identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A6895CFFCCFFCBFF6CD4F1FBAC142F.text	03A6895CFFCCFFCBFF6CD4F1FBAC142F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acauloplacella (Papuaprium) Beier 1954	<div><p>Acauloplacella (Papuaprium) Beier, 1954</p><p>Type species of genus:  Morsimus serraticollis I. Bolivar, 1890 (by original designation)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFCCFFCBFF6CD4F1FBAC142F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFCCFFC6FF6CD5A5FC3211AF.text	03A6895CFFCCFFC6FF6CD5A5FC3211AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acauloplacella (Papuaprium) immunis (Brunner von Wattenwyl 1895)	<div><p>Acauloplacella (Papuaprium) immunis (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1895)</p><p>(Figs 1–4)</p><p>Specimens studied.  PNG, nr Wau, W.E.I., 4 &amp; 10 &amp;12 &amp; 17 viii 1981; coll. G.K. Morris (5 males, 1 female);  two specimens  recorded (81-1, 81-2) ( Depository NBC Leiden)  .</p><p>Description. This material agrees with the redescriptions in Beier (1954, 1962), except for the white median spot on the posterior margin of the male pronotum (Fig. 1) which extends a little both frontally and laterally, making it widely cross-shaped, rather than triangular. Male stridulatory organ not previously described, elongate, about 5.5 mm long and 2.0 mm wide, distally transversely truncate, inflated part of file of left elytron in dorsal view about 2 mm long, its base bulging; membrane of distal cells of stridulatory area dark brown in their centre with numerous superimposed tiny black points, similar to spots upon remainder of elytra; stridulatory file of left elytron in ventral view (Fig. 2A) of usual shape, shortest distance between most proximal and distal tooth 2.3–2.5 mm, basad very narrow and strongly curved with 13–15 teeth, the main part wider, only slightly curved in ventral view and faintly concave in profile, with 150–180 transverse teeth, parallel to each other and closely set (Fig. 2C,D). Fifteen to 18 teeth per 0.25 mm, distally increasing to 22–26 teeth per 0.25 mm; transverse, shallow, leaning basad, strong midtooth deflections (Fig. 2C, D).</p><p>Distribution. From scarce records (Beier 1963) and the limited additional material before us, the range of this insect reaches at least from extreme northeast West Irian through northeast New Guinea to southeastern Papua. By lack of acoustic data and particulars of the male stridulatory apparatus, it is an open question whether  A. regularis (Jong 1938), from extreme northwestern West Irian, is conspecific with  immunis as considered previously (Jong 1950, Beier 1962).</p><p>Crypsis and resonance.  A. immunis was seen to adopt a cryptic daytime posture, flattening itself upon a supporting broad tree leaf (see Fig. 1 in Robinson 1973, Fig. 1 here). The insect extends its forelegs directly forward, the prothoracic femora resting against its genae and apposes its antennae between; femorotibial joints of the other limbs hide under the broadly ovoid tegmina which are pressed flat to the leaf surface. Body and tegmina colors match the colour of the perch. All of this adds up to a diurnal refuge for the katydid. Hiding the angular femorotibial joints may remove a detection cue used by predators (Robinson 1973). The dorsoventral compression seen in other members of the tribe  Phyllomimini to which  A. immunis belongs suggests daytime concealment in this fashion may be a common strategy for avoiding predators.</p><p>Though many tettigoniids mimic the foliage on which they perch, this crypsis seems particularly marked in  Phyllomimini of the African and Asian tropics and also in the  Pterochrozini of the American tropics. But there is an interesting difference in the leaf mimicry exhibited by these two tribes: among  Phyllomimini this camouflage involves dorsoventral compression, a flattening of the body, while in new world  Pterochrozini the body is laterally compressed, extending the animal in the sagittal plane. Puzzlingly, both taxa associate these cryptic features with high-Q resonance stridulation.</p><p>A. immunis has a relatively straight file (Fig. 2A) with broad teeth, each tooth bisected midbreadth by a shallow bend (Fig. 2 CD). The collective effect is an unbroken series of midtooth features, running the middle of the length of the file. Some Malaysian  Phyllomimini,  Tympanophyllum arcufolium and  Onomarchus uninotatus, tribal relatives of  A. immunis, also show a mid-breadth angle change in their broad file teeth, causing them to seem “fused in the middle” (Heller 1995). A similar tooth form also occurs in three species of the pterochrozine Ecuadorean South American genus  Typophyllum:  T. mortuifolium,  T. bolivari and T. nr. trapeziforme (Morris et al. 1989).</p><p>Perhaps these bisected teeth enhance the insect’s sinusoid (high-Q) resonant stridulation by serving as a scrapershaping ‘guide’, functioning to mesh the teeth more intimately to the shape of the scraper. Such a guide function does not seem a requirement for making a high Q signal but those several species in which it occurs do make an extremely high Q. The function of songs with a dominant narrow frequency peak may have something to do with mate localization in a manner similar to the mechanism employed by some crickets.</p><p>Stridulation.  A. immunis is a definitive example of resonance stridulation. Its call was a common nocturnal sound on the grounds of the Wau Ecology Institute, issuing from lower tree foliage and the higher parts of shrubs. Only a few males were perched low enough for their capture to be attempted from the ground.  A. immunis calls were also a strong part of the night chorus in the Bulolo Gorge.</p><p>A. immunis ’ frequency carrier lies in the low audio range where humans hear well. There is a single very high-Q peak (Q 10 = 45). in the vicinity of 8 kHz (Fig. 3E, Fig. 4). The marked tonality of this phyllomimine rivals the characteristically high-Q songs of new-world  Pterochrozini such as  Typophyllum mortuifolium (Morris et al. 1989) .  Phyllomimini also share remarkably accomplished leaf mimicry with  Pterochrozini . But high-Q songs are not confined to these two exceptionally camouflaged tribes: the copiphorine  Artiotonus artius (Montealegre-Z et al. 2011) has a comparably high Q of 42.6 in the ultrasonic at about 40 kHz.</p><p>The songs of two males recorded at 17 and 21 °C, are the basis of the time-domain values given below. The dominant carrier is a single very high-Q peak at 8.6 kHz, lacking any significant harmonics (Fig. 3E, 4). There is also no indication of frequency modulation (FM) and no sign of a vestigial file on the underside of the right tegmen (Fig 2B). To make just one high-Q carrier frequency would seem to require vibration of just a single speculum, which suggests the absence of the harp as a functional speculum .</p><p>A. immunis ’ call is a train of 17–26 sinusoid pulses (Fig. 3), the train lasting 3 to 6 s. At typical field temperatures these pulses arrive at a just countable rate. At 17°C a caged singer (specimen 1) produced three 7-s trains; each song separated from the next by 6 to 7 s of silence. The mean song duration for 10 songs of this same individual was 6.0 s.</p><p>Two songs are shown in Fig. 3A. Over the first third of the train the pulses are grouped temporally in pairs, while over the last two thirds they are given singly. But the repetition rate of both pairs and single pulses is about the same: 5–6/s at 21°C. Both measured specimens had this stereotyped arrangement of double pulses followed by singles. For each song the amplitude of the first double pulse was always substantially lower than those following. The amplitudes of the single pulses fall away toward the end of the call and the pulse period lengthens (Fig. 3A). An individual showed some variation in the number of double pulses (5 to 9) and single (9 to 18) between songs.</p><p>A pulse was sampled from each of 10 different songs made by specimen 1 singing at 17°C, giving a mean pulse duration of 18.2 ms. The mean carrier frequency, calculated over the entire pulse was 8.57 kHz (Fig. 3E), specimen 2. There is no frequency modulation during the pulses.A third harmonic, very weak, was detected at 26.1 kHz, more than 39 dB below the carrier, so likely of no biological consequence.</p><p>In comparison to other Tettigonioidea, the sound level is rather low: 85.5 dB (impulse, hold) dorsal 10 cm, for the earlier double-pulses, dropping by about 3 dB for the later single pulses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFCCFFC6FF6CD5A5FC3211AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFC1FFC6FF6CD15DFDCF15A9.text	03A6895CFFC1FFC6FF6CD15DFDCF15A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphyllomimus buergersi subsp. buergersi Beier 1954	<div><p>Paraphyllomimus buergersi buergersi Beier, 1954</p><p>(Figs 9A, 10 ACE.)</p><p>Specimens studied.   Holotype male: “D.N. Guinea  Schraderberg 2100 m 22.–31. V.13 Kais. Augustafl. Exp. Burgers S.G.”, “no. 344”, “  Paraphyllomimus buergersi n. sp. det. Beier male Type!” (Zool. Mus. Berlin).</p><p>Redescription of   holotype. General appearance as in Fig. 9A. Cercus slightly upcurved, tip smooth, somewhat flattened and recurved; posterior margin of last abdominal tergite very broadly wedge-like excised, lateral margins of the thin supra-anal plate shriveled and curled, creating a biconcave profile in dorsal view; styli about as long (1 mm) as stalk of subgenital plate (Fig. 10 ACE).  Foremost part of median carina of pronotum depressed and pale yellow, bordered laterally with dark brown stripe on either side.  Number and size of dark dots in elytron cells limited by R, origin of  Rs and part of M and adjacent cell between M and  Cu remarkably larger than the single dots in other cells.  Stridulatory area of left male elytron 5.5 mm long, 2.6 mm wide, rectangular distally, file dorsally inflated over 2.5 mm; file in ventral view of usual shape, shortest distance between most proximal and distal tooth 2.5 mm, greatest width of teeth 0.125 mm, total number of teeth&gt;200, almost regularly spaced, in mid part about 27 teeth per 0.25 mm  .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the male holotype of Mt. Schrader, 2100 m, extreme SE Eastern Sepik District.</p><p>Comments. Type species of the genus  Paraphyllomimus is  P. apterus Beier, 1954 by original designation. This genus was known from three species, all from NE New Guinea (Beier 1954). It was a surprise to find, high on Mt. Kaindi, morphologically similar specimens from the same region of undisturbed forest producing two different songs. As well, from differences of the male stridulatory file it became clear we deal with two distinct species. One of our species from Wau comes near  P. buergersi . The latter is known only from the male holotype. By lack of sufficient data in the original description it became necessary to compare the holotype with our specimens. Opportunity is taken here to give some additional notes on this specimen.</p><p>Stridulation. Song unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFC1FFC6FF6CD15DFDCF15A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFC1FFC0FF6CD519FC60108F.text	03A6895CFFC1FFC0FF6CD519FC60108F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphyllomimus buergersi subsp. wauensis Morris & Ingrisch & Willemse & Willemse & De Luca & Klimas 2025	<div><p>Paraphyllomimus buergersi wauensis ssp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 5–8, 9B, 10 BDF, 11B, 12B, 13B, 14)</p><p>Specimens studied.   Holotype (male): “30.VIII.81,  Mt. Kaindi 81-2 squeaker confirmed”, “nr. Wau PNG 2-2 coll. G.K. Morris ” (depository, NBC Leiden)</p><p>Paratypes: PNG,  Mt, Kaindi, 30 viii 1981, G.K. Morris (3 males) &amp; idem, contour trail 19 viii 1981 (2 males) (all NBC)  .