18.463612)">Ambohitsaratany</a>; 18°27′49″ S, 47°49′55″ E; 1433 m; 18 Dec. 2013; fl, fr; N. Ravololomanana, S. Porembski, R.N. Rabarijaona &amp; F.A. Rajaonary 378; MO [MO-3047200] image!, P [P00910350] !. – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • Forêt de Belambo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -24.083334)">N d’Ampandrandava</a>; [24°05′ S, 45°42′ E]; 1000–1200 m; Mar. 1943; fl, fr; A. Seyrig 600; P [P02071696, P02071691] ! • Forêt de Belambo, N d’Ampandrandava, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -24.083334)">entre Bekily et Tsivory</a>; [24°05′ S, 45°42′ E]; Mar. 1943; fr; A. Seyrig 600B; P [P02071690] ! • Environs d’Ampandrandava, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -24.083334)">entre Bekily et Tsivory</a>; [24°05′ S, 45°42′ E]; May 1943; fr; A. Seyrig 600C; P [P02071700] !. – Anosy [Toliara Prov.] • Betroka, Ivahona, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.39389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.470556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.39389/lat -23.470556)">Kalambatitra</a>, forêt <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.39389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.470556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.39389/lat -23.470556)">d’Analamaro</a>; 23°28′14″ S, 46°23′38″ E; 1330 m; 4 Nov. 2005; fl bud; N.M. Andrianjafy, R.L. Andriamiarisoa, L.J. Razafitsalama, J. Realy, N. Reaka &amp; Resaviny 467; MO [MO-3020288] image!, P [P06169870]!, TAN n.v . • SE Madagascar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.833332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.833332/lat -24.766666)">off Route National XI, Andohahela Parcel 1, path to Iminiminy</a>; 24°46′ S, 46°50′ E; 300 m; 7 Dec. 1989; fl, fr; B. Du Puy, D.J. Du Puy, M. Cheek, G. Rafamantanantsoa, J. Dransfield, S. Dransfield &amp; D. Cooke MB 534; K n.v., P [P00075192] ! • Fort Dauphin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.966667/lat -25.016666)">forêt de Manantantely</a>; [25°01′ S, 46°58′ E]; 60–300 m; 22 Sep. 1928; fl; H. Humbert 5819; P [P02071733, P02071728] ! • Bassin de la Manampanihy, col de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.11" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.25/lat -24.11)">Fitana</a>; [24°06′36″ S, 47°15′ E]; 300–700 m; 15 Oct. 1928; fl, fr; H. Humbert 6031; P [P02071725, P02071723] ! • Massif du Kalambatitra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.459446&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.33889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.459446/lat -23.33889)">Mt Analatsitendrika</a>, gneiss; [23°20′20″ S, 46°27′34″ E]; 1650–1850 m; Nov. 1933; fl; H. Humbert 11917; P [P02071672, P02071673] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.026388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.966667/lat -25.026388)">Fort Dauphin</a>; [25°01′35″ S, 46°58′ E]; 1888 – 1892; fl; G.F. Scott Elliot 2504; BM [BM013839984] image!, P [P02071729] ! • Toliara, Taolanaro, Ifarahatsa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.925278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.819723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.925278/lat -24.819723)">Ivorona</a>; 24°49′11″ S, 46°55′31″ E; 6Apr. 2010; fl, fr; Rakotonasolo et al. 1628; BR [BR0000021754968]!, TAN n.v . • Anosy, Tolagnaro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.996113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.845001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.996113/lat -24.845001)">Mahatalaky</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.996113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.845001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.996113/lat -24.845001)">Farafara Vatambe</a>, forêt humide de basse altitude de Farafara Andohavolo située au Sud du village de Farafara; 24°50′42″ S, 46°59′46″ E; 280 m; 19 Feb. 2009; fl, fr; Rakotovao, R. Razakamalala, R. Ramison &amp; Deba Raymond 4360; MO [MO-3020320] image!, P n.v., TAN n.v . • Andohahela, parcelle n°1, cours supérieur de la rivière <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.77833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.821861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.77833/lat -24.821861)">Ankaranangatobe</a>. Versant rive gauche d’un des bras supérieurs de l’Ankaranangatobe, 220 m au N-NE du camp n°2; 24°49′18.7″ S, 46°46′42″ E; 840 m; 7 Feb. 2023; fr; J.-P. Randrianirina &amp; L. Rapp 71; G n.v., P [P01101476] !. – Atsinanana [Toamasina Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.84194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.545555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.84194/lat -18.545555)">Itinéraire Didy à Brickaville</a>, forêt orientale; [18°32′44″ S, 48°50′31″ E]; fl, fr; G. Cours 4841; P [P02071686, P02071687, P02071688] !. – Betsiboka [Mahajanga Prov.] • Tsaratanana, Ambakireny; forêt <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.001667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.681389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.001667/lat -17.681389)">Ambatondrazana</a>; 17°40′53″ S, 48°00′06″ E; 1111 m; 18 Jan. 2010; fr; B. Andrianaivoravelona, H. Ralimanana, M. Rakotoarinivo, R. Rajaonarison, T. Ratiarison &amp; L. Robinson ANB 260; BR n.v., K n.v., MO [MO-3020321] image!, P [P01184070]!, TAN n.v . – Bongolava [Antananarivo Prov.] • Anarombato, plateau du Bongolava, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.976665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.726667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.976665/lat -18.726667)">N-O Tsironomandidy</a>; [18°43′36″ S, 45°58′36″ E]; 17–18 May 1970; fr; J. Bosser 20288; P [P02071676] ! • 5.6 km NW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.566666/lat -18.316668)">Ambohitsaratelo-Bebao</a> (NW of Tsiroanomandidy); 18°19′ S, 045°34′ E; 1200 m; forest remnant; 22 Jan. 1985; fr; L.C. Barnett et al. 379; G n.v., MO [MO-3020350] ! • ca 16 km NW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.5/lat -18.3)">Ambohitsaratelo-Bebao</a> (NW of Tsiroanomandidy); 18°18′ S, 45°30′ E; forest; 1100 m; 11 Jan. 1985; fr; L.J. Dorr &amp; al 3478; MO [MO-3020349] !. – Haute Matsiatra [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Fianarantsoa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.08583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.453611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.08583/lat -21.453611)">Sanga-Sanga</a>; [21°27′13″ S, 47°5′9″ E]; Nov. 1963; fl; J. Bosser 17362; P [P02071378] ! • PK 376, RN 7, 34 km N <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.216667/lat -21.266666)">Fianarantsoa</a>; [21°16′ S, 47°13′ E]; 1250–1260 m; 31 Jan. 1975; fl; T. Croat 30098; MO [MO-3020302] image!, P [P06169904] ! • Ambohimahasoa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.2/lat -21.083334)">Ialatsara</a>; [21°05′ S, 47°12′ E]; 7 Feb. 1942; fr; R. Decary 17470; P [P02071694]!, WAG [WAG.1151863] image ! • S Betsileo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.083332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.083332/lat -21.45)">Fianarantsoa</a>; [21°27′ S, 47°05′ E]; Mar. 1881; fl, fr; J.M. Hildebrandt 4199; BM [BM013839983] image!, G!, P [P02071722] !. – Ihorombe [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Fianarantsoa, Begogo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.534443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.533054" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.534443/lat -23.533054)">Bekora</a>, forêt de Sahalava; 23°31′59″ S, 46°32′04″ E; 1180 m; 28 Jan. 2005; fl bud; N.M. Andrianjafy, M. Ramanantsoa, P. Resabo, D. Razafindraibe, B. Kidamaoly 750; MO [MO-3020324] image!, P [P02071741, P02071742]!, TAN n.v . • Ihosy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.733334/lat -22.666666)">Ranotsara</a>; [22°40′ S, 44°44′ E]; Dec. 1963; fl, fr; J. Bosser 18718; G!, MO!, P [P02071670] ! • Chaîne du Vohibory, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.716667/lat -22.5)">O. d’Ivohibe</a>; [22°30′ S, 46°43′ E]; 1000–1300 m; 1 Nov. 1924; fl; H. Humbert 3096; P [P02071726]!, TAN ! • forêt à l′ E <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.933334/lat -22.55)">d’Ivohibe</a>; [22°33′ S, 46°56E]; 1000 m; 5–11 Nov. 1924; fl, fr; H. Humbert 3388; P P02071724 ]! • Ranohira, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.416668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.416668/lat -22.533333)">Est Isalo</a>; [22°32′ S, 45°25′ E]; 750–800 m; 3 Feb. 1955; fl, fr; H. Humbert 28791; P [P02158248]!, TAN ! • Col piste Ihosy-Ivohibe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.35/lat -22.45)">vallée de la Menarahaka</a>; [22°27′ S, 46°21′ E]; 1000 m; Jan. 1974; fl; P. Morat 4235; P [P02071376] ! • District Ivohibe. Commune rurale Ivohibe. Fokontany Longoza; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.704723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.580833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.704723/lat -22.580833)">forêt de moyenne altitude à gros arbres élevés et savane herbeuse de Vohibory. Rivière Efanôla</a>; 22°34′51″ S, 046°42′17″ E; 1001 m; 4 Dec. 2016; fl; C. Rakotovao et al. 7234; MO [MO-3066355]!, P n.v., TAN n.v. – SAVA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Vohémar, Daraina, forêt <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.216666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.55/lat -13.216666)">d’Antsahabe</a>; 13°13′ S, 49°33′ E; 880 m; 22 Nov. 2004; fl, fr; L. Gautier &amp; L. Nusbaumer 4731; G [G00019115]!, P [P02071740]!, TEF n.v . • Vohémar, Andrafainkona, forêt de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.491417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.640695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.491417/lat -13.640695)">Sorata</a>; 13°38′26.5″ S, 49°29′29.1″ E; 1280 m; 3 Mar. 2022; fr; Havinga &amp; Iharivolana 372; G [G00390534]!, P [P04186580]!, TEF n.v . • Vohémar, Daraina, forêt <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.5515&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.2195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.5515/lat -13.2195)">d’Antsahabe</a>; 13°13′10.2″ S, 49°33′05.4″ E; 855 m; 20 Jan. 2004; fl, fr; L. Nusbaumer 1062; G [G00006504]!, K n.v., MO [MO-3020325] image!, P [P01698916]!, research herbarium of Daraina n.v ., TEF n.v. – Vatovavy Region [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Est de Fianarantsoa, station forestière <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.758335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.758335/lat -21.525)">d’Andrambovato</a>; [21°31′30″ S, 47°45′30″ E]; Nov. 1956; fl, fr; B. Descoings 1829; MO [MO-3020329] image!, TAN!. – locality unknown • s.loc.; 26 Oct. 1935; fl; Jardin botanique 1146; TAN! • Madagascar; 1878 – 1880; fl, fr; L. Humblot 516; P [P02071737, P02071734, P02071738]!, TAN n.v.</p><p>Additional material examined ( Chlorophytum sp. cf. chloranthum Baker; Fig. 17)</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • Ampandrandava (material cultivated); 1943; fl; A. Seyrig 600D; P [P02071697] ! • same data as for preceding; fl; A. Seyrig 600E; P [P02071698]!. – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Low-altitude humid evergreen forest on granite, river Antsaharatsy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.79139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.813611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.79139/lat -13.813611)">Tsaratanana RNI</a>; 13°48′49″ S, 48°47′29″ E; 500 m; 13 Apr. 2000; fl, fr; C.R. Birkinshaw, J.F. Adamainty, B. Razafindrazaka &amp; P. Antilahimena 660; MO [MO-3020345] image !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 15–40 cm tall, rhizomatous; roots fasciculate, mostly hairy, 0.5–1.2 mm thick, extensively branched, sometimes exceeding 200 mm, with occasional small rare tubers developing on fibrous roots or on short side roots; leaves generally 5–11(–19), flexible, 13–40(–46) × 0.8–2.5 (–3) cm; some stems with 2–3 significantly shorter leaves on the outside; lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, base attenuated into a pseudo-petiole, 4–11(–13) cm long, approximately 1/4 to 1/3 of the bladeʼs length, widened at the base forming a sheath, the overlapping of sheaths may create a pseudobulb, smoothmargined or rarely finely scabrous margin, tapering towards the tip, veins (9–)10–20(–25), spaced and well-visible; inflorescence 1–2(–3) per stem, branched, with a rigid or slender and flexible axis; peduncle, 9–30(–40) cm in height, smooth, bearing a long, very slender, bract, 10–48 × 1.8–4 mm, and an additional smaller bract at each branching point of the rachis, the bracts are at ca 1/2 or 2/3 of the length of the peduncle; rachis 8–27(–43) long, with well-developed basal branches, often with secondary branching; flowers 1–4(–6) per node; floral bracts long-triangular, acuminate (13–)20–40(–100) × 1–3 mm, shorter than the pedicel, with 1–3 veins, the lateral veins often hardly visible; pedicels 4–11 mm long, with medial or submedial articulation (except for Cours 4280, Hilldebrandt 4199, Du Puy et al. 534, Gautier &amp; Nusbaumer 4731, Nusbaumer 1062, where the articulation is distinctly inframedial); perianth green or pale green, 3–5.5 mm long; tepals elliptical-lanceolate, subequal; outer tepals slightly shorter and narrower than the inner, 3–5 × 0.5–1.5(–1.8) mm, 3 central veins dark, close together, converging below the tip; stamens shorter than the tepals, divided into 2 groups, either 3+3 or 4+2, with subequal or distinctly unequal filaments, narrow at the base becoming fusiform towards the apex, distinctly papillose, the long ones 1.8 to 3.4 mm long, the short ones, 1.5 to 2.6 mm long, anthers elongate, 0.8–1.4 × 0.2–0.5 mm, often hastened in base, dorsifixed, filament attached to the anther in their lower 1/4; gynoecium: ovary 0.7–1.5 × 0.8–1.2 mm, 2 ovules per locule; style long, thread-like, 2.2–4 mm long, flattened at the top; capsule wider than long, 3–4 × 4.5–6(–7–8) mm, with a thin wall and a slightly raised suture, ornamentation reduced to a few transverse veins; seeds 1–2 per locule, black, suborbicular, 2.5 mm in diam., shiny, granulate, with a convex surface on one side and a circular depression on the other, notch closed or very narrow, radicle visible, but barely protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Evergreen plant, found in humid forest. Flowering occurs primarily from October to March, but can begin as early as September and last until May. Fruiting takes place from October to May. In dry forest, flowering is dependent on the rainy season, starting in January and continuing until March, while fruiting begins in February.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum chloranthum is an abundant species in the central and eastern regions of Madagascar, ranging from the Vohémar Region in the north to the extreme south, with some records from the western Tsaratanana zone, both of which belong to the same climatic zone. The species is typically found on diverse acidic substrates such as granite, sands, sandstones, and metamorphic rocks.</p><p>This species is locally frequent in humus-rich undergrowth of evergreen rainforests, sometimes in degraded conditions, whether on moss-covered rocks, along riverbanks, or in wet areas, at elevations ranging from 300 m to 1800 m.</p><p>Where it is encountered in dry deciduous forest, such as in the Isalo Massif and at Zombitse, it thrives in shaded, moist areas, such as in gorges or along riverbanks.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum chloranthum is endemic to Madagascar, where it is relatively widespread, occurring throughout the central and southern uplands where it has been recorded in all of the regions of the central interior, with the exception of the Itasy and Vakinkaratra Regions. The species also occurs at lower elevation sites in the southeast, including in the Atsimo-Atsinanana and Anosy Regions in the coastal areas and also into the higher parts of the Androy and Atsimo-Andrefana Regions to the southwest. The species also has an outlying population in the mountains of the north, that spans the SAVA and DIANA Regions. Chlorophytum chloranthum is known from 54 collections, representing a total of 27 known occurrences at a range of elevations from near sea level to 1650 m, but mostly in the central highlands. It has been recorded from six protected areas, where it is not considered to be threatened: the national parks of Analamazaotra, Andohahela, Mantadia and Zombitse-Vohibasia, and the special reserves of Kalambatritra and the Pic d’Ivohibe. It occurs in at least five other protected areas of a lower status (where habitats are not necessarily adequately protected) and also at sixteen other known locations where it has no protection, and where the species is threatened by wildfire, over-grazing, construction and conversion of land for agriculture, including on the Isalo Massif (but outside of the park limits). It has an EOO of just over 315 000 km 2 and an AOO of 192 km 2. On the basis of the large number of known locations and the documented occurrence in 12 protected areas covering a large part of its known range, we assess the species as LC, despite its somewhat limited AOO.</p><p>Morphological and nomenclatural remarks</p><p>1) Due to the large number of specimens, significant variation is observed in both the number and the length and width of the leaves.</p><p>2) For Cours 4280, Scott Elliot 2504, Nusbaumer 1062 and Viguier &amp; Humbert 894, the bract located on the peduncle is the size of a small leaf, measuring 9–13 × 0.35–0.40 cm with 9–12 veins. Moreover, for the first three collections (Cours 4280, Scott Elliot 2504, Nusbaumer 1062), its base tapers into a pseudo petiole of 0.5–1.0 cm long.</p><p>3) For Morat 4235 and Andrianjafy at al. 750, the specimens bear one or several adventitious plantlets along the floral scape, composed of several pseudo-petioled leaves with sheathing bases.</p><p>4) K000432401 and K000432402 in fact correspond to a single specimen artificially separated during digitisation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF8E134514434518FEDDF945	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF89135917D04126FD4DFA44.text	03A087D4FF89135917D04126FD4DFA44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum darainense Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>8. Chlorophytum darainense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324058-1</p><p>Figs 2I, 4J, 18–19</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Chlorophyto ranirisonii Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal affinis, sed foliis juvenibus integris (vs scabra), laminis 24–26-nervis (vs 16–21), inflorescentiis simplicibus (vs 1–2 ramosas), pedunculo inflorescentiae scabro, eglanduloso (vs scabrum glandulosumque), pedicello glabro (vs scabrum), tepalis albo-viridis (vs alba), filamento complanato paulo papilloso (vs inflatum papillosissimumque), antheris 1.5 × 0.4 mm (vs 1 × 0.2 mm), praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet of this new species refers to the rural town of Daraina in northern Madagascar.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – SAVA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Diego-Suarez / Antsiranana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.610664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.610664/lat -13.262)">Daraina</a>, forêt de Binara; 13°15′43.2″ S, 49°36′38.4″ E; 630 m; 2 Dec. 2006; fl, fr; L. Gautier &amp; C. Chatelain 5005; forêt dense semi-décidue +/- sclérophylle; holotype: G [G00096120] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 30 cm tall, underground parts unknown; leaves 4–5, (detached from the specimen, but arranged in situ in the drawing), 12–21 × 2.4–3.5 cm, lanceolate, base tapered with a very short pseudo-petiole, 2 cm long, corresponding to the sheathing base of the leaves, blade with a wavy hyaline margin, apex acuminate, acumen 1–1.5 cm long, veins 24–26, conspicuous, well-spaced; inflorescence solitary, erect, 20–27 cm long and unbranched, peduncle 10–14 cm long – the upper part of the peduncle and the rachis covered with short hyaline excrescences with a conical base; bracts narrow, triangular, 6.5 × 1.0 mm; rachis 7.5–12.5 cm long, floral bract, triangular, longer than the pedicel, the base clasping, 6 × 2 mm, transparent, 3 conspicuous veins, tip acuminate, pedicel 3.5 mm, articulation submedial; flowers 2–4(–6), erect; perianth pale green, 5.5 mm long; tepals unequal, recurved at anthesis, outer elliptic, 5 × 1.2 mm, inner oblanceolate, 5 × 0.8 mm, with 3 central veins that anastomose (fuse) before reaching the tip; stamens equal in length, the filaments 3.5 mm long, white, flattened in their upper half, slightly papillose, the papillae limited to their upper half, anthers 1.5 × 0.4 mm, yellow, dorsifixed, filament inserted at the lower 1/4; gynoecium: ovary 1.1 × 0.8 mm, the ovules 4–5 per locule, white when fresh; style 4.5 mm long, filiform, barely extending beyond the perianth; immature capsule 5 × 6 mm wide, pendulous.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The collection, made in early December, includes flowers and two young fruits, suggesting that flowering likely occurs as early as November, and fruiting starts in December.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>This species has only been found in the north-eastern Madagascar, near the town of Daraina, in Binara forest, which forms part of the Loky-Manambato protected area, at an altitude of 630 m on a secondary ridge covered with dense, semi-deciduous, and somewhat sclerophyllous forest, near the edge of the secondary grassland. The substrate consists of compact or fragmented granites, resulting in poorly developed soils.</p><p>We note here that the forests near Daraina are exceptionally rich in Chlorophytum, many of which are strictly endemic to the area, as far as is currently known. These include five new species described in this treatment, which are only known from Daraina, as well a new subspecies of C. sofiense – a poorly-known species, known otherwise from a single collection made over 100 years ago from a site further to the south. Daraina also harbours the typical form of the widespread C. chloranthum (see Fig. 19). This species richness can perhaps be explained by the intensity of the botanical inventories carried out over the last 5 years as part of the programmes conducted at Loky-Manambato, that have generated more than 54 000 records of plant occurrences in the 10 main forest areas of the region (Nusbaumer, pers. com.).</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum darainense sp. nov. is endemic to NE Madagascar, where it is known from a single collection made within the Loky Manambato Harmonious Landscape in 2005 in the forest at Daraina that represents just one known occurence at one known location where the species is presumed to be a strict endemic. While little exploration of the forests of Loky Manambato had been undertaken prior to the expeditions carried-out recently by staff of CJBG (see Gautier et al. 2006 and Nusbaumer et al. 2010), data from the site has shown the different forest patches to be rich in highly local plant species endemism. Within Loky Manambato, extensive habitat degradation of many of the forest patches has been observed and this is undoubtedly the major threat to this species. Chlorophytum darainense is assessed as CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,v).</p><p>Remark</p><p>Only one collection of this species has been seen, and these were limited to just leaves and inflorescences in order to leave the living plants alive in situ.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF89135917D04126FD4DFA44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF96135C14524208FAECFDBF.text	03A087D4FF96135C14524208FAECFDBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum decaryanum H. Perrier (Perrier de la Bathie 1935	<div><p>9. Chlorophytum decaryanum H.Perrier</p><p>Figs 4C, 20</p><p>Chlorophytum decaryanum H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 45–46) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species is dedicated to Raymond Decary (1891–1973), who has made a considerable contribution to the history, ethnology and natural sciences of Madagascar (Balard &amp; Maestri 2001).</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Anosy [Toliara Prov.] • Domaine oriental (S.E.): camp d’aviation, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.954445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.035276" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.954445/lat -25.035276)">Fort-Dauphin</a>, sur des sables humides; [25°02′07″ S, 46°57′16″ E]; 3 Jul. 1932; fl; R. Decary 9974; lectotype: P [P01046131]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P01046132] !.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Anosy [Toliara Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.983334/lat -25.033333)">Fort Dauphin</a>; [25°2′ S, 46°59′ E]; 1 May 1932; fr; R. Decary 9798; prairie à sol siliceux; P [P02071713]! • same data as for preceding; 27 May 1932; fl, fr; R. Decary 9819; dans la broussaille, sol sableux; P [P02071711]! • District de Fort Dauphin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.933334/lat -25.05)">Vinanibe</a>; [25°3′ S, 46°56′ E]; 14 Aug. 1932; fl, fr; R. Decary 10315; forêt littorale sur sables; P [P02071710]! • same data as for preceding; [25°3′ S, 46°56′ E]; 19 Aug. 1932; fr; R. Decary 10321; fente des rocailles; P [P02071712]! • Massif de Kalambatritra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.4/lat -23.266666)">Mt Beanjavidy</a>; [23°16′ S, 46°24′ E]; Nov. 1933; fl, fr; H. Humbert 12066; forêt; G!, K!, MO!, P [P02071674, P02071675]! • Andohahela, Parcelle n°1, cours moyen de la <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.76564&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.623972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.76564/lat -24.623972)">rivière Andranohela</a>. Berges de la rivière Andranohela, en dessus du camp n°1, base de la cascade, versant rive gauche; 24°37′26.3″ S, 46°45′56.3″ E; 450 m; 27 Oct. 2022; fl, fr; L. Gautier, A.J. Tahinarivony &amp; L. Rapp 6682; G!, MO!, P [P01101477]!, TAN n.v. • NW de Tolagnaro, RN 11, Andohahela, forêt proche rivière; [24°36′ S, 46°34′ E]; 14–19 May 1992; fr; S. Malcomber, C. Hemingway &amp; S. Compton 1520; BR [BR0000021754975]!, G!, MO [MO-3020326] image!, P [P02071730]!, WAG [WAG.1151038] image! • NW de Tolagnaro, RN 11, Andohahela, à côté rivière; [24° 38′ S, 46°46′ E]; 500–1000 m; 6–13 Feb. 1993; fl, fr; S. Malcomber, H. van der Werff, C. Hemingway, M. van Bergen, S. Rapanarivo, P.J. Rakotomalaza, O. Andrianantoanina &amp; B. Randriamampionona 2190; G n.v., K n.v., MO n.v., NY n.v., P [P02071377]!, TAN n.v, WAG n.v. • Fort Dauphin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.933334/lat -24.816668)">Ifarantsa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.933334/lat -24.816668)">Ivorona</a>, forêt de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.933334/lat -24.816668)">Mamoareny</a>; 24°49′ S, 46°56′ E; 706 m; 29 Nov. 2009; fl bud; R. Razakamalala 4978; MO!, P n.v., TAN n.v. – Atsimo-Atsinanana [ Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Fianarantsoa. Fivondronana: Farafangana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.724167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.170277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.724167/lat -23.170277)">Firaisam-pokontany</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.724167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.170277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.724167/lat -23.170277)">Agnalazaha Reserve</a> (= <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.724167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.170277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.724167/lat -23.170277)">Mahabo Mananivo</a>); 23°10′13″ S, 47°43′27″ E; 22 m; 26 Aug. 2003; fl bud, fr; D. Rabehevitra, R. Razakamalala, Dely Iaban’i 48 7; MO [MO-3011131]!, P [P02071380]!.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 19–38 cm in height, frequently exhibiting a rhizome (19 × 2 mm), and a hair-like root network, sometimes forming clumps with numerous stems; main root axes thick, 0.5–1.9 mm in diameter, occasionally slightly flattened, bearing fine fibrous roots with a diam. of 0.1–0.4 mm, without any evidence of tubers; leaves 5–16, linear to lanceolate, (5–)8–15(–21) × 0.3–1.2 cm, leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, tapering at both ends, base gradually narrowing into a pseudo-petiole of 2.5–7(–9) cm, approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of the total length of the leaf blade, leaf-base sheathing, margin smooth, except for Humbert 12066 which is scabrous, apex tapered, main veins 5–12, conspicuous, well-spaced, with a network of visible transverse secondary veins on the abaxial surface; inflorescences 2–7 per plant depending on the robustness of the individual, erect, simple or branched, (13–)25–32(–50) cm long; peduncle (4–) 6–20 cm long, smooth, sometimes with a single linear, leafy-bract, attached to the peduncle at ca 2/3 from the base, (4–)5–20(–38) × (0.2–)0.8–2(–4) mm, and tapering toward the apex, the bract margins smooth, and with ca 5 veins, rachis (6–)9–23(–32) cm long; flowers 2–4(–6) per node, floral bract 4.5 × 1 mm, triangular, tapering towards the apex, shorter than pedicel, 3-veined, the veins more or less visible, pedicel 4–8 mm long, articulation supra-medial, submedial or in the case of Decary 9798, with infra-medial articulation; perianth white or pale green, 3–5 mm long; tepals linear to elliptical, obovate, 3–5 × 0.5–1.5 mm; veins 3, central, brown; stamens equal to, or slightly shorter than the tepals, filaments fusiform and flattened, 1–3 mm long, sparsely papillose, anthers triangular, sometimes curved at anthesis, 1 × 0.2–0.4 mm, divergent at the base, dorsifixed, filament attached at the lower 1/4; gynoecium: ovary 0.9–1 × 0.9–1.2 mm; ovules 2 or occasionally 4 (seen only in Malcomber et al. 2190) per locule, style filiform, 2 mm long, with a thickened stigmatic apex; capsule broader than long, 2–4 × 3.5–6 mm, with a thin wall and reduced ornamentation consisting of a few transverse veins, seeds 2 per locule, black, orbicular, 2 mm in diam., shiny, and granular, the convex side with a depression and a narrow notch where the radicle is visible, but barely protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>At low-altitudes, flowering and fruiting of this species occurs throughout the year, while it is only known to occur in November and December for populations found above 1000 m.