taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A487FDE22ECD49CD32FBB0FE9A9C79.taxon	description	Figs. 1 - 2; Tabs. 1 - 2	en	Lucinda, Paulo H. F., da Graça, Weferson J. (2015): Description of males of Phallotorynus pankalos Lucinda, Rosa & Reis, 2005 and reappraisal of Phallotorynus species relationships (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 13 (1): 87-92, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140071, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140071
03A487FDE22ECD49CD32FBB0FE9A9C79.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of male specimens. Male specimens of Phallotorynus pankalos can be distinguished from males of its congeners, except P. jucundus Ihering: (1) by the color pattern (six to nine dark brown round spots along lower half of flanks vs. one or two dark brown round to elliptical spots, respectively); (2) by the size of the lateral processes on the trowel-like appendix (large vs. small, respectively); (3) and by left and right halves of the trowel-like appendix united along its whole extension (vs. halves not entirely united and separate by a gap along its extension). A densely pigmented dorsal fin also distinguishes male P. pankalos from the males of remaining species in the genus, except P. jucundus. Males of P. pankalos may be distinguished from males of P. jucundus by the number of dorsal-fin rays (8 vs. 9 or 10, respectively) and by the number of anal-fin rays (eight vs. nine, respectively). Furthermore, males of P. pankalos and P. jucundus may be differentiated by the size of the membranous tip anterior to R 4 and R 5 (large vs. small, respectively).	en	Lucinda, Paulo H. F., da Graça, Weferson J. (2015): Description of males of Phallotorynus pankalos Lucinda, Rosa & Reis, 2005 and reappraisal of Phallotorynus species relationships (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 13 (1): 87-92, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140071, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140071
03A487FDE22ECD49CD32FBB0FE9A9C79.taxon	description	Description of male specimens. Morphometric data in Table 1. Maximum standard length: 19.2 mm SL. Body compressed. Body width in predorsal region uniform and about half body depth. Postdorsal region compressed near caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile of head slightly concave. Predorsal profile convex. Dorsal-fin base oblique. Postdorsal profile slightly concave. Preanal profile convex. Anal-fin base convex; postanal profile nearly straight. Dorsal fin with semi-elliptical border, located posterior to mid-body. Origin of dorsal fin posterior to vertical passing through origin of anal fin. Longest pectoral-fin ray slightly anterior to origin of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin small, almost reaching origin of gonopodium in adult males. Origin of anal fin closer to snout tip than to caudal peduncle. Mouth superior, almost aligned dorsally with base of dorsalmost pectoral-fin ray. Premaxillary and dentary teeth flattened and incisiform with long and narrow pedicel progressively wider towards distal end. Distal end of teeth curved towards oral cavity. Premaxillary teeth varying from pointed to truncate, superior border varying from acute to oblique. Dorsal-fin rays: 8 (4). Pectoral-fin rays: 10 (2), 11 (2). Pelvic-fin rays: 5 (4). Anal-fin rays: 10 (4). Branched caudalfin rays: 9 (2) or 10 (2). Predorsal scales: 14 (4). Longitudinal series scales: 28 (3), 29 (1). Scales around caudal peduncle: 16 (4). Scales in transverse row: 8 (4). Pleural ribs: 14 (2). Epipleural ribs: 11 (2). Vertebrae: 30 (1) or 31 (1). Expanded neural processes: 4 (2). Premaxillary teeth: 12 (3). Dentary teeth: 13 (3). Branchiostegal rays: 5 (2). Caudal-fin rays attached to hypural plate: 8 (2). Upper accessory cartilages between distal neural spines of preural: 2 (2). Lower accessory cartilages between distal hemal spines of preural: 2 (2). Gonopodial complex composed of three functional gonapophyses and 11 gonactinosts. Gonactinosts 2, 3, 4, and 5 fused. Gonactinost 5 with winglike expansions. Ligastyle present. Eight gonopodial rays. R 1 and R 2 unbranched and short. R 3 with 31 segments. Segments 19 to 31 abruptly narrower than preceding segments. Segments 19 to 31 progressively narrower and shorter towards tip. Ventral V-shaped projection located at level of segment 17 and 18, and covered by a large membrane forming two conspicuous undulations. First (more basal) undulation approximately twice smaller the second (more distal) one. Last segment of R 3 attached to bony style that supports trowel-like appendix. Bony style slightly bent dorsally. Terminal appendix long and narrow, with large lateral processes. Both halves of terminal appendix with straight lateral border and united along its whole extension. R 4 a with 31 segments. Last distal segment followed by cub-shaped membrane. Thirty segments on R 4 p; five paired serrae located near tip. Serrae anteriorly directed and gradually shorter towards tip of R 4 p. Distal half of R 6 expanded. Tip of R 6 and R 7 ankylosed. R 7 and R 8 small and branched. Color in alcohol (of male specimens). Eye pupil black. Ground color pale brown, darker on upper half. Border of scales and subjacent skin replete with brown chromatophores, conferring reticulate pattern to body sides, mainly on upper half. Brown chromatophores scattered over whole body, more concentrated on dorsal portion, mainly on head, snout, and ventral surface of lower jaw. Pale brown postorbital band. Dark brown mandibular stripe inconspicuous in some specimens. Dark brown line along predorsal surface. Dorsal-fin membrane black contrasting with hyaline rays. Black band on dorsal fin near its base. Pectoral-fin rays with brown chromatophores. Dark brown line along R 3. Caudal-fin rays grayish brown. Six to nine (usually six) dark brown round to irregular spots along lower half of flanks, alternating with narrow dark brown bars that occasionally reach dorsal and ventral profiles.	