</p><p>Description. Male.—General appearance (Fig. 9B), size and coloration as in nominate subspecies but differing as follows: posterior margin of last abdominal tergite slightly sinuately excised, cercus strongly upcurved, tip not recurved, styli slightly longer (1.3–1.4 mm) than stalk of subgenital plate (0.74–0.85 mm) (Fig. 10 BDF). Elytron as in nominate form but stridulatory area of left elytron slightly larger, length 6 mm, width 3 mm; file in dorsal aspect inflated over a shorter distance (2.1–2.4 mm); file in ventral view slightly longer, shortest distance between most proximal and distal tooth 2.9–3.0 mm, teeth wider, maximum width 0.175 mm, total number and spacing about similar as in nominate form, in mid part about 24 per 0.25 mm.</p><p>Female.—The female  Paraphyllomimus in one of our photographs (Fig. 8) bears a spermatophore and may be either of  P. buergersi wauensis or  P. pipiens).</p><p>Distribution behaviour and habitat. Known only from Mt. Kaindi near Wau, Morobe District, NE New Guinea. The species was found at higher elevations of the mountain. Like  A. immunis it adopts a flattened cryptic posture by means of which its ovoid tegmina completely cover and conceal the knee angles of its partially flexed limbs. When kept caged it will adopt this same pose.</p><p>Measurements. (Length in mm) (male n = 6): body 14.1–16.4; pronotum 3.6–3.9; elytron 19.1–21.2 (greatest width 7.8–8.1); hind wing 14.3–15.0; hind femur 8.0–8.2.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the area of occurrence.</p><p>Comments. The most obvious differences between nominate  P. buergersi and P. b. wauensis are the strongly recurved male cerci and relatively longer styli in the latter.Whether the slight differences of the stridulatory apparatus are important is an open question, mainly as variability and song of the nominate form are unknown. For the time being we propose to give the new taxon subspecies status.</p><p>Stridulation. Call period during steady singing near 20°C is ~ 0.4s (Fig. 14A), slightly more than 2 calls per sec.</p><p>Slowed by a factor of 16, the call is heard as a fast repetition of highly tonal pulses: three shorter sinusoids lengthen and intensify into a concluding most intense wave train lasting ‘almost 20 ms’ (Fig. 14B). The strongly sinusoidal nature of the pulses is apparent in a time sample from this last and longest pulse (Fig. 14D). An FFT spectrum of one complete song shows a dominant frequency peak at ~11 kHz (Fig. 14C) with a Q 10 of 5.7.</p><p>Spectra calculated early and late during the ‘almost 20-ms’ prolonged pulse of Fig. 14B show an upward frequency modulation (FM) of ~1000 Hz. Two arrows (Fig. 14B) mark the start of each of these 512-point time samples. The two resulting FFT spectra are overlain in Fig. 14E: from 10.9 kHz the carrier peak shifts to 11.9kHz. The Q 10 value of 5.7 determined on the whole call is misleadingly low. The peak of one of the spectra in Fig. 14E has a Q 10 of about 20. The insect is engaged in resonant stridulation and contacts teeth at an increasing scraper speed.</p><p>Frequency modulation is rare in tettigoniid stridulations, but is known for several species (e.g., Morris et al. 2016 and see  Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis and  pumila in the present paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFC1FFC0FF6CD519FC60108F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFDAFFDEFF6CD67DFBB016E8.text	03A6895CFFDAFFDEFF6CD67DFBB016E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphyllomimus pipiens Morris & Ingrisch & Willemse & Willemse & De Luca & Klimas 2025	<div><p>Paraphyllomimus pipiens sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 5–8, 9C, 11A, 12A, 13A, 15)</p><p>Specimens studied.   Holotype male: “19.viii.81 Mt. Kaindi PNG Acaulo. small zipper 81-1” &amp;”nr. Wau PNG 3-1 coll. G.K. Morris ( Depository NBC Leiden).</p><p>Paratypes: 2 males PNG, near  Wau, Mt Kaindi, 30.viii.1981, G.K. Morris (Depository NBC Leiden)  .</p><p>Description. Male.—General appearance (Fig. 9C) close to  P. buergersi wauensis described above but size slightly smaller. Elytron shorter, anterior margin less bowed, more strongly tapering apically but venation as in  P. buergersi (s.l.), i.e., M ending into apex, Cu just behind, Rs just in front of it. Stridulatory area of left elytron 5.1–5.4 mm long, 2.2–2.4 mm wide, file in dorsal aspect inflated over 1.6–1.9 mm; file in ventral view of usual shape, shortest distance between most proximal and distal tooth 2.1 mm, number of teeth about 100, spacing widest in mid part, about 10–11 teeth per 0.25 mm. Abdominal terminalia with supra-anal plate narrow, elongate, flat, posterior margin roundly excised; cercus strongly upcurved; subgenital plate narrowing distally into a strongly upcurved, short and undivided stalk bearing elongate styli which are about one third longer than length of stalk.</p><p>Coloration as in  P. buergersi wauensis except for the general pale green which is mixed with rufous brown and the elytra spots which are apparently less conspicuous. Female unknown. The female insect in Fig. 8 is either  P. pipiens or P. b. wauensis.</p><p>Measurements. (Length in mm) (male n = 3): body 12.9–13.3; pronotum 3.5–3.7; elytron 15.0–16.5 (greatest width 6.5–6.6); hind wing 10–11; fore femur 3.5–3.9; hind femur 6.4–7.1; stem of subgenital plate 0.5–0.8; stylus 0.8–1.0.</p><p>Etymology. Derived from the Latin verb pipiare = whistle.</p><p>Diagnosis. This new species can easily be distinguished from nominate  P. buergers i and syntopic  P. buergersi wauensis by its more widely spaced stridulatory file teeth (Fig. 11), about 10 teeth against&gt;20 per 0.25 mm in the mid part of the file respectively). Also, the shorter file and its lower number of teeth (about 100 in  P. pipiens,&gt; 200 in  P. buergersi) are quite different. The slightly smaller measurements of the 3 [specimens of the] new species seem to be useful to separate it from  P. buergersi . Another difference is in the anterior margin of the elytron, which tapers apically straighter in the new species: this margin is more roundly narrowing apically in  P. buergersi (s.l.). The general greenish coloration of the few available males of the new species is more mixed with rufous brown than in  P. buergersi . However, the colour pattern of antennae, tympanal margins, fore tibiae, pronotum and elytra of  P. pipiens and  P. buergersi are similar except for the spots of the elytra, which are less obvious in the new species.</p><p>Separation of the new species from  P. apterus and  P. pusillus is clearly shown by the strongly reduced hind wings, the basally instead of distally darkened antennal segments, the more widely rounded tip of the elytra, Rs vein reaching the elytron margin behind its tip and the distally less narrowing male subgenital plate in the latter two species.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Mt. Kaindi near Wau, Morobe District, NE New Guinea.  P. pipiens and  P. buergersi wauensis sing perched on understorey vegetation within earshot of each other at the higher elevations of Mt. Kaindi in undisturbed forest.</p><p>Stridulation. At 20°C a recorded male had a mean call period of 1.5 s (n =24 consecutive calls). The field name ‘zipper’ arose from the several short pulses comprising each call, these giving a human listener an impression of infrastructure. Though the pulses of  P. pipiens are much shorter than those of  P. buergersi wauensis, they still leave a tonal impression when ‘sample-rate slowed’. The first trace of Fig. 15A, is one complete song. Its 4 pulse groups each consist of a series of short sinusoidal pulses such as that shown in Fig. 15D, this latter being the penultimate pulse of Fig. 15B. The last pulse group of A is shown in B at higher resolution, with Fig. 15D as a very high resolution of the penultimate pulse in B.</p><p>The FFT spectrum (Fig. 15C) is calculated upon the entire trace of Fig. 15B. Peak frequency is near 10kHz with a low-Q somewhat broadened carrier peak, as one might expect with these less sustained pulses. The spectrum of the penultimate pulse of Fig. 15B is shown in Fig. 15E with a higher Q peak at 14 kHz.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFDAFFDEFF6CD67DFBB016E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFDEFFD9FF6CD639FCC416C7.text	03A6895CFFDEFFD9FF6CD639FCC416C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charisoma	<div><p>Charisoma Bolivar, 1903</p><p>Type species:  Charisoma karschi Bolivar, 1903 (by monotypy). Bolivar described this monotypic genus after specimens from Sattelberg, Morobe Dist., NE New Guinea. Some of these specimens have been lost by fire (Budapest Museum 1950), but one male and female syntype could be traced in Bolivar’s collection (Paris 1994) (Madrid Museum, V. Llorente in litt. 1997) and one topotypic female in Willemse’s collection. Material of  Charisoma is very scarce (Beier 1966). Since its description only a single female has been reported (C. Willemse 1933).</p><p>The generic diagnosis of two males from Mt. Kaindi near Wau (Morobe District) and a single female from Koroba (S. Highlands District) before us is obvious. However, mainly by insufficient data in the description of  C. karschi (Bolivar 1903 = Caudell 1916 = in Latin) their conspecificity with  C. karschi appeared doubtful. This made a comparison with Bolivar’s typical specimens necessary.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFDEFFD9FF6CD639FCC416C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFDFFFD8FF6CD094FE0512FB.text	03A6895CFFDFFFD8FF6CD094FE0512FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charisoma karschi subsp. karschi	<div><p>Charisoma karschi karschi Bolivar, 1903</p><p>(Fig. 18A)</p><p>Specimens studied.   Lectotype male (here designated): “N. Guinea,  Biro, 1899”, “  Sattelberg, Huon Golf ”, “  Charisoma karschi ”; “ Gen. nov. Mecopodidarum ” (MNCN).</p><p>Other specimens studied: 1 female (paralectotype): similar locality labels as lectotype (MNCN), (MNCN); 1 female (topotype): “  Sattelberg, Huon Golf, N. Guinea, Biro 1899”  .</p><p>Systematics. Both syntypes have been studied by Dr. V. Llorente. The male has been selected as lectotype. Additional data for this specimen are as follows (V. Llorente in litt. Dec. 1997). Fastigium of vertex wide, medially sulcate, laterally folded, these folds extending anteriorly and convergently towards fastigium frontis, in frontal view forming a pair of triangular plates, separated from each other by distinct median sulcus (Fig. 18A). Mirror of right elytron large, longer than wide, elliptical with basal margin straight; fold of mirror narrow, extending slightly dorso-anteriorly over depressed mirror. Stridulatory file with shortest distance between most proximal and distal tooth 3.21 mm, greatest width of teeth in mid part 0.37 mm, number of teeth over 160, proximal teeth much closer set than distal ones, spacing widest in mid third with about 8–9 teeth per 0.25 mm.</p><p>Measurements. (In mm) (male lectotype): length of body 20.5; width of fastigium of vertex 1.6; diameter eye 1.13; length of pronotum 4.53; length elytron 17.8, max. width 7.3; length of mirror 4.71, width 3.25; length of hind femur 17.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Sattelberg, Huon Golf, Morobe District, NE New Guinea. The record of a female from NW West Irian (C. Willemse 1933) should be confirmed by an associated male.</p><p>Stridulation. Unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFDFFFD8FF6CD094FE0512FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFDFFFD4FF6CD3D0FDD5101F.text	03A6895CFFDFFFD4FF6CD3D0FDD5101F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charisoma karschi Bolivar 1903	<div><p>Charisoma karschi ‘goggle eye’ undescribed subspecies</p><p>(Figs 16, 17B, 18B, 19)</p><p>Specimens studied.   