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Most specimens have been collected in the southeast of Madagascar on siliceous soils, near Tolagnaro, from sea level to 1000 m in altitude, but there are scattered records from further north-south of Fianarantsoa from elevations over 1000 m. This species appears to be associated with a relatively high humidity, as it is found along riverbanks, near the coast, or in the coolness of forest undergrowth.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum decaryanum is known from 11 collections, representing 4 occurrences that correspond to 4 locations. The majority (5) of the collections were made in the vicinity of the town of Tolagnaro (formerly Fort Dauphin) in 1932 by Raymond Decary, and the species is not known to have been recorded there since, and it is likely that the species has been extirpated from this locality where very little natural vegetation remains. The following year it was collected further to the north in the Massif de Kalambatritra, now a site with Special Reserve status, it is not known to have been recollected there but it is likely to still occur. More recently (1992–1993) the species was collected on two occasions in forest within the Andohahela National Park, and in 2003 it was collected in the Agnalazaha Reserve on the east coast just over 200 km to the north of Tolagnaro. Excluding the old records from Tolagnaro and Kalambatritra, but including the records from sites where the species is likely still to occur, C. decaryanum has an estimated EOO of 10 000 km 2 and an AOO of 12 km 2. However, it is clearly not a common species, and it is difficult to assign a status other than Data Deficient (DD).</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. VIII 6–7.</p><p>Nomenclatural and morphological remarks</p><p>1) The type specimen, Decary 9974, P01046131 was chosen as the lectotype because it bears an original Decary label, unlike the other duplicates.</p><p>2) Humbert 12066 has a root system composed of a mixture of fine fibrous roots and thickened branching, fibrous roots, that are not tuberous, a character that it shares with C. decaryanum, as well as a similar growth habit, and similar capsules and seeds. However, it can be distinguished by its leaves with their scabrous margins, pale green flowers, broader tepals, and a longer style that extends beyond the perianth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF96135C14524208FAECFDBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF93135F1430464FFC5DFBC1.text	03A087D4FF93135F1430464FFC5DFBC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum decipiens Baker	<div><p>10. Chlorophytum decipiens Baker</p><p>Figs 3E–F, 6C, 7A, 21</p><p>Chlorophytum decipiens Baker (Baker 1883 –1884: 275).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The epithet ʻ decipiens ʼ (meaning: ʻdeceivingʼ), refers to this species being the first known member of what Baker referred to as the “ Anthericum -like section of the genus” Chlorophytum to have been described from Madagascar. Previously only Chlorophytum madagascariense Baker (1878), had been described from Madagascar, which he evidently considered to be a more typical member of the genus.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR • Central Madagascar; Oct. 1882; fl, fr; R. Baron 2070; lectotype: K [K000432399] image!, here designated; isolectotypes: BM [BM01839963] image!, K [K000432398] image!, P [P01046113, P01046112] !.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR • Central Madagascar; s.d.; fr; R. Baron 5231; K n.v., P [P02071685]! • same data as for lectotype; Jun. 1889; fl; R. Baron 5291; K n.v., P [P02071683]!. – Analamanga [Antananarivo Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.083332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.083332/lat -18.2)">Angavo</a> près d’Ankazobe; [18°12′ S, 47°05′ E]; 8 Mar. 1930; fr; R. Decary 7290; P [P02071679]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.1/lat -18.3)">Tampoketsa</a> N d’Ankazobe; [18°18′ S, 47°6′ E]; 11 Mar. 1930; fl; R. Decary 7371; P [P02071684]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.5/lat -18.9)">Tananarive</a> dans les jardins; [18°54′ S, 47°30′ E]; 7 Feb. 1939; fl, fr; R. Decary 13867; P [P06169861]! • Tampoketsa d’Ankazobe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.15/lat -18.0)">Manerinerina</a>; [18°0′ S, 47°9′ E]; 2 Jan. 1942; fl, fr; R. Decary 17168; P [P06169863]! • Antananarivo: Tampoketsa d’Ankozobe, forested region along RN4, near the village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.205833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.160833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.205833/lat -18.160833)">Manankazo</a>, and the river of the same name. Embankment on road, 50 m S of bridge at R. Manankazo; 18°9′39″ S, 47°12′21″ E; 1590 m; 29 Dec. 1998; T.C. Flores &amp; J. Andriantiana 91; MO image! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.2/lat -17.966667)">Tampoketsa Ankazobe</a>; [17°58′ S, 47°12′ E]; 1955; A. Gillard s.n.; TAN! • Antananarivo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.184444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.512222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.184444/lat -18.512222)">Analamanga</a>, PK 67, RN 4, 27 km au sud d’Ankazobe; 18°30′44″ S, 47°11′04″ E; 16 Nov. 2003; fl, fr; P. Lowry, P.B. Phillipson, G.E. Schatz, C. Hong Wa &amp; H.H. Schmidt 6256; G n.v., K n.v., MO!, NY n.v., P [P06169840]!, TAN! • Entre Arivonimamo et Soamananety; 26 Dec. 1959; fl, fr; M. Peltier &amp; J. Peltier 1663; P [P02071682]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.266666/lat -18.65)">Entre Mahabo et Andranavelona. N. Antananarivo</a>; [18°39′ S, 47°16′ E]; 1 Dec. 1963; fl; M. Peltier &amp; J. Peltier 4410; P [P06169830]! • Antananarivo: Analamanga region. Dct Ankazobe, CR Fihaonana, Fkt Andranovelona, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.279167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.638332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.279167/lat -18.638332)">Inselberg de Lohavohitra</a>, PK 45 de la RN 4 allant d’Antananarivo - <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.279167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.638332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.279167/lat -18.638332)">Mahajanga</a>, sur le côté droit; 18°38′18″ S, 47°16′45″ E; 1417 m; 11 Mar. 2011; fl, fr; M. Rabarimanarivo, S. Porembski, J. Andriantiana &amp; S. Andriantiana 341; G!, MO [MO-3020316] image!, P [P06836539]! • Ankazobe, Fkt Bevomanga, PK 67 le long de la RN 4 allant d’Antananarivo - <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.18528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.513056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.18528/lat -18.513056)">Mahajanga</a>, ca 22 km N d’Andranovelona, sur le côté gauche. Inselberg dégradé; [18°30′47″ S, 47°11′07″ E]; 14 Sep. 2021; M. Rabarimanarivo, S. Porembski &amp; N. Ravololomanana 449; MO!, P n.v., TAN n.v. • Ankazobe, PK 45 RN 4 Tana-Mahajanga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.629723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.29/lat -18.629723)">Fihaonana</a>; 18°37′47″ S, 47°17′24″ E; 9 Mar. 2010; fr; F. Rajaonary 9; MO [MO-3020310]!, P [P06836544]! • Analamanga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.282223&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.153334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.282223/lat -18.153334)">Ankazobe</a>, NO <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.282223&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.153334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.282223/lat -18.153334)">Ambohitantely Special Reserve</a>; 18°9′12″ S, 47°16′56″ E; 14 Feb. 2018; fl; fr; U. Swenson V. Razafindrahaja, A. Atalahy &amp; S. Razafimandimbison 1941; MEL n.v., MO [MO-2682025] image!, P [P01182487]!, S n.v., TAN n.v. – Itasy [Antananarivo Prov.] • Antongona, environs de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.266666/lat -18.933332)">Tananarive</a>; [18°56′ S, 47°16′ E]; Jan. 1956; fl, fr; J. Bosser 8944; MO [MO-3020328] image!, TAN! • Tananarive, PK 26, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.316387&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.981945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.316387/lat -18.981945)">route d’Arivonimama</a>; [18°58′55″ S, 47°18′59″ E]; Dec. 1955; st.; J. Bosser 8907; MO [MO-3020328] image!, TAN! (2 parts) • Itasy, PK 78, route <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.9/lat -18.95)">Miarinarivo</a>; [18° 57′ S, 46° 54′ E]; May 1962; fl, fr; J. Bosser 16006; P [P06169852]!, TAN! • Km 60, route de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.04111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.996668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.04111/lat -18.996668)">Miarinarivo</a>, ouest de Tananarive; [18°59′48″ S, 47°02′28″ E]; Jan. 1958; fl, fr; B. Descoings 2908; MO [MO-3020330] image!, TAN! • Mont Antongona, au NO d’Imerintsiatosika; [18°56′ S, 47°17′ E]; Jan. 1958; fl, fr; B. Descoings 2996; TAN! (2 parts) • Antongona, 40 km ouest de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.283333/lat -18.933332)">Tananarive</a>; [18°56′ S, 47°17′ E]; 16 Jan. 1960; fl; J. Léandri 2583; P [P06169832]! • Sabotsy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.3/lat -18.933332)">massif de l’Antongona</a>; [18°56′ S, 47°18′ E]; 4 Dec. 1959; fl; M. Peltier &amp; J. Peltier 1551; P [P02179669, P02179670]!, TAN! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.283333/lat -18.933332)">Antongona</a>; [18°56′ S, 47°17′ E]; 16 Jan. 1960; fr; M. Peltier &amp; J. Peltier 1760; P [P02071681]! • Tampoketsa entre Ikopa et Betsiboka; [19°9′ S, 47°5′ E]; Dec. 1924; fl; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 16755; P [P02071680]! • Antananarivo: Itasy Region. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.985558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.006666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.985558/lat -19.006666)">Arivonimano</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.985558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.006666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.985558/lat -19.006666)">Soamahamanina</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.985558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.006666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.985558/lat -19.006666)">Inselberg Maroampona</a>, sur la RN 1, du côté gauche de la route. Antananarivoa-Miarinarivo. Inselberg perturbé (une ancienne carrière); 19°00′24″ S, 46°59′08″ E; 23 Mar. 2015; fl, fr; M. Rabarimanarivo, S. Porembski, L. R. Andriamiarisoa 466; MO!, P [P00910357]!, TAN n.v. • Arivonimamo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.225002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.0175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.225002/lat -19.0175)">Andranomena</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.225002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.0175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.225002/lat -19.0175)">Inselberg</a> à 36 km d’Antananarivo; 19°01′3″ S, 47°13′30″ E; 1497 m; 12 Mar. 2011; fl; A. Ramahefaharivelo, S. Porembski, F.A. Rajaonary, J. Andriantiana 390; MO [MO-3020342] image!, P [P06836545]! • Itasy, district du <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.533333/lat -19.233334)">Kitsamby</a>; [19°14′ S, 46°32′ E]; 1912; fl; R. Viguier &amp; H. Humbert 1622; P [P06169834]!.</p><p>iNaturalist observations</p><p>MADAGASCAR – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.23511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.06461" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.23511/lat -18.06461)">Analamanga</a> [Antananarivo Prov.] • 18°03′52.6″ S 47°14′06.4″ E; 14 Jan. 2016; fl; T. Randriamboavonjy (tiana123); iNaturalist 2591145 • 18°12′07.8″ S, 47°16′41.5″ E; 3 Apr. 2022; fl; D. Scherberich (dscherberich); iNaturalist 120304349 • 18°12′07.6″ S, 47°16′41.8″ E; 3 Apr. 2022; fr; A. Bour (botanarchiste); iNaturalist 116276055 • 17°57′20.0″ S, 47°07′34.3″ E; 15 Feb. 2023; fl, fr; D. Rabehevitra (davidrabehevitra); iNaturalist 148823840 • 17°57′19.9″ S, 47°07′34.2″ E; 15 Feb. 2023; fl; D. Rabehevitra (davidrabehevitra); iNaturalist 148823821 • 18°12′58.2″ S, 47°17′19.1″ E; 11 Jan. 2024; fl; Len deBeer (Elendebeer); iNaturalist 196911818 • 18°12′08.0″ S, 47°16′42.1″ E; 11 Jan. 2024; fl, fr; Len deBeer (Elendebeer); iNaturalist 197395700.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 20–30 cm high, with a rhizome; roots fasciculate, strongly thickened, 1.5–2 mm, some clavate at the apex; leaves 5–9, linear, mostly folded, 12–39 × 0.4–1(–1.2) cm, with the outer leaves shorter than the inner ones, leaf-base attenuate, sheathing, margins smooth, or irregular and finely toothed towards the tip, (visible at ×25 magnification) in some collections (Baron 2070, Decary 7290, Bosser 16006, Peltier &amp; Peltier 1663, 1551, 1760 and Rabarimanarivo et al. 466), veins 13–20, visible on both surfaces, apex tapering; inflorescence large, 35–84 cm in height, robust, unbranched or slightly branched; peduncle smooth, 23–52 cm long, bracts 3–5, foliaceous, triangular, acute, 10–35 × 3–5 mm, sometimes scabrous near the tip, rachis 13–16 cm long; flowers numerous, paired or in groups of three per node, floral bracts, triangular, acuminate, 6 × 2 mm, much longer than the pedicel, with the tip and sometimes the margin scabrous, gradually transitioning upwards to deltoid-based bracts; pedicel short, ca 4 mm long, articulation infra- or supra-medial; perianth with obovate tepals, 8–10 × 2.5–4.0 mm, white with a brownish spot at their tips (visible when fresh), veins 3, closely-spaced, converging at the centre and forming a bundle at the apex; stamens almost equal in length to the perianth, filaments slender, narrowed at the apex, ca 5 mm long, anthers 3.5 × 1.0 mm, sub-basifixed; gynoecium: ovary 2.0 × 1.5 mm, ovules 8–12 per locule, style 8 mm long, stigma slightly thickened; capsule higher than wide, 9 × 8 mm, with shallow ornamentation; seeds black, orbicular, 3 mm in diam., surface nearly smooth, with a distinct notch, radicle prominent.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The flowering season generally extends from December to March, and occasionally to April, with fruits present as early as February. One exceptional collection (Lowry et al. 6256) was both in flower and fruit during November.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum decipiens is a species of the High Plateau (Hauts Plateaux), to the West and North of Antananarivo, in the region of Lake Itasy and on the Tampoketsa of Ankazobe, respectively. It has been collected frequently on granite inselbergs, migmatites and other igneous rocks at altitudes ranging from 1300 to 1600 m.</p><p>It forms clumps in diverse open environments, including rocky areas, dry meadows and wetlands.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum decipiens is endemic to Madagascar, where it occurs only on the central highlands to the west and northwest of Madagascarʼs capital city, Antananarivo, where natural habitats are highly threatened throughout the area. The species is known from at least 27 collections of which 24 have geocoordinates or which could be reliably assigned coordinates post facto, and these span the regions of Analamanga and Itasy. However, only six of these documented occurences have been made in the past 25 years, mostly from isolated inselbergs or rocky outcrops; older collections were also recorded from forest patches but now very little natural forest remains, and only two collections have been gathered from within a protected area (the Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely). The species occurs primarily in a zone that is subject to increasing human pressure, due to a growing human population and urbanisation in the vicinity of the capital, as well as the intensification of agriculture in the region. The paucity of recent records suggests that the species may have been extirpated from many of its former sites of occurrence, and it appears to have become relatively rare. Given the high level of threat and the limited up-to date information on the species, we assess the species as DD. In order to provide a useful conservation assessment, field work needs to be undertaken to gather up-to-date information to assess the status of C. decipiens, and to determine the level of threat to the species.</p><p>Nomenclatural and morphological remarks</p><p>1) The sheet chosen as the lectotype contains a determination in Bakerʼs handwriting.</p><p>2) The specimens collected in the Antongona massif exhibit variability between the flowers within the same inflorescence. Specifically, minor differences in the size of the stamens were observed, with some flowers having three long and three short filaments while others have four long and two short filaments; and the anthers can be equal in length or longer than the filaments.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF93135F1430464FFC5DFBC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF9013531790408CFB92FA6C.text	03A087D4FF9013531790408CFB92FA6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum dianellifolium (Baker) H. Perrier	<div><p>11. Chlorophytum dianellifolium (Baker) H.Perrier</p><p>Figs 3N–O, 6G, 7D, 22</p><p>Chlorophytum dianellifolium (Baker) H.Perrier (as dianellaefolium) (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 54–55) – Anthericum dianellifolium Baker (Baker 1887: 149) .</p><p>Chlorophytum dianellifolium var. transiens H.Perrier syn. nov. (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 55–56). – Type: MADAGASCAR – Haute Matsiatra [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.916668/lat -21.816668)">Environs d’Ambalavao</a>; [21°49′ S, 46°55′ E]; Mar. 1912; fl; lectotype: H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10942; rocailles dénudées (gneiss); P [P01046110]!, here designated. – Paralectotypes: MADAGASCAR • Central Madagascar; fl; R. Baron 4121, K [K000432396] image!. – Vakinankaratra [Antananarivo Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.25/lat -19.85)">Ambatomena Lona</a>; [19°51′ S, 47°15′ E]; 1876; fl; A. Grandidier s.n.; P [P01046111]!. – Amoron’i mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.8/lat -20.55)">Sur des cipolins, aux environs d’Ambatofinandrano</a>; [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; ca 1000 m; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 12443; P [P01046109]!.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the shape of the leaves of this species that resemble those of species of the genus Dianella Lam. ex Juss., a member of the Asphodelaceae Juss., that occurs in Madagascar, East Africa, Australasia and Southeast Asia.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR • Central Madagascar; s.d.; fl; R. Baron 659; lectotype: K [K000432395] image!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P01046116] !.</p><p>Paralectotype MADAGASCAR • Central Madagascar; s.d.; fl; R. Baron 4121; K [K000432396] image !.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Amoron’i mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Itremo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.616665/lat -20.566668)">Col de l’Itremo</a>, bare hillside covered with pebbles and larger rocks; [20°34′ S, 46°37′ E]; 1500–1685 m; 5 Nov. 2011; fl, fr; T. Croat 29863; MO [MO-3020270] image!, TAN! • Environs d’Ambatofinandrahana (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.8/lat -20.55)">Betsileo</a>); [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; 16 Jan. 1955; fl, fr; H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 28079 ter p.p.; P [P06169848, P06169857]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.633335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.633335/lat -20.6)">A l’ouest d’Itremo</a> (ouest Betsileo); [20°36′ S, 46°38′ E]; 17 Jan. 1955 – 22 Apr. 1955; fl; H. Humbert 28180; P [P06169897]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.8/lat -20.55)">Ambatofinandrahana</a>; [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; Mar. 1960; fr; M. Keraudren 197; P [P06169871]! • same data as for preceding; fl; M. Keraudren 217; P [P06169894]! • Fianarantsoa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.579445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.579445/lat -20.66)">Ambatofinandrahana. Itremo. Ankevo</a>. Savannah on rockery; [20°39′36″ S, 46°34′46″ E]; 12 Mar. 2012; fr; F. Rakotonasolo, M. Vorotsova &amp; G. Ratovonirina RNF 1906; K n.v., P [P01018907]!, TAN n.v. – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.716667/lat -23.833334)">Environs d’Isoanala</a>; [23°50′ S, 45°43′ E]; Jun. 1963; fl; J. Bosser 17384; K!, P [P06169914]!, WAG!. – Betsiboka [Mahajanga Prov.] • N-O <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.716667/lat -16.966667)">Ankazobe, vallée de l’Ikopa</a>; [16°58′ S, 46°43′ E]; 15 Mar. 1930; fl; R. Decary 7571; P [P02071678]!, TAN! (2 parts). – Haute Matsiatra [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Andriainjato, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.898335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.687222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.898335/lat -21.687222)">Andranovorivato</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.898335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.687222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.898335/lat -21.687222)">Km 10 N d’Ambalavao</a>; [21°41′14″ S, 46°53′54″ E]; 1298 m; 14 Mar. 2010; fl, fr; C. Frasier, A. Ramahefaharivelo, B. Ramandimbisoa, H. Razafindraibe &amp; S. Porembski 110; G!, MO [MO-3020316] image!, P [P06836541]!, TAN n.v. • Sandrisoa. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.95/lat -22.016666)">Ambalavao</a>; [22°01′ S, 46°57′ E]; 25 Feb. 1961; fl; J. Peltier &amp; M. Peltier 3098; K!, P [P06169860]! • Ambalavao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.95/lat -22.016666)">Sandrisoa</a>; [22°01′ S, 46°57′ E]; ca 1100 m; 12 Feb. 1953; fl; J. Rakodo RN 5547 (Rakodo); P [P06169829]! • Haute Matsiatra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.833332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.833332/lat -21.833334)">Iarintsena</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.833332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.833332/lat -21.833334)">Tananomby</a>, inselberg <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.833332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.833332/lat -21.833334)">Ambalalova</a>; [21°50′ S, 46°50′ E]; 1127 m; 15 Mar. 2010; fl; N. Rakotoarivelo, M. Rabarimanarivo, F.A. Rajaonary, N. Ravalimanarivo, J. Andriantiana &amp; A. Raonizafitionimalaza 234; MO [MO-3020315] image!, P [P06836540]!, TAN n.v. • Ambalavao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.716667/lat -22.05)">Vohitsoaka</a>; [22°03′ S, 46°43′ E]; ca 1100 m; 21 Feb. 1962; fl; Rakotoson RN 11997; P [P06169896]! • Ambalavao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.95/lat -21.9)">Sandrisoa</a>; [21°54′ S, 46°57′ E]; ca 1100 m; 6 Feb. 1955; fl; RN 7309 (Rakotovao); P [P06169892, P06169828]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.816666/lat -21.866667)">Ambalavao</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.816666/lat -21.866667)">Iarintsena</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.816666/lat -21.866667)">Anja</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.816666/lat -21.866667)">Mahavelo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.816666/lat -21.866667)">Inselberg Tangorika</a>; [21°52′ S, 46°49′ E]; 1056 m; 17 Mar. 2010; fl, fr; A. Ramahefaharivelo, M. Rabarimanarivo, F.A. Rajaonary, N. Rakotoarivelo, B. Ramandimbisoa, H. Razafindraibe, N. Ravalimanarivo, L. Ratsimabazafy 53; Tapis de monocotylédones et prairie marécageuse; MO [MO-3020314] image!, P [P06836725]!, TAN n.v. • Haute Matsiatra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.025555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.53139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.025555/lat -21.53139)">Langela</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.025555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.53139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.025555/lat -21.53139)">Andromivato</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.025555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.53139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.025555/lat -21.53139)">Soaindrana</a>, PK 420; [21°31′53″ S, 47°01′32″ E]; 1216 m; 14 Mar. 2010; fl, fr; B. Ramandimbisoa, A. Ramahefaharivelo, C.L. Frasier, F.A. Rajaonary, M. Rabarimanarivo, H. Razafindraibe, J. Andriatiana, N. Rakotoarivelo, J. Rakotomalala, J.C. Riandrianantenaina 13; MO [MO-3020317] image!, P [P06234101]!, TAN n.v., TEF n.v. • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.83611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.843056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.83611/lat -21.843056)">Ambalavao</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.83611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.843056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.83611/lat -21.843056)">Iarintsena</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.83611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.843056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.83611/lat -21.843056)">Anja</a>; [21°50′35S, 46°50′10″ E]; 1105 m; 16 Mar. 2010; fl; H. Razafindraibe, C.L. Frasier, S. Porembski, A. Ramahefaharivelo, B. Ramandimbisoa 257; MO [MO-3020318] image!, P [P06836542]!, TAN! • Ambalavao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.716667/lat -22.05)">Vohitsoaka</a>; [22°03′ S, 46°43′ E]; ca 1100 m; 19 Mar. 1949; fl; RN 1832 (A. Razafindrakoto); P [P06169853, P06169854]! • Ambalavao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.716667/lat -22.033333)">Ivohitsoaka</a>; [22°02′ S, 46°43′ E]; ca 1100 m; 22 Mar. 1960; fl, fr; s.coll. RN 11193; P [P06169843]!. – Ihorombe [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.983334/lat -22.525)">Entre Ambohimana-Androtra et Tsiazomborona</a> (Prov. d’Ivohibe); [22°31′30″ S, 46°59′00″ E]; 9 Apr. 1970; fl; P. Boiteau 2063; P [P02071677]!.</p><p>iNaturalist observation</p><p>MADAGASCAR – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.837833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.620722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.837833/lat -20.620722)">Amoron’i mania</a> [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • 20°37′14.6″ S, 46°50′16.2″ E; 5 Dec. 2021; fl; Landy Rita Rajaovelona (landyrita1); iNaturalist 103085397 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 20–60 cm tall; rhizomatous; roots fasciculate, 2–2.5(–3.5) mm in diam., bearing a few oblong tubers of 20–30 × 6 mm; leaves 5–10, linear, varying in length from (8–) 17 to 60 cm, sheathing at the base, narrow, 0.3–0.7 cm wide, sheath variable in length, often yellowish, the zone of transition from the sheath to the blade not constricted, but with 2 lateral undulations along the margin, the blade margin scabrous, veins 12–23, visible, apex tapered; inflorescence 22–65 cm long, unbranched or with a single short branch at the base of the rachis, peduncle 19–61 cm long, with a single bract, 1.8–10.5 × 0.2–0.4 cm, located very high up, margin and surface of the bract mostly smooth, rarely scabrous, rachis 4–12(–17) cm in length; flowers solitary or in groups of 2–3 at each node, floral bracts slightly scabrous or smooth, 10–20 × 4 mm, longer than the pedicel, pedicel 5–7 mm long, with a submedial articulation; perianth 12–18 mm long, white; outer tepals oblong and obtuse, 3.5 mm wide with (5–)6–7 veins, with a brown spot in vivo; inner, 5 mm wide, 5-veined; stamens with the filaments 3.5–6.5 mm long, flattened at the base for half of their height and then sharply narrowed, anthers 5–7 × 1.5 mm, sub-basifixed, the connective usually with a short triangular heel (lacking in Baron 639 [659]); gynoecium: ovary 2 × 1.2 mm, ovules ca 12–16 per locule, style slender, 10–16 mm long, stigma thickened; capsule, taller than wide, 10–13 × 8–9 mm, with parallel thickened veins; seeds disciform, 3 mm in diam., shiny, very finely granulate; with a broad notch, the radicle thick and barely protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowering has mostly been recorded from January to March, and fruiting typically begins in February, but with some individuals fruiting in January, suggesting earlier flowering may occur, likely in December.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>This species is found on the high central plateau area of Madagascar at altitudes above 1000 m, mainly in the vicinity of Ambatofinandrahana and Ambalavao, but with one collection further to the north in the Ikopa valley, and another one to the south near Isoanala. It occurs on granite or metamorphic substrates, on rocky outcrops or in rocky grasslands.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum dianellifolium is endemic to Madagascar, where it is known from a total of 24 collections representing 17 occurences, and a single iNaturalist observation. It has a disjunct distribution, with most records from the central highlands at elevations of at least 1000 m a.s.l., but with an outlying record from the Betsiboka Region to the NW (at ca 1000 m a.s.l.) and another from the Anosy Region in the S (at ca 700 m a.s.l.). The species has another nine known subpopulations in the central highlands of Madagascar, where it ranges from near Ambalavao in the S to Antsirabe to the N, all of which occur at elevations of over 1000 m a.s.l. However, none of the known subpopulations occur within a formal protected area (although one is adjacent to the Itremo Massif Protected Landscape, and the species is likely to occur within that site). The species has an EOO of over 45 000 km 2 but an AOO of just 72 km 2. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT), as it meets the necessary values for a threatened category for the EOO, but it meets only one sub-criterion of B2 (b,iii).</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. IX 1–3.</p><p>Nomenclatural and morphological remarks</p><p>1) The label on a specimen at P [P01046116] bears the number 639, and was cited in Perrierʼs revision. However, this number is not in Perrier de la Bâthieʼs handwriting, and it is evidently a transcription error for Baron 659. Furthermore, no specimen labelled “ Baron 639 ” has been found at K among the specimens of Chlorophytum, nor was it mentioned in the original protologue.