taxonID	type	description	language	source
039987FFD9247D27FF2BFA31FB5BF935.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Mansell (1987), and Badano (2020). Distribution. Afrotropical Region (Sub-Saharan Africa), Arabian Peninsula (Yemen).	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9247D22FF2BF896FD3AF815.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 3, 5 D – L, 6 D – I, 7 D – L, 8 C – F)	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