Holotype male: “ PNG,  Mt. Kaindi near Wau, 30 viii 1981, G.K. Morris ” (Depository NBC Leiden, missing).</p><p>Other specimen studied:  1 male (paratype) with similar labels as holotype (Depository NBC Leiden, missing) .</p><p>Description. Male.—General appearance as in Figs. 16, 17. Size smaller than nominate form. Fastigium of frons tubercle-like. Fastigium verticis transverse (1.2–1.3 mm), distinctly divided into right and left halves, each half consisting of a rounded tubercle-like inflation medially and a laterodorsally extending narrow fold which does not extend anteromedially (Fig. 18B). Eyes conspicuously globose, slightly stalked, in dorsal view greatest diameter of eye 1.1 mm of stalk 0.9 mm. Pronotum as in nominate form but smaller, surface impressopunctate, anterior margin very slightly rounded, posterior margin weakly excised, disc flat without lateral carinae, laterally roundly merging into lateral lobes, also in metazona. Thoracic auditory spiracle small, comparatively inconspicuous, not covered by pronotum. Prosternum with a pair of spines. Elytron scarcely reaching tip of hind femur, thick, somewhat rigid, convex with weak cubital hinge along stridulatory area; not transparent, archedictyon in basal half of elytron including all of costal area densely covered with numerous droplet-like semitranslucent areolae, in distal half increasingly striated with numerous elongate narrow semitranslucent tiny cells; elytron quite wide at base, anterior and posterior margins almost straight, the latter in apical third obliquely converging towards narrowly rounded tip; venation reduced to main veins, Sc and R rather divergent in basal third, convergent in mid third and almost touching each other there and thus creating a fusiform area, in apical third again weakly divergent and reaching tip of elytron; R with two or three pectinate branches, these and distal part of M running straight, parallel and at about similar distance from each other reaching the posterior margin. Stridulatory area folded along Cu1, triangular, venation of this area of left elytron consisting of archedictyon all over except for the file; file in dorsal view not inflated, in ventral view almost straight, concave in profile, slightly fusiform, shortest distance between most proximal and distal teeth 2.9 mm, greatest width in mid part 0.23 mm, number of teeth about 140, proximally closer set, spacing widest in mid third about 7 per 0.25 mm; stridulatory area of right elytron with large mirror which is longer than wide, elliptical with basal margin transverse and straight; fold of mirror narrow, extending slightly dorsoanteriorly over the depressed mirror, its outline almost straight.</p><p>Supra-anal plate simple, convex, posterior margin evenly rounded. Cercus slightly tapering apically, cylindrical, weakly incurved with a strongly incurved apical spinule. Subgenital plate narrowing posteriorly, hind margin with deep U-shaped excision, the posterior processes bearing quite short styli.</p><p>Tympana of fore tibiae narrow oval, completely open on either side. Fore coxa with dorsal spine, mid and hind coxa unarmed. Fore legs unarmed except for both knee lobes provided with a single spine each and presence of a tiny apical spine of dorsoexternal keel of tibia. Mid legs also with single-spined knee-lobes, ventral keels of tibia bearing some spines. Hind femur with a few spines in distal half of both ventral keels, knee-lobes also single-spined.</p><p>Coloration uniformly green except for eyes and tips of tibial spines dark brown and brownish flush over distal striated part of both elytra.</p><p>Female.—see below.</p><p>Measurements. (In mm) (male n = 2): body length 16.0 &amp; 15.7; width of fastigium verticis 1.2 &amp; 1.3; eye diameter 1.1 &amp; 1.1 plus stalk 0.9 &amp; 0.9; pronotum length 4.1 &amp; 4.3; elytron length 13.5 &amp; 15.1; max. width of elytron 7.0 &amp; 6.7; mirror length 3.8 &amp; 4.1 width 2.6 &amp; 2.7; length strid. file 2.9 &amp; 3.0, max. width of teeth 0.225 &amp; 0.290, spacing in mid part 7 &amp; 8 teeth per 0.25 mm, total number of teeth 138 &amp; 143; length hind femur 13.2 &amp; 13.0.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Mt. Kaindi near Wau, Morobe District, NE New Guinea.</p><p>Comments. In fading evening light attention was drawn to this species by its calls. These came from trees bordering the repeater station atop Mt. Kaindi. The first male of two captured was taken by climbing 4–5 m up a tree. The singer was disturbed into silence by the climber several times, but readily returned to his song. He was secured by a clumsy grab that deprived him of a leg. A second male was collected later about 1 m from the ground, an anomaly of perch since no calling was heard coming from that low down.</p><p>The Mt. Kaindi males are apparently smaller than typical  C. karschi and the lateral folds of the fastigium verticis do not extend towards the fastigium of frons. Differences of the stridulatory apparatus may refer mainly to smaller size of the elytra in  C. karschi ‘goggle eye’ ssp. nov.</p><p>The difference in size, but particularly the remarkably distinct fastigium of vertex of the Mt. Kaindi specimens justify taxonomic recognition of the latter form.As further comparison of their songs is not yet possible, we propose to rank the new taxon at subspecific level,  C. karschi ‘goggle eye’ ssp. n.</p><p>We have before us a single female from Koroba, Southern Highlands District 13 x 1960. Its size and fastigium of vertex disagree with the female of nominate  C. karschi before us but fit perfectly these characters of  C. karschi ‘green goggle’. By lack of an associated male, however, we abstain from further identification.</p><p>A photo available on the  Orthoptera Species File (Fig. 17A) shows a dorsal view of the right tegmen sound field of the syntype male in the Madrid Museum. In this species there is only a very small cantilevered overmirror fold, spanning the anal margin of the somewhat rearwardly ovoid mirror speculum.</p><p>Stridulation. The song of  Charisoma karschi ‘green goggle’ is a succession of well-spaced 5-train calls. Song period of a singer at 20°C was close to 1.2 s. One call is shown in Fig. 19A. It lasts about a quarter second and consists of 4–6 rather dense trains of pulses, most commonly 5. The first pulse train is lower in intensity and shorter in duration. The train period (Fig. 19A) is about 50 ms.</p><p>Because what we here term a pulse often overlaps its neighbours i.e., is not cleanly isolated by down time, the waveform of this insect’s stridulation has a ‘string of beads’ appearance (Fig. 19C). In each single train (Fig. 19B) we can count ~70 variably contiguous pulses. (See the 8 pulses of Fig. 19 BC.) The insect’s file has ~140 teeth. So one might guess that each ‘bead’ reflects scraper play across two teeth. (Alternatively, or in addition perhaps posit two specular oscillations per each tooth-scraper event?) As Fletcher (1992) says, if the slip rate of the scraper falls just below that needed for resonance, then slipping from one file tooth to the next “may take place before the vibration from the previous slip event has died away” (Fletcher 1992). Pulses should then overlap. The overall effect is a great number of sinusoidal waves which repeatedly start and decay but never extend to a sustained resonance. This repeated onset and falling away would add side bands which would explain why the spectrum (Fig. 19D) tends toward a band rather than a high Q carrier.</p><p>Spectral frequencies occur in a high-audio band whose longer wavelengths begin sharply at 10 kHz (Fig. 19D); this carrier band remained intense to the beginning of the ultrasonic in one singer but rolled off appreciably in the other. The spectrum Fig. 19D is a FFT calculated upon the signal sample in B. The microphone in use for these records is a B&amp;K 4135 attached to a 2203 sound level meter, so the spectrum above 40 kHz is inaccurate. But spectra made with the QMC recording system showed no sound energy above 40 kHz, so we have left the axis extending to 70kHz in the figure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFDFFFD4FF6CD3D0FDD5101F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFD3FFD4FF6CD389FAB31637.text	03A6895CFFD3FFD4FF6CD389FAB31637.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis (Karsch 1888)	<div><p>Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis (Karsch, 1888)</p><p>(Figs 22 –25, 30, 31, 82AB)</p><p>Specimens studied.  PNG, Wau W.E.I. 30 vii &amp; 4 viii &amp; 23 viii 1981, remnant forest understory, G.K. Morris 3 males; Bulolo Gorge, McAdam Nat. Pk., 28 viii 1981, G.K. Morris (1 female). (Depository NBC Leiden) .</p><p>Systematics..The specimens agree with the nominate form.</p><p>Habitat. Found on low vegetation alongside forest paths. Both  Eumecopoda spp. descended to the bottom of their cages during the day becoming immobile. But when disturbed they reacted explosively: Dita was very effectively startled when she investigated one inert male that suddenly leaped away. Once it gets dark the insects climb back up in their cages and begin to sing.</p><p>Stridulation. Each  E. cyrtoscelis call continues for several seconds at a time (Fig. 30A) and each call initiates with single high intensity sound (see arrow in Fig. 30A). At increased time resolution these calls are seen to be composed of two sorts of simple sine waves, i.e., two different carrier frequencies (Fig. 31A–C). There is a less intense higher frequency and a more intense lower frequency. Both carrier frequencies, 3.1 and ~6.7 kHz, lie in the low audio range and are harmonically related, alternating rather than co-occuring, so providing an example of resonance stridulation together with sequential frequency modulation. Both species are very loud to healthy human ears. On first hearing calls in the field we remarked on the song’s odd quality, perhaps a response to the rapid alternation of the two close harmonics.</p><p>This would appear to be an instance of resonance stridulation. Yet the presence of the overmirror fold and a large terminal swelling blocking the basad terminus of the file, the lack of typical katydid count in file teeth: these are oddities of strigin morphology that suggest a differently functioning sound generator. See the Discussion for an attempt to imagine the workings of this strigin.</p><p>The spectral peaks (Fig. 30D) are quite high-Q even though the pulses are comprised of only two dozen waves. Yet there is little or no transient distortion. Perhaps this is because the pulses build slowly and slowly decay (Fig. 31 BC). “The amount of transient distortion varies as a function of the time required for the amplitude to rise from zero to maximum or to decay from maxiumum to zero. …slowly rising and slowly decaying signals are characterized by less transient distortion than signals for which the amplitude rises and decays very quickly” (Speaks 1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFD3FFD4FF6CD389FAB31637	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFD3FFD4FF6CD1B5FC391243.text	03A6895CFFD3FFD4FF6CD1B5FC391243.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumecopoda Hebard 1922	<div><p>Eumecopoda Hebard, 1922</p><p>Type species:  Mecopoda cyrtoscelis Karsch, 1888 by original designation.