</p><p>2) In his revision, H. Perrier de la Bâthie cited material of Baron 659 as the type of A. dianellifolium, but without formally designating a specimen. We here designate the specimen at K, with the barcode K000432395 as the lectotype of this species, since it is more complete than the duplicate specimen at Kew (barcode K000432396). Similarly, we have chosen P01046110 as the lectotype of C. dianellifolium var. transiens, which is more complete than other syntypes of this collection deposited at K and P.</p><p>3) Leaf variability: The margins are more or less scabrous, ranging from a very slight roughness, for example Grandidier s.n., Decary 7571, to clearly marked teeth, as for Boiteau 2063, Perrier de la Bâthie 10942, Ramahefaharivelo et al. 53, RN 11193. Some specimens are scabrous across the entire lower leaf surface, resulting in a more or less pronounced rough appearance (Perrier de la Bâthie 10942, Ramahefaharivelo 53, RN 11193, RN 7309, RN 11997, Frasier et al. 110, Ramandimbisoa et al. 13, Keraudren 217, Peltier &amp; Peltier 3098). The basal portion of the leaf often has a yellowish straw-coloured sheath that forms an angle with the lamina.</p><p>4) The peduncle sometimes has short transparent scabrae stuctures below the flowering portion of the rachis, as seen in two specimens at P, Frasier 110 and Ramandimbisoa 13, collected between Fianarantsoa and Ambalavao, a characteristic not shared with other collections further south or north.</p><p>5) The tepal veins, which are not very visible in vivo, become more apparent when the flower is dried. Although the perianth segments sometimes have 6–7 veins instead of 5, there is a unity in the structure: the tepals are relatively wide with 5 or more veins, the stamens are equal to the perianth in length, with flattened filaments at their base, as long as the anthers, and a short extension of the connective.</p><p>6) We include two collections from outside the main distribution range of this taxon: Decary 7571 from the north of the country and Bosser 17384 from the southeast. The latter does show some minor morphological differences (pedicel inframedial articulation, longer style, heel of anther connective reduced to a simple rim).</p><p>7) In the P herbarium, the collection number H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 28079 was assigned to three collections from the same locality: the first two appear in the collection notebooks of Henri Humbert: one of these is the type of Pimpinella betsileensis Sales &amp; Hedge, the second, bearing the number 28079 bis, is a collection of C. tripedale . The third collection based on this number, was identified by Humbert as Chlorophytum sp. (P06169857 and P06169848), the latter of which is heterogeneous, consisting of a part of C. tripedale 28079 bis and C. dianellifolium . We renumber the latter collection as 28079 ter. The sheet P06169848 includes two C. dianellifolium plants located on either side, one bearing fruit, the other with an inflorescence in buds, with a fragment of an inflorescence of C. tripedale 28079 bis mounted in between. An attached envelope contains a mixture of fruits and flowers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF9013531790408CFB92FA6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF9C1355144A4222FD2AFCE8.text	03A087D4FF9C1355144A4222FD2AFCE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum distichum H. Perrier	<div><p>12. Chlorophytum distichum H.Perrier</p><p>Figs 4H, 23</p><p>Chlorophytum distichum H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 49–50) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the distichous arrangement of the leaves.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Amoron’i Mania Region [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Est: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.493057&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.256111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.493057/lat -22.256111)">forêt orientale, dans le bassin du Matitanana</a>; [22°15′22″ S, 47°29′35″ E]; ca 100 m; Oct. 1911; fl; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10979; holotype: P [P01142919] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 30–50 cm tall, tuft-forming; rhizome lateral; roots all thickened and hairy, 1–1.5 mm in diam., a few roots solely fibrous; leaves ca 10, arranged in a fan, rigid (fide Perrier de la Bâthie), grass-like, lanceolate, with the leaf-base attenuate, forming a pseudo-petiole 6–9 cm long, with an enlarged sheathing portion at the base, and a central pseudo-vein; veins 11–13, visible on both sides, apex narrowly tapered; inflorescence solitary, 33.0– 42.5 cm in height, upright and weakly branched, branches flexible; peduncle 18–20 cm long; bracts 1–2, triangular, 2–3 × 0.1–0.2 cm, apex long and finely pointed, 5-veined; the lower bract often very large and leaf-like, up to 9 cm in length, the upper bract situated at the level of the lowest ramification; rachis 12–23 cm long; flowers (2–)3(–4) per node; floral bract axillary, triangular, apex tapered, 6 × 2 mm, 3-veined, longer or equal to the pedicel; pedicel 5.5–7 mm, articulation below the middle, 2 mm from the base; perianth 6.5–7.0 mm long, tepals white, narrowly elliptical and with green veins (fide Perrier de la Bâthie), outers 7 × 0.8 mm, inners 7 × 1 mm, veins, 3, visible; stamens roughly equal, slightly shorter than the perianth, filaments 4 mm long, fusiform, papillose, and swollen in their upper half, anthers yellow, rectangular, 1.2–1.5 × 0.2 mm, dorsifixed, filament attached close to the anther base; gynoecium: ovary 1.4– 0.8 mm in diam., ovules, 4–5 per locule, style 7.2 mm long, extending beyond the perianth, stigma slightly thickened; young capsule higher than wide, 5 × 4 mm, 3-lobed, immature seeds 4–5, subglobose, 1.8 × 1.4 mm, notch wide and radicle forming a distinct protrusion within this notch.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known collection was in bloom in October and bears young fruits.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum distichum occurs south of Manakara, in the Matitana basin, in humid forest on gneiss at ca 100 m altitude. The locality indicated by Perrier de la Bâthie is a source of confusion because the Matitana River is indicated on old maps (e.g., Barrère 1930), whereas on modern maps, it is considered a branch of the Sandrananta River. However, the altitude mentioned on the label (100 m) enables at least an approximate geo-location to be determined for this locality.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum distichum is endemic to Madagascar, and is only known from a single gathering made over a hundred years ago in the Matitanana river basin (see explanation above for more information on this locality). It is assessed as DD (Data Deficient) since no additional information is available, and no recent search for the species has been undertaken, but the species may be extinct. Despite general collecting that has been conducted in the area, which contains a significant area of intact vegetation, the species is not known to have been re-collected.</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig.VIII 5.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF9C1355144A4222FD2AFCE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF9A135617BA47A5FC55F8B7.text	03A087D4FF9A135617BA47A5FC55F8B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum geayanum (H. Perrier) Marais & Reilly (Marais & Reilly 1978	<div><p>13. Chlorophytum geayanum (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>Figs 5D, 23</p><p>Chlorophytum geayanum (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly (Marais &amp; Reilly 1978: 660) . – Anthericum geayanum H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 36–37) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species is dedicated to Martin François Geay (1859–1910) according to Poisson (1911) and Dorr (1997).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Vatovavy [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Domaine oriental: Zone côtière, province de Mananjary; Mar.–Apr. 1909; fl, fr; F. Geay 8111; lectotype: P [P01046126]!, here designated .</p><p>Paralectotypes MADAGASCAR – Vatovavy [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Domaine oriental: Zone côtière, province de Mananjary; Mar.–Apr. 1909; fl; F. Geay 8075; P [P01046128]! • same data as for preceding; fl; F. Geay 8110; P [P01046124] ! • same data as for preceding; fl; F. Geay 8074; P [P01046127, P01046125]! .</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Vatovavy [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Nosy Varika, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.48528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.762222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.48528/lat -20.762222)">Ambahy</a>; 20°45′44″ S, 48°29′7″ E; 23 Mar. 2003; fr; R. Razakamalala, R. Rabevohitra, T. Rakotomamonjy &amp; Gaspard 385; forêt littorale de basse altitude; MO [MO-3020294] image!, TAN n.v . • Fianarantsoa, Fivondronana: Nosy Varika, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.482777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.796944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.482777/lat -20.796944)">Firaisana</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.482777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.796944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.482777/lat -20.796944)">Ambahy</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.482777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.796944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.482777/lat -20.796944)">forêt d’Ambahy</a>; 20°47′49″ S, 48°28′58″ E; 10 m; 23 Apr. 2004; fr; R. Razakamalala, R. Ranaivojaona &amp; Z. Rogers 1178; MO [MO-3020284]!, P [P06169910]!, TEF n.v .</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 25–30 cm tall, with underground parts consisting of a rhizome and numerous fasciculate roots; roots fibrous, somewhat thickened, 0.8–1.0 mm in diam., with some portions tuberous, 1.8–2.0 mm in diam., and with a few secondary roots, 0.2 mm in diam., crown surrounded by the remnants of the old leaves reduced to fibres; leaves ca 10, flexuous, filiform, and either tangled or coiled upon themselves, 10–27 × 0.1–0.2 cm, with a sheathing base but no pseudo-petiole, veins 10, prominent, visible on both surfaces, leaf blade apex shortly pointed and scabrous; inflorescences 1–3 per plant, branched, slender, flexible, spreading, 17–34(–45) cm in height, peduncle short, 2.5–4(–7.5) cm long, with two overlapping bracts located at the nodes, the larger 8–14(–23) × 1.5–2.0 mm, triangular, tapering and scabrous at the tip, 5–7 veined, the smaller ones with the same form, 2.5–4.5 × 1 mm, rachis very lax, 14–26(–33) cm long; flowers 3–4 per node, separated by 2.3–4.5 cm long internodes, floral bract 3–4 × 2 mm, papery, 3–5-veined, with a triangular, embracing base, and a terminal acumen 1.2–2 mm long, shorter than the pedicel, pedicel 4.5 mm with an inframedial articulation; perianth white, 3 mm long, tepals oblong, obtuse, 3 × 0.8 mm, the 3 central veins very close together; stamens shorter than the perianth, unequal, inserted at different heights, in a basal position for the antisepalous stamens, and higher for the antipetalous stamens, filaments flattened, 1.2 mm long for the former and 0.8 mm long for the latter, anthers short, triangular, 0.3 × 0.2 mm, dorsifixed, filament inserted at the lower 1/4; gynoecium: ovary globose, 0.8 mm diam., ovules, 2 per locule, style short, 1 mm long, stigma rounded; capsule broader than tall, 2 × 4 mm, the sutures with bordered edges, surface with curved wrinkles; seeds 1(–2) per locule, black, shiny, globose, the surface echinulate (visible under ×40 magnification), 1.5 × 1.5 × 1 mm, one side convex, the other with a deep depression, lacking a notch, the radicle not visible.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowering period ends in March, when the last flowers can be seen, and fruiting takes place in March and April.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The distribution range of C. geayanum is limited to a small coastal area in the southeast of Madagascar, in the Vatovavy Region, near Nosy Varika, where it occurs within littoral forest, on sands and alluvial soils.</p><p>A map of the two known localities of C. geayanum is provided in Fig. 23 together with that of C. distichum .</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum geayanum is endemic to Madagascar, where it is known from a series of collections made by M.F. Geay at a single locality in 1909. It appears to have been collected again only once, nearly a hundred years later by Richard Razakamalala, at Nosy Varika, close to Geayʼs original collections. This single known occurrence, and the single known location for the species is not within a protected area, and is highly vulnerable to disturbance, due to its proximity to the busy RN11 road that runs along the coast to the SE of the country, and the species is therefore assessed as CR B2ab(i;ii;iii;iv;v).</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. VI 8–10.</p><p>Nomenclatural remark</p><p>Among the syntypes cited by Perrier de la Bâthie (Geay 8111, 8110, 8075, 8074), we have chosen the most abundant material as the lectotype: Geay 8111 (P01046127).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF9A135617BA47A5FC55F8B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FF99135714524376FAE3F877.text	03A087D4FF99135714524376FAE3F877.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum graniticum H. Perrier	<div><p>14. Chlorophytum graniticum H.Perrier</p><p>Figs 2B–C, 4D, 24</p><p>Chlorophytum graniticum H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 46–47) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the granitic soils on which the two gatherings studied by Perrier de la Bâthie originated. The species occurs most frequently on calcareous substrates, but in the case of subspecies ambrense subsp. nov., it also occurs on volcanic soils.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Betsiboka [Mahajanga Prov.] • Domaine occidental: Firingalava, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.916668/lat -17.6)">aux environs d’Andriba</a>; [17°36′ S, 46°55′ E]; Jan. 1898; fl; fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 460; lectotype: P [P01046138]!, here designated; isolectotypes: P [P01046135, P01046136, P01046137, P01046139] !.</p><p>Paralectotype MADAGASCAR – Betsiboka [Mahajanga Prov.] • Domaine occidental: bois rocailleux (gneiss), bords du Besafotra, affluent de droite du Menavava, dans le Boina; [17°09′ S, 47°40′ E]; Jan. 1900; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 460bis; P [P01046140]!.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 17 to 34 cm tall; rhizome seen only on a few plants (Alleizette s.n., Léandri 2974 and Poisson s.n.); leaves (4–)5–7(–8), lanceolate, attenuate at the base forming a pseudopetiole, the central pseudo-vein visible, with more than 17 clearly visible well-spaced veins, apex tapered; inflorescence solitary, erect, the axis covered with transparent, aligned rugosities with a triangular base, the density of which increases towards the apex; sometimes mixed with small, stocky hyaline hairs (RN 4667, Léandri 2662), peduncle (9–)11–18(–23) cm, rachis with 1–3(–4) flowers per node, floral bract triangular, long and very slender, reddish, 4–7(–9) × 1.5–2 mm, with 3 veins, longer or equal to the pedicel, pedicel (3–) 4–5.5 mm long, with inframedial articulation about 1.5 mm from the base; tepals elliptic, equal or subequal, with 3 central veins, more-or-less visible, external tepals narrower than internal tepals; stamens subequal or in two groups (3 long and 3 short), the longest equaling the tepals, filament fusiform and thickened in its upper part, 2.5–3.5 mm long for the short stamens and 3–3.5(–4.2) mm for the long stamens, papillose, white (dried material), anthers green; gynoecium: ovary subglobose 0.7–1(–1.2) mm in diam., 1(–2) ovules per locule, style filiform, exceeding the tepals, stigma with thickened tip; capsules pendulous when ripe, distinctly wider than high, 2.5–4 × 4–6 mm, the apex short-beaked, frequently one or two aborted locules (in which case the fruit is not beaked), with 3–4 transverse ribs, 1(–2) seeds per locule, black, discoid, semicircular to circular, 1.2–3.0 × 2.1–4.0 mm, surface shiny, granular, of the same profile as the locule with a rounded outer surface and a straight inner surface, narrowly notched at one third of the length, radicle visible and not protruding.</p><p>Nomenclatural remark</p><p>We here lectotypify Chlorophytum graniticum on Perrier de la Bâthie 460, specifically the specimen P01046138, as it is the most complete of the specimens available, and the collection with the most duplicates available, which include specimens the isolectotypes: P01046135, P01046136, P01046137, P01046139.</p><p>Key to the subspecies</p><p>1. Leaf with a smooth margin; pseudo-petiole 1/3 to 1/2 the length of blade; blade with 17–18 veins. ............................................... C. graniticum subsp. ambrense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>– Leaf with a partially scabrous margin; pseudo-petiole 1/4 to 1/5 the length of the blade; blade with 25–31 veins .................................................................................... C. graniticum subsp. graniticum</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FF99135714524376FAE3F877	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFE7132A17844518FC53FCA9.text	03A087D4FFE7132A17844518FC53FCA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum graniticum subsp. graniticum	<div><p>14a. C. graniticum H.Perrier subsp. graniticum</p><p>Figs 2B–C, 4D, 24</p><p>Material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Betsiboka [Mahajanga Prov.] • Madagascar, environs <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.933334/lat -17.583334)">d’Andriba</a>; [17°35′ S, 46°56′ E]; Mar. 1906; fl, fr; Alleizette s.n.; CLF [CLF345106] ! • Causses du Kelifely, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.866665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.866665/lat -17.083334)">forêt de Kasiji</a>; [17°05′ S, 45°52′ E]; Nov. 1974; fl; P. Morat 4686; P [P02157222] ! • Domaine occidental: Firingalava, aux environs <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.916668/lat -17.6)">d’Andriba</a>; [17°36′ S, 46°55′ E]; Jan. 1898; fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 460; P [P01046135, P01046136, P01046137, P01046138, P01046139] ! • Bord du Besafotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.6325&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.09889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.6325/lat -17.09889)">affluent du Menavava</a>; [17°05′56″ S, 46°37′57″ E]; Jan. 1900; fl; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 460 bis; P [P01046140] !. – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • Près de Majunga; [15°43′ S, 46°19′ E]; 1 Feb. 1921; fl; H. Poisson s.n.; P [P02157227] ! • RN 8, Andranomavo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.433334/lat -16.5)">Soalala</a>; [16°30′ S, 45°26′ E]; 23 Feb. 1953; fr; RN 5092 (Rakotovao); P [P02157225] ! • Mahajanga, Marohongo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.502224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.717777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.502224/lat -15.717777)">station forestière</a>; [15°43′04″ S, 46°30′08″ E]; 13 Mar. 2010; fl; F. Rakotonasolo et al. 1605; BR [BR0000021756603]!, TAN !. – Melaky [Mahajanga Prov.] • Province de Majunga / Mahajanga. Beanka, partie centrale, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.50722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.9775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.50722/lat -17.9775)">Analaomby</a>; [17°58′39″ S, 44°30′26″ E]; 324 m; 5 Dec. 2011; fl, fr; R.F. Bolliger 69; BR [BR0000015214515 V]!, G [G00340146]!, K n.v., MO [MO-3241821]!, P [P00782679]!, TEF n.v . • Mahajanga, Beanka, partie centrale <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.496113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.998056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.496113/lat -17.998056)">Analaomby</a>; [17°59′53″ S, 44°29′46″ E]; 243 m; 21 Mar. 2012; fr; R.F. Bolliger, R.M. Hanitrarivo &amp; B.F.L. Rakotozafy 316; G [G00340147]!, K!, MO!, P [P04186578] ! • Route d’Antsalova, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.816666/lat -18.7)">Tsiandro</a>, RN IX; [18°42′ S, 44°49′ E]; 3 Feb. 1975; fl, fr; G. Cremers 3800; P [P02157229] ! • Province de Majunga / Mahajanga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.563053&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.110556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.563053/lat -18.110556)">Région Melaky. Beanka</a>, sud de la Kimanambolo; [18°06′38″ S, 44°33′47″ E]; 280 m; 27 Nov. 2012; fl; L. Gautier, P. Ranirison, R.M. Hanitrarivo &amp; I. Luino 5858; G [G00377860]!, K n.v., MO [MO-3241820]!, P [P00967405]!, TEF ! • Tsingy du Bemaraha. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.616665/lat -18.666666)">Anjohivazimba</a>; [18°40′ S, 44°37′ E]; s.d.; fl, fr; J. Léandri 934; P [P02157235] ! • Environs de Tsiandro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.95/lat -18.716667)">forêt de Behandrao</a>; [18°43′ S, 44°57′ E]; 500–600 m; 25 Nov. 1952; fl, fr; J. Léandri 2004; P [P02157223] ! • E d’Ansalova, vers <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.616665/lat -18.683332)">Ambodiriana</a>; [18°41′ S, 44°37′ E]; 100–150 m; 7 Dec. 1952; fl, fr; J. Léandri 2075; MO [MO-3020332] image!, P [P02157230, P02157228] ! • same data as for preceding; [18°27′ S, 44°44′ E]; 21 Jan. 1960; fl, fr; J. Léandri 2662; P [P02157233] ! • E. Antsalova, vers <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.8/lat -18.616667)">Bevary</a>; [18°37′ S, 44°48′ E]; 400–600 m; 27 Jan.–2 Feb. 1960; fr; J. Léandri 2946; P [P02157238]!, TAN ! • same data as for preceding; [18°37′ S, 44°48′ E]; 4 Feb. 1960; fr; J. Léandri 2974; P [P02157226] ! • Mahajanga: Melaky Region. Maintirano, Belitsaky, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.54861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.084723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.54861/lat -18.084723)">Antsakobe</a>. Vers le point culminant. Forêt dense sèche décidue dans le Tsingy Beanka; [18°05′05″ S, 44°32′55″ E]; 352 m; 20 Nov. 2012; fl bud; C. Rakotovao, I. Luino &amp; J. Razafimandimby 6299; MO [MO-3241818]!, P [P00967406]!, TAN n.v . • Beanka, partie nord, bord rivière <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.474167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.890556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.474167/lat -17.890556)">Bokarano</a>; [17°53′26″ S, 44°28′27″ E]; 18 Dec. 2011; fl; B.F.L. Rakotozafy, R. Bolliger &amp; R.M. Hanitrarivo 16; BR n.v., G [G00376365]!, K n.v., MO [MO-3241819]!, P [P00782478]!, TEF ! • RN 9, Antsalova; [18°41′ S, 44°37′ E]; 7 Dec. 1952; fl, fr; RN 4667 (Razafindrakoto); P [P02157234, P02157236]!, TAN !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Underground parts with numerous fine, fibrous, fasciculate roots, each bearing a tuber near the apex, tubers either fusiform, 8–15 × 1.5–2.5 mm, or pyriform, 8–11 × 3–6.5 mm; leaves 13–33 × 1.3–2.2 cm, with a pseudo-petiole 3.5 to 7 cm long, about 1/4 to 1/5 of the total length of the blade, base of the leaf enlarged, sheathing, often with one or two short, transparent external sheaths, margin of the blade finely scabrid at the tip, with 21 to 25 veins, the apex of the blade tapering; inflorescence 17–35 cm long, simple or sparsely branched, with 1–3 triangular, 7–20 × 1.5–3 mm, well-tapered, 6–8 veined bracts at the base, flowering rachis 6–18 cm long; flowers with a white, 3.5–4.5 mm long perianth, the outer tepals narrower (0.6–0.8 mm wide) than the inner ones (0.7–1.1 mm); stamens, filament dorsifixed inserted towards the middle of the anthers, anthers triangular, green, sometimes curved at anthesis, 0.5–0.9 × 0.2–0.3 mm, weakly hastate; gynoecium with a filiform style, 3–4 mm long; capsules, 2.5–4 × 4–6 mm; seed 1.2–2 × 2.1–2.8 mm.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowering occurs mainly from November to February, but can extend until March. Fruiting begins in December and continues until March.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Subspecies from western Madagascar, occurring in the Boeny, Melaky and Betsiboka Regions, and present in a number of protected areas, including the Tsingy de Bemaraha National Parc, occurring mainly on limestone at altitudes below 500 m. It is also found on acidic soils up to an altitude of 1000 m in the north of the Tampoketsa Region. It is encountered in the understory of dense dry forests, on rocks, and also near rivers.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>The typical subspecies includes all material of the species except for two records from Montagne d’Ambre, that lies at the extreme north of the species’ range, and that we segregate as Chlorophytum graniticum subsp. ambrense subsp. nov. The typical variety, C. graniticum subsp. graniticum, is known from 21 collections, and occurs at nine localities that represent seven subpopulations, and has an EOO of 53 000 km² and an AOO of 68 km 2 (further details on the material included in this subspecies are provided above). However, throughout most of its range, we consider the typical subspecies to be threatened by habitat degradation in at least five of its seven known locations, whereas in Bemaraha National Park and Beanka Harmonious Landscape threats to its survival in are low. But thirteen of the known records of this subspecies are more than 50 years old. Chlorophytum graniticum subsp. graniticum is therefore assessed as VU.</p><p>Morphological remarks</p><p>1) The shape and orientation of the base of some of the available collections ( Léandri 2075, 2974, Gautier et al. 5858) suggest that the species is rhizomatous, but the point of origin is difficult to determine within its rocky habitat, and it may not be easily visible among the tangled roots, and furthermore, its fragility makes it prone to breaking.</p><p>2) The collection Morat 4686 has significantly wider leaves than others, ca 2.5 cm, and a maximum length of ca 13 cm, and has a shorter or barely developed pseudo-petiole.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFE7132A17844518FC53FCA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFE5132B171F4765FE0DFADD.text	03A087D4FFE5132B171F4765FE0DFADD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum graniticum subsp. ambrense Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>14b. C. graniticum subsp. ambrense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324051-1</p><p>Fig. 24</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>A typo differt radicibus carnosis, aliquando incrassatis (vs tenues, fibrosas tuberculatasque), pseudopetiolis foliorum longioribus (1/3–1/2 longitudine laminae vs 1/4– 1/5), margine laminae laevi (vs apicem scabrum), laminis 17–18-nervatis (vs 25–31), inflorescentiis robustioribus, pedunculo unibracteato (vs 1–3- bracteatum).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The subspecies is named for the type locality, the Amber Mountain or Montagne d’Ambre.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.183334/lat -12.516666)">Forêt d’Ambre</a>; [12°31′ S, 49°11′ E]; 1000 m; 18 Jan. 1960; fl, fr; H. Humbert 32096; holotype: P [P02158253]!; isotypes: K n.v., MO [MO-3020333] image!, TAN!, WAG [WAG.1151827] image!.</p><p>Paratype MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • PN montagne d’Ambre, SW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.133335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.133335/lat -12.55)">Ambohitra</a>; [12°33S, 49°08′ E]; 20 Oct. 1988; fl, fr; G. Schatz, J.S. Miller, A. Rakotozafy, F. Badré, J. Randrianasolo 2395; BR [BR0000021754982]!, MO [MO-3020323] image!, P [P02071668]!, TAN n.v., WAG [WAG.1151037] image!.</p><p>Description</p><p>Underground parts with fleshy roots, 1.5–2.0 mm in diam., some of which thicken to 12 × 2–3 mm pseudo-tubers; leaves arranged in a rosette (fide Schatz), 11–27 × 1.2–1.8 cm, with a pseudo-petiole 5.0– 12.5 cm long, 1/3 to 1/2 of the length of the leaf, dilated at the base into a very marked sheath, the sheaths all nested in a pseudobulb, blade margin undulate, with a smooth, very clearly-marked, hyaline margin, and 17 or 18 veins, the lower surface of the blade glaucous-green; inflorescence 30–52 cm long, branched, with a robust axis, the rachis 17–28 cm long, covered with transparent, triangular-based scabrae, that are well aligned, and more abundant towards the apex, scabrae sometimes also occur on the young peduncles, with a solitary bract at the level of the first branch, 12–20 × 0.3 mm, the bract well tapered and 5-veined; tepals (observed persisting around young fruits) purple-brown when dry, 4.0– 4.5 mm long; stamens, anther hastate, green, 1 × 0.15–2.00 mm, dorsifixed, filament inserted towards the lower 1/3; gynoecium with a filiform style, 4–5 mm long; capsules, 3.2–4.0 × 6 mm, seed, 2.5–3.0 × 3–4 mm.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>This subspecies flowers as early as October and bears its first fruits in the same month. Fruiting has been recorded until the end of December.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>This subspecies has only been collected in the Parc national de la Montagne d’Ambre, on deep clay soil derived from the degradation of predominantly basaltic volcanic rocks, at an altitude of approximately 1000 m. It can form dense colonies in the understorey of the ombrophilous forest.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>With only two known records from collection records from sites only circa 6 km apart, Chlorophytum graniticum subsp. ambrense subsp. nov. has a known AOO of only 8 km ². The subspecies appears to be highly localised, with a known range that is over 450 km distant from the known range of the typical subspecies, and both records are from within the Montagne d’Ambre National Park where it is not considered to be threatened. The two records date from 1960 and 1988 respectively, and represent a single location. It is likely that the subspecies still exists at the site, which remains largely intact. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC), even though it is poorly known, and apparently rare.</p><p>Morphological and taxonomic remarks</p><p>1) The flowers of subsp. ambrense subsp. nov. are very similar to the typical subspecies, but a little larger, as well as the fruits and seeds, 3–4 mm high against 2.1–2.8 for the typical subspecies.