en	Lucinda, Paulo H. F., da Graça, Weferson J. (2015): Description of males of Phallotorynus pankalos Lucinda, Rosa & Reis, 2005 and reappraisal of Phallotorynus species relationships (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 13 (1): 87-92, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140071, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140071
03A487FDE22ECD49CD32FBB0FE9A9C79.taxon	discussion	Phylogenetic relationships. Analysis of the data set resulted in 288 most equally parsimonious trees (MEPT’s) (length = 762, CI = 0.35, RI = 0.75) illustrating variation in topology of the ingroup (the Poeciliinae). Concerning the relationships within Phallotorynus, topologies obtained are congruent with those discussed in Lucinda & Reis (2005) and Lucinda et al. (2005) (q. v. fig. 3 and Lucinda et al., 2005: fig 2). All most parsimonious cladograms indicate P. fasciolatus Henn is sister to all other Phallotorynus species as well as sister relationships between P. jucundus + P. pankalos and P. dispilos Lucinda, Rosa & Reis + P. psittakos Lucinda, Rosa & Reis. However, a strict consensus of the MEPT’s results in unresolved relationships among P. victoriae Oliveros, clade [P. jucundus + P. pankalos], and clade [P. dispilos + P. psittakos] (Fig. 3).	en	Lucinda, Paulo H. F., da Graça, Weferson J. (2015): Description of males of Phallotorynus pankalos Lucinda, Rosa & Reis, 2005 and reappraisal of Phallotorynus species relationships (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 13 (1): 87-92, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140071, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140071
03A487FDE22ECD49CD32FBB0FE9A9C79.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Phallotorynus pankalos is known only from its type locality (córrego Sossego, rio Iguatemi drainage, upper portions of rio Paraná system) (Fig. 4). Phallotorynus pankalos has been reported as inhabiting the córrego Mirim and córrego Piraí by Súarez et al. (2009). We could not confirm this distribution.	en	Lucinda, Paulo H. F., da Graça, Weferson J. (2015): Description of males of Phallotorynus pankalos Lucinda, Rosa & Reis, 2005 and reappraisal of Phallotorynus species relationships (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 13 (1): 87-92, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140071, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140071
03A487FDE22ECD49CD32FBB0FE9A9C79.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecological Notes. Despite the small number of specimens deposited in fish collections (only 28), Súarez et al. (2009) recorded 2,680 specimens (948 males and 1,732 females) during one year of sampling in three first-order streams in the rio Iguatemi basin (córrego Sossego, córrego Mirim and córrego Piraí). Unfortunately, Súarez et al. (2009) ’ s voucher specimens are restricted to only one holding with a few specimens (NUP 5839). As a result, most specimens studied by these authors were probably discarded and their identity cannot be confirmed. If the specimens studied by Súarez et al. (2009) are Phallotorynus pankalos, this is an abundant yet restricted species. Therefore, Phallotorynus pankalos is likely a threatened species, because it is known to exist at no more than three locations imperiled by decline of habitat quality, caused mainly by agricultural activities. Furthermore, Súarez et al. (2009) concluded that P. pankalos has small fecundity and higher mortality rate for females after first reproduction. Thus, conservational actions on sites of occurrence of P. pankalos should be considered.	en	Lucinda, Paulo H. F., da Graça, Weferson J. (2015): Description of males of Phallotorynus pankalos Lucinda, Rosa & Reis, 2005 and reappraisal of Phallotorynus species relationships (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 13 (1): 87-92, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140071, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140071
03A487FDE22ECD49CD32FBB0FE9A9C79.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul, rio Iguatemi drainage (upper rio Paraná basin). MZUSP 79671, holotype, female, 27.1 mm SL, Tacuru, road to Paranhos on creek at Fazenda Sossego, tributary to rio Puitã, Y. R. Súarez, 17 Aug 2000. MZUSP 69189, 6 females / 1 cs female, 14.2 - 24.5 mm SL, paratypes, collected with the holotype. NUP 5839, 12 (8 females, 21.3 - 27.3 mm SL plus 4 males, 18.1 - 19.2 mm SL); and UNT 12493, 8 (2 females, 23.7 and 29.8 mm SL, plus 6 males / 2 cs, 16.4 - 18.3 mm SL), Paranhos, córrego Sossego, tributary to rio Puitã, 23 º 38 ’ 41 ” S 55 º 12 ’ 5.1 ” W, Y. R. Súarez & W. F. Antonialli Jr., 20 May 2007.	en	Lucinda, Paulo H. F., da Graça, Weferson J. (2015): Description of males of Phallotorynus pankalos Lucinda, Rosa & Reis, 2005 and reappraisal of Phallotorynus species relationships (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 13 (1): 87-92, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140071, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140071