</p><p>Under this genus about 7 taxa have been arranged (Hebard 1922, Beier 1966). Two of them,  E. reducta Hebard, 1922 and  E. walkeri (Kirby, 1891), occur in the Philippines,  E. moluccarum (Griffini, 1908) in the Moluccas,  E. superba (Bolivar, 1898) known only from “Hassam” and Mansinam (NW West Irian) (Bolivar 1898, Griffini 1908) and the widespread type-species  E. cyrtoscelis from the Aru Islands through all of New Guinea to New Britain. The taxa  E. karschi and  E. regina, both Kirby, 1891, are considered subspecies of  E. cyrtoscelis, the former occurring in Queensland, the latter in Duke of York Islands.</p><p>The specimens collected in the surroundings of Wau represent two species, a larger one referring to  E. cyrtoscelis and a smaller one, which has apparently not yet been described.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFD3FFD4FF6CD1B5FC391243	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFD0FFD3FF6CD094FED816FB.text	03A6895CFFD0FFD3FF6CD094FED816FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumecopoda pumila Morris & Ingrisch & Willemse & Willemse & De Luca & Klimas 2025	<div><p>Eumecopoda pumila sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 20, 21, 26 –29, 32, 82CD)</p><p>Specimens studied.   Holotype male: “ 29.viii.1981  Mt. Kaindi lower slopes PNG ”, “nr Wau PNG 81-3 coll. G.K.Morris ” (Depository NBC Leiden) ;  Allotype female: as first label of holotype (Depository NBC Leiden);   Paratypes: PNG nr  Wau, Mt. Kaindi, 1.viii (one male)  &amp; 19.viii (two males).1981, G.K.Morris;   PNG, Wau W.E.I., 21.viii 1981 G.K.  Morris (1 male)  .</p><p>Additional paratypes: Papua New Guinea, Madang District,  Kaironk, Dec. 1971 – Jan. 1972 Coll. J.I.Menzies (two males) ;   New Guinea, Uniba,  Upper Minj River Valley,  Western Highlands, ca 6200 ft, 17.viii.1963. W.Vink (1 male 1 female)  .</p><p>Description. Male.—As type species of genus but appearing smaller with shorter and relatively broader elytra and wings (Figs 20, 21). Fastigium verticis transverse, truncate anteriorly, faintly depressed from above. Pronotal disc strongly divergent, flat, lateral margins deeply cut by transverse sulci, anterior margin ranging from weakly concave to very slightly convex, posterior margin broadly rounded with or without a very obtuse median tubercle. Thoracic auditory spiracle narrows, elliptical, comparatively large (as in type-species), greatest diameter (height) 1.3 mm, hidden by ventroposterior part of pronotal metazona.</p><p>Tip of elytra, when flexed, ranging from not quite reaching to just surpassing tip of hind femur; tip of hind wings commonly not extending beyond elytra, at most scarcely beyond it. Elytron relatively wide, anterior edge apically strongly convex, posterior edge apically also strongly recurved but further apically scarcely sinuate, both edges creating apically a reduced pointed tip. Stridulatory area triangular, as in type-species; left elytron with file of normal shape, slightly fusiform, weakly concave horizontally and vertically, distance between most proximal tooth and distal tooth 3.1–3.2 mm, widest teeth in mid-part 0.33–0.34 mm, spacing widest in mid half about 8–9 teeth per 0.25 mm, total number of teeth 104–111; most of stridulatory area of right elytron transparent, ‘mirror’ speculum elongate elliptical and strongly depressed towards its posteroapical angle and there covered dorsally by strongly sclerotized but not inflated shell-shaped cantilevered fold (OMF), with straight to slightly convex outline. Hind wing also short and wide; anterior edge strongly curved apically; posterior edge remarkably convex, tip at distal end of MPa (Ragge 1955) not or only obtusely pointed; stronger sclerotization of tip and distal part of MPa area scarcely present. Legs and abdominal terminalia as in type species, but smaller. Coloration as in type species, commonly quite dark brown.</p><p>Female.—As male, slightly larger.</p><p>Measurements. (Length in mm) (male n = 8; female n = 2): body male 21.0–25.0, female 27.0–28.6; pronotum male 6.0–6.2, female 7.0–7.5; elytron male 31.0–34.0, female 40.5–43.1; max. width elytron male 11.3–14.0, female 15.5–17.8; hind femur male 28.0–30.0, female 34.8–35.0; ovipositor 19.0–21.0.</p><p>Etymology. Named for its size, pumilus = dwarfish.</p><p>Distribution. Known from the districts of Morobe, Madang and W. Highlands, NE New Guinea.</p><p>Habitat. Perches to sing beside forest paths on low vegetation.</p><p>Comments. The new species is readily recognizable from all other taxa of the genus and especially from sympatric  E. cyrtoscelis by its smaller dimensions and the relatively short elytra and wings which scarcely reach the tip of the hind femora and show a blunt apex, the very tip of the elytra located more posteriorly. The elytra in  E. cyrtoscelis (length male 47–62, female 64–69 mm) surpass the tip of the hind femora (length hind femur male 38–44, female 46–51mm) ranging from almost to ample pronotal length, while the hind wings commonly extend clearly beyond the apex of the elytra when flexed.</p><p>Stridulation. The stridulatory apparatus of  E. pumila differs from that in  E. cyrtoscelis: the file in the latter commonly slightly longer (2.9–3.9 mm), slightly wider (0.35–0.4 mm), with fewer teeth (53–68), these more widely spaced (4–5 per 0.25 mm) and more robust. Bouts of steady stridulation lasting several seconds (Fig. 32A) are interrupted with pauses of a second or so. Listening to the playback of a recorded signal slowed by a factor of 8, one is aware that between each loud ‘oink-like’ squeal is another lower frequency sound. In real time in the field the insect sounds raspy, like a rough running motor, but it is nevertheless a resonant stridulator emitting a fairly long sinusoid wave train (Fig. 32B, C) with a Q 10 of 5 calculated from the spectrum of Fig. 32F. The most intense of these trains—a pulse—shows a stereotyped amplitude envelope (Fig. 32B, C) which builds, maximizes then falls away more slowly than it builds; this pulse precedes a drawn out decay (Fig. 32C) which is in turn followed by the quiet pulse (Fig. 32C,E). Slow rise and fall is perhaps contributing to reduced transient distortion as was the case in  E. cyrtoscelis .</p><p>Most call energy is in the low audio, centred on 7 kHz (Fig. 32H) hence loud to human ears.  E. pumila (Fig 32 FGH) show a frequency modulation of about 2400 Hz—between 4.6 kHz and 7.1 kHz; compare Figs 32D and 32E. There is a very weak sound peak at 20 kHz (Fig. 32H) but no relevant ultrasonics. Unlike  E. cyrtoscelis in  E. pumila a harmonic relationship is not apparent between the audio peaks, but again the insect makes two low audio range resonant pulses typical of resonant stridulation. The specimen whose song was used in the figure consistently produced a low amplitude pulse between each major pulse, but this was less well defined in a second singer we recorded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFD0FFD3FF6CD094FED816FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFD5FFD2FF6CD494FACA17B4.text	03A6895CFFD5FFD2FF6CD494FACA17B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sexavaini Karny 1924	<div><p>Sexavaini, Karny, 1924</p><p>Sexava-group of genera,  Segestidea</p><p>Two mecopodine species, found together on Mt. Kaindi and closely allied to each other, could not be identified to any known taxon, neither genus nor species. They could be placed with confidence in the  Mossula -group of genera and will be described below. At the same time, it became clear that with the exception of the  Sexava group of genera, the arrangement of the remainder of the  Sexavini into either the  Mossula or  Phricta -group of genera or even the tribal classification of  Mecopodini, is sometimes arbitrary, resulting in unexpected resemblance of some taxa which have been arranged quite distantly from each other. Two examples are noted here. Monotypic  Phrictaeformia C. Willemse, 1961, arranged under the  Phricta -group (C. Willemse 1961b, Beier 1966) is much the same as monotypic  Huona Kuthy, 1910, arranged under the  Mossula -group (Kuthy 1910, Karny 1924 a, Kaestner 1934, C. Willemse 1961b, Beier 1966). Monotypic  Kheilia I. Bolivar, 1898 is arranged under the nominate tribe of  Mecopodini (Beier 1966), but seems to be identical to monotypic  Albertisiella, erected by Griffini (1908) for  Diaphlebus acanthodiformis Brunner v. Watt., 1898 and classified under the  Mossula -group of genera (e.g., Karny 1924a, C. Willemse 1961b, Beier 1966). Apparently, part of the subfamily is much in need of revision.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFD5FFD2FF6CD494FACA17B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFEAFFEFFF6CD5BEFC53148F.text	03A6895CFFEAFFEFFF6CD5BEFC53148F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Segestidea novaeguineae (Brancski 1897)	<div><p>Segestidea novaeguineae (Brancski, 1897)</p><p>(Figs 33, 34)</p><p>Specimens studied. (1 male)   Papua New Guinea,  McAdam Nat. Park, Bulolo Gorge, 28 viii 1981, Coll. G.K.Morris.</p><p>Systematics. The male fits perfectly the redescription (F. Willemse 1977, 1979).</p><p>Comments. Common name palm katydid. Several  Sexava spp. are pests of Oil Palm (Page 2005).</p><p>Distribution. The locality of this species is covered by the distribution as mapped in F. Willemse (1977, 1979).</p><p>Stridulation. Sustained over many seconds, the buzzes of the single recorded male (Fig. 34A) time resolved to regularly repeated wave trains of about 60 ms duration (Fig. 34B) with a regular period of a quarter second (0.25 s). The trains are characterized by a highly erratic amplitude envelope (Fig. 34B). Spectrum frequencies formed one broad aggregate in the audio range (Fig. 34D): for 10 averaged calls this aggregate centred on 10.0 kHz. Though the spectrum is markedly low Q, the waveform of the pulse is not a train of distinctly time-separated transients and at higher time resolution these are seen to be almost sinusoid (Fig 34C); visible are distortions of the sine waves which might be the result of overloading the recording equipment or alternatively of a low sampling rate.</p><p>A related species  Sexava femorata C. Willemse, exhibits mandibular stridulation as a protest sound.A restrained female moved her labrum to and fro, sliding it “vertically over the anterior surface of her mandibles” (Lloyd &amp; Gurney 1975). Working with a recorder (Uher 4000 Report L) limited to the audio frequency range these authors found sound spectral energy for this defensive strigin near 3.5 kHz.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFEAFFEFFF6CD5BEFC53148F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFE8FFE8FF6CD68CFAFA10D7.text	03A6895CFFE8FFE8FF6CD68CFAFA10D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rentziella Morris & Ingrisch & Willemse & Willemse & De Luca & Klimas 2025	<div><p>Rentziella gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 35–38, 40–44)</p><p>Type-species  Rentziella rufa sp. nov. here designated.</p><p>Description. Male.