</p><p>2) This taxon may merit recognition as a separate species, but we consider the material inadequate to justify that choice.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFE5132B171F4765FE0DFADD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFE4132E17C84191FD24FCCF.text	03A087D4FFE4132E17C84191FD24FCCF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum helvillae Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>15. Chlorophytum helvillae Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324062-1</p><p>Figs 6I, 25–26</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Chlorophyto meridionali inflorescentiae pedunculo scabro (vs glabrum), rhachidi obtecta pilis numerosis brevisque (vs glabram), antheris angustatis viridisque, 6.3 × 1 mm longis (vs largiores flaveasque, 3.8–5 × 1–1.2 mm), antheris basi hastata (vs rotundatam vel obtusam) apice capitato (vs attenuatum), praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet of this new species refers to the town of Hell-Ville on Nosy Be Island in northwestern Madagascar.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Antsiranana: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.416667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.316666/lat -13.416667)">Nossi-Bé</a>, environs de Helville [Hell-Ville]; [13°25′ S 48°19′ E]; Mar. 1905; fl; C. d’Alleizette 46; holotype: P [P06169865] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, up to 31 cm tall, underground parts unknown; leaves 8, 17–30.5 × 1.4–1.6 cm, with a sheathing base and wavy margins, lamina conduplicate, margins smooth in appearance, but distally bristly with very small teeth, visible only at high magnification (×40), apex tapering, veins 23–27, well-spaced, visible on the upper surface of the blade, somewhat obscure on the lower surface; inflorescence solitary, unbranched, incompletely developed, stiff, 28.5 cm in height, dense; peduncle 21 cm long, finely scabrous, covered with hairs in its upper half; rachis 7 cm long, covered with short, abundant hairs, ca 0.05–0.1 mm long, with a solitary bract at the base of the rachis, 12 × 3 mm, triangular, with a tapered tip, the floral bracts similar, but decreasing in size from 7.5 × 1 mm at the base to the top, longer than the pedicel (1.6–3.2 mm long), pedicel with an articulation at 0.2–1.5 mm from the base; flowers solitary at each node, campanulate, 11–12 mm long, pedicel short, 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous, articulated at the base; tepals narrowly lanceolate, 15 × 2.5–2.7 mm, with 4–5 conspicuous veins converging at the apex; stamens 9–9.5 mm long, shorter than the perianth, filaments flattened, 3.3 mm long, tapering towards the apex, anthers green, long and straight, 6.3 × 1 mm, apex rounded, base hastate, spurred, shortly rounded at the base of the connective; gynoecium: ovary 3.5 × 2.2 mm; ovules ca 10 per locule; style 6 mm long, barely equaling the perianth; fruit not seen.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known specimen was in flower in March.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Known only from the northwest of Madagascar, more precisely from the southeast of Nosy Be Island, on substrates formed from old or recent volcanic rocks, that give rise to deep soils, and the vegetation type in which the plant occurs is unknown.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum helvillae sp. nov. is known from a single specimen collected over a hundred years ago. Its precise locality on Nosy Be is unknown, and although much of the island is highly degraded, Lokobe National Park is well-maintained and contains a significant portion of the island’s flora. It’s possible that the C. helvillae is extant, and most likely within the park. The species must be considered as Data Deficient (DD), although it may be extinct. A targeted search for the species in the park and in any remaining fragments of natural vegetation on the island and on the neighbouring island of Nosy Ambariovato (also known as Nosy Komba), is recommended.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFE4132E17C84191FD24FCCF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFE11321146D479EFED5FE49.text	03A087D4FFE11321146D479EFED5FE49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum humbertianum H. Perrier (Perrier de la Bathie 1935	<div><p>16. Chlorophytum humbertianum H.Perrier</p><p>Figs 3L–M, 6D, 7C, 27</p><p>Chlorophytum humbertianum H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 52–53) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species is dedicated to Henri Humbert (1887–1967), director of the Laboratoire de Phanérogamie at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris and the initiator of the Flora of Madagascar and the Comoros (Heim 1967; Dorr 1997).</p><p>Vernacular name</p><p>Fanamato (fide H. Humbert).</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Anosy [Toliara Prov.] • Domaine du S.-W: sur les limites orientales: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.683334/lat -24.533333)">Isomony</a>, vallée du Manambolo, affl. du Mandrare; [24°32′ S, 46°41′ E]; vers 450 m d’alt.; Jan. 1934; fl; H. Humbert 13350; holotype: P [P01046117] !.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR • S-O; fl; P.R. Montagnac 97; P [P06169877]!. – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • Moyenne Mananara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.45/lat -24.75)">sur la limite orientale de l’Androy</a>; [24°45′ S, 45°27′ E]; 27 Nov. 1931; fl; R. Decary 9446; P [P02071371] ! • Ampandrandava, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.883335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.883335/lat -23.833334)">Rochers de Belambo</a>; [23°50′ S, 44°53′ E]; 1300 m; Jan. 1943; fl bud; A. Seyrig 498; P [P06169881] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.866665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.866665/lat -24.1)">Ampandrandava</a>, entre Bekily et Tsivory; [24°6′ S, 45°52′ E]; Jan. 1943; fl; A. Seyrig 498B; P [P02071374] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.883335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.883335/lat -23.833334)">Ampandrandava</a>, entre Bekily et Tsivory; [23°50′ S, 44°53′ E]; 1000 m; May 1943; st.; A. Seyrig 498C; P [P06169880] ! • same data as for preceding; May 1943; fr; A. Seyrig 498D; P [P02071375] ! • Environs d’Ampandrandava (entre Bekily et Tsivory); [24°5′ S, 45°41′ E]; Dec. 1943; fl; A. Seyrig 498E; P [P06169836, P06169912] ! • same data as for preceding; [23°50′ S, 44°53′ E]; Dec. 1943; fl; A. Seyrig 498F; en culture; P [P02071372] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.883335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.883335/lat -23.833334)">Environs d’Ampandrandava</a> (entre Bekily et Tsivory), crêtes est; [23°50′ S, 44°53′ E]; 1000 m; Mar. 1943; fr; A. Seyrig 541; P [P02071373, P06169911] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.883335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.883335/lat -23.833334)">Environs d’Ampandrandava</a> (entre Bekily et Tsivory); [23°50′ S, 44°53′ E]; Feb. 1944; fl; A. Seyrig 541B; P [P06169878]!. – Anosy [Toliara Prov.] • Bassin supérieur du Mandrare, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.7/lat -24.5)">du col de Vavara à la vallée du Manambolo</a>; [24°30′ S, 46°42′ E]; 20–22 Nov. 1928; fl; H. Humbert 6754; MO [MO-3020308]!, P [P02071370, P02071368, P02071369] ! • Bassin supérieur de l’Onilahy (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.533333/lat -23.883333)">Mangoky</a>), vallée de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.533333/lat -23.883333)">l’Andranomiforitra</a>; [23°53′ S, 46°32′ E]; 19 Dec. 1928; fr; H. Humbert 7065; P [P02071365] ! • Toliara, vallée moyenne du Mandrare près d’Anadabolava. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.40167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.40167/lat -24.05)">Mont Vohitrotsy</a>; [24°3′ S, 46°24′6″ E]; 700–800 m; fr; Dec. 1933; H. Humbert 12643; P [P06169874] ! • Vallée de la Manambolo (bassin du <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.575/lat -24.35)">Mandraré</a>), NW Maroaomby; [24°21′ S, 46°34′30″ E]; Dec. 1933; fl, fr; H. Humbert 12762; P [P02071366]!, TAN n.v. – Ihorombe [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • 47–49 km au SE d’Ihosy route <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.606667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.560555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.606667/lat -22.560555)">d’Ivohibe</a>; [22°33′38″ S, 46°36′24″ E]; 650–700 m; 5 Nov. 1967; fl; L. Bernardi 11191; G!, P [P02071367] ! • 9 km, W de Ihosy le long de la RN 7; [22°24′26″ S, 45°41′21″ E]; 12 Nov. 2003; fl; P.B. Phillipson &amp; S. Rakotonandrasana 5718; G!, MO [MO-3020347]!, P [P02071364]!, TAN!. – Menabe [Toliara Prov.] • SW Madagascar, 11 km SW de Manja; [21°30′ S, 44°16′ E]; 240 m; 26 Dec. 1976; fr; O. Appert 803; TAN ! • Manja; [21°30S, 44°16′ E]; 26 Dec. 1976; fr; O. Appert 804; forêt, sol sableux; TAN ! • same data as for preceding; [21°30S, 44°16′ E]; 26 Dec. 1976; fr; O. Appert 805; MO [MO-3020307] image!, TAN n.v .</p><p>iNaturalist observation</p><p>MADAGASCAR – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.50022&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.356556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.50022/lat -24.356556)">Atsimo-Andrefana</a> [Toliara Prov.] • 24°21′23.6″ S, 44°30′00.8″ E; 16 Nov. 2023; fl; Didie Cresson (cresson_didie); iNaturalist 191241917 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 10–30 cm tall; rhizome well-developed; roots fasciculate, numerous, hairy, long, slightly thickened, 1–1.5 mm in diam., often truncated, some terminated by a tuber or a cluster of tubers at least 8 cm from the base (Humbert 6754, Bernardi 11191), tubers ovoid, 8–30 × 3–7 mm; leaves 4–8, of two types depending on the specimen: linear ones, with a base surrounded by two shorter whitish sheaths, measuring 6–19.5(–33) × 1–1.5(–2) cm (Seyrig 498B, D, F, Seyrig 541), and others longer and wider, and more flexible, 26–36 × 2.8–4.4 cm, with sheathing base, sometimes attenuated into a pseudo-petiole, veins 17–34, conspicuous, well-spaced, the blade with fine hyaline margins, smooth or finely scabrous at the base (Humbert 12762) or very scabrous (Montagnac 97), all leaves with tapered tips; inflorescence 22–49 cm high, solitary, the rachis sometimes with a basal branch, peduncle 13–34 cm, dotted with small, white, translucent hairs of 0.1 mm, the density of which increases towards the apex, bearing 1–5 thin bracts of 10–20 × 1–2.5 mm, with acute apices, rachis 7–21 cm long, the pedicel and rachis pubescent; 1–5 flowers per node, the floral bracts subulate, 5–9 mm long, equalling or exceeding the pedicel, the latter 7–8 mm long, slender, with supramedial articulation 1–2.5 mm from the apex; perianth 8–10 mm long, with elliptical segments of equal length; outer tepals 1.5–2 mm wide, always with 3 central veins, the apex with an brown or green dot (in situ), inner, 2–3.5 mm wide, veins, 3 or sometimes 4–5, especially visible when dry; stamens equal to the perianth, with white filaments, 4–6 mm long, nearly cylindrical, slightly flattened at the base, anthers yellow, 2.5–4 × 0.7–1 mm, basifixed, with a slightly hastate base and a small swelling on the outer base of the connective; gynoecium: ovary, 1.5–2 × 1.2–1.8 mm, ovules, 6–8 per locule, style curved, 7–10 mm in length, terminated by a thickened stigma; capsule, 5–8 × 5–6.5 mm, with thickened sutures and a smooth surface; seed subcircular or taller than wide, black, shiny, 2.5 × 2.3 mm, with a thick, slightly prominent radicle.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowering mainly occurs during the months of November and December and continues until February. The fruiting begins as early as November.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Collections of this species are all from the south of Madagascar, mostly from the Mandrare basin in the southeast, but with two collections from near Ihosy, and three from the southwest (two near Manja and one without detailed locality information – Montagnac 97). The species is found at altitudes between 240 and 1300 m, and it grows on deep acidic soils in sands or soil derived from metamorphic rocks, generally in lowland meadows, or sparsely wooded environments but with a preference for shaded or humid areas.</p><p>Chlorophytum humbertianum can be locally abundant in suitable environments, but is rare on a larger scale (fide Seyrig).</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum humbertianum is endemic to Madagascar, where it is restricted to the southern interior. The species has mostly been recorded in the Anosy Region and in neighbouring areas of the Androy, Atsimo-Andrefana, Atsimo-Atsinanana and Vatovavy Regions, but it also with somewhat disjunct occurrences known from the Ihorombe and Menabe Regions further to the north and the northwest. The species has a total of 11 known occurences, with an EOO of over 54 500 km 2 and an AOO of 48 km 2, a total of seven subpopulations can be distinguished that occur at a range of elevations from 400 to 1300 m a.s.l. The species has only been collected three times in the past 50 years, and it is not known to occur in any formally protected area. It occurs mostly in localities that are subject to severe habitat degradation, representing 3 locations. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. IX 13–16.</p><p>Morphological remarks</p><p>1) Variation has been observed in the vegetative parts and the flowers between some specimens. The size of the leaves and to a certain extent their shape, depends on the state of maturity of the plants, as follows: flowering can occur while the leaves are still expanding (Decary 9446, Humbert 6754, 12762 and 13350); the edge of the blade is generally smooth, but sometimes scabrous at its base (Humbert 12762) or along its entire length (Montagnac 97). The veins of the tepals on the same floral stem are generally three in number, but in Seyrig 498B, 498E, 541B and Humbert 6754, we find a mixture on the same inflorescence of flowers with 4 or 5 veins.</p><p>2) Seyrig noted that the veins of the tepals of this species became brown on drying specimens of the species, while the veins were not visible in situ, this is corroborated by the photographs of Phillipson et al. 5718.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFE11321146D479EFED5FE49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFEE132217CC4607FD4CFDB5.text	03A087D4FFEE132217CC4607FD4CFDB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum hypoxiforme (H. Perrier) Marais & Reilly	<div><p>17. Chlorophytum hypoxiforme (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>Figs 5F, 28</p><p>Chlorophytum hypoxiforme (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly (Marais &amp; Reilly 1978: 661) . – Anthericum hypoxiforme H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 37–38) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the vegetative parts that resemble those of members of the family Hypoxidaceae R.Br.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Betsiboka [Mahajanga Prov.] • Domaine central: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.793888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.564999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.793888/lat -16.564999)">Rocailles</a> (basalte) sur le Tampoketsa [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.793888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.564999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.793888/lat -16.564999)">Tampoketsan’i Beveromay</a>], entre le Bemarivo du N.-W. et le Mahazamba; [16°33′54″ S, 47°47′38″ E]; ca 900 m; Dec. 1910; fl; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10978; holotype: P [P01046123] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Herbaceous plant, small, up to ca 10 cm tall; underground parts formed from fasciculate, fleshy, elongated roots, ca 2.0 to 2.5 mm in diam., fusiform roots 15–26 × 3 mm, and fibrous roots 0.3 mm in diameter; leaves 9 to 14, lanceolate, 4–10 × 0.3–0.6 cm, with a sheathing base, buried for 1.0– 1.3 cm, surrounded by fibrous remains, and forming a rosette (fide Perrier de la Bâthie), with 12 to 16 veins visible on both surfaces, margins smooth, hyaline, the apex long-tapered; inflorescences 1–5, simple or branched, comprised of erect, racemose units 1–2 cm long, the peduncle reduced, a short dense raceme, 2.5–7.0 cm high, with short internodes, pauciflorus, bearing a very long outer foliaceous bract, 2–4.5 × 0.2 cm, axillary to the branch, with 5–7 veins, and with a second, smaller inner bract, 1.5 × 0.12 cm; rachis 2.5–6 cm long, bearing up to 10 flowers; flowers 1 per node, surrounded by two triangular, pointed, 3-veined bracts, the larger 10–12(–15) mm long, as long as the pedicel, or longer, the pedicel 13 mm long, with articulation supramedial, 1–1.5 mm below the apex; perianth white, 7–8 mm long, somewhat twisted after anthesis, the tepals equal, oblong, with an obtuse apex, 7 × 1.0–1.2(–1.8) mm, with 3 central veins; stamens equal, shorter than the perianth, with a flattened, filament, 3.5–4.0 mm long, glabrous, anthers elongate, obtusely tipped, 2.0 × 0.5 mm, dorsifixed, filament inserted on the lower 1/4; gynoecium: ovary globose, 1 mm long, with 2 or 3 ovules per locule, style ca 3 mm long, cylindrical, thick; capsule not known.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The single known collection flowered as early as October, and many flower buds can still be seen, while fruiting has only just begun.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The only collection of this species was made in Northwestern Madagascar between the Bemarivo and Mahazamba rivers, on the Tampoketsa plateau. It is a rock-dwelling plant occuring on an ancient basalt flow, collected at an altitude of around 900 m.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum hypoxiforme is known from a single collection made over a century ago in an area of the country which is highly degraded with only tiny fragments of semi-natural vegetation, the area being exploited mainly for grazing of livestock. It is likely Extinct but since no targetted search for the species has been undertaken, we assess C. hypoxiforme as DD (Data Deficient).</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. VII 6–8.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFEE132217CC4607FD4CFDB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFEC132514604518FAE3FD26.text	03A087D4FFEC132514604518FAE3FD26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum madagascariense Baker. The 1878	<div><p>18. Chlorophytum madagascariense Baker</p><p>Figs 6F, 7F–H, 29–30, Tables 3–4</p><p>Anthericum gramineum Baker (Baker 1877: 302), nom. illeg.</p><p>Chlorophytum madagascariense Baker (Baker 1878: 326) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species is named for its country of origin, Madagascar, it was the first Malagasy species to be formally described.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – s.loc.; s.d.; fl; Hilsenberg &amp; Bojer s.n.; holotype: BM [BM013839962] image!.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, with a subterranean part consisting of a rhizome, with thickened roots bearing ovoid tubercles, 7–30 × 2–8 mm; leaves 5–10, graminoid, 10–60 × 0.4–1.9 cm, often tapering into a pseudo-petiole except in C. madagascariense var. boinense var. nov., with a sheathing base surrounded by the remnants of old leaves forming a fibrous sheath, margin scabrous, pseudo-midrib present, veins, 15–36 visible, with a tapered apex; inflorescence erect and rigid, with a glabrous axis, 27–94 cm tall, peduncle 20–77 cm long, branched or unbranched, with numerous upright branches often arising from the same basal node, leaf-like bracts 1(–2) with a triangular base and a tapered tip, rachis 6–17 cm long, flowers 1–3 per node; flowers, 8–12 mm long, tepals white, narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptical, with veins spaced or clustered at the centre (depending on the variety); stamens equal or subequal, somewhat shorter than tepals, frequently arranged in 2 groups (4–2), filament 3–4.5 mm long, with a broad, flat base, narrower above, basifixed, anther narrowly triangular, apiculate, 4–5(–7.5) mm; gynoecium: ovary sub-spherical, ovules 6 or 8 per locule, style filiform, 10–13 mm long, curved at the tip, exceeding the perianth, with a thickened stigma; capsule broader or as long as wide, 5–7 × 7–9 mm, transversely wrinkled with thickened sutures; seed disc-shaped, black, shiny, with a finely granular surface, a narrow notch, and a broad, prominent radicle.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum madagascariense Baker is endemic to Madagascar, where it has a highly disjunct known distribution, the species is however only known from a single recent (2013) collection, Ralimanana et al. 1812, which is referred to the typical variety, while three other recognised varieties are only known from old collections. The assessment can only be based on this single recent occurrence from near Ambalakida “along the road to La Grotte Anjiabe” in the Boeny Region. Given the extent of the known range of the species, including its three different varieties, it is likely that it persists at other sites where it was collected in the past, that include certain protected areas, but we are obliged to assess the species, including its recognised varieties as DD (data deficient). A targetted search for the species across its range is needed.</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. VIII 8–10.</p><p>Taxonomic and morphological remarks</p><p>1) Anthericum gramineum Baker (1877: 302) was transferred to the genus Chlorophytum by Perrier de la Bâthie (1935), giving Chlorophytum gramineum (Baker) H.Perrier priority over C. madagascariense Baker (1878: 326), described a year later. However, the name A. gramineum Baker is illegitimate, since it is pre-dated by Anthericum gramineum Vell. (da Conceição Velloso 1825: 143), a species from Brazil. We therefore re-establish C. madagascariense Baker as the correct, valid name for this species. The varieties described by Perrier de la Bâthie are transferred accordingly to the latter taxon.</p><p>2) Thirteen collections, mostly old and sometimes incomplete, are attributed to C. madagascariense . Despite the disparity in their morphology (see Table 4) and their geographical locations (when known), we have essentially retained the treatment published by Perrier de la Bâthie in the Flore de Madagascar (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935, 1937 [1938]), but with certain modifications (see Table 4). Notably, we recognise three varieties within C. madagascariense . It is important to note that the varieties (including the typical variety) are known from only a few specimens, so additional collections are needed in order to refine the infraspecific taxonomy of C. madagascariense .</p><p>3)At first glance, Chlorophytum madagascariense and C. meridionale sp. nov. appear similar. However, in addition to their different distributions, they are separated by several notable characteristics, as presented in Table 3.</p><p>Key to the varieties</p><p>1. Leaf surface glabrous ........................................................................................................................ 2</p><p>– Leaf surface scabrous .......... C. madagascariense var. boinense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal var. nov.</p><p>2. Floral bract shorter than the pedicel; leaf blade on average less than 1 cm wide ............................... ............................................. C. madagascariense var. pervillei Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal nom. nov.</p><p>– Floral bract equal or longer than the pedicel; leaf-blade more than 1 cm wide on average ............. 3</p><p>3. Length of the pseudo-petiole ca 1/3 the length of the blade ............................................................... .................... C. madagascariense var. sciaphilum (H.Perrier) Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal comb. nov.</p><p>– Length of the pseudo-petiole equal to or less than 1/4 the length of the blade .................................. ............................................................................. C. madagascariense Baker var. madagascariense</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFEC132514604518FAE3FD26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFEA132517F046E8FAECF876.text	03A087D4FFEA132517F046E8FAECF876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum madagascariense var. madagascariense Baker var. madagascariense	<div><p>18. 1 Chlorophytum madagascariense Baker var. madagascariense</p><p>Figs 6F, 7H, 30, Table 4</p><p>Chlorophytum gramineum var. madagascariense (Baker) H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 57) nom. illeg.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • Majunga; [15°42′ S, 46°19′ E]; 5 Mar. 1924; fr; R. Decary 2419; P [P02071707]!, TAN ! • Mahajanga. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.683333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.35/lat -15.683333)">Falaise (calcaire) près de Majunga</a>; [15°41′ S, 46°21′ E]; Feb. 1901; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1211; K [K000432392] image!, P [P02071706, P0271709]!, TAN ! • Mahajanga, Mahajanga Rural, Ambalakida, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.4925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.713056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.4925/lat -15.713056)">Andradia</a>, road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.4925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.713056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.4925/lat -15.713056)">La Grotte Anjiabe</a>; 15°42′47″ S, 46°29′33″ E; 37 m; 16 Feb. 2013; fl, fr; H. Ralimanana, J. Razanantsoa, M. Vorontsova, G. Besnard 1812; K n.v., P [P00782941]!, TAN n.v. – locality unknown • s.loc.; s.d.; fl; R. Baron 5926; P [P02071708]! • s.loc.; s.d.; fl; Hilsenberg &amp; Bojer s.n.; BM [BM013839962] image !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, with thickened roots, 1–2.5 mm diam.; tubercles less frequent than in other varieties; leaves 5–10, narrow, 10–44 × 0.4–1.9 cm, base almost always tapering into a short pseudo-petiole, about 1/4 the length of the blade, veins 15–28, visible; inflorescence solitary, 27–45 cm tall, peduncle, 20–35 cm long, very rarely branched, bracts, 1(–2), the second bract axilling an undeveloped bud, 10–24 × 2–3 mm, rachis 10–17 cm long, weakly branched, flowers, 1–2 per node, axilled by a subulated floral bract, 3.2–6 × 1–1.5 mm, equal to or longer than the pedicels, which are 3 to 4.2 mm long; flowers, 10–11 mm long, tepals white, unequal, narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptical, with 3 spaced veins converging at the apex (except for Decary 2419, which has equal tepals, 10 × 2.5 mm, and 3(–4) veins); outer tepals shorter and narrower than the inner tepals (9.5 × 1.5 mm vs 11 × 2 mm), anthers 4.5–7.5 × 1–1.5 mm, the connective appendage short, triangular or reduced to a simple flange; gynoecium: ovary, 1.5–2 × 2 mm, ovules, 8 per locule, style, 11–11.5 mm long; capsule almost as tall as wide, 6–7 × 7–8 mm; seed 2.3–3.5 × 2.5–4.5 mm.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowering occurs from February to March, and fruiting from March onwards.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>This variety is distributed primarily in the western part of Madagascar, near the sea, in the vicinity of Mahajanga. It flourishes in localities with limestone or clay soils, particularly in exposed and rocky areas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFEA132517F046E8FAECF876	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFE9132617634518FE75F876.text	03A087D4FFE9132617634518FE75F876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum madagascariense var. boinense Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>18. 2 Chlorophytum madagascariense var. boinense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal var. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324173-1</p><p>Figs 7G, 29–30, Table 4</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Varietatibus alteris Chlorophyti madagascariensi Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal affinis, sed robustiore habitu, foliis majoribus (plus quam 61 cm vs ut maximum 50 cm), inflorescentis acrogenis (vs simplicesbasigenasque), internis tepalis latioribus vel quasi similaribus externis) nervis tepalorum confertis (vs remotos) praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The taxon refers to the type locality, the Boina Region, also known as Boeny.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • Lac Kinkony, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.94167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.208334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.94167/lat -16.208334)">Ambongo</a>; [16°12′30″ S, 45°56′30″ E]; May 1902; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1441; alluvions; holotype: P [P02071702]!; isotype, P [P02071703] !.</p><p>Paratype MADAGASCAR – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.333332/lat -16.1)">Soalala</a>; [16°06S, 45°20′ E]; 18 Apr. 1955; fl, fr; s.c. RN 7346 (Randriamiera); P [P06169838] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, with a subterranean part having thickened roots, 1–2 mm diam.; leaves, 5–9, narrow, conduplicate, 13–60 cm long (and possibly longer due to a truncated apex) × 0.4–0.8 cm, base straw-yellow on dried material, followed by a short pseudo-petiole, 4–5 cm long, veins, 25–36, visible, the lower surface of the blade scabrous; inflorescence 35–94 cm long; peduncle, (21–)35–69(–77) cm long, branched, bearing a large bract at the point of branching (i.e., just at the base of the main rachis), 16–18 × 1.5–2 mm; frequently with several branches at the basal node, the flowering rachises 10–17 cm long, flowers, 1–2(–3) per node, axilled by a triangular pointed bract, 3.5–4 × 1–2 mm, longer or shorter than the pedicel which is 3–3.5 mm long, with an inframedial articulation, 1–1.5 mm above the base; flowers 8 to 12 mm long, tepals narrowly elliptical, white, with a dark spot at the apex of the outer tepals (fide Perrier de la Bâthie 1441), outer tepals narrower than the inner tepals, outer tepals 1.8 to 2.0 mm long with 3 veins, inner tepals 2.3–2.5 mm long with 4(–5) veins; stamen: anthers 4.0–4.