—Size comparatively small. Head with fastigium verticus short, projecting horizontally, strongly narrowing anteriorly, tip acute and from there extending downward as sharp keel joining fastigium frontis. Eyes globose. Pronotum short, surface irregularly coarsely rugose, without spines or tubercles, deeply cut by two transverse sulci, pro- and mesonotum slightly convex from above, metazona from above slightly depressed in the middle, laterally somewhat raised; disc roundly merging with lateral lobes in pro- and mesozona, in metazona angularly inserted; anterior margin slightly convex, ventro-anterior angle narrowly, ventroposterior angle broadly rounded; posterior margin of lateral lobe without humeral sinus, margin of disc truncate to faintly convex. Prosternum with two, basally wide, slightly divergent spines; meso- and metasternal lobe obtusely pointed. Thoracic auditory spiracle narrow, inconspicuous, not covered by pronotum, diameters 0.4- and 0.1-mm. Elytra wide, remarkably coriaceous and almost not pliable, when flexed reaching just beyond tip of abdomen and close to base of hind knee, considerably overlapping each other dorsally. Venation strongly reduced, replaced by dense archedictyon, only Sc and R well visible, widely separated from each other, running about parallel, reaching anterior margin near the tip. Stridulatory area strongly folded along Cu1, remarkably large, extending posteriorly along proximal half to third length of elytron and laterally along two thirds of basal width of elytron; stridulatory file of left elytron as seen from above just recognizable; mirror of right elytron large, elongate with a prominent overmirror fold. Hind wing well developed, cycloid, as long as elytron. Fore coxa with dorsal spine of variable and moderate size, mid and hind coxa unarmed. Legs from normal size and length to slender and long, armature moderate, knee-lobes with a single spine, those of fore legs small; fore tibia with an outer and inner dorsal apical spine, tympanum oval, completely open, no trace of a fold. Supra-anal plate with posterior margin slightly excised. Cercus slightly tapering distally, slightly hairy, incurved apically, tip rounded with a tiny hook-shaped superimposed tooth. Subgenital plate elongate, with a weak median keel, posterior margin deeply v-shaped excised giving rise to a pair of processes terminating into styles.</p><p>Female.—As male, slightly larger. Elytra less wide. Subgenital plate broad, posterior margin rounded with a shallow median incision. Ovipositior short, strong, basally widest, upcurved, lower margin scarcely crenulate, tip acute.</p><p>Comments. From the pointed fastigium verticis, the absence of spines, tubercles, teeth or other processes of the pronotum and the well-separated Sc and R veins of the elytra, the genus belongs to the  Mossula -group of  Mecopodinae . The combination of open tibial tympanum, the undivided fastigium verticis, the short elytra, the single-spined knee lobes and short ovipositor, exclude almost all known genera of the group.</p><p>A few genera only remain to be discussed.  Ocica Walker, 1869 is represented by 5 species:  Ocica lutescens Walker, 1869 (type species),  Ocica nitida and  Ocica lineata (both Redtenbacher, 1892), all three from Fidji Is.,  Ocica salomonis (C. Willemse, 1940) from Solomon Is. and  Ocica karschi (Karsch 1891, Karny 1920, Kevan 1987) from Caroline Is. The new genus has been compared with  Ocica lutescens,  Ocica nitida and  Ocica salomonis . In  Ocica the fastigium verticis is weakly sulcate dorsally and separated from the fastigium frontis, the pronotal surface much smoother, the dorsum of the metazona roundly not angulately merging with its lateral lobe, elytra less coriaceous with wider archedictyon and folded along R (resembling the Sympaestria-group of  Phaneropterinae) and the legs conspicuously slenderer and long and the ovipositor also longer and less curved. It is noted here that  Ocica nitida could well be synonymous with  Ocica lutescens and that from the quite peculiar male abdominal terminalia the generic arrangement of  Ocica salomonis under  Ocica should be considered doubtful.</p><p>Dasyphleps Karsch, 1891 is monotypic (Beier 1966):  Dasyphlebs novaeguineae (de Haan, 1842) described after two females from “Southwest New Guinea collected by Muller” [translated from Dutch] (de Haan 1842). The species is poorly known. A century and a half later, further material is still not available. Also, Karny (1920) in his study of de Haan’s types gives but little more information on its morphological characters. The syntypes are now before us, two females in bad condition (Leiden Museum) (Fig. 39). The species was thought to belong to the  Mossula -group (Karny 1924a, C. Willemse 1961b, Beier 1966). However, the pronotum (Fig. 39 CD) presents tubercle-like processes at the lateral margins of the dorsum, one in the pro-, a divided one in the meso- and one in the anterior part of the metazona, which agrees more with the arrangement under the  Phricta -group of genera.Apart from the distinct pronotal lateral keels,  D. novaeguineae differs from  Rentziella in the not raised [flush?] pronotal metazona, very slender and long legs, the strongly stylate eyes, the knob-like fastigium verticis, the shorter elytra not reaching the tip of the abdomen, in lacking any indication of main veins and in the narrower thicker ovipositor. The history of the nomenclatural validity of generic ranking of  Dasyphleps is complicated (e.g., Redtenbacher 1891; Karny 1920, 1924a; Beier 1966; Kevan 1987). In addition, comparison of  Dasyphlebs novaeguineae with a male before us representing  Diaphlebus bivittatus Redtenbacher, 1892 makes clear that these genera are very close.</p><p>Going through other genera of  Mecopodinae, the new species has also been compared with  Gressittiella C. Willemse 1961 . This monotypic genus, however, has a strongly different pronotum, provided with conspicuous thorns scattered over its surface and is therefore considered as belonging to the Phricta- group of  Mecopodinae . The male elytra, however, are of a strikingly similar appearance. Though the elytra in  Gressittiella are still shorter with coarser archedictyon, the stridulatory file is much the same. The file of the latter presents also a transversely placed, raised ridge at the distal end upon the hind margin of the wing and only spacing and number of teeth are different between  Gressittiella and  Rentziella .</p><p>Etymology. Named [by Fer Willemse] in recognition of the distinguished orthopterist David Rentz.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFE8FFE8FF6CD68CFAFA10D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFEFFFE4FF6CD1FDFA5713D3.text	03A6895CFFEFFFE4FF6CD1FDFA5713D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rentziella rufa Morris & Ingrisch & Willemse & Willemse & De Luca & Klimas 2025	<div><p>Rentziella rufa sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 35–37 AC, 38, 43)</p><p>Specimens studied.   Holotype male: 29.x.1963, Aiyura Amomonta, EH PNG 5600 ft J.H. Barrett, ex  Pandanus; separate label: n. 29218; Eastern Highlands District NE New Guinea (Depository NBC Leiden).</p><p>Allotype female: 23.viii.1959, Aiyura Akuna, EH PNG 6000 ft, J.H.Barrett, ex  Pandanus; Eastern Highlands District NE New Guinea (Depository NBC Leiden).</p><p>Paratypes: (1 male) 28–30.xii.1966,   Aseki Bulolo, Morobe District PNG; (1 male)  23.viii.1959,   Aiyura (Akuna), 6000 ft; (2 males)  29.x.1963,   Aiyura Amomonta 5600 ft J.H. Barrett; MKMM follow: (F. Willemse intended holotype male) “ 19.viii.1981,  Mt. Kaindi ‘Gress. Russet’ see file ablat. [file teeth ablated] PNG ”; (FW intended allotype female) “ 19.viii.1981,  Mt. Kaindi PNG ”; (4 males, 2 females) “ 19.viii.1981, Mt. Kaindi PNG ”; (1 male) “ 30. viii.1981, Mt. Kaindi PNG ”  .   Paratypes (6 males 3 females) from  Mt. Kaindi; ‘ G.K. Morris’ absent from labels  .</p><p>Description. Male.—As generic description. Elytra remarkably strongly coriaceous, when flexed widely overlapping each other dorsally and even enveloping tip of abdomen on ventral side; R and Sc already separated from each other at base, running parallel at 1 mm distance from each other, M indicated. Stridulatory area wider than pronotal width of 6.5–7 mm; total width of elytron 10–11 mm and stridulatory area 10–12 mm long, being half total length of elytron; stridulatory file of left elytron remarkably long, about 6 mm, in ventral view about straight, strongly widening from proximal end, widest teeth in mid part 0.40–0.45 mm and further distally only slightly tapering again, distal end at posterior margin of elytron and provided with a transversely placed inflated ridge; in profile concave throughout its length, mostly in proximal third; spacing of teeth very narrow proximally (e.g., 25 teeth per 0.25 mm) increasingly wider towards the mid part (4–5 teeth per 0.25 mm) and further distally again slightly closer (5–6 teeth per 0.25 mm); number of teeth in proximal third about 80–100 followed by about 50 more widely set and functional teeth until distal end of file. Mirror of right elytron roughly oval shaped, length about 6 mm, width about 4 mm, deepest point about 2 mm and provided along posterior margin with a strong elongate fold (overmirror fold) of about 2 mm width (Fig. 37C).</p><p>Legs of normal length, mean ratio length of pronotum to length of hind femur 1:3.6. Fore femur unarmed, mid femur with 2–3 spines on ventro-external keel in distal area, hind femur with 6–9 spines along ventro-external keel.</p><p>General coloration reddish brown. Base of pedicel, antennal scrobae, clypeal suture and hind edge of genae black. Lower margin of pronotum black. Some males from Mt. Kaindi have a green pattern as follows: frons, genae, scape and pedicel, distal end of femora and all tibiae dark olive green except very tip of tibiae; first two tarsal segments brown, last one also green, coxae may also be partly green.</p><p>Female (Fig. 38C).—Slightly larger than male. Elytron less broad but of similar length, reaching almost tip of ovipositor and hind knee. Subgenital plate and ovipositor as described. Coloration as in male but green pattern absent. Clypeal suture, hind edge of genae, lower part of antennal scrobae, articulation between scape and second antennal segment and ventral margin of pronotum blackish. Apical half of ovipositor dark brown.</p><p>Measurements. Length in mm (male n = 11, female n = 4): body male 24.5–26.1, female 25.2–30.3; pronotum male 4.7–4.9, female 5.0–5.7; elytron male 19.3–21.1, female 20.1–25.9; hind femur male 16.3–18.5, female 19.2– 21.0; ovipositor 10.5–11.6.</p><p>Etymology. Named for its reddish-brown general coloration.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat. Known from Mt. Kaindi near Wau and Aseki-Bulolo, both Morobe District and the surroundings of Aiyura, Eastern Highlands District, NE New Guinea.</p><p>Comments. Discrimination of this species from other mecopodines, particularly from members of the  Mossula group, has already been pointed out above under the discussion of the genus.</p><p>Stridulation. Four different males contributed to measurements of song structure and the values given here are averages of a sample of 10 calls from each of these males. The species employs transient stridulation. The song is a sequence of pulse trains (Fig. 43A). Each train (apparently a one-way file run) has an average duration of 160 ms and includes&gt;100 transient pulses, which is roughly in accordance with the observed high tooth density of the file (see above). Time-discrete throughout, pulses begin from a remarkably low amplitude becoming more intense very gradually, giving an evenly rising amplitude envelope over the first&gt;2/3 of the train (Fig. 43 AB). (The train’s stereotyped shape recalls a child’s top.) The pulse train period is 723 ms on average. Each transient pulse starts in a complex wave of higher frequencies (Fig. 43D) which ends with a more sinusoid lower frequency wave (Fig. 43C); this is unusual for transient stridulators. This sinusoid wave is responsible for the low audio frequency band centred on 6.6 kHz (Fig. 43 CF) as confirmed by time and spectral domains (Fig 43 EF). Low ultrasonics extend in a band from the high audio to just beyond 30 kHz (Fig. 43C).</p><p>In Canada on Dec. 13, 1981, sound levels of a still vigorous male were measured at 20 cm lateral aspect insect body to microphone tip. We used a B&amp;K 2204 sound level meter on impulse mounted with a ¼” microphone. Ten readings on the left and ten on the right gave an average of 94.6 dB on the left and 102.8 on the right, a difference in lateral sound fields of 7.7 dB. This sound level asymmetry is consistent with the open side of the overmirror fold.