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm, the connective appendix elongate, 0.2–0.4 mm long, with a triangular base; gynoecium: ovary 1 × 0.8 mm, ovules, 6 per locule, style filiform, 10.5–13 mm long; capsule wider than tall, 5–7 × 7–8 mm; seed 2.5–3 × 3–3.4 mm, with a broad, triangular, slightly protruding radicle.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>This variety flowers in April and May, with fruiting known to occur in April and May. Perrier de la Bâthie 1441 noted “une deuxième floraison tardive d’une plante qui fleurit d’ordinaire en décembre” [a second late flowering of a plant that usually flowers in December].</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The taxon has been collected in the western region of Madagascar, in the Boeny Region, near Lac Kinkony (southwest of Mahajanga), on barren hills with soil composed of ancient alluvium, and near Soalala at an altitude below 100 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFE9132617634518FE75F876	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFF71339176F4518FABEFDBB.text	03A087D4FFF71339176F4518FABEFDBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum madagascariense var. pervillei Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>18. 3 Chlorophytum madagascariense var. pervillei Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal nom. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324181-1</p><p>Fig. 30, Table 4</p><p>Basionym: Chlorophytum gramineum var. typicum H.Perrier, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Muséum de Paris. Phanérogramie (Paris) 5 (1): 57 (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935), nom. illeg.</p><p>Chlorophytum rutenbergianum Vatke (Vatke 1887: 138) – Type: MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Nossibe, Domaine du Sambirano; 12 Mar. 1878; fl, fr; C. Rutenberg s.n.; holotype: BRNU [BRNU347452] image!.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This new name is dedicated to Auguste Pervillé (1840–1868?), gardener and botanist at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris, later a planter, who worked in Nossi-Bé and north-western Madagascar in the 1840s, as well as in the Seychelles (Dorr 1997).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.333332/lat -16.333334)">Ambongo</a>; [16°20′ S, 46°20′ E]; 13 Feb. 1841; fl; A. Pervillé 579; sables humides; lectotype: K [K000432394] image!, here designated; isolectotypes: P [P01046118, P01046119, P01046120] !.</p><p>Paratype MADAGASCAR – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • NW Madagascar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.333332/lat -16.333334)">Ambongo</a>; [16°20′ S, 46°20′ E]; 13 Feb. 1841; fl, fr; A. Pervillé 580; K [K000432393] image!, L [L1439979, L1439981] image!, P [P 02071704, P 02071705]!.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, with a subterranean part having thickened roots, 1–1.5(–2) mm diam.; leaves 5–9, narrow, 23–47 × 0.4–0.8 cm, with a base tapering into a pseudo-petiole representing between 1/4 and 1/3 of the blade length, veins 15–28, visible; inflorescence rigid, 44–70 cm tall, peduncle 32–55(–65) cm long, branched from the base, the rachises 6–15(–17) cm long, with a large bract at the node, 18–31 × 3 mm, flowers, 1–3 per node, floral bract triangular and pointed, 4.5–5 × 2 mm, longer than the pedicel, with a scabrous margin, pedicel 3.5–4 mm long, with an inframedial articulation; flowers 8–10 mm long, tepals white, veins 3, spaced; anthers 4 × 1.2 mm, the appendix of the connective short, triangular; gynoecium: ovary 1 × 0.8 mm, ovules 5 or 6 per locule, style 10 mm long; capsule generally as long as wide, 7–8 × 7.5 mm; seeds black, 2–2.5 × 3 mm.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowering is known to occur from January to February, with fruiting beginning in February.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The taxon occurs in western Madagascar, both on the island of Nosy Be, probably on volcanic substrates, and in Ambongo, on sand.</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. VIII 8–10.</p><p>Nomenclatural remark</p><p>Without having seen the type of C. rutenbergianum Vatke (Rutenberg s.n.), H. Perrier de la Bâthie considered it as a synonym of C. gramineum var. madagascariense . In his work (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935), he mentioned encountering the plant on Nosy Be without collecting it. He described it as the “forme habituelle des rocailles et des lieux découverts” [typical form of rocky and open places]. However, upon examining the photo of the type deposited at BRNU, it seems to correspond more closely to the variety pervillei due to its general ʻgraminoidʼ habit, its leaves with a pronounced pseudo-petiole and narrow blade, whereas the type variety has shorter and wider leaves with a much shorter pseudo-petiole.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFF71339176F4518FABEFDBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFF5133B16864518FE98FE77.text	03A087D4FFF5133B16864518FE98FE77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum madagascariense var. sciaphilum (Pignal & Phillipson & Bardot-Vaucoulon 2026) Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>18. 4 Chlorophytum madagascariense var. sciaphilum (H.Perrier) Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal comb. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324172-1</p><p>Figs 7F, 30, Table 4</p><p>Basionym: Chlorophytum gramineum var. sciaphilum H.Perrier, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Muséum de Paris. Phanérogramie (Paris) 5 (1): 57–58 (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935), nom. illeg.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Manongarivo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.35/lat -14.016666)">Ambongo</a>; [14°01′ S, 48°21E]; Feb. 1903; fl; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10950; bois sablonneux; lectotype: P [P01046105]!, here designated ; isolectotypes: K [K000432391] image!, P [P01046106]! .</p><p>Paralectotype MADAGASCAR – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • Causse d’Ankara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.066668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.283333/lat -17.066668)">bois de Bekambo</a>; [17°04′ S, 46°17′ E]; Jan. 1902; fl; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10949; P [P02275835] !.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Analamanga [Antananarivo Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.883335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.883335/lat -18.933332)">Ambatolaona</a>; [18°56′ S, 47°53′ E]; Sep. 1905; C. d’Alleizette 7432; L [L.1450137] image !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, with a subterranean part having thickened roots, 1 to 1.5 mm in diam., bearing numerous ovoid tubercles, smaller than those of other varieties (7–24 × 2–8 mm vs 12–30 × 2–7 mm); leaves 5–7, 26–58 × 0.8–1.8 cm, with a base gradually tapering to a narrow pseudo-petiole, more than 1/3 of the total blade length, veins 16–30, conspicuous; inflorescence 42–62 cm long, solitary, peduncle 33–42 cm long, rachis 7–14 cm long, branched or not, with a triangular foliaceous bract situated ca 1.5 cm below the inflorescence, the bract tapering, 9–12 × 2 mm; with 1–3 flowers per node, floral bract triangular and pointed, 3.2–4.5 × 1.5 mm, with a scabrous tip, pedicel 3–3.5 mm long, with an infra-medial to medial articulation; flowers, 9.5 mm long, tepals white, narrowly elliptical, subequal, 9 × 1.8–2 mm, with 3 spaced veins converging at the tip; stamens 6, of which 4 with filaments 3 mm long, the base 0.35 mm wide, flat, narrowing to the apex, and 2 stamens with the filaments finer, long; anthers 4.5–5.0 × 1.1 mm, connective appendage short, triangular, extending beyond the base of the anthers; gynoecium: ovary 1.0 × 0.8 mm, ovules 6 per locule, style 10.5 mm long; (immature) capsule broader than high, 7 × 9 mm, with thickened sutures; (immature) seeds black.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The species flowers from January to February, although the collection Alleizette 7432 was in flower in September, and fruits develop from February.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>This variety is found in the northwest, specifically in the Manongarivo massif and on the Ankara plateau in Boina. It grows on sand and limestone substrates, in wooded areas (according to Perrier de la Bâthie 1935, 1937 [1938]). Alleizette 7432 was collected in humid forest on the eastern slopes of Madagascar on granitic or metamorphic substrates at an altitude of 1400 m – higher than that of the other known collections, and this significantly extends the varietyʼs distributional area eastwards. In contrast, the other varieties of the species tend to grow in open areas.</p><p>Nomenclatural remark</p><p>The specimens preserved at P bear the determination by H. Perrier de la Bâthie: “ C. gramineum var. typicum ”. However, they are cited as being syntypes of C. gramineum var. sciaphilum comb. nov. in the protologue (Perrier 1935), clearly the author omitted to redetermine the material after the establishment of this variety. We have chosen P01046105 as the lectotype of this variety, the specimen has flowers and a fruit.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFF5133B16864518FE98FE77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFF4133B14614639FB48FA97.text	03A087D4FFF4133B14614639FB48FA97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum madagascariense Baker. The 1878	<div><p>Chlorophytum aff. madagascariense Baker</p><p>Fig. 30</p><p>Material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Amoron’i Mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Environs d’Ambatofinandrahana (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.8/lat -20.55)">Betsileo</a>); [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; 16 Jan. 1955; fr; H. Humbert 28080; P [P06169849] ! • km 15, RN 35, Ivato; [20°38′ S, 47°10′ E]; 24 Dec. 1965; fl, fr; M. Peltier &amp; J. Peltier 5626; P [P06169903] !.</p><p>Geographical and morphological remarks</p><p>The collections included here are well beyond the known distribution range of C. madagascariense var. madagascariense . They originate from the high plateau of Madagascar, on granitic or metamorphic substrates, at an altitude of 1500 m or more; while the typical variety is found near Mahajanga, close to the coast on limestone. Their ecology is therefore very different.</p><p>Although the morphology allows us to associate these specimens with C. madagascariense var. madagascariense, they are nevertheless incomplete. The first, Humbert 28080, is more abundant with a complete infructescence and vegetative part, but lacks flowers. The second, M. Peltier &amp; J. Peltier 5626, lacks underground parts, and has only two detached and poorly preserved leaves, detached inflorescences and only a single flower. Despite the lacking features, it seems to us that varietal separation is pertinent and a broad concept of Chlorophytum madagascariense, divided into varieties is justified.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFF4133B14614639FB48FA97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFF4133D17E54159FAE2FA93.text	03A087D4FFF4133D17E54159FAE2FA93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum meridionale Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>19. Chlorophytum meridionale Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324174-1</p><p>Figs 3I–K, 6E, 7E, 31–33, Table 5</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Chlorophyto madagascariensi affinis, sed tuberculis raris (vs numerosa), foliorum inferne pagine densa asperitate (vs raram), inflorescentiis pluribracteatis (vs unibracteatam), floribus majoribus (9–12 mm vs 8–10 mm), tepalis tribus nervis confertis (vs remotos), staminibus inaequalibus (vs aequalia), praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the distribution of the taxon, limited to the southern quarter of Madagascar.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • Androy, environs d’Antanimoro, 30–35 km au nord <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.830276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.566387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.830276/lat -24.566387)">d’Ambia</a>; [24°33′59″ S, 45°49′49″ E]; Feb. 1955; fl, fr; H. Humbert 28824; holotype: P [P06169895]!; isotype: G !.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>See under the subspecies.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 30 to 80 cm tall, rhizomatous; roots fasciculate, predominantly thickened, 1–2(–3) mm in diam., but some finer roots also present; leaves (4–)7–14, sheathing at the base, ascending or sometimes spreading, graminoid to narrowly lanceolate, 13–60 × 0.4–2.5 cm, surrounded by a fibrous sheath formed by the remnants of older leaves, margins somewhat undulate near the base of the blade, hyaline, scabrous or obscurely scabrous depending on the variety, veins 15–27; inflorescence simple or branched, mostly 33–80 cm tall (occasionally more); peduncle 17–60 cm long, bearing on the upper third 1 or 2(–3) triangular, subulate bracts with a broad base, 1–11 × 0.35–0.60 cm, the most apical bearing an axillary ramification to the inflorescence branch, bracts variable in size, with sometimes scabrous margins and surface, veins 5–19, rachis 5–35 cm long, flowers 1–3(–4) per node, floral bracts subulate, triangular with 3–8 veins, pedicel with an inframedial articulation; flowers weakly zygomorphic (due to the position of the ovary and the curvature of the style); perianth white, 9–12 mm long, with elliptical segments, apex acute, the outer tepals narrower than inner, veins 3(–5), closely spaced in the centre, sometimes with 2 external non-convergent veins (Homolle 1620, McPherson et al. 17423 and Afzelius s.n.); stamens shorter than the perianth (sometimes only slightly), usually arranged in 2 groups – one group with long, thin filaments and long anthers, the other with more robust filaments and shorter anthers, grouped most frequently 2+4, but occasionally 3+3, and more rarely 1+5 (Seyrig 448C), or occasionally the stamens not grouped; filaments flattened, anthers yellow, basifixed, the connectives with a blunt or obtuse pointed heel; gynoecium: ovary longer than wide, 1.2–2.8 × 0.8–2 mm, ovules (6–)8–10(–16) per locule; style filiform, 7–14 mm long, leaning towards the shorter stamens, and exceeding the perianth in length; stigma rounded; capsule longer than wide.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum meridionale sp. nov. is endemic to Madagascar, where it is widely distributed in the southwest and south-central areas. It is known from at least 24 collections, and a total of 10 occurrences are known for the species as a whole. However, these include only six occurrences that have been documented in the past 25 years. The species is therefore assessed as DD, and further exploration is needed in the vicinity of the historical and recent localities is needed in order to assess the threats to the species and to provide a meaningful assessment for the species and its component subspecies.</p><p>Key to subspecies of C. meridionale sp. nov. (see also Table 5)</p><p>1. Pseudo-petiole present; leaves 5–10 (rarely 14), growing on sandy substrates ................................. ............................................. C. meridionale subsp. tulearense Bard.-Vauc &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>– Pseudo-petiole absent; leaves 4–9 (rarely 11), not known from sandy substrates ............................ 2</p><p>2. Perianth segments equal; limb 0.4–0.5 cm wide ................................................................................ .............................................. C. meridionale subsp. ihosyense Bard.-Vauc &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>– Perianth segments unequal; limb 0.8–2.5 cm wide ............................................................................ ................................................ C. meridionale Bard.-Vauc &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov. subsp. meridionale</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFF4133D17E54159FAE2FA93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFF2133017644158FC99F9B4.text	03A087D4FFF2133017644158FC99F9B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum meridionale subsp. meridionale Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal	<div><p>19. 1 Chlorophytum meridionale Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov. subsp. meridionale</p><p>Figs 6J–K, 31–33, Table 5</p><p>Type material</p><p>Paratypes MADAGASCAR – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.65806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.808332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.65806/lat -24.808332)">Antanimora</a>; [24°48′30″ S, 45°39′29″ E]; Dec. 1959; fl; J. Bosser 13958; P [P06169875]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.639725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.145555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.639725/lat -24.145555)">Ampandrandava</a>; [24°8′44″ S, 45°38′23″ E]; Mar. 1943; fr; A. Seyrig 430; P [P06169879]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.639725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.145555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.639725/lat -24.145555)">Ampandrandava</a> entre Bekily et Tsivory; [24°8′44″ S, 45°38′23″ E]; 1944; fl; A. Seyrig 448B; P [P06169835]! • same data as for preceding; A. Seyrig 448C; P [P06169845]!. – Anosy [Toliara Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.290554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.966389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.290554/lat -24.966389)">Fort Dauphin</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.290554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.966389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.290554/lat -24.966389)">vallée du Mandraré</a>; [24°57′59″ S, 46°17′26″ E]; 4 Aug. 1926; fl; R. Decary 4598; P [P02157242]! • Isomony, NW Maroamby (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.166388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.4/lat -24.166388)">Betsioky</a>), vallée de la <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.166388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.4/lat -24.166388)">Manambolo</a>; [24°9′59″ S, 46°24′0″ E]; Dec. 1933; fl bud, fr; H. Humbert 12791; G!, K!, MO!, P [P06169886, P06169883]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.633335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.633335/lat -24.533333)">Vallée Manambolo</a>, confluent Sakamalio, environ d’Isomono [Isomony] <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.633335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.633335/lat -24.533333)">Mont Morahariva</a>; [24°32′ S, 46°38′ E]; Dec. 1933; fl; H. Humbert 13111; P [P06169898, P06169899, P06169901]! • Plateau Mahafaly, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.71611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.831112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.71611/lat -23.831112)">Ankaliano</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.71611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.831112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.71611/lat -23.831112)">W Edjeda</a>; [23°49′52″ S, 45°42′58″ E]; fl, fr; Mar. 1960; M. Keraudren 830; P [P06169889]!. – Atsimo-Andrefana [Toliara Prov.] • Toliara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.045834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.488306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.045834/lat -23.488306)">Vallée de l’Onilahy</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.045834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.488306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.045834/lat -23.488306)">Entre Bevoay et Itafoka</a>, 6 km après le village d’Ankotrofotsy, falaise au bord de la piste le long du fleuve; 23°29′17.9″ S, 44°2′45.0″ E; 83 m; 8 May 2024; M. Bardot-Vaucoulon 2038; végétation xérophyte, grands arbres de type Ficus et Moringa, isolés, arbustes souvent épineux et ou à feuilles réduites, plantes ripicoles; pente de vallon calcaire bordé de zones escarpées; dans les rochers, sol peu profond argilo calcaire, avec diverses succulentes: Aloe ssp., Euphorbia tulearense, Xerosicyos sp., Oeceoclades ssp., sol déstabilisé par le passage des chèvres; MO!, P [P02275956]!, TAN! • Toliara, Vallée de l’Onilahy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.097748&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.553972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.097748/lat -23.553972)">rive gauche, proximité village d’Anantsakoa</a>; 23°33′14.3″ S, 44°5′51.9″ E; 69 m; 10 May 2024; M. Bardot-Vaucoulon &amp; J.-D. Randrianandrasana 2051; végétation xérophyte, arbustes souvent épineux et ou à feuilles réduites, plantes ripicoles et lianes sur une falaise; falaise calcaire avec des ressauts; sur une terrasse, sol peu profond argilo calcaire, avec diverses xérophytes arbustives ou herbacées: Stapelianthus insignis, Xerophyta, Aloe sp., Asparagus sp., Oeceoclades ssp.; MO!, P [P02275955]!, TAN! • Toliara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.09647&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.55347" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.09647/lat -23.55347)">Vallée de l’Onilahy</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.09647&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.55347" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.09647/lat -23.55347)">rive gauche, proximité village d’Anantsakoa</a>; 23°33′12.5″ S, 44°5′47.3″ E; 94 m; 10 May 2024; M. Bardot-Vaucoulon &amp; J.- D. Randrianandrasana 2052; végétation xérophyte, clairsemée, fourré arbustif épineux, strate herbacée réduite, souvent sous les arbustes; plateau calcaire au-dessus d’une falaise, sol caillouteux, peu profond, argilo calcaire; P [P02275954]!, TAN! • Tsarasao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.534443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.911667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.534443/lat -22.911667)">Sud de Sakaraha</a>; [22°54′42″ S, 44°32′4″ E]; 14 Feb. 1970; fr; J. Bosser 19916; P [P06169882]! • SW, coastal plain. ca 2 km north of Itampolo on route to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.966667/lat -24.65)">Lavavolo</a>; 24°39′0″ S, 43°58′0″ E; 8 Feb. 1990; fl; B. Du Puy, D.J. Du Puy, J.-N. Labat &amp; P.B. Phillipson MB 635; P [P00075261]!, TAN! • Ambaty, route <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.40889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.84389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.40889/lat -23.84389)">Betioky</a>, clairières <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.40889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.84389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.40889/lat -23.84389)">Mahafaly</a>; [23°50′38″ S, 44°24′32″ E]; 18 Mar. 1960; fl; M. Keraudren 783; B!, P [P06169891]! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.4/lat -23.85)">Tuléar</a>, RN 10, km 111, entre Betioky et Ejeda; 23°51′0″ S, 44°24′0″ E; 10 Feb. 1990; fl, fr; J.-N. Labat, B. Du Puy, D. Du Puy, P.B. Phillipson 2105; BR [BR0000021756610] image!, MO [MO-3020309] image!, P [P06169902]!, WAG [WAG.1151260] image! • Ankazoabo, forêt sèche de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.191387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.0/lat -22.191387)">Berenty</a>; [22°11′29″ S, 44°00′00″ E]; Feb. 1967; fl; P. Morat 2511; TAN! • Piste de Sakaraha à Bezaha; Feb. 1968; fl; P. Morat 2980; TAN! • Tsaramasao, 20 km S de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.940277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.533333/lat -22.940277)">Sakaraha</a>; [22°56′25″ S, 44°32′ E]; Mar. 1970; fr; P. Morat 3506 p.p.; P [P06169920]! • Tuléar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.581387&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.676666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.581387/lat -23.676666)">Beza Mahafaly</a> près de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.581387&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.676666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.581387/lat -23.676666)">Betioky</a>; [23°40′36″ S, 44°34′53″ E]; 6 Jan. 1988; fl bud; P.B. Phillipson 2815; P [P06169844]! • Sakaraha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.731945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.233334/lat -22.731945)">Mahaboboka</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.731945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.233334/lat -22.731945)">Marotsiraka-Betsileo</a>, village le plus proche: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.731945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.233334/lat -22.731945)">Antsiritsy</a>. Vestige forestier d’Antsitavohabe; 22°43′55″ S, 44°14′00″ E; 781 m; 31 Mar. 2019; fl; N. Rakotoarivelo, T. Randrianarivony, Faeo, Milasoa &amp; Rebesa 985; forêt sèche sur substrat rocailleux, sur pente de 60°–70°; MO [MO-4258122] image!, P n.v., TAN n.v. – Menabe • [Toliara Prov.] • SW Madagascar, 10 km SW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.283333/lat -21.466667)">Manja</a>; [21°28′ S, 44°17′ E]; 23 Jan. 1974; fl; O. Appert 530; colline, entre des blocs calcaires en forêt; TAN!. – locality unknown • s.loc.; s.d.; fl; Homolle 1620; P [P06169876]!.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 30–60 cm tall; basal stem forming a rhizome; roots fasciculate, some fine, but others predominantly strongly thickened, 1–2(–3) mm in diam., with swellings and with very few (2–3) oval or round tubercles, 25 × 10 mm (Bosser 13958, Bardot-Vaucoulon 2038, Bardot-Vaucoulon &amp; Randrianandrasana 2052, and Labat et al. 2105); leaves (4–)7, ascending or sometimes spreading, graminoid, 13–60 × 0.8–2.5 cm, conduplicated, sheathing at the base, covered on the underside with small white rough, regularly aligned patches, including on the veins, leaf blade attenuate and pointed at the apex, with a marked pseudo-midrib, veins 15–20; inflorescence solitary, simple or more often slightly branched, 33–80 cm high (and more), peduncle, 17–60 cm long, bearing on the upper third, 1 or 2 triangular, acicular bracts, 1–11 × 0.35–0.6 cm, with (8–)14–15(–19) veins, sometimes with scabrous margins and surface, flowering portion of the rachis 10–35 cm long, flowers 2–(3–4) per node near the base, floral bracts triangular and acicular with 5 veins, shorter or longer than the pedicel, the latter 4–8 mm long, with an inframedial articulation, 1–1.5 mm above the base; flower with a white perianth, 9–12 mm long; tepals, the outer slightly narrower than the inner ones, (1.2–)1.5(–2.3) mm wide, the inner (1.8–)2(–2.8) mm wide, with 3 closely spaced veins in the centre (one collection, Homolle 1620, with two additional lateral veins), incomplete, convergent at the tip, green in vivo, brown when dry; stamens in two groups, almost equal to the perianth, the first with long, slender filaments, 4.5–6 × 0.1 mm and elongated anthers tapering at apex, 4–6 × 0.8–1 mm, the second with shorter, broader filaments, 3.5–5 × 0.2 mm and shorter, broader anthers, 3.8–5 × 1–1.2 mm, all with a small basal heel (see Figs 3K, 7E), flat and blunt; gynoecium: ovary 1.2–2 × 1–1.5 mm, ovules, 8–10 per locule, style 8 to 14 mm long; capsule taller than wide, large, 1 × 0.8 cm, with thickened suture margins and transverse veins; seed flattened, glossy, black, orbicular, 2 mm in diameter, slightly notched, with a broad radicle forming a point distinctly extending beyond the seedʼs edge.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The flowering occurs from December to March and can extend until June, fruits have been documented from February to March.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The typical subspecies is found in the southern regions (mainly in Anosy, Androy and Atsimo-Andrefana Regions, but also extending into the S of Menabe) including on the Horombe Plateau, corresponding to the sub-arid bioclimatic zone, as defined by Cornet (1972) and simplified by Schatz (2001). It thrives on various substrates, both crystalline and limestone, on sandy soils or among rocks including steep cliffs shaded part of the day, and is commonly encountered in deciduous dry forests, open shrublands, and rocky open areas. The other subspecies are typically associated with sandy soils ( C. meridionale subsp. tulearense subsp. nov.) and metamorphic substrates ( C. meridionale subsp. ihosyense subsp. nov.).</p><p>Morphological remark</p><p>The development of an adventitious plantlet at the level of the lower bract was observed on the peduncle of the flower spike of the collection Bosser 13958.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFF2133017644158FC99F9B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFFF1331176E427DFD4BF931.text	03A087D4FFFF1331176E427DFD4BF931.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum meridionale subsp. ihosyense Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>19. 2 Chlorophytum meridionale subsp. ihosyense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324177-1</p><p>Figs 31, 33, Table 5</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>A typo differt foliis lineariis angustatioribus (0.4–0.5 cm vs 0.8–2.5 cm), nervis minus numerosis (15–19 vs 15–27), inflorescentiis simplicibus (vs ramosas), ovulis per loculum pluribus (8–9 ad 14–16 vs 8–10).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the type locality, which is located on the road from Ihosy to Betroka.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.133335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.133335/lat -22.833334)">PK 65-66, route Ihosy à Betroka</a>; [22°50′ S, 46°08′ E]; Feb. 1963; fl; J. Bosser 17509; rocher temporairement humide; holotype: P [P06169913] !.