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFEFFFE4FF6CD1FDFA5713D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFE3FFE6FF6CD2F9FC0F16B7.text	03A6895CFFE3FFE6FF6CD2F9FC0F16B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rentziella Morris & Ingrisch & Willemse & Willemse & De Luca & Klimas 2025	<div><p>Rentziella ‘big blue’ undescribed species</p><p>(Figs 37B, 40–42, 44)</p><p>Specimen studied.   Fer Willemse intended holotype male: Papua New Guinea, Mt. Kaindi: 19 viii 1981, Coll. Glenn Morris (NBC Leiden, MKMM). Specimen discovered missing from NBC Leiden 2024  .</p><p>Description. Male (Fig. 37B).—Differing from genus type-species as follows. Size larger. Surface of pronotum less coarsely rugose, fore margin convex. Meso- and metasternal lobes more pointed. Elytra less coriaceous, relatively less broad, not extending so far ventrally as in type-species, tapering apically, tip narrowly rounded, main veins more recognizable; stridulatory area as wide as pronotal width (about 5 mm) and slightly longer than third of elytron length (11 mm); file of left elytron less concave ventrally, shortest distance between proximal and distal end 4.4 mm, widest in mid and distal parts, 0.25 mm, distal end provided with transverse raised ridge, total number of teeth about 100, in proximal fourth very closely set, in remainder more widely and almost evenly distributed, 6 teeth per 0.25 mm; mirror of right elytron elongate, length 5.2 mm, width 3.4 mm, with 1.5 mm wide fold (OMF) covering mirror from above. Legs comparatively slender, ratio pronotal length to length of hind femur 1:5. Fore coxa with a strong spine. Ventro-external keel of fore femora with 3, of mid femur with 2, of hind femur with 8 and ventro-internal keel of hind femur with 5 spines. General coloration pale brown. Head from above reddish brown; scape, ventral part of scrobae, clypeal suture and ventral margin of pronotum blackish as in type-species. Left posterior angle of pronotal dorsum with green flush. Venation of elytra, including archedictyon, dark brown dorsally, pale brown laterally.</p><p>Female.—Unknown.</p><p>Measurements. Length in mm (male n = 1): body 32; pronotum 5.6; elytron 29; hind femur 28.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Known only from one male specimen taken on Mt. Kaindi near Wau, Morobe District, NE New Guinea. It was found perching on  Pandanus in earshot of the type species of the new genus  Rentziella rufa .</p><p>Searching at night up and across Mt. Kaindi’s eastern face we discovered a narrow path. It wound generally higher diagonally across the mountain, emerging onto the access road to the summit about 600 paces below the microwave repeater station. This trail was very steep in some places “with ‘steps’ of barefoot-pounded mud between tree roots; it took us the whole way through undisturbed montane forest. Over several hours we stopped frequently to capture accessible  Paraphyllomimus spp. At one point the trail sloped a little downward and passed by huge  Pandanus plants. Specimens of  Rentziella both  rufa and ‘big blue’ were perched in amongst the edge-serrated  Pandanus leaves, detected by the slow agitation of their very long antennae (Fig. 42) waving in the light beam. We were able to effect capture by gingerly pulling down the appropriate  Pandanus leaf and encouraging the insect into the mouth of a net held below. Initially we also took a (large colourful) female of R. ‘big blue’, but it escaped during transfer to a vial. My expletives did not preclude the taking of a male that had orginally been perched quite near this female. He emitted a loud protest sound on being trapped within the net. The moon, past full but still more than half, emerged from clouds giving the forest a silvery white appearance. It was quite bright, at times penetrating down to the trail. Once out on the road under a clear sky we no longer needed our flashlights. The summit and the walk down the road to the station was bathed in moonlight and banks of white cloud lay between the folds of the hills and out in the valley of Eadie Creek. (excerpted from the daily journal of Aug. 19).</p><p>Comments. Specific distinction from type-species  R. rufa as given in the description: bigger size, proportions and texture of the male elytra and its slenderer legs are obvious. We are not fully convinced of its congeneric state.</p><p>Stridulation. This insect called with a period of about 1 sec. One such call is shown in Fig. 44A, a train of&gt;60 irregularly time-separated pulses, creating overall a ‘time symmetric’ amplitude envelope rising (first half) then falling (second half). The pulses of the train, as shown in higher time resolution (Fig. 44C) also build and decay symmetrically, rather than having the exponential decay of its congener  R. rufa . The dominant carrier near 7 kHz (Fig 44B) is almost the same as  R. rufa . Spectral frequencies are all in the audio with an intense peak centred on 6.7 kHz. Perhaps more than one tooth contributes to each sinusoid making up the pulse. Scraper velocity is presumably below that necessary to sustain a many-waved prolonged ‘resonant’ pulse.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFE3FFE6FF6CD2F9FC0F16B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFE7FFE3FF6CD16CFE691067.text	03A6895CFFE7FFE3FF6CD16CFE691067.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salomona ustulata Redtenbacher 1891	<div><p>Salomona ustulata Redtenbacher, 1891</p><p>(Figs 45, 51, 52)</p><p>Specimens studied:   4 males, 1 female PNG,  McAdam Nat. Park, Bulolo Gorge, 28 viii 1981, (G.K. Morris NBC Leiden, MKMM)  .</p><p>Systematics. The specimens fit fully the diagnosis in Redtenbacher (1891), Karny (1926, as  S. lambda) and especially as given in a synopsis of this large genus by C. Willemse (1957). The reliability of a number of characters could be underlined, among others frons, male cercus, measurements, pattern of coloration. Opportunity is taken here to give some details of the strigin in this species. The left file in ventral view (Fig. 51) straight, fusiform, widest part in distal fourth, length 1.9 mm, in profile sinuate with its most bulging part also in distal 4th; number of teeth about 58, most of them regularly spaced, about 7 teeth per 0.25 mm but distally (towards posterior margin of elytron) more closely set. ‘Mirror’/speculum of both elytra short trapezoid, length 1.4 mm, greatest width 1.8 mm along proximal edge which is close to and parallel to the file: membrane transparent, bordering veins without modifications, no fold. The cell bordering the mirror (the harp) distally, and that anteriorly, widened and transparent. Titillators with outer pair of sclerites as a left and right triangular-shaped sclerotized sheet; inner one medially strongly sclerotized, strongly divergent basally, scarcely divergent apically, the latter with tip simply rounded.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. The locality of the series at hand is in between the two already known, Mt. Lamington near Kokoda in the south and Sattelburg, Huon Gulf in the north. Calling at height from trees.</p><p>Comments. Type species of the genus  Salomona is  S. marmorata (Blanchard,1846) by original monotypy.</p><p>Stridulation. Readily audible to a human listener, this insect’s song recalls the regularity of a ticking clock and ‘ticker’ was its assigned field name. Silent intervals of several seconds (e.g., 4 s, Fig. 52A) separated tick bouts, a dozen or so ticks per bout. There is a very stable tick period of about 300 ms (Fig. 52B). Forming the substructure of the ticks are trains of scarcely time-separated sinusoid amplitude fluctuations (Fig. 52C, E). Time separation of pulses in this species is far less distinct than that seen with  Salomona ‘darth’. This appears to be a kind of subresonant stridulation, with teeth engaging at just below the repetition rates needed for sustained resonance. The spectrum, in keeping with the waveform is relatively low Q with a broad peak occupying much of the higher audio and centred near 13 kHz.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFE7FFE3FF6CD16CFE691067	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFE4FFFFFF6CD16DFCFE138A.text	03A6895CFFE4FFFFFF6CD16DFCFE138A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salomona	<div><p>Salomona ‘darth’ undescribed species</p><p>(Figs 46–50)</p><p>Specimens studied.  Holotype male: Papua New Guinea, WEI, Coll. G.K. Morris, 25 viii 1981 (NBC, L) missing 2024).</p><p>Paratypes: PNG, WEI, 4 viii 1981 (male) &amp; 12 viii 1981 (male), G.K. Morris (NBC, L), missing 2024).</p><p>Description. Male.—Relatively small for the genus but thickset (Figs 46–48). Head a little wider than pronotum; frons (Fig. 48C) with outer furca and lateral keels indicated as rugose keels, no inner furca and median keel, surface in middle dull, with very fine and sparse impressed points and lines, subocular area and lateral part of head with some transverse, irregular low ridges. Fastigium of vertex shorter than length of scape, tip acute and downcurved, dorsobasally with a minute tubercle, ventrobasally joining acute tip of fastigium of frons.</p><p>Pronotum slightly longer than broad, surface of lateral lobes a little impressopunctate; anterior margin dorsally almost straight, laterally rounded; posterior margin dorsally slightly rounded, laterally almost straight; ventral margin very weakly sinuate, anterior angle broadly rounded, posterior angle narrowly, almost rectangularly rounded. Thoracic auditory spiracle as described above under  S. ustulata, 1.3 X 0.4 mm.</p><p>Wings extending well beyond abdomen and hind knees, reaching basal third of hind tibia. Elytron strongly tapering apically, greatest width in basal fourth; Sc and R nearly straight and parallel to hind margin of elytron; C area in basal third as wide as remainder of elytron, in mid third strongly tapering and in apical third narrow.</p><p>Stridulatory area of both elytra of similar appearance; mirror as long as wide (1.8 mm), basal and lateral edges straight, apical edge broadly convex; left stridulatory file narrow, slightly fusiform, length 1.9 mm, at widest 0.16 mm in distal third, in ventral view straight, in profile slightly concave in proximal and almost straight in apical half; total number of teeth about 46, distally closer set, spacing in mid part 6 teeth per 0.25 mm.</p><p>Legs remarkably short and thick. Fore femora with 5 spines on both ventral margins; mid femora with 2 basal spines on ventro-internal and 5–6 spines on ventro-external margin, hind femora with 8–9 spines on ventro-external margin, internal side unarmed. Internal knee-lobes of fore and mid femora spined, external ones obtuse; both inner and outer knee-lobe of hind femur spined. Internal and external tympanum of fore tibia slit-like.</p><p>Tenth tergite tapering apically into a pair of short obtuse, down-curved processes separated from each other by a broad U-shaped median emargination. Cercus thick, short, in apical fourth tapering into a strong obtuse tooth; external side straight with weak lontgitudinal depression; internal side expanded medially, in its midpart forming a large process slightly flattened dorsally, slightly concave ventrally and showing a strongly sclerotized ridge with 3–5 teeth at its top. Subgenital plate longer than broad, ventral surface with a short median keel apically, posterior margin widely V-shaped emarginated, styles slender. Outer pair of titillators forming a weakly sclerotized triangular sheet. Inner pair of titillators bar-like structures, basally divergent and widened, tip provided with a tiny median tooth (Fig. 49 AB).