</p><p>Paratypes MADAGASCAR – Androy [Toliara Prov.] • Plateau de l’Horombe, au <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.833332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.833332/lat -22.45)">Sud de Ihosy</a>; [22°27′ S, 45°50′ E]; ca 1000 m; Mar. 1934; fl, fr; H. Humbert 14427; P [P06169916] !. – Anosy [Toliara Prov.] • Androtra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.109997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.109997/lat -23.27)">district de Betroka</a>; [23°16′12″ S, 46°06′36″ E]; 12 Feb. 1961; fl; J. Peltier &amp; M. Peltier 2771; P [P06169872] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 37–60 cm tall; roots fasciculate, 0.5(–3) mm in diam., with 4–5(11) linear, narrow, conduplicate or convolute leaves; blade, 18–44 × 0.4–0.5 cm, smooth on the underside, with 15–19 veins; inflorescence 1 per plant, unbranched, 36 to 68 cm tall, peduncle 29–49 cm long, with 1 or 2 triangular bracts 1.2–5 × 0.2–0.3 cm, narrow, acicular, with smooth margins and surface, with 5–12 veins, rachis 5–10 cm long, 1–2 flowers per node, floral bracts triangular and acicular, 9–9.5 × 1.5–2 mm with 3–6 veins, longer than the pedicel, which is 4–5 mm long, inframedial articulation; flower with white perianth, 10.5–11 mm long; outer tepals 1.5–2 mm wide, inner tepals 2–3 mm wide, with 3 closely spaced veins in the centre; stamens shorter than the perianth, in 2 groups, the first with fine, long filaments, 5–5.5 × 0.1–0.15 mm and anthers 5–5.5 × 1.1–1.3 mm, the second with filaments 4–4.5 × 0.15–0.2 mm and anthers 4.5–4.8 × 1.1–1.3 mm, with a short and rounded connective heel; gynoecium: ovary 1–1.5 × 0.8–1 mm, with 8–9 or 14–16 ovules per locule (see Morphological remark), style 10–11 mm long; capsule 11.5 × 7 mm, with thickened suture margins and transverse veins; seed flattened, shiny, black, orbicular, 2.5–3 mm in diam., with a prominent radicle.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>This subspecies flowers in February and begins to bear fruit in March.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The species is found on the eastern edge of the Horombe Plateau, at an altitude of 1000 m and above, on metamorphic rocks (gneiss) in secondary grasslands subject to annual burning or in vegetation on temporarily moist rocks.</p><p>Morphological remark</p><p>The type collection (Bosser 17509) has twice as many ovules per locule as the collections of the type subspecies and even the paratypes of the present subspecies. However, the latter share with the type linear leaves with narrower laminae, fewer veins, simple inflorescences, and similar flowers. This has led us to include all these collections in the same taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFFF1331176E427DFD4BF931	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFFE1334176A42FCFB61FD64.text	03A087D4FFFE1334176A42FCFB61FD64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum meridionale subsp. tulearense Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>19. 3 Chlorophytum meridionale subsp. tulearense Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324176-1</p><p>Figs 3I, 31, 33, Table 5</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>A typo differt foliis plus numerosis (5–14 vs 4–7), inflorescentia majore, staminibus quasi aequalibus (vs valde inaequalia).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The epithet of the subspecies refers to the type locality in the Toliara Province (Tuléar).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Atsimo-Andrefana [Toliara Prov.] • Forêt de Mikea, axe Ankilimihavotse-Ankindranoke, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.333332/lat -22.2)">Basibasy</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.333332/lat -22.2)">Morombe</a>; 22°12′ S, 43°20′ E; 0–50 m; Jan. 2000; fl; R. Ranaivojaona &amp; al 311; holotype: P [P06169869]!; isotypes: G!, MO [MO-3020313]!, TAN n.v .</p><p>Paratypes MADAGASCAR – Atsimo-Andrefana [Toliara Prov.] • Tuléar, Manasao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.666668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.666668/lat -23.35)">Anosy</a>; [23°21S, 43°40′ E]; 11 Jan. 1913; fl; K. Afzelius s.n.; MO [MO-3020311] image!, P [P06169888] ! • Belalanda, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.6525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.012777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.6525/lat -23.012777)">Ranobe</a>; [23°00′46″ S, 43°39′09″ E]; 14 Mar. 2006; fl, fr; N.M. Andrianjafy, P.B. Phillipson, R. Ranaivojaona &amp; R. Lubke 1654; BR [BR0000021756597]!, MO [MO-3020312]!, P [P01034163]!, TAN ! • Toliara, Atsimo-Andrefana, Belalanda, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.66611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.926666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.66611/lat -22.926666)">Ranobe</a>; 22°55′36″ S, 43°39′58″ E; 127 m; 25 Jan. 2007; fl; N.M. Andrianjafy 1891; G!, MO [MO-3020341]!, P [P02275946]!, WAG [WAG.1924729] image!, TAN n.v . • Manombo (SO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.583332/lat -22.766666)">forêt d’Isonto</a>, à l’ouest d’Ankililoaka; [22°46′ S, 43°35′ E]; 28 Jan. 1947; fl; H. Humbert 20014; BR!, G!, K!, MO!, P [P06169837] ! • Toliara, Atsimo-Andrefana, N of Toliara, in Forêt de Mikea, 23–25 road-km W of Vorehe; [22°15′ S, 43°25′ E]; 12 Feb. 1998; fl; G. McPherson, S. Razafimandimbison, M. Olson &amp; B. Alongi 17423; deciduous forest on sand; MO [MO-3020344]!, TAN ! • [Makay], Beroroha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.99361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.99361/lat -21.675)">fokontany Betorabato. Village le plus proche Ambalamanga</a>. Forêt Akolitsika (rivière); 21°40′30″ S, 044°59′37″ E; 152 m; 18 Jan. 2011; fl, fr; R. Razakamalala 6077; MO n.v., P [P00995950, P00995951]!, TAN n.v .</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, up to 80 cm tall; roots fasciculate, approximately 1–1.5 mm in diam.; leaves 5–10 (rarely 14), (always) more numerous than in other subspecies, 23–38 × 0.5–1.8 cm, narrowly lanceolate, with a scabrous to obscurely scabrous margin, covered on the underside, including the veins, with small white tubercles, regularly aligned in some portions, with a marked pseudo-midrib, and 16–27 veins; 1(–2–4) robust inflorescences, 60–80 cm tall, usually branched (except in Humbert 20014), peduncle 18 to 42 cm long, with 1 to 3 acicular bracts, (2.5–)12–15 × 0.25–0.5 cm, with a broad base, with (8–)18 veins, sometimes with scabrous margins and surface, rachis 12–34 cm long, 1–4 flowers per node, floral bracts triangular and acicular, (2–)4–6(–9) × 1.5–3.5 mm with 5–8 veins, shorter or of the same length as the pedicel, which is 5–6 mm long, inframedial articulation; flower with white perianth, 9 to 11 mm long; outer tepals slightly narrower than the inner tepals, outer tepals 1.5–2.5 mm wide, inner tepals 2–2.8 mm wide, with 3 closely spaced veins in the centre (except in McPherson et al. 17423 and Afzelius s.n., where there are 2 additional non-convergent veins); stamens in two groups, shorter than the perianth but almost equal in length, the first with fine, long filaments 4–4.5 × 0.08–0.2 mm and anthers (4.2–)5 × 0.8–1 mm, and the second with filaments (3–)3.5–4 × 0.15–0.3 mm and anthers (3.5–)4(–4.5) × 1–1.3 mm, anther basifixed, connective heel varying in shape and size, blunt to triangular (0.2 to 0.4 mm long); gynoecium: ovary 1–2 × 0.8–1.3 mm, with (6–)8–10 ovules per locule, style (7–) 9–12 mm long; mature capsule unknown, immature fruit 9 × 6 mm.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>Flowering occurs from January to March, with fruiting taking place in March.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>All of the known collections were located in an area extending north from Toliara to Manombo, at low altitude, primarily on unconsolidated sandy substrates, growing in the undergrowth of deciduous dry forest. One collection comes from a locality further inland to the east, in dry forest, on sandy alluvium resulting from the degradation of sandstones from the Makay Massif.</p><p>Morphological remarks</p><p>1) As in the case of the collection Homolle 1620, which is related to the type collection, Afzelius s.n. also possesses flowers with tepals having 2 additional lateral veins, often incomplete.</p><p>2) The collection Razakamalala 6077 from the western part of the Makay Massif has characteristics that link it to C. meridionale subsp. tulearense subsp. nov., notably its large number of leaves, the wavy base of the leaf blade, and the presence of asperities on the lower surface giving it a rasp-like appearance. It also possesses large, well-branched inflorescences. However, it differs from C. meridionale subsp. tulearense by the production of 2 to 4 inflorescences per plant vs 1, or rarely 2. The information regarding the flowers and fruits is incomplete, as the specimens only contain young fruits with remains of the flowers. Despite this limitation we still confidently assign this collection to C. meridionale subsp. tulearense .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFFE1334176A42FCFB61FD64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFFB13361464472BFD67FDEF.text	03A087D4FFFB13361464472BFD67FDEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum namorokense H. Perrier	<div><p>20. Chlorophytum namorokense H.Perrier</p><p>Figs 4G, 34</p><p>Chlorophytum namorokense H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 48–49) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The epithet refers to the type locality of the species in the Tsingy de Namoroka National Park.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • Domaine occidental: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.283333/lat -16.4)">rochers calcaires de Namoroka, près d’Andranomavo, dans l’Ambongo</a>; [16°24′ S, 45°17′ E]; Jan. 1904; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1700; lectotype: P [P01046130]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P01046129] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, forming an isolated tufts, 18–25 cm in diam.; rhizome short, almost vertical; roots numerous, fasciculate, consisting of a mixture of fibrous roots – some slender with a diam. of 0.2 mm, others slightly thickened and tortuous with a diam. of 0.5–0.9 mm, bearing at the apex a fusiform tuber, 6 × 1.5–2.0 mm; leaves 6, spreading at ground level “étalées sur le sol” (fide Perrier de la Bâthie), 10– 21 × 2.3–3.8 cm, lanceolate, the base sheathing and with a distinct pseudo-petiole, 2.3–5.0 cm long, ca 1/5 th of the total leaf length, the apex tapered, and the blade margins smooth, veins 25–28, conspicuous on both surfaces; inflorescence 1 or 2 per plant, branched, spreading on the ground “étalées sur le sol” (fide Perrier de la Bâthie 1935), 17–30 cm long, longer than the leaves, peduncle 2–4 cm long, with a foliaceous bract at the base of the rachis, 11–27(–53) × 4(–7) mm, lanceolate, the base narrowed to a short pseudopetiole, the tip tapered, 7 to 11-veined, the margin smooth, rachis 13–22 cm long, with well-developed branches, about 1/3 of the length of the main axis, flowers, 3–5 per node, with a lanceolate foliaceous floral bract, 11–22 × 2.5–3.5 mm, veins 5–7, transitioning upward to triangular-shaped bracts with a tapered tip, pedicel slender, 13–17 mm longer than the bract, inframedial articulation, 4–6 mm from the base; flowers white, 6 mm long, with sub-equal tepals, elliptical with 3 spaced veins, outer tepals 5.5 × 1 mm, dark and recurved at the tip, and inner tepals 6 × 2 mm; stamens equal, slightly shorter than the perianth, filament fusiform, narrower at both ends, 4.5 mm long, weakly papillose, anthers yellow, 2–2.5 × 0.3 mm, reflected, then erected at anthesis, distinctly divergent at the base, dorsifixed, filament inserted in the lower third; gynoecium: ovary taller than wide, 1.5 × 1.2 mm, ovules 3 to 5 per locule, style 6 mm in length, surpassing the perianth, stigma thickened; immature capsule 8–10 × 7–10 mm, with a nearly smooth surface and a few transverse veins, thickened sutural edges; seeds suborbicular, black, 2 × 2.2 mm, with a notch on the flat side, radicle barely protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known collection was in flower in January, and fruiting had also begun.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum namorokense is only known from the centre-west, in Boina Region, where it grows in woodland on limestone rocks at Namoroka.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum namorokense is known only from the type collection, a single occurrence that was collected nearly 90 years ago in what is now the Namoroka National Park. In addition to its protected status, the Namoroka is partly inaccessible during the rainy season, and its rugged terrain is difficult to penetrate at all times. During a recent expedition to the site (2016), in which two of the authors of this treatment participated (MBV and PBP), we were able to confirm that the native vegetation is largely intact and we searched specifically for populations of Chlorophytum namorokense, however, we did not observe the species, and we concluded that it is rare or its appearance is somewhat ephemeral. Therefore, given the lack of new material of the species, it should be assessed DD (Data Deficient).</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. VII 12–13.</p><p>Nomenclatural remark</p><p>The two, and only known syntypes of Perrier de la Bâthie 1700 are equivalent. We have chosen the specimen barcoded P01046130 as the lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFFB13361464472BFD67FDEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFF91309170246BEFBAFFEF6.text	03A087D4FFF91309170246BEFBAFFEF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum nigrogranulosum Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>21. Chlorophytum nigrogranulosum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324052-1</p><p>Figs 4E, 35–36</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Chlorophyto disticho H.Perrier affinis, sed foliis spiralibus (vs disticha), nervis plus numerosis (26 vs 11– 13), floribus minoribus, (tepalis 4.2 mm longis (vs 6.5–7), fructibus latioribus quam longis (vs longiores quam latos), nigris granulosisque (vs brunneos costatosque), praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the appearance of the capsules, which are black and have a finely granulate indument.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Antsiranana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.34778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.324445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.34778/lat -12.324445)">Montagne des Français</a>, partie nord-est, montée en direction de la falaise; 12°19′28″ S, 49°20′52″ E; 4 Apr. 2007; fl, fr; M. Bardot-Vaucoulon, G. Véné &amp; G. Razafindrabelahasy 1662; holotype: P [P00643195]!; isotypes: K!, MO [MO-3020338]!, TAN !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 40 cm tall; roots fasciculate, rigid, white, slightly thickened, 0.8–1.0 in diam., and up to ca 4–5 cm long, and covered with long white hairs; some bearing a small fusiform tuber, 8 × 3 mm, also bearing hairs; leaves 7, lanceolate, 30–42 × 2.2–3.7 cm, base attenuate, pseudo-petiole 14 cm long, about 1/3 of the length of the lamina, leaf-base sheathing, margins smooth, veins ca 26, well-spaced and conspicuous, apex tapered; inflorescence solitary per plant, erect, weakly-branched, 25–60 cm in height, peduncle 34–42 cm long, covered with white triangular rugosities, the density of which decreases from the base to the apex, bracts 1–2 (only broken bracts seen), 4–5 mm wide at the base, with 11 veins; rachis 12–25 cm long, flowers (2–)4(–6) per node, floral bracts triangular, 1.8 × 1.2 mm, shorter than the pedicel, veins only faintly visible, pedicel 4–8 mm long, articulation inframedial; flowers: perianth pale-green, 4.2 mm long, tepals elliptic, 4.2 × 1 mm, 3-veined, the outer end of the outer tepals papillose, with some hairs; stamens slightly shorter than the tepals, filaments 2.5 mm long, flattened and papillose on the upper part, anthers 1.0 × 0.2 mm, rectangular, yellow, dorsifixed, filament inserted in the lower quarter; gynoecium: ovary 0.8 × 0.6 mm, ovules 4 per locule, style filiform, 3.2 mm long, stigma with a slightly thickened tip; capsule wider than high, 4 × 6 mm, black with a finely granulated surface overlapping fine transverse veins, seeds black, granulate, disciform, ca 2 mm in diam., with a convex surface on one side and with a circular central depression on the other surface, with a narrow notch in which the radicle is visible and sometimes protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known collection flowered in March–April and the fruit begin to develop in April.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum nigrogranulosum sp. nov. was collected in the north of Madagascar, on the slopes of Montagne des Français overlooking the bay of Antsiranana. It occurs in undergrowth of the deciduous dry forest in the herbaceous layer on limestone.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum nigrogranulosum sp. nov. is known only from the type collection, a single occurrence that was collected only a few years ago. The type locality is situated at the extreme north of the protected area, which is a IUCN category 5 harmonious landscape, near its boundary, and the adjacent zone outside of the protected area is partially degraded, and used for grazing and is in some places being developed for tourism. On the basis of its highly restricted known range, a single known location, and the proximity of major impacts to the area, the species is assessed as CR B1B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFF91309170246BEFBAFFEF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFC6130B17E545B6FB14FAA4.text	03A087D4FFC6130B17E545B6FB14FAA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum nusbaumeri Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>22. Chlorophytum nusbaumeri Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324060-1</p><p>Figs 2G–H, 4F, 19, 37</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Chlorophyto nigrogranuloso Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal affinis, sed pseudopetiolo breviore (6–8 vs 14 cm), vaginis foliorum clare dilatatis inflatisque (vs paulo dilatatam inflatamque), inflorescentiis tribus (vs unam), bracteis floris longioribus quam pedicellis (vs breviores), filamentis staminum quasi omnino papillosis (vs tantum tertia superiora), antheris 0.5–0.7 × 0.15 mm (vs 1 × 0.2 mm), ovulis 1–2 per loculum (vs 4), fructibus adultis pendulis (vs errectos), brunneolo costatoque (vs nigram subtiliter granulosamque), semine paulo reniformi (vs orbiculare), radicula excentrica (vs centralem), praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>We are pleased to dedicate this new species to Louis Nusbaumer, Curator at the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève and lecturer for the Plant Systematics and Biodiversity laboratory within the Department of Plant Sciences at the Université de Genève.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Daraina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.969166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.7/lat -12.969166)">Loky Manambato</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.969166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.7/lat -12.969166)">forêt d’Ampondrabe</a>; 12°58′09″ S, 49°42′00″ E; 360 m; 14 Feb. 2005; fl bud, fr; L. Nusbaumer &amp; P. Ranirison 1469; forêt de pente décidue, gros blocs 2–3 m diamètre; holotype: G [G00019494]!; isotypes: K!, MO!, P [P04186576]!, research herbarium of Daraina n.v., TEF n.v.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 20 cm tall; roots fibrous, fasciculate, slightly thickened for 1 to 2 cm from the base (ca 1 mm in diam.); leaves 7 to 10, borne in a rosette ca 8 cm from the ground, soft green on the adaxial face and glaucous green on the abaxial face, bases expanded, forming a bulbous shape more than 3 cm in height, buried in the substrate at the base, lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, blade base with a short, wide pseudo-petiole, 6–8 × 0.4 cm, 1/4 to 1/5 of the length of the blade, the edge smooth, the pseudo-central vein comprised 15 to 25 of clearly visible and well-spaced veins; typically with 3 to 5 distinctly larger and broader leaves, 15–41 × 2–5 cm, the smaller leaves 7–15 × 1.0– 1.5 cm; inflorescences 1–3 per plant, branched, erect or bending over towards the ground, 22–48 cm long, peduncle 10–13 cm, 1–2 bracts, large, foliaceous, 3.5–4.5 × 0.2–0.5 cm, 8-veined, flowering rachis 21–33 cm long, axis and branches covered with translucent rugosities with a triangular base, more abundant towards the apex, 2–4 basal branches very reduced; 2–4 flowers per node, floral bract purplish, triangular, very tapered, 8 × 1 mm, longer than the pedicel, the latter 4–4.5 mm long, articulation inframedial; perianth 4–5 mm long, tepals elliptical, purplish when dry, equal or subequal, 4 × 0.6 mm, 3 veins clearly visible, anastomosing below the apex; stamens shorter than the tepals, unequal, filament 2–2.5 mm long, fusiform, flattened in its central part, papillose, anther yellow, rectangular, 0.5–0.7 × 0.15 mm, base sometimes slightly divergent, dorsifixed, filament inserted near the base; gynoecium: ovary 0.5 × 0.5 mm, ovule, 1(–2) per locule, style 4 mm long, exceeding the perianth, stigma globose; capsule pendulous at maturity, broader than high, 3.8–4 × 4–4.5 mm, locules flattened, often with 1–2 aborted locules, sutures thickened, and few marked transverse ribs; seeds 1 per locule, shiny black, semi-circular, 2.5 × 2 mm, with a narrow notch, radicle visible to protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known collection of C. nusbaumeri sp. nov. was collected in February in fruit, with only one or two flowers remaining, but in addition, a large number of flower buds were present, suggesting that a second flowering phase would soon follow.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The only gathering of this new species is from Loky-Manambato in northeast Madagascar, where it was collected in Ampondrabe forest at an altitude of 370 m. The collectors, Nusbaumer &amp; Ranirison, noted that the species had not been observed at any other sites in the vicinity, despite the recent extensive surveys and vegetation studies carried out in the area (Nusbaumer, pers. com.). The species occurs in the ground layer of dry deciduous forest on slopes, where the substrate with typical red soil, is composed of granitic and/or metamorphic rocks, with conspicuous large boulders, typically with red soil, and other evidence of ancient volcanic activity.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum nusbaumeri sp. nov. is endemic to Madagascar, where it is known from a single collection that was made in 2005 in Ampondrabe forest, within the Loky Manambato Harmonious Landscape in NE Madagascar that represents a single occurrence, and where it to be a strict endemic. While little exploration of the forests of Loky Manambato had been undertaken prior to the expeditions carried out recently by staff of CJBG (Gautier et al. 2006; Nusbaumer et al. 2010), data from the site has shown the different forest patches to be rich in highly local endemism. Within Loky Manambato, extensive habitat degradation of many of the forest patches has been observed and this is undoubtedly the major threat to this species in its sole location. It is assessed as CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,v).</p><p>Morphological and geographical remarks</p><p>The data concerning the flower were obtained from the most well-developed buds, a single flower, and the floral remains on young fruits.</p><p>For a map showing the only known locality of C. nusbaumeri sp. nov. see Fig. 19.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFC6130B17E545B6FB14FAA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFC4130E1790416BFD71FE7D.text	03A087D4FFC4130E1790416BFD71FE7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum parkeri (Baker) Marais & Reilly	<div><p>23. Chlorophytum parkeri (Baker) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>Figs 5C, 38</p><p>Chlorophytum parkeri (Baker) Marais &amp; Reilly (Marais &amp; Reilly 1978: 661) . – Anthericum parkeri Baker (Baker 1883 [1884]: 269).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species is dedicated to the English botanist, physicist, and missionary George William Parker (1848- 1904), who collected in Madagascar on the Highlands near Antananarivo and Fianarantsoa between 1873 and 1890 (Dorr 1997).</p><p>Vernacular name</p><p>Ahitrakondro (fide Baker).</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR • Central Madagascar; before Aug. 1880; fr; G.W. Parker s.n.; holotype: K [K000432390] image !.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Analamanga [Antananarivo Prov.] • près <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.55736&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.759832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.55736/lat -18.759832)">d’Ambohimanga</a>, pays découvert; [18°45′35.4″ S, 47°33′26.5″ E]; 13 Jun. 1905; fl bud, fr; C. d’Alleizette 475bis; P [P02071714] !. – Boeny [Mahajanga Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.39917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.681111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.39917/lat -15.681111)">bord d’un lac, près de Majunga</a>; [15°40′52″ S, 46°23′57″ E]; Jul. 1925; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 17322; P [P02071717, P02071719, P02071718] !. – Boeny-Melaky Border [Mahajanga Prov.] • Pelouses, rocailles (basalte), près du Manombo (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.966667/lat -16.4)">Ambongo</a>); [16°24′ S, 44°58′ E]; Nov. 1903; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1642; P [P02071716, P02071715] !. – Melaky [Mahajanga Prov.] • Beanka, partie nord. Bord du fleuve <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.468056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.880833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.468056/lat -17.880833)">Manomba</a>; 17°52′51S, 44°28′05″ E; 139 m; fl; 19 Dec. 2011; B.F.L. Rakotozafy, R. Bolliger &amp; R. M. Hanitrarivo 20; BR [BR0000015214768V] image!, G [G00376362]!, K n.v., MO [MO-3241817] image!, P [P00782479]!, TEF !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, of highly variable height, from 7–10 cm (Perrier de la Bâthie 1642, Alleizette 475bis, Parker s.n.) to 15–30 cm (Perrier de la Bâthie 17322, Rakotozafy et al. 20), growing in dense clumps; the underground parts forming fasciculate roots, comprising a mixture of fibrous roots, and others strongly thickened, ca 1 mm in diam., terminating in a fusiforme tuber of 20–30 × 2.0– 3.5 mm and a few secondary roots, ca 0.3 mm in diam.; leaves 5 to 12, narrowly lanceolate, but very variable in size at the different known localities, 6–30 × 0.3–0.6 cm, strongly conduplicate, somewhat thickened, with 6–15 veins (visible on both sides), and with a graminoid appearance, the base sheathing for ca 1 cm above the base, lacking a pseudopetiole, the margins scabrous distally, the apex narrowed abruptly, rounded, the outermost leaves papyraceous, the leaves lying on the ground and spreading-out to form a circle “étalées en cercle sur le sol” (fide Perrier de la Bâthie); inflorescences 1–3 per plant, flexible, spreading, highly variable in length (&lt;10–)14–31(–38) cm, peduncle short, 1–2.5 cm, branched or unbranched, the branches up to 7.9 cm long, with triangular bracts located at the nodes, bracts 0.5–1.4 × 0.15–0.2 cm, 3-veined, often scabrous at the tips, rachises very variable in length, 5–26(–33) cm, flowers, 1–3(–4) per node, floral bract, 3–5 × 2.3–3 mm with embracing triangular base, terminated by an acumen of 1.2–4 mm long, with irregular or scabrous margin, veins, 5, the central one forming a keel-like structure, shorter than the pedicel, pedicel 4–5 mm long, articulation inframedial at 1–1.5 mm from the base; flower with a perianth white, 3 mm long, tepals oblong, obtuse, 3 × 1 mm, veins 3, central, close together; stamens equal, shorter than the perianth, flattened filament, 1.8–2 mm long narrowing towards the top, 0.5 mm wide at the base, anthers green, short, sub-rectangular, 0.5 × 0.3 mm, dorsifixed, filament inserted between 1/2 and the 1/3 lower part; gynoecium: ovary globose, 0.8–1 mm in diam., ovules, 2 per locule, style short, 1 mm long, terminated by a thickened and papillose stigma; capsule wider than tall, 2.5 × 3.5–5 mm, sutures with fringed edges, surface with superficial transverse wrinkles; seeds (1–)2 per locule, black, shiny, sub-globose with a surface very finely hispid (visible under ×50 magnification), 1.5–2 × 1.5–1.8 × 1 mm, one side convex, the other with a deep depression, no notch, radicle not visible.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The limited data available do not provide a clear picture of the phenology of this species. For the collections from low elevation in the west, flowering occurs at the beginning and end of the dry season in habitats with residual moisture (near rivers or temporary lakes) and can extend into the early rainy season, and fruiting occurs later during this period. On the highlands, like the western populations, flowering is known to occur in the dry season, with buds present in June, fruiting material is not known.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum parkeri is poorly known, it has been found from three sites near the west coast in Melaky and Boeny Regions at altitudes below 200 m, but it has also been collected in the central highlands at over 1500 m. It grows in grassy areas, sometimes associated with rocky outcrops, on various substrates, including limestone, basalt and granite.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum parkeri is known from a single recent collection that represents a single known extant occurrence ( Rakotozafy et al. 20) from the Melaky Region. Other records of the species date back to the early 20 th century, when the species occurred across a broad zone of central and western parts of Madagascar, when it was known from four subpopulations, each represented by one or two scattered collections. It is likely that species has been extirpated from the sites on the central plateau and near Mahajanga, but intact vegetation is found at another known site, Ankasakasa, although the area has no formal protection. The species is therefore assessed as DD Data Deficient.</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. VII 9–11.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFC4130E1790416BFD71FE7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFC1130E179E4633FAE3FA95.text	03A087D4FFC1130E179E4633FAE3FA95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum parkeri (Baker) Marais & Reilly	<div><p>Chlorophytum aff. parkeri (Baker) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>Fig. 38</p><p>Material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Ihorombe [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Dct et Commune Ihosy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.05528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.40639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.05528/lat -22.40639)">Fkt Ankily</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.05528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.40639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.05528/lat -22.40639)">Inselberg</a> (roches stratifiées) dégradé le long de la RN7, ca 10 km d’Ihosy en allant à <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.05528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.40639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.05528/lat -22.40639)">Tuléar</a> (PK 10); 22°24′23″ S, 46°03′19″ E; 1010 m; 19 Mar. 2010; fl, fr; J.