</p><p>General colour olive green (Figs 46, 47). Head dark olive green, ventral parts of cheek and frons dark reddish brown, clypeus pale yellowish with a pair of brown spots, mandibles black, labrum carmine red, median ocellus creamish, eyes brown, fastigium of vertex yellow, scape brown. Antennae pale brown, unicolorous or distal margin of proximal segments dark brown. Pronotum and remainder of thorax of general colour. Elytron with basal parts of main veins and their bordering archedictyon greenish, remainder of venation creamish, membrane of basal part of C area and scattered spots over remainder of elytron infuscate. Abdomen and legs from pale green to pale brown, armature of legs with tips dark brown. Dorsal side of fore tibia between tympana and all tarsi brown.</p><p>Female.—Unknown.</p><p>Measurements (Length in mm) (male n = 4): body 31–34; pronotum 9.0–9.3; fore femur 8.3–8.8; mid femur 7.7–8.4; hind femur 14–15; elytron 24–28.</p><p>Comments. The new species is readily recognizable by its thickset appearance with short legs, strongly tapering elytra, sculpturation of the frons, shape of cercus and its green coloration. The short robust appearance, short legs and the short and strongly tapering elytra are, among the genus, only shared with  S. buergersi C. Willemse, 1959, known from “Malu”, Sepik River. Male cercus, sculpturation of face and coloration however are quite distinct.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat. Known only from the type-series collected by G.K. Morris and D. Klimas, originating from the surroundings of Wau, Morobe District, NE New Guinea. Singing in trees on institute grounds; one male apprehended by GKM by climbing several metres up a tree.</p><p>Stridulation. Like its congener  S. ustulata, S. ‘darth’ constructs a long-lasting buzzing song (Fig. 50A) from trains of incompletely time-separated sinusoid pulses (Fig. 50D). The song is irregularly interrupted by pauses in both species. The trains of S. ‘ nameless ’ are less stereotyped, than those of  S. ustulata . Four such trains are shown in Fig. 50B and part of one at higher resolution in Fig 50D. These pulse trains repeat with a stable period of about 80 ms (Fig. 50B). Unlike  S. ustulata, the fluctuations in amplitude allow one to distinguish the pulses. Thus Fig. 50D shows about 8 poorly time-spaced pulses. As with the two  Rentziella species, this insect seems to be making short sinusoids at a velocity of the scraper falling just below that needed for resonance and with perhaps more than one file tooth contributing to each poorly time separated pulse.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFE4FFFFFF6CD16DFCFE138A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFFEFFF9FF6CD0DCFCE41360.text	03A6895CFFFEFFF9FF6CD0DCFCE41360.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philmontis profusu Ingrisch 2022	<div><p>Philmontis profusu s Ingrisch, 2022</p><p>Specimens studied.   Holotype male: Papua New Guinea, Wau, Morobe Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.68333/lat -7.35)">Mt. Kaindi</a>, elev. 1230 m, 7°21’S 146° 41’E, 30. viii. 1981, leg. G.K. Morris, Depository  Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (NBC).</p><p>Comments. The monotypic genus  Philmontis C. Willemse, 1966 (type genus  Philmontis nigrofasciatus) was expanded (Ingrisch 2022) to include 13 species. The holotype chosen for one of these species,  Philmontis profusus Ingrisch, is an adult male specimen collected by GKM &amp; DEK on Mt. Kaindi in 1981. Its specific name acknowledges the “rich modification” (Ingrisch 2022) of the male cerci. The recordists waited in vain for this insect to sing so there is sadly no information on its song structure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFFEFFF9FF6CD0DCFCE41360	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFFEFFFAFF6CD2B0FAD3162C.text	03A6895CFFFEFFFAFF6CD2B0FAD3162C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philmontoides wau Ingrisch 2022	<div><p>Philmontoides wau Ingrisch, 2022</p><p>(Figs 53–58)</p><p>Specimens studied, including   holotype and paratypes. Papua New Guinea,  Wau Ecology Institute (WEI)., 30 vii 1981, 4 &amp; 12 viii 1981 on  Pandanus, remnant forest  Wau, G.K. Morris (4 males, 2 females) ;   PNG,  McAdam Nat. Park, Bulolo Gorge, 28 viii 1981 (1 female)  .</p><p>Comments.  P. wau is one of 8 species grouped by Ingrisch (2022) into the genus  Philmontoides Ingrisch, 2022 . Type species of this genus is  Lobaspis hageni Dohrn, 1905 . For  Philmontoides wau the male holotype was chosen from among specimens collected by GKM and DEK: Papua New Guinea (PNG), Morobe Province, Wau, 12 viii 1981, leg. G.K. Morris, [recording designation 81-2]. Depository:  Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (NBC). Specimens found only on  Pandanus [GKM].</p><p>Tremulation. Substrate signalling, observed as tremulation (body oscillations with or without impact, imparting vibratory substrate waves to a plant perch) is widespread among tettigoniids (e.g., Morris 1980, De Luca &amp; Morris 1998, Hill 2008). A male and female of  P. wau were placed together onto a  Pandanus leaf where the male engaged repeatedly in tremulation bouts.</p><p>Stridulation. — To a human listener the song is a regular repetition of faint crackles, resembling a stereotyped precise static, so faint you must be very close to hear. The calls are relatively intense in the ultrasonic.</p><p>Song parameters are averaged from recordings of two different singers. Based on the time domain being widely spaced short sinusoid ultrasonic pulses, this is an elastic uncoupled stridulation. The carrier is a fairly high-Q ultrasonic frequency, peaking at 26.9 kHz (Fig. 58C, E). Calls repeat at a rate of about 11/s near 20°C; each call consists of a train of identical 4–8 time-separated sinusoid pulses (Fig. 58D) comprising a major pulse train. A faint (putative opening) sound/train occurs before each intense (putative closing) train.</p><p>Philmontoides has a genus-diagnostic file form (figured by Ingrisch Fig.12H), a region of perhaps non-functional teeth extending over the file’s distal third. This leaves just 15 or so broad, distinctly spaced, teeth available to make the several ~7-wave 27-kHz sinusoids, which suggests some reversals of scraper direction during a train, i.e., there are not enough teeth on a one-wave one-tooth basis to complete one whole pulse train on one closure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFFEFFFAFF6CD2B0FAD3162C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFF2FFF1FF6CD653FBDA108F.text	03A6895CFFF2FFF1FF6CD653FBDA108F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parahabetia pictifrons subsp. obtusa Ingrisch 2021	<div><p>Parahabetia pictifrons obtusa Ingrisch, 2021</p><p>(Figs 59–64)</p><p>Material studied.   Holotype male: Papua New Guinea, Morobe, McAdam National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.266667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.63333/lat -7.266667)">Bulolo Gorge</a>, 7°16’ S, 146°38’ E, 28 viii 1981, leg. G.K. Morris, (Depository NBC, Leiden); paratype male female same data as holotype.</p><p>Measurements. (Length in mm) (male n = 2 &amp; holotype after Karny in parens, female n = 1): body male 22.5–23 (24), female 27; pronotum male 6.5–6.6 (7.5), female 6.5; elytron male 18.2–18.5 (19.5), female 20; hind femur male 14–14 (16), female14.5; ovipositor 12.</p><p>Comments. Ingrisch in revising  Parahabetia, names these Bulolo Gorge specimens (Ingrisch 2021) as a new subspecies of  Parahabetia pictifrons . The name obtusa refers to the shape of the tips of the triangular rearward projections of the 10 th abdominal tergite: their bluntness distinguishes from P. p. acuta.</p><p>In life the frons is a conspicuous blue green, as also the antennal scapes (Fig. 59). Facial colours of this sort may be adaptive in concealing the insect from colour-vision predators such as birds: as the insect faces skyward legs extended, its coloured markings blend into the colours of bromeliad leaves used as a daytime refugium. The pronotum in dorsal aspect (Fig. 61A) shows conspicuously broadened lateral lobes (bullae) at the entry to the acoustic stigma, an adaptive acoustic feature.</p><p>Stridulatory file. Male stridulatory file tiny (Fig. 63), shortest distance between most proximal and distal tooth 1.2 mm, greatest width of teeth 0.075 mm; of usual shape, slightly fusiform with proximal and distal parts curved and faintly sinuate in profile; total number of teeth 136 of which 89 are apparently functional and regularly spaced, 19 teeth per 0.25 mm.</p><p>Stridulation. A resonant stridulation, judging by the simple ultrasonic high-Q sine wave at 34 kHz (Figs 64C, D). Also there is no suggestion of elastic uncoupling apparent in this single sustained pulse (Fig. 64. B). The insect repeats these 4-ms pulses at a regular period of just under 50 ms (Fig. 64A). Each call is comprised of&gt;140 waves which the number of apparently functional teeth—89 (see above)—is inadequate to explain as a ‘one wave per file tooth event’. Something on the insect’s wing is oscillating making a simple wave train at one 34 kHz frequency. How is this possible unless more than one wave is associated with each tooth?</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFF2FFF1FF6CD653FBDA108F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFF6FFF0FF6CD710FE6813FE.text	03A6895CFFF6FFF0FF6CD710FE6813FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glennagraecia curvicauda Ingrisch 2023	<div><p>Glennagraecia curvicauda Ingrisch, 2023</p><p>(Figs 65–67)</p><p>Material studied.   Holotype male: Papua New Guinea: Morobe,  Wau, Mt. Kaindi, elev. 1230 m (7°21’0”S, 146°40’59.88”E), 30 viii 1981, coll. G.K. Morris, (Depository NBC Leiden)  . Paratype female: same data as holotype.</p><p>Comments. The male of  Glennagraecia curvicauda is “unique for its almost completely re-curved” cercus (Fig 9F of Ingrisch 2023). These unusual cerci are evident even in the habitus photo of the live adult male holotype (Fig. 65). Diagnosis of the  G. curvicauda female includes a subgenital plate with “huge lateral expansions” (ibid. and see his Fig. 9B), an apparent adaptation to complement the remarkable male cerci during copulation.</p><p>The pronotum of the male is dorsoventrally shallow and broadened, with a convex posteriorly rounded metazona covering the much-reduced tegminal strigin; pronotum with lateral projecting rounded humeral lobes “in about mid length” (ibid., Fig. 65).</p><p>Stridulation. Very short ultrasonic sinusoid pulses (Fig. 67A–C) and a relatively high-Q.</p><p>spectrum, peaking at 26–27 kHz (Fig. 67D), delivered (mostly) in pairs (Fig. 67A), which pair may be for convenience termed a song. Ten songs had a pulse period of 13.4 ms (Fig. 67B). Mean song period (Fig 67A) was 44.1 ms at temperatures in the low 20s. First and second pulses do not differ in their spectrum, i.e., there is no frequency modulation. This would appear to be elastic uncoupled stridulation in which each wave of the 26 kHz simple sine wave is generated by each successive tooth-scraper contact event and cuticular distortion of the scraper achieves low ultrasonics.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFF6FFF0FF6CD710FE6813FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFFF5FF8DFF6CD0DCFAF71625.text	03A6895CFFF5FF8DFF6CD0DCFAF71625.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichophallus capillatus Ingrisch 2024	<div><p>Trichophallus capillatus Ingrisch, 2024</p><p>(Figs 68, 69)</p><p>Material studied.   Holotype male: Papua New Guinea,  Wau, nr Wau Ecological Institute, 29 August 1981 coll. G.K. Morris.</p><p>Measurements. Male holotype, (length in mm): body 19; pronotum 4.8; tegmen 21.5; hind femur 12.5 mm.</p><p>Diagnosis.  T. capillatus differs from other species of the genus described so far by the distinctive shape of the titillators on the male phallus (Ingrisch 2024).</p><p>Comments. The file of  T. capillatus (Fig. 68).</p><p>Stridulation. Call a regular repetition of silence-separated trains of rapid-decay, single-tooth sourced, transient pulses (Fig. 69 AB). The call manifests spectrally as a 25-kHz wide band of frequencies (Fig. 69C) centred near 48 kHz. The carrier frequency of this insect is entirely confined to the ultrasonic; there is no significant sound energy in the audio range. At the time resolution of Fig. 69A each train has a characteristically ‘top shaped’ amplitudeenvelope (a shape like a toy top lying on its side): pulse peak amplitudes begin very faintly, rise steadily then fall away again slightly over the last third. Stridulatory file count of 88–93 teeth reported by Ingrisch (2024) accords reasonably with the 68 transient rapid-decay pulses in the train shown in Fig. 69B. Mean values for 10 calls of our lone singer: trains 30 ms long, repeated with a mean period of 168 ms. The transients are somewhat erratically separated in time from each other within the train (Fig. 69B).</p><p>Broadband spectra should not be discounted as noisy stridulatory incompetence. Bands could theoretically be adaptive through ranging: differential attenuation of frequencies with distance is accentuated by a cluttered vegetation. The spectral shape of the band could be coding for distance, so helping to detect the trespass of a neighbouring male competitor or further the success of a female localizing her mate (Morris et al. 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFFF5FF8DFF6CD0DCFAF71625	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFF8BFF8EFF6CD0DCFDF5101F.text	03A6895CFF8BFF8EFF6CD0DCFDF5101F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Morocera nigrifrons Ingrisch 2023	<div><p>Morocera nigrifrons Ingrisch, 2023</p><p>(Figs 70–72)</p><p>Specimens studied.   Holotype male: Papua New Guinea, Morobe,  Bulolo Gorge, wall outside station house, 28 viii 1981, coll. G.K. Morris (Depository NBC Leiden).</p><p>Other specimens studied:   Papua New Guinea, Morobe:  Wau, Mt. Missim, elev. 1120 m (7°10’S, 146°54’E), 13.ii.1963, coll. J. Sedlacek 1 ♀ (BPBM) ;  same locality 28 viii 1981, coll. G.K. Morris (Depository NBC Leiden) .  PNG. nr Wau, W.E.I., 25 viii 1981, G.K. Morris (1 ♂);   PNG,  Mt. Missim, 18 viii 1981, G.K. Morris (1 ♀) (Depository NBC Leiden)  .</p><p>Comments. Ingrisch (2023) elevated Gorochov’s (2016) subgenus  Morocera to generic status. The type species of the genus is  Morocera (Scytocera) loriae Griffini, 1908; a third species is  M. peniculosa . The titillators of male  Morocera nigrifrons have a very distinctive form (ibid, see his Fig. 2D): “…so far unique among  Agraeciini (I [S.I.] have not seen a similar structure in any other species)”. Over their apical half the titillators curl longitudinally, their lateral edges overlapping into submembranous stilletto-like sheaths covered in fine spicules, enclosing tufts of long hairs.</p><p>Measurements. (1 male, 2 females in mm). body: male 21, female 21.0–21.5; pronotum: male 5.5, female 5.0–5.25; tegmen: male 11.5, female 11.5–12.5; hind femur: male 10.25, female 10.7; ovipositor: female 8.0–8.5.</p><p>Stridulation. This insect produces transient pulses (Fig. 72D) grouped tightly together into trains (Fig. 72A,B) with a pulse-train period of 66.5 ms at low 20° temperatures. “Stridulatory file on underside of left tegmen 1.70 mm long, with 78 teeth or 45.88 teeth per mm; about the last 20 teeth very small” (Ingrisch 2023, his Fig. 2A). The number of file teeth agree reasonably with the number of pulses in the train): mean number of pulses for 10 calls of one male 65.2. Average duration of train 19.1 ms. The spectrum is a broad band (Fig. 72C) between 20 and 38 kHz with an average carrier of 28.4 kHz.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFF8BFF8EFF6CD0DCFDF5101F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFF89FF8EFF6CD1FDFB6512FB.text	03A6895CFF89FF8EFF6CD1FDFB6512FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudorhynchus cornutus (Redtenbacher 1891)	<div><p>Pseudorhynchus cornutus (Redtenbacher, 1891)</p><p>(Figs 73,74)</p><p>Material studied.  PNG, Wau, W.E.I., 29 vii 1981, G.K. Morris (1 male);   PNG,  McAdam National Park, Bulolo Gorge, 28 viii 1981, G.K. Morris, identified Judith Marshall (1 male)  .</p><p>Systematics. The stridulatory file and other particulars of these males agree fully with Bailey’s revision (1979).</p><p>Stridulation.  Song loud to human ears, a steady indefinitely sustained sequence of two alternating pulse types (Fig. 75 AB). The more sustained and intense pulse type of the two, at higher time resolution, shows as a repeating stereotyped complex wave (Fig. 75D). The Fourier analysis (Fig. 75C) shows energy distributed over a band from 10 kHz to almost 60 kHz, but the most intense frequencies show as a broad peak ~ 11–15 kHz .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFF89FF8EFF6CD1FDFB6512FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFF89FF89FF6CD3D1FCF4176A.text	03A6895CFF89FF89FF6CD3D1FCF4176A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudorhynchus raggei Bailey 1979	<div><p>Pseudorhynchus raggei Bailey, 1979</p><p>Specimen studied. PNG,  Wau, Poverty Creek, 18 viii 1981, G.K. Morris, ‘Euconoc. Spec. 2’, 81-1 (1 male). Systematics. This male fits perfectly the description of  raggei, including that of the stridulatory file.</p><p>Distribution &amp; habitat. This species was described after 9 males from northern Australia and one male from E of Popondetta, Northern District, Papua. Apparently, the species is more widely distributed in New Guinea, as we have some more material before us from other parts of New Guinea: Anga Gorge, Southern Highlands District, Papua; Aseki, Morobe District &amp; Kerowagi, Chimbu District, both NE New Guinea and from Mindiptanah along the Kau river, near Tanah Merah (Digul R.), SE West Irian.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFF89FF89FF6CD3D1FCF4176A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFF8EFF89FF6CD699FEBB1682.text	03A6895CFF8EFF89FF6CD699FEBB1682.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conocephalus semivittatus (Walker 1869)	<div><p>Conocephalus semivittatus ssp.</p><p>Female bluish morph</p><p>(Fig 75,76)</p><p>Stridulation. Transient stridulation may be the rule in this immensely speciose genus. The most resolved sound event is typically a pulse marked by a rapidly decaying complex wave train, a transient sound pulse that coincides with a file tooth scraper interaction. A series of regularly repeated rapid-decay pulses then comprise a major pulse train. A low intensity minor pulse train (opening of tegmina) precedes in which pulses are not necessarily clearly distinguished in time. The produced spectrum is broad band in the extreme in keeping with the highly transient pulses (impulses).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFF8EFF89FF6CD699FEBB1682	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFF8CFF8BFF6CD0DCFBC613D3.text	03A6895CFF8CFF8BFF6CD0DCFBC613D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hexacentrus Serville 1831	<div><p>Hexacentrus Serville, 1831</p><p>(Fig. 77)</p><p>Type-species:  Hexacentrus unicolor Serville, 1831 (by monotypy).</p><p>More than 20 taxa are assigned to this genus. The systematic position of several of them is not clear, mainly by absence of reliable specific characters. It transpired however, that morphological particulars of the male stridulatory file offer uncommonly good means for identification. It might be expected that bioacoustics will do the same. We compared the files in  H. dorsatus,  H. pusillus,  H. australis (all Redtenbacher 1891),  H. fuscipes Matsumura &amp; Shiraki 1908,  H. japonicus Karny 1907,  H. karnyi Griffini 1909,  H. borneensis C. Willemse 1961 and a small yet undescribed species from eastern New Guinea with those in  H. unicolor and  H. mundus . All of them are quite characteristic and recognizable immediately.</p><p>Two males before us from the surroundings of Wau,  Morobe District, NE New Guinea may easily be arranged under what hitherto has been understood to represent  H. mundus (Walker, 1869) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFF8CFF8BFF6CD0DCFBC613D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03A6895CFF8DFF8AFF6CD094FAE8156B.text	03A6895CFF8DFF8AFF6CD094FAE8156B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hexacentrus mundus (Walker 1869)	<div><p>Hexacentrus mundus auct. (= Walker 1869?)</p><p>Specimens studied.  PNG, nr Wau, W.E.I., 30 vii &amp; 4 viii 1981, G.K. Morris (2 males) (depository NBC Leiden, Specimens discovered missing 2024) .</p><p>Systematics. This species, described from Ceram, the Moluccas, has been reported in many references from a range reaching from Japan, China and the Philippines to Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Timor and throughout New Guinea.</p><p>The Wau males have been compared with material at hand preliminarily arranged under  H. mundus: from Java, from the islands of Obi, Halmahera and Key and the remainder from New Guinea. The stridulatory file of all these males comes near that of the type-species  H. unicolor (figures and description of the latter in Heller 1986) but may be recognized immediately by the presence of one to three remarkably large teeth in the mid part of the file, which are lacking or scarcely indicated in  H. unicolor . Among the mundus-like specimens it was found that the Java males have three, those from the Moluccas, especially from Obi one to two and the New Guinea males two of such large teeth. Besides there are additional differences in width, spacing and shape of the remaining teeth, especially apparent in the Javanese males. In the Wau males the two large central teeth are followed distally (i.e., towards the posterior margin of the elytron) by 4–5 stout ones and these again by 5–7 increasingly smaller and narrower spaced ones. The number of teeth between the central large ones and the base of the file is about 23, those near the large ones being widest of all teeth (0.25–0.3 mm) and most widely set (4 teeth per 0.25 mm). By lack of sufficient data, we abstain in any further analysis. It is clear, however, that revisionary work on the systematics of this group of species, based on their bioacoustics and stridulatory apparatus could be very useful.</p><p>Stridulation. The relatively massive species diagnostic files of  Hexacentrus are sparsely toothed and twisted (Heller 1986, See his Fig. 1). The song of  H. mundus also has a strangely loud percussive quality. Waveforms of sound bursts (Fig. 77D) show no time-distinct tooth-derived amplitude modulations. Perhaps its scraaper makes a single hammer-like impact, slipping off a single very enlarged file tooth to bang basad into a 90° file twist? In  Hexacentrus unicolor with each cycle of movement to and fro, “only one pulse is created” (Heller 1986).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6895CFF8DFF8AFF6CD094FAE8156B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Morris, Glenn K;Ingrisch, Sigfrid;Willemse, Fer;Willemse, Luc;De Luca, Paul A.;Klimas, Dita	Morris, Glenn K, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Willemse, Fer, Willemse, Luc, De Luca, Paul A., Klimas, Dita (2025): Stridulation songs of some Tettigoniidae (Ensifera, Orthoptera) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 5600 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5600.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