-L. Andriantiana, F.A. Rajaonary, M. Rabarimanarivo &amp; N.H. Rakotoarivelo 750; sur une prairie marécageuse déjà sèche; MO [MO-3020306]!; P [P06836543]!, TAN n.v .</p><p>Morphological remark</p><p>The collection Andriantiana et al. 750 resembles typical Chlorophytum parkeri, but it was recorded much further south, in a dried-up marshy meadow, near an eroded granite inselberg, on the northern limit of the Horombe Plateau, at an altitude of 1000 m. Nevertheless, the habitat is similar to that occupied by typical C. parkeri on the highlands, and it is a poorly-known species with somewhat variable characteristics. Andriantiana et al. 750 is nevertheless distinguished from material of typical C. parkeri by the following characters: the upright habit of the leaves, its very short and contracted inflorescences, flowers with stamens in two cycles (instead of a single cycle), and its short style (ca half as long as the other specimens). However, only a single flower was available for examination, and the material as a whole is very poor, so we refrain from describing this collection as a distinct taxon. Further investigations in the field are needed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFC1130E179E4633FAE3FA95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFC1130117DD415AFBA3FDC2.text	03A087D4FFC1130117DD415AFBA3FDC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum ranirisonii Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>24. Chlorophytum ranirisonii Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324057-1</p><p>Figs 2D–E, 5A, 19, 39</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Chlorophyto granitico H.Perrier affinis, sed foliis haud pseudopetiolatis 1–2 foliis externis exceptis (vs omnia pseudopetiolata), 16–26 nervis (vs 21–25), sine medio pseudonervo (vs manifestum), inflorescentia longo ramulo basili (vs simplicem vel pauciramosam), aliquot pilis inflorescentiae glandulosis (vs totos eglandulosos), pilis aliquando luteis (vs totos albos), bractea inflorescentiae unica 3–5- nervosa (vs 1–3 bracteas 6–8 nervosas), pedicello scabro (vs glabrum), perianthio majore (5 mm vs 3.5–4.5 mm), tepalo tribus nervis centralibus clare manifestis anastomosibusque ad apicem (vs paulo manifestos), staminibus aequilongis (vs inaequalia), filamentis attenuatissimis ad basim (vs truncata), antheris luteis (vs virides), stylo fusiformi ad apicem (vs filiformem), sex ovulis per loculum (vs 1–2), praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>We are pleased to dedicate this new species to Patrick Ranirison, botanist and ʻMaître de conférences à la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétale de la Faculté de Scienceʼ, University of Antananarivo, and director of the Famelona association.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – SAVA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Daraina, forêt de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.600555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.262222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.600555/lat -13.262222)">Binara</a>; 13°15′44″ S, 49°36′02″ E; 360 m; 2 Dec. 2005; fl; L. Nusbaumer &amp; F. Ranirison 1715; forêt dense sèche sur dalles rocheuses; sol peu profond; holotype: G [G0090100]!; isotypes: K!, MO!, P [P04186577]!, research herbarium of Daraina n.v., TEF n.v.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, ca 20 cm tall, underground parts not collected, roots tuberculate, rigid (Nusbaumer, pers. com.); leaves 5–7, with a single smaller central leaf, 5–10 cm long, the others 8–17 × 1.5–2.0 cm, lanceolate, base clearly sheathing (surrounded by one or two leaf sheaths 2.2–3.7 cm long for the shortest and 4.0– 4.5 cm long for the longest), forming a pseudopetiole on the most developed outer leaves, 3.5–4 cm long, margin scabrous over approximately 1/2 of its distal part, more prominent on the younger leaves, 16–21 veins, spaced, clearly visible, acuminate apex; inflorescences 1–3 per plant, erect, 16–21 cm in height, with 1(–2) long branches at their base; peduncle 10–15 cm long, rachis and branches entirely covered with short white or yellow hyaline hairs, with a triangular base, some glandular, bract triangular, tapering, 8–13 × 1.5–2.5 mm, located on the peduncle for a simple inflorescence or at the first branch at the base of the flowering rachis, if branched; veins 3–5, brown, flowering rachis 7.0– 11.5 cm long; flowers 3–4 per node, pendant, flowering bract triangular tapering to the apex, transparent, longer than the pedicel, 5–7 × 1.2 mm, apex acuminate, veins 3, clearly visible, the latter 3–4 mm long, covered with hyaline hairs, articulation supramedial; perianth white, 5.5 mm long, tepals recurved at anthesis, oblanceolate, outer tepals somewhat spatulate, 5 × 0.8–1.1 mm; veins 3, green in vivo, anastomosing below the apex; stamens as long as the perianth, filaments 5 mm long, flexible, inclined, white, narrowbased, swollen and very papillose in the upper 2/3 (the papillae flattened, elongate and rounded, white), anthers bright yellow, 1 × 0.2 mm, dorsifixed, filament inserted in the lower 1/4; gynoecium: ovary 1 × 0.8 mm, green in vivo, ovules 6 per locule; style 6 mm long, filiform with rounded stigma; fruit not seen.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>At the only known locality, flowering was at its peak at the beginning of December, with many flowers in full bloom and buds, but the fruit had not yet formed.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>This species is known only from the Loky-Manambato Region in northeastern Madagascar, specifically from the Binara forest. The forest is characterised as dense, semi-deciduous, with many fallen trees and emergents. The collection was made at an altitude of 360 metres, at the base of the slope. The plant grows on a soil, sometimes very shallow, formed from the erosion of a granitic substrate, more or less fragmented, mixed with a layer of humus.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum ranirisonii sp. nov. is endemic to Madagascar, where it is known from a single collection that was made in 2005 in Binara forest, within the Loky Manambato Harmonious Landscape in NE Madagascar, where it is considered to be a strict endemic with a single known occurrence. While little exploration of the forests of Loky Manambato had been undertaken prior to the expeditions carried out recently by staff of CJBG (Gautier et al. 2006; Nusbaumer et al. 2010), data from the site has shown the different forest patches to be rich in highly local endemic species. Within Loky Manambato, extensive habitat degradation of many of the forest patches has been observed and this is undoubtedly the major threat to this species at its single known location, and it is assessed therefore assessed as CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,v).</p><p>Geographical and morphological remarks</p><p>1) The collectors, having found only one location with a small population of this species, chose not to harvest the underground parts out of a concern for its conservation.</p><p>2) The collected leaves were still in the growing phase when they were collected, which explains differences in size and the fact that the pseudo-petiole is not yet clearly differentiated.</p><p>3) The reduced central leaf appears to be associated with the development of the floral scape.</p><p>For a map showing the known locality of C. ranirisonii sp. nov. see Fig. 19.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFC1130117DD415AFBA3FDC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFCE130317DB468BFE8CFB27.text	03A087D4FFCE130317DB468BFE8CFB27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum ratovosonii Bard. - Vauc. et M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>25. Chlorophytum ratovosonii Bard.-Vauc. et M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324055-1</p><p>Figs 5J, 36, 40</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Chlorophyto sylvestre Bard.-Vauc. affinis, sed tuberculis brevioribus crassisque (0.6–1 × 0.25–0.3 cm vs 1–1.8 × 0.1–0.4 cm), foliis plus numerosis (7 vs 2–3), erectis (vs patentia), angustioribus (11.5–17.5 × 1.2–2.3 cm vs 7–13 × 1.8–5 cm), pseudo-petiolo manifesto (vs basim folii breviter attenuatam), rhachidi inflorencentiae glabro (vs rhachim parvis triangularibus squamis), pedicello fructifero gracili longioreque (8–10 mm vs 4–6 mm), seminibus plus numerosis per loculum (2–3 vs 0–1) praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is dedicated to Fidisoa ʻFidyʼ Ratovoson, the collector of the type specimen, Fidy has worked for Missouri Botanical Garden in Madagascar since the year 2000. He has conducted botanical inventory and conservation work in many parts of Madagascar, but has had a special interest in poorly known areas in the north, such as the Baie de Rigny, where he made the only known collection of C. ratovosonii sp. nov.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Antsiranana, Andrafiabe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.534443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.448611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.534443/lat -12.448611)">Ambolobozakely</a>, 3 km à lʼ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.534443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.448611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.534443/lat -12.448611)">Est, baie de Rigny</a>; 12°26′55S, 49°32′04″ E; 1 Apr. 2006; fr; F. Ratovoson 1134; holotype: P [P06169905]!; isotypes: CNARP n.v., MO [MO-3020273] n.v., TAN n.v .</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 15–40 cm high, roots numerous, fasciculate, short and fibrous, roots bearing fleshy fusiform tubers, 6–10 × 2.5–3.0 mm, mixed with fine, purely fibrous roots; leaves 7, ovate to lanceolate, 11.5–17.5 × 1.2–2.3 cm, the base sheathing, narrowed above into a pseudo-petiole 2.5–5.0 cm long, ca 1/3 of the total leaf length, leaf margin scabrous, veins, 20–24, clearly visible, apex pointed; inflorescence unknown; flowers in groups of 1 to 3 (observed from the pedicels of the infructescence), flowers (see Remarks below): floral bracts dark, with a broad triangular base, 2.3 × 1 mm, trinervate, shorter than the pedicel, the latter 8–10 mm long (in fruit), articulation supramedial, 6–7 mm from the base; tepals, 6 × 0.8 mm, with 3 dark veins close together; stamens equal, shorter than perianth, filament 4.2 mm long, papillose, fusiform in upper half, anther yellow, 0.7–1 × 0.2 mm, dorsifixed, attached to the lower third of the anther; gynoecium: ovary not seen, style filiform, 4.5 mm long, stigma a little thickened; infructescence 1, erect, ca 40 cm in height, with 6 lateral branches, peduncle 18 cm long, bearing two acute bracts, with a triangular base, dark in colour, 8–13 × 2.5–3 mm, 5-veined, rachis ca 22 cm long, fruits (and therefore flowers) in terminal units of up to three; capsule wider than tall, 3.5 × 5 mm, ornamented with 3–4 transverse veins; seeds 2–3 per locule, black, flattened, reniform, 2.2–2.3 × 1.5–1.8 mm, testa shiny, very finely granular, notch narrow but deep, radicle 1 mm thick, forming a protrusion in the notch.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known material of this species was collected at the beginning of April, it has floral remains and immature fruits, so we assume that flowering took place in March and that fruits would mature in late April or May.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The single known collection of this species was made in the northeast of Madagascar, at the edge of the Baie de Rigny, in a sparsely populated dry forest on loose, unconsolidated sands, at a very low altitude.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum ratovosonii sp. nov. is known from a single recent collection, representing a single known occurrence. It was collected across the bay from the Ambodivahibe marine PA, which is reported as relatively intact and where there are no known threats to the species, however its known habitat is likely to be somewhat precarious and further exploration to gather information on its frequency and range, especially the possibility of it occurring at Ambodivahibe, as well as the state of its single known location, are needed in order to provide a meaningful Red List assessment. Chlorophytum ratovosonii is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In the absence of flowers, floral data was collected from fruits bearing the remains of the perianth and stamens. The pedicels elongate after anthesis, so the measured length is not that of the pedicel at the floral stage, which would have been slightly shorter.</p><p>A map showing the only known occurrences of Chlorophytum ratovosonii sp. nov., C. tolyanum sp. nov., another poorly known species from northern Madagascar and C. nigrogranulosum sp. nov. is shown in Fig. 36.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFCE130317DB468BFE8CFB27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFCC130417A840E6FAE3FC9C.text	03A087D4FFCC130417A840E6FAE3FC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum sofiense (H. Perrier) Marais & Reilly (Marais & Reilly 1978	<div><p>26. Chlorophytum sofiense (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly</p><p>Figs 2F, 5G, 41</p><p>Chlorophytum sofiense (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly (Marais &amp; Reilly 1978: 661) – Anthericum sofiense H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 37) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the Sofia River, specifically its middle basin, the type locality of the species.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Sofia Region [Mahajanga Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.592777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.488334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.592777/lat -15.488334)">Domaine occidental</a>: sur des rocailles (gneiss), dans un bois humide, dans le bassin moyen de la Sofia; [15°29′18″ S, 48°35′34″ E]; Mar. 1907; fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10955; lectotype: P [P01046122]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P01046121] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 13–25 cm tall; roots fibrous, some terminating in an ovoid to fusiform tubercle, 0.8–1.5 × 0.3–0.5 cm; rhizome lacking; leaves 5–16, lanceolate, 9–27 × 1.2–2.5 cm, with a tapering, sheathing base and a tapered apex; pseudo-petiole 4.5–10 cm long (between 1/3 and 1/2 of the blade length), the margins smooth or scabrous, pseudo-midrib present, with 18–21 well-spaced, conspicuous veins; inflorescences 1(–2) per plant, 6–13 × 0.1–0.2 cm, erect, unbranched or sparsely branched, dense, shorter than the leaves, peduncle covered with transparent papillae; flower unknown; capsule slightly wider than high, 3–3.3 × 4 mm, fruiting pedicel pendulous with a medial articulation; seeds semi-globular, with prominent transverse ridges, 1.9–2 mm diam. and 1–1.3 mm thick, black, shiny, surface granular, one face convex and the other flat and depressed, with a marked notch and a more or less prominent radicle.</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. VII 1–5.</p><p>Nomenclatural remark</p><p>Of the two known syntypes, the Paris herbarium sheet with the barcode P01046122 is designated as the lectotype of A. sofiense H.Perrier because of its more abundant material.</p><p>Key to the subspecies</p><p>1. Leaf surface glabrous ................................. C. sofiense (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly subsp. sofiense</p><p>– Leaf surface scabrous ................... C. sofiense subsp. gautieri Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFCC130417A840E6FAE3FC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFCB130517124750FD43FE28.text	03A087D4FFCB130517124750FD43FE28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum sofiense subsp. sofiense	<div><p>26. 1 Chlorophytum sofiense (H.Perrier) Marais &amp; Reilly subsp. sofiense</p><p>Fig. 41</p><p>Material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Sofia Region [Mahajanga Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.592777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.488334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.592777/lat -15.488334)">Domaine occidental</a>: sur des rocailles (gneiss), dans un bois humide, dans le bassin moyen de la Sofia; [15°29′18″ S, 48°35′34″ E]; Mar. 1907; fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10955; P [P01046121, P01046122] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 15–25 cm tall; roots fibrous, some ending in an ovoid to fusiform tubercle, 8–15 × 3–5 mm; stems grouped together, each stem bearing 5–6 leaves; leaves 17–27 × 1.8–2.5 cm, lanceolate, base and apex tapered, shortly sheathing, pseudo-petiole 6–10 cm long (between 1/3 and 1/2 the length of the blade), margins smooth, surfaces glabrous, veins 21, well-spaced and visible on both surfaces; inflorescences 1(–2) per plant, 11–13 × 0.1–0.2 cm, unbranched or sparsely branched, peduncle 8.5 to 10 cm long, with 1 or 2 inflorescence bracts, bracts triangular at the base, subulate, dark brownish when dry, 6 × 2 mm, flowering rachis short (2.0– 3.5 cm long), very dense; flowers unknown, numerous, 2 to 5 per node (based on the number of remaining pedicels), floral bracts long and narrow, 4 × 1 mm, equal to or longer than the pedicel; capsule 3 × 4 mm, locules with 3 or 4 transverse ridges, fruiting pedicel short, 2–4 mm long, with medial articulation; seeds 2 mm diam. and 1 mm thick, the radicle not prominent.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The taxon was collected in March, only in fruit.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The typical subspecies was collected in the northwest of Madagascar, on an acidic substrate (gneissic rocks), in the mid basin of the Sofia river where it grew in humid undergrowth.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum sofiense is endemic to Madagascar, where it has a highly disjunct known distribution that corresponds to the two distinct subspecies that are now recognized. The typical subspecies, C. sofiense subsp. sofiense is known from a single collection from the central zone of the Sofia River valley (Sofia Region) that was collected over 100 years ago. The site is poorly explored, but satellite imagery shows considerable degradation in that zone, and there are no protected areas in the vicinity. At the site, habitat loss is inferred due to deforestation and this represents the primary threat to this subspecies. The typical subspecies is therefore considered as data deficient (DD), but possibly extinct (EX).</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. VII 1–5.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFCB130517124750FD43FE28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFC9130717424518FAE3FE43.text	03A087D4FFC9130717424518FAE3FE43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum sofiense subsp. gautieri Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>26. 2 Chlorophytum sofiense subsp. gautieri Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal subsp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324053-1</p><p>Figs 2F, 5G, 41</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>A tipo affinis, 1–4 bracteis foliaceis basilaribus inflorescentiae, 25–40 mm longis (vs tantum unicam basi triangulari atque apice acuminato, 6 mm), pedicello fructifero 10–11 mm (vs 2–4 mm), margine foliorum scaberula minutis regularibusque dentibus (vs laevem) praecipue differt.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>We are pleased to dedicate this subspecies to Laurent Gautier, Curator at the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève, and lecturer in Plant Systematics and Biodiversity within the Department of Plant Sciences at the Université de Genève.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – SAVA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Daraina, forêt d’Ambohitsitondroina; 13°7′58 ′ S, 49°28′13″ E; 17 Mar. 2004; fr; L. Gautier 4625; holotype: G [G00030078]!; isotypes: K!, MO!, P [P04186579]!, TEF n.v.</p><p>Description</p><p>Herbaceous plant, 13–17 cm tall; roots long, slender, fibrous, some bearing a fusiform tuber of ca 1 × 0.3 cm; leaves numerous (9–16), with a broad sheathing base, lanceolate, 9.0–17.5 × 1.2–1.8 cm, pseudo-petiole 4.2–4.8 cm long, approximately one-third of the blade length, margin scabrous with small, regular teeth, lower surface glaucous green and covered with very fine protuberances, veins 18, well-marked and evenly spaced, apex with a tapering, pointed apex, 1.5 mm long; inflorescence solitary, terminal, short, dense and unbranched, 6.0– 7.5 cm long, the peduncle ca 4–6 cm long (for the more robust specimens), bracts basal, 1–4, foliaceous, with a clasping base, pseudo-petiolate, subulate, 2.5–4.0 × 1.0– 2.5 cm, margins scabrous, veins 5–9, flowering rachis contracted, 1–2.5 cm long with extremely reduced internodes; flowers 1–2 per node (based on the fruiting material), with a subulate floral bract, 4.0 × 0.5 mm, veins, 3–5; flower incompletely known (see Morphological remark below); tepals 3.5 × 0.8 mm, veins 3, well-spaced; stamens probably unequal, the longest equalling the tepals, filaments not seen, anthers rectangular, 0.7 × 0.2 mm, connective dark brown; gynoecium: ovary with 3 ovules per locule; capsule 3.3 × 4 mm, with rounded, short, thick, translucent sutural ridges visible on immature fruits; fruiting pedicel, 10–11 mm long, with medial articulation, seeds 1 or 2 per locule, 1.9 × 1.3 mm, with the radicle barely prominent.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The subspecies was collected in March and only in fruit; the few remaining floral remains suggest that flowering finished in February.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>Chlorophytum sofiense subsp. gautieri subsp. nov. was collected in northern Madagascar near Daraina, at an altitude below 200 metres. Like the typical subspecies, it forms small groups, in humid forest, on granitic rocks. The collection was made at the edge of a stream.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum sofiense subsp. gautieri subsp. nov. is also known only from a single recent collection and single occurence, made some 300 km to the NE of the typical subspecies, in the Loky-Manambato protected area in NE Madagascar (SAVA Region) which is designated as a “harmonious protected landscape”. Protection in the latter area is minimal, and only certain key sites are designated for active protection, and with its sole known location, C. sofiense subsp. gautieri is assessed as CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).</p><p>Morphological remark</p><p>The data on floral morphology were obtained from the remains of flowers present on an immature fruit.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFC9130717424518FAE3FE43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFC813181467460BFB89FCC1.text	03A087D4FFC813181467460BFB89FCC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum subligulatum H. Perrier (Perrier de la Bathie 1935	<div><p>27. Chlorophytum subligulatum H.Perrier</p><p>Fig. 6H, 42</p><p>Chlorophytum subligulatum H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 53–54) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the grass-like growth habit and the resemblance of the leaf blade base to grass leaf ligules.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Sofia Region [Mahajanga Prov.] • Masakoamena, bassin moyen du Bemarivo (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.988693&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.299889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.988693/lat -16.299889)">Boina</a>); [16°17′59.6″ S, 47°59′19.3″ E]; Dec. 1910; fl; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10976; gneiss dénudés; lectotype: P [P01046107]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P01046108] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Herbaceous plant, 60 cm tall, somewhat caespitose; roots strongly thickened, 1–2 mm in diam., bearing a few fusiform tubers, 15–20 × 4 mm; rhizome present; leaves 7–10, linear, graminoid, 16.5–50 × 0.5– 1 cm, leaf margin distinctly scabrous, base sheathing, 8–18 cm long, straw-yellow, transitioning to the green leafblade with a marked edge and an outward fold of the leaf, pseudo-midrib, veins 29–32, clearly visible, tip tapered; inflorescence solitary, erect, unbranched, up to 65 cm in height; peduncle 43 cm long, inflorescence bracts 1(–2), placed very high, just below the rachis, 2.5–5.4 × 0.35 cm, triangular, subulate, veins 20, margins smooth, rachis 7–12 cm long, flowers 1–3 per node; floral bracts basal, broadly triangular, 7 × 4 mm, the margins scabrous (in contrast to the inflorescence bracts), longer than the pedicel, the latter 1–5 mm long, with a sub-basale articulation; perianth white, 12–13 mm long, tepals subequal, oblong, 11–12 × 0.50–0.55 mm, veins 6, sometimes only 3 for the petals, all closely spaced at the centre; stamens as long as the tepals, filaments flattened, 4.5–5.0 × 1 mm at the base, distinct margin at the base of the connective, anthers yellow, 6.5 × 1.5 mm, oval, lanceolate, basifixed; gynoecium: ovary 0.2 × 0.12, ovules 16 per locule, style 12 mm long; capsule unknown.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known collection was in flower in December.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The only known collection of C. subligulatum comes from Boina, in the mid-Bemarivo basin. It was recorded growing on bare gneissic rocks, the post-facto georeference we have established is based on the recorded elevation.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum subligulatum is known only from the type collection that was collected more than 100 years ago, representing a single known occurence. The area in which it was collected appears to be highly degraded on satellite images, and largely given over to agricultural activities. It is possible that the species persists in the area, few plant collections have been made in the vicinity of the type and a targeted search for C. subligulatum in this area, which is poorly known, would be useful to assess its current status. Based on current information the species is assessed here as DD (Data Deficient).</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. IX 9–12.</p><p>Nomenclatural remarks</p><p>1) We designate the Paris herbarium sheet with the barcode P01046107 as the lectotype of Chlorophytum subligulatum H.Perrier because this specimen has more flowers than the only other known specimen, P01046108.</p><p>2) The type locality is uncertain. Perrier de la Bâthie places the plant in the “Bassin moyen du Bemarivo” [Middle Basin of the Bemarivo], specifying the locality: Masakoamena, which is a settlement located to the south of the river basin (we note that ʻMasakoamenaʼ means ʻPlace with many ripe Sclerocarya caffra fruitsʼ, which could be applied to many localities in western Madagascar). We have provided a post-facto approximate estimated georeference based on this information.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFC813181467460BFB89FCC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFD6131A14524518FDAEFB86.text	03A087D4FFD6131A14524518FDAEFB86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum sylvestre Bard. - Vauc. (Bardot-Vaucoulon 1997	<div><p>28. Chlorophytum sylvestre Bard.-Vauc.</p><p>Figs 2J–K, 4I, 43</p><p>Chlorophytum sylvestre Bard.-Vauc. (Bardot-Vaucoulon 1997: 152) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epiphet refers to the occurrence of the species in forest habitats.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Type MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Plateau calcaire de l’Ankarana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.096897&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.919483" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.096897/lat -12.919483)">zone du Lac Vert</a>; [12°55′10.14″ S, 49°05′48.84″ E]; Jan. 1991; fl, fr; M. Bardot-Vaucoulon 383; holotype: P [P00078336]!; isotype: P [P00078337]!, TAN!.</p><p>Paratypes MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.893611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.233334/lat -12.893611)">collines et plateaux calcaires de l’Ankarana, E Ambondrofe</a>; [12°53′37″ S, 49°14′ E]; Dec. 1937 – Jan. 1938; fl; H. Humbert 18980; P [P00078338, P00078339, P00078340, P00078341]!.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Antsiranana, Ambilobe, Mahamasina Réserve Spéciale d’Ankarana, chemin <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.116665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.966666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.116665/lat -12.966666)">d’Ambohimalaza</a>, grotte <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.116665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.966666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.116665/lat -12.966666)">d’Ambahibe</a>; [12°58′ S, 49°07′ E]; 27 Jan. 2003; fr; M. Bardot-Vaucoulon, O. Andrianantoanina, A. Toly, T. Manasy 1340; MO [MO-3020305]!, P [P00455649]!, TAN !.</p><p>iNaturalist observations</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • 12°57′28.2″ S, 49°07′25.9″ E; 8 Jan. 2004; fl, fr; Errol Vela (abounabat); iNaturalist 52799171 • 12°50′55.8″ S, 49°15′59.1″ E; May 2020; st.; (feno); iNaturalist 61286825 • 12°52′06.3″ S, 49°13′33.9″ E; 10 Apr. 2022; st.; A. Bour (botanarchiste); iNaturalist 140140162 • 12°56′47.8″ S, 49°07′30.0″ E; 11 Apr. 2022; fr; A. Bour (botanarchiste); iNaturalist 140151596 • 12°56′58.5″ S, 49°07′39.4″ E; 11 Apr. 2022; st.; D. Scherberich (dscherberich); iNaturalist 120482875 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, 15–40 cm tall; roots numerous, fasciculate, fibrous, mostly with fleshy fusiform tubers below, 10–18 × 1–4 mm, but some roots branched and lacking tubers; leaves 2(–3), ovate to narrowly ovate, spreading on the ground, or occasionally erect, 7–13(–15) × 1.8–5.0(–5.8) cm, narrowed and sheathing at the base, 1.2–3.2 cm long, buried for 1–2 cm, emerging from a short foliar sheath, white, 1.8–3.5 cm with a pointed triangular tip, margin surrounded by a thin hyaline border, pseudo-midrib variably visible (differing between individual plants), veins 8–16, clearly visible, the apex pointed; inflorescence solitary, axis slender, often simple, but sometimes branched, 16.0– 37.5 cm long, peduncle (5–)7–15(–22) cm long, bracts 1–2 or absent, triangular, acute, with a reddish-violet base, 3–5 × 1–2 mm, upper part of the peduncle and of the flowering rachis, covered with small triangular transparent protuberances, flowers, 1–5 per node, floral bract dark, with a broad triangular base, 2.3 × 1 mm, veins 3, shorter than the pedicel, the latter, 4.5 mm long, articulation inframedial; flowers pendant at anthesis, white; perianth, 4 mm long, with subequal 3-veined segments, greenish-white turning violet with age, outer tepals, 4 × 0.5 mm, inner tepals, 4 × 0.7 mm; stamens equal, shorter than the perianth, filament, 2.5 mm long, papillose and thickened from the lower 1/3, anthers, 0.6–0.8 mm long, yellow-green, dorsifixed to submedifixed; gynoecium: ovary 0.6–1 mm in diam., ovule 1 per locule, style filiform, 3.5 mm long, stigma slightly thickened; capsule broader than long, 2.5 × 3.5 mm, often with one or two atrophied locules, sutures thick, ornamented with 3–4 transverse veins; seeds 3, black, flattened, reniform, 2.5–3.0 × 2 mm, testa shiny, surface very finely granular, notched in the middle of the inner edge, with the radicle forming a conical protrusion at the bottom of the notch.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The species starts flowering as early as December, and the plants bear both flowers and fruits in January.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>This species is found exclusively in the north of Madagascar, in the Réserve Spéciale d’Ankarana [Ankarana Special Reserve] (including one record in the buffer zone) and at the edge of the adjacent Andrafiamena Special Reserve. It grows in the undergrowth of the dry deciduous forest on limestone plateaus, between the rock slabs, in shallow calcareous clay soils.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum sylvestre is only known to occur within the Ankarana Special Reserve, where it has been collected recently three times and has been recorded by iNaturalists three times, and the available records are well distributed throughout the reserve, thus representing at least 5 occurrences. However, the species has a very restricted known range, with an EOO of 73 km 2 and an AOO of 28 km 2, but nevertheless the reserve is well established and not subject to major impacts. It is an important tourist site, and the reserve is largely inaccessible to livestock from surrounding areas, and of little use for shifting cultivation. It is assessed as Least Concern (LC).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFD6131A14524518FDAEFB86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFD4131D17D54518FAE3FC41.text	03A087D4FFD4131D17D54518FAE3FC41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum tolyanum Bard. - Vauc. & M. Pignal 2026	<div><p>29. Chlorophytum tolyanum Bard.-Vauc. &amp; M.Pignal sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77324054-1</p><p>Figs 5B, 36, 44</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Planta herbacea 60 cm alta, radicibus fasciculatis, unum-tria fusiformia albaque tubercula, (10–15 mm × 2–3 mm), folia grandia (25.5–60 × 3.0– 4.8 cm), duo externa minora, pseudopetiolus 12–17 cm, lamina attenuata ad basim et acuta ad apicem, inferna pagine triste viride (in vivo), margo scaberula, 32 nervis remotis manifestisque. Inflorescentia unica, erecta, ramosa, 42–52 cm alta, pedunculus 19–27 cm longus, bractea inflorescentiae triangularis, 12 × 4 mm, margine leviter scaberula nervisque paulo manifestis. Pedunculus ramificationesque inflorescentiae omnino obtecti pilis brevibus hyalinisque.</p><p>Flores (1–4). Pedicellus articulatus infra medium. Bractea floris triangularis, 3–4 × 2.5 mm, base vaginata acuto apice, 3 nervis paulo manifestis, omnino obtecta pilis brevibus hyalinisque. Perianthium, 5 mm altum . Tepala alba elliptica, subaequalia, 4.9–5.1 × 1 mm, trinervia apice acuminato.</p><p>Stamina 2 coacervati, 4 aequantia perianthum, 2 paulo breviora. Papilla 2/3 filamenti staminum obtegentia (longis staminibus 4.8 mm in longitudine, brevibus, 3.8 mm). Filamentum dorsifixum fere medifixum, antherae lutae, 0.7 × 0.2 mm. Ovarium globosum 0.8 × 0.8 mm. Ovulum 1 per loculum. Stylus filiformis, 6.3 mm.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species is dedicated to Aurélien Toly, ecotourist guide, who was, as ANGAP staff member (today MNP), one of the accompanying guides during the various missions carried out by MBV in the Special Reserve of Ankarana in 1997, 2003 and 2007. He is a co-collector of the material obtained in the field.</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • Ambilobe, RS Ankarana, chemin <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.083332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.916667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.083332/lat -12.916667)">Amposately au Lac Vert</a>; 12°55′ S, 49°05′ E; 14 Jan. 2003; fl; M. Bardot-Vaucoulon, O. Andrianantoanina, A. Toly &amp; T. Manesy 1193; holotype: P [P00455486]!; isotypes: K!, MO!, TAN !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Plant herbaceous, up to 60 cm tall; roots fasciculate, rigid, bearing 1–3 white fusiform tubers, 10–15 × 2–3 mm; leaves 7, lanceolate, 25.5–60 × 3–4.8 cm, but the 2 outer ones smaller, leaf base attenuate, pseudo-petiole broad, 12–17 cm long, base sheathing, blade dull green below, the margins scabrous, with 28–32, clearly visible, evenly-spaced veins, apices long-tapered and aristate; inflorescence solitary, erect, branched, 42–52 cm in length, peduncle 19–27 cm long; axes entirely covered with short, white, hyaline hairs; subtended by a solitary, triangular bract, 12 × 4 mm, with slightly scabrous margins and barely visible veins; rachis 22–27.5 cm long; flowers 2–4 per node, floral bract 3.5 × 2 mm, triangular, embracing the base, margins scabrous, apex pointed, shorter than the pedicel, veins 3, only faintly visible; pedicel 4.5 mm long, covered with hyaline hairs, the articulation inframedial; perianth 5 mm long, tepals elliptical, white, sub-equal, 4.9–5.1 × ca 1 mm, veins 3, close together; stamens in two unequal groups, 4 long (equaling the perianth), 2 short (slightly smaller), filaments papillose for ca 2/3 of their length, 4.8 mm long for the long ones, 3.8 mm long for the short ones, anthers yellow, 0.7 × 0.2 mm, dorsifixed to submedifixed; gynoecium: ovary 0.8 × 0.8 mm, ovules 1 per locule, style filiform, 6.3 mm long; fruit unknown.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The only known collection was in early flower in January, corresponding to the start of the rainy season.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The only known collection of this species is from the Réserve spéciale d’Ankarana [Ankarana Special Reserve] in the North of Madagascar. It occurs in the understory of dry deciduous forest, specifically growing in limestone scree, containing conspicuous large blocks of limestone, with pockets of smaller pieces and humic soil.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum tolyanum sp. nov. is known only from a single recent collection in what is regarded as a well-managed Special Reserve, and it is naturally well-protected by its habitat which is difficult to access. However, it is known from only a single occurrence, and it is therefore presumed to be rare. A targeted survey of its occurrence at the site is needed to be able to assess any threats to the species, and in orger to provide a meaningful conservation status, and at present it must be assessed as DD (data deficient).</p><p>A map showing the single occurrence of Chlorophytum tolyanum sp. nov. together with C. ratovosonii sp. nov., another poorly-known species from the north of Madagascar, is provided under the treatment of D. nigrogranulosum sp. nov. (Fig. 36).</p><p>Taxonomical remark</p><p>This species differs from other species by a mosaic of characters that makes it difficult to understand a differential diagnosis mentioning several other species. We prefer to present a descriptive diagnosis here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFD4131D17D54518FAE3FC41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFD213101470400CFC7DF948.text	03A087D4FFD213101470400CFC7DF948.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum tripedale (Baker) H. Perrier	<div><p>30. Chlorophytum tripedale (Baker) H.Perrier</p><p>Figs 3G–H, 6J, 7B, 45</p><p>Chlorophytum tripedale (Baker) H.Perrier (Perrier de la Bâthie 1935: 51–52) . – Anthericum tripedale Baker (Baker 1882: 269) .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the height of the individuals, which is approximately 1 m (i.e., about three English feet).</p><p>Type material</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Amoron’i mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Chiefly in Betsileo-land; s.d.; fr; R. Baron 74; holotype: K [K000432397] image !.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Amoron’i mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • Ambatofinandrahana, Anjakely, route <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.43528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.588612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.43528/lat -20.588612)">Itremo Amborompotsy</a>, 23 km avant <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.43528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.588612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.43528/lat -20.588612)">Amborompotsy</a>; 20°35′19″ S, 46°26′07″ E; 1668 m; 20 Aug. 2010; fl; B. Andrianaivoravelona, M. Rakotoarinivo, G. Ratovonirina &amp; R. Rajaonarison 349; K n.v., MO [MO-3187954] image!, TAN n.v . • Fianarantsoa, Ambatofinandrahana, Ampangabe, environ 3 km au sud ouest du village <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.61861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.616112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.61861/lat -20.616112)">d’Itremo</a>; 20°36′58″ S, 46°37′07″ E; 1371 m; 28 Apr. 2012; fl; S. Andrianaivoravelona, M.J. Lazasoa &amp; Andriamampionona 629; G!, K n.v., MO [MO-3047189]!, P [P00967918]!, TAN n.v . • Ambatofinandrahana, Itremo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.59861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.61861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.59861/lat -20.61861)">Andaobatofotsivava</a>; 20°37′07″ S, 046°35′55″ E; 1371 m; 20 Dec. 2003; fl; P. Antilahimena &amp; Andriamihajarivo 2445; G!, MO image!, P n.v., TAN n.v . • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.616665/lat -20.583334)">Itremo</a>; [20°35′ S, 46°37′ E]; Jan. 1964; fl; J. Bosser 19068; P [P02071744] ! • Entre Ambatofinandrahana et Itremo, 27 à 40 km à l’ouest <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.666668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.666668/lat -20.55)">d’Ambatofinandrahana</a>; [20°33′ S, 46° 40′ E]; 26 Jan. 1975; fl; T. Croat 29824; MO [MO-2682023]!, P [P02071750]!, TAN! (2 parts), WAG [WAG.1151770] image ! • Environs d’Ambatofinandrahana; [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; 1600–1800 m; 15 Feb. 1938; fr; R. Decary 12904; P [P02071746] ! • same data as for preceding; 16 Feb. 1938; fr; R. Decary 12978; P [P02071743] ! • Ouest d’Ambatofinandrahana; [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; 20 Nov. 1939; fl; R. Decary 15150; P [P02071751] ! • Ambatofinandrahana; [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; 4 Feb. 1943; fl bud; R. Decary 17393; P [P02071745] ! • same data as for preceding; 3 Feb. 1942; fl bud; R. Decary 17413; P [P02071749] ! • WC, Fianarantsoa Province, W of Ambositra, Eastern margin of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.593887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.58639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.593887/lat -20.58639)">Itremo Massif</a>; 20°35′11″ S, 46°35′38″ E; 22 Nov. 1993; fl; D. Du Puy, J.-N. Labat &amp; J. Andriantiana M642; K n.v., MO [MO-3020348] image!, P [P016763] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.166668/lat -20.583334)">Filiarivo à l’Ouest d’Ambositra</a>. Bois des pentes occidentales sur gneiss; [20°35′ S, 47°10′ E]; ca 1600 m; 15 Jan. 1955; fl, fr; H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 28032; P [P02071752] ! • Environs d’Ambatofinandrahana (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.8/lat -20.55)">Betsileo</a>); [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; 16 Jan. 1955; fl, fr; H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 28079 bis; BR [BR0000021762284] n.v., G!, K n.v., P [P02158249]!, TEF n.v . • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.616665/lat -20.583334)">W d’Itremo, montagnes (ouest Betsileo)</a>; [20°35′ S, 46°37′ E]; 17–22 Jan. 1955, 18–22 Apr. 1955; fl; H. Humbert 28381; P [P02158251]!, TAN n.v . • same data as for preceding; fl; H. Humbert 29997; L n.v., P [P02158250]!, TAN ! • same data as for preceding; fl, fr; H. Humbert 29998; MO n.v., P [P02158252]!, TEF n.v . • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.8/lat -20.55)">Entre Ivato et Ambatofinandrahana</a>; [20°33′ S, 46°48′ E]; 1 Dec. 1970; fl; M. Keraudren-Aymonin et G. Aymonin 25737; MO!, P [P02071748] ! • Ibity Massif, northern sector. Slopes above cement factory. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.000557&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.063055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.000557/lat -20.063055)">Tapia (Uapaca bojeri) woodland</a>; 20°03′47″ S, 47°00′02″ E; 16 Feb. 1997; fl; P.P. Lowry 4819; G!, MO [MO-3020290] image ! • Itremo massif, W of Ambatofinandrahana, ca 2 km before (NE of) bridge over <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.59306&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.566109" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.59306/lat -20.566109)">Ambalarangolana creek</a>; 20°33′57.996″ S, 46°35′35.016″ E; 10 Nov. 2002; fl, fr; P.P. Lowry II, G.E. Schatz, T. Andriamihajarivo, C. Hong-Wa, S. Rapanarivo, H. Rabarison 5911; G!, MO [MO-3020303] image!, P [P06169839] ! • Forêt d’Ianasana, à 7 km à l’ouest d’Itremo, le long de la rivière <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.571667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.601667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.571667/lat -20.601667)">Atsirakamhaity</a>; 20°36.1′ S, 46°34.3′ E; 1630 m; 1 Feb. 1999; fl, fr; N. Messmer &amp; F. Andriatsiferana 758; G!, MO [MO-3020299] image!, P [P06169893]!, WAG [WAG.1924756] image !. – Vakinankaratra [Antananarivo Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.004444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.069445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.004444/lat -20.069445)">Ibity Massif</a>; 20°04′10″ S 047°00′16″ E; 1700 m; 15 Feb. 2003; fl; G. Schatz, P.P. Lowry II, T. Andriamihajarivo, C. Hong-Wa, D. Rabehevitra, S. Lowry 4052; BR [BR0000009374294] n.v.?, G!, P [P06169842]!, WAG [WAG.1924728] image ! • Mt Ibity, about 27 km SW of Antsirabe; 20°04′10″ S, 47°00′16″ E; 1530 m; 15 Mar. 2004; fl; F. Almeda, H. Ranarivelo &amp; T. Randriambololona 8685; CAS n.v., MO [MO-3241816] image!, TAN n.v . • S-W <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.983334/lat -19.916666)">d’Antsirabé</a>, montagnes; [19°55′ S, 46°59′ E]; 1600 m; Jan. 1914; fl; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 10988; P [P02071361, P02071362, P02071359] ! • S du Mont Ibity; [20°9′ S, 47°1′ E]; 1200 m; Apr. 1928; fl, fr; H. Perrier de la Bâthie 18508; P [P02071363] ! • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.00444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.06945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.00444/lat -20.06945)">Itremo, RN 35</a>, 19 km w d’Ambatofinandrahana; 20°4′10.02″ S, 47°0′15.984″ E; 11 Mar. 1992; fl, fr; P.B. Phillipson 3838; MO [MO-3020300] image!, P [P02071360] ! • Ibity, massif de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.99917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.074446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.99917/lat -20.074446)">Maintsoankarana</a>, 3 km S mairie Ibity; 20°04′28″ S, 46°59′57″ E; 1400 m; 17 Mar. 2011; fl; R. Randrianaivo, S. Rakotonandrasana, A. Rakotondrafara, Zafisoa, D.M. Dominique, J.C.O. Andrianiaina &amp; B. Rakotonindriana 1816; CNARP n.v., MO [MO-3020429] image!, TAN n.v . • Ibity, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.99917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.064444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.99917/lat -20.064444)">Antanifotsy</a>, formation savanicole de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.99917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.064444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.99917/lat -20.064444)">Kiboy</a>; 20°03′52″ S, 46°59′57″ E; 1650 m; 9 Dec. 2004; fl; M.F. Randriatsivery M. H. Rasoafaranaivo &amp; Bruno 1; MO [MO-3047199] image!, P [P01138922]!, TAN n.v . • Antsirabe District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.0075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.074446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.0075/lat -20.074446)">Ibity mountain</a>. Above the Faliandro gallery forest; 20°04′28S, 47°00′27″ E; 1557 m; 18 Jan. 2017; fl; S.G. Razafimandimbison, O. Thureborn, E. Larsén &amp; V. Razafindrahaja 1715; G!, MO [MO-3047190] image!, P [P02091352]!, S n.v . • Ibity massif west, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.982502&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.148056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.982502/lat -20.148056)">Vohipisaka</a>; 20°08′53″ S, 46°58′57″ E; 1482 m; 28 Feb. 2004; fl; C.K. Skema &amp; Chris Birkinshaw 11; BH n.v., MO [MO-3020304] image!, TAN n.v . • Antsirabe district, commune Ibity, 25 km south Antsirabe, 1500 m, along the northern trail towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.00111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.066946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.00111/lat -20.066946)">Mount Ibity</a>; 20°04′01″ S, 47°0′04″ E; 9 Feb. 2018; fl; U. Swenson, V. Razafindrahaja, A. Atalahy, S. Razafimandimbison 1901; MELn.v., MO [MO-2682023] image!, P [P01182488]!, S n.v., TAN n.v .</p><p>iNaturalist observations</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Amoron’i mania [Fianarantsoa Prov.] • 20°35′44.7″ S, 46°37′58.7″ E; 7 Nov. 2013; fl; F. Rakotonasolo (franck); iNaturalist 1873747 • 20°28′43.4″ S, 46°23′01.8″ E; 18 Dec. 2015; fl; Fetra Randriatsara (fetra); iNaturalist 2559733 • 20°31′36.4″ S, 46°38′26.8″ E; Jun. 2017; fl; F. Rakotonasolo (Franck) • 20°28′50.1″ S, 46°27′45.3″ E; Dec. 2018; fl; Ramaro (sederaramarom); iNaturalist 19061004 • 20°30′05.5″ S, 46°33′35.5″ E; 21 Feb. 2019; fl; Landy Rita Rajaovelona (landyrita1); iNaturalist 21137874 • 20°32′45.6″ S, 46°34′24.8″ E; Dec. 2019. fl; Ramaro (sederaramarom); iNaturalist 36521020 • 20°36′58.9″ S, 46°33′27.8″ E; 9 Dec. 2019; fl; Andry.A.R (andryrakoto); iNaturalist 36793787 • 20°39′32.8″ S, 46°58′31.6″ E; 5 Jan. 2024; fl, fr; (dennis-mada); iNaturalist 196826090 – Vakinankaratra [Antananarivo Prov.] • 20°13′42.4″ S, 46°21′42.5″ E; Nov. 2010; fl; T. Randriamboavonjy (tiana123); iNaturalist 911218 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Herbaceous plant, 60–110 cm tall, roots fleshy, thickened, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam.; developing from a short rhizome; leaves 5–8, linear, 32–80 × 0.3–0.7 cm, sheathing at the base; leaf margins and the veins on both surfaces scabrous, also with short hairs on the upper surface, and thick, dense indument forming a loose felt on the lower surface; midrib protruding on the adaxial surface, yellow in colour, long attenuate and tapered to the apex; veins 19–23, prominent, closed; inflorescence solitary, simple or occasionally with a rudimentary branching at the base of the flowering part (Perrier de la Bâthie 10988 and Schatz et al. 4052), 73–125 cm tall, peduncle smooth (30–) 40–76 cm long, bearing 2 or 3 bracts with a broad triangular base in the upper 2/3, the bracts sheathing, very variable in length, size and appearance, 1–13 × 0.4–0.8 cm, the largest bracts with scabrous margins; veins 18–20, tapered towards the apex, rachis 19–57 cm long, flowers 2–3 per node, floral bracts tinged red, ovate, 5 × 4 mm, cuspidate, shorter than the pedicel, the latter 10–12 mm long, articulation supra- or inframedial; perianth 1.5–2.5 cm long, with oblong segments, white; apex subacute; outer tepals 0.5–0.8 cm wide; veins 5–7(–8–9), inner narrower, 0.3–0.7 cm wide, veins 3(–5), closely-spaced, conspicuous, anastomosing near the apex, green in vivo, becoming brown when dried; stamens equal, shorter than the tepals at anthesis, deflected to one side of the ovary, filament white, flattened, 3–5 mm long, tapered at the top, connective with no heel (except for Humbert 28381 which has a short rounded heel) anthers yellow, oblong, 5–8 × 1–2 mm, basifixed; gynoecium: ovary inclined, opposite the stamens, 3 × 2 mm, ovules 14–20 per locule; style curved, 4–12 mm long, widely deflected, stigma rounded; capsule taller than wide, 1.2–1.7 × 0.7–0.8 cm, terminating in a beak formed from the indurated remains of the style, with marked transverse ribs; seeds black, flat, 3 × 2 mm, generally angular, densely packed and deformed due to compression; radicle ca 1 mm long, protruding.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The flowering has been recorded from November to April, with a peak in January and February. Flowering outside this period was observed in two collections, respectively in June and August. Fruiting begins as early as January.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>All the collections come from the central ʻhigh plateauʼ of Madagascar, at altitudes ranging from 1200 m to 1600 m, mainly in the Itremo massif, on metamorphic rocks such as cipolins and quartzites. The distribution range appears to be closely linked to substrate, and with a preference, as reported several times, for moist areas.</p><p>Provisional IUCN Red List assessment</p><p>Chlorophytum tripedale is endemic to Madagascar, where it is limited to the Vakinkaratra and Amoron’i Mania Regions in the central highlands. It is known from a total of 40 collections, representing ca 14 occurences, of which the majority were collected in the past 20 years, within either the Itremo Massif (which comprises two separate zones) or the Ibity protected areas, both of which are classified as Harmonious Protected Landscapes. Chlorophytum tripedale has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 4683 km 2 and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 96 km 2. Much of the potential habitat for the species is given over to agricultural activities which likely impacts the species significantly, especially outside the protected area. However, the species is known to be represented by an estimated 10 locations where the effect of these impacts may be significant, so an assessment of Vulnerable is appropriate. The species is assessed as VU B1B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v). Documenting and monitoring of the species outside of the protected areas should be undertaken.</p><p>Illustrations</p><p>Perrier de la Bâthie 1937 [1938]: fig. IX 4–8.</p><p>Geographical remark</p><p>The type, R. Baron 74 was collected in “Betsileo country”, which corresponds to a vast geographical area extending from the Mania River in the north to the Andringitra massif in the south. This distribution is consistent with the suggested range of other collections of this taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFD213101470400CFC7DF948	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFDF131314F24304FAE3FCC3.text	03A087D4FFDF131314F24304FAE3FCC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum undefined-1	<div><p>31. Chlorophytum sp. 1</p><p>Figs 6A, 46–47</p><p>Material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Sofia Region [Mahajanga Prov.] • Col d’Andavakaka, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.666668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.666668/lat -15.35)">Befandriana</a> (Nord); [15°21′ S, 47°40′ E]; 24 Dec. 1942; fl; J. Botanique 5668; P [P06169906] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Underground parts and leaves unknown. Inflorescence unbranched, robust with a smooth, truncate peduncle, bearing two very long bracts up to 12.5 × 0.3 cm, that resemble leaves, terminating in a fine apex, with 18 prominent, closely-spaced veins, and with scabrous margins; flowering rachis, 12–13 cm long, floral bract 13.5 × 2.5 mm, similar to the inflorescence bract but shorter, longer than the pedicel, the latter, 5.5 mm long, articulation medial, flowers 1–2 per node, flower 16 mm long, tepals white, ovate, with 5 veins, the central 3 converging at the apex, unequal; outer tepals 14 × 3 mm; inner 15 × 4 mm; stamens almost equaling the perianth in length, the filaments flattened, 6.5 mm long, narrowed at the top, the anthers long conical, 8–9 mm long, the margins of the dehiscence slit denticulate, and the apex rounded, with a hastate base and a flat heel, 0.6–0.7 mm long at the base of the connective; gynoecium: ovary 2.2 × 2.0 mm, narrowed at the base, ovules 10 per locule; immature capsule taller than wide.</p><p>Phenology</p><p>The specimen flowered in December in cultivation at the Tsimbazaza Botanical Garden in Antananarivo (altitude of 1500 m). A young fruit was also formed.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The plant was collected in northern Madagascar, in the region of Befandriana, on a rocky substrate consisting of granite and metamorphic rocks at an altitude of approximately 500 m. No further information was provided by the collector about its habitat.</p><p>Remark</p><p>The plant was collected in Befandriana Nord and subsequently cultivated in the gardens of Tsimbazaza, where it flowered and herbarium specimens were prepared. The herbarium specimen, composed of the dried floral parts, lacks underground organs and leaves. This collection appears clearly distinct from other species. However, its fragmentary condition provides only for an incomplete description, that we consider insufficient for formally establishing a new taxon. Nonetheless, the specimen clearly belongs to Perrier de la Bâthieʼs Group 2, and a targeted search for adequate material in the Befandriana Region is needed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFDF131314F24304FAE3FCC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFDC131514F2478AFCAFFED7.text	03A087D4FFDC131514F2478AFCAFFED7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum undefined-2	<div><p>32. Chlorophytum sp. 2</p><p>Fig. 5E, 46, 48</p><p>Material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – DIANA Region [Antsiranana Prov.] • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.316667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.283333/lat -12.316667)">Diego Suarez</a> [Antsiranana]; [12°19′ S, 49°17′ E]; Sep. 1843; fl, fr; L. Boivin 2338; P [P06169866] !.</p><p>Description</p><p>Underground part and leaves unknown. Collection limited to an inflorescence, ca 35.5 cm long, with its base truncated, the peduncle and rachis of the flowering portion covered with translucent hairs whose abundance and size increase gradually towards the apex, at the base, there are short, 0.10–0.15 mm, triangular-based hirsute trichomes, longer, finer and flatter towards the apex, up to 0.35–0.40 mm long; peduncle 15.5 cm long, bearing two large, closely-spaced triangular bracts towards the middle, 9–11 × 2.5 mm, veins 7, margins smooth; flowering rachis 18.5 cm long, with short sub-terminal branching; flowers 2–3 per node, floral bract long and narrowly triangular, tapered, ca 5.0 × 0.8 mm, pedicel ca 5 mm long, slender, articulation medial, with a few short, triangular hairs present below the articulation; perianth 5 mm long, with elliptical segments and acute apices; outer tepals slightly shorter, but wider, than the inners, 4 × 0.5 mm; inner tepals 5 × 0.4 mm, with 3 converging veins at the apex; stamens shorter than the tepals, with short, flattened filaments, 1.8 mm long, anthers yellow, 2 × 0.2 mm, elongated, tapering at the top; gynoecium: ovary 0.9 × 0.6 mm, with at least 5 ovules per locule (based on the number of seeds in a fruit), style very long, 7 mm; capsule wider than high, 3.5 × 5 mm, with thin walls and transverse veins, containing approximately 5 seeds; seeds black, compressed bilaterally, attached toward the middle of the inner angle of the locule “5 graines environ noires, comprimées bilatéralement, attachées vers le milieu de l’angle interne de la loge” (fide Boivin, and dating back to 1848).</p><p>Remark</p><p>This specimen was already considered by Perrier de la Bâthie to be a new species (fide note in herb.), that unquestionably belongs in Group 1. While we agree with Perrierʼs conclusion, due to the unique combination of the indument of the peduncle, the rachis, and floral parts, we refrain from formally describing it as a new species due to the incomplete state of the available material. Extant populations should be sought near Antsiranana, but nevertheless, the chances of finding material of the species is probably low due to habitat degradation in this region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFDC131514F2478AFCAFFED7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
03A087D4FFDA1315147C4598FEADFCBD.text	03A087D4FFDA1315147C4598FEADFCBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques	<div><p>33. Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques</p><p>Material examined</p><p>MADAGASCAR – Analamanga [Antananarivo Prov.] • Antananarivo, Jardin Tananarive; 1923; fl; M. Waterlot 55bis; P [P06169831] ! • Antananarivo, Jardin botanique; ombrière; 21 Oct. 1935; Jardin botanique JB 1190; TAN !.</p><p>Remark</p><p>A plant native to southern Africa (Bjorå &amp; Nordal 2014), but widely cultivated in gardens and as an indoor pot plant, including in Madagascar. Forms with variegated green and white foliage are most commonly cultivated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D4FFDA1315147C4598FEADFCBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pignal, Marc;Phillipson, Peter B.;Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine	Pignal, Marc, Phillipson, Peter B., Bardot-Vaucoulon, Martine (2026): The genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. (Asparagales, Asparagaceae) in Madagascar, with the description of 12 new species, 4 new subspecies and 1 new variety. European Journal of Taxonomy 1033: 1-1322, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1033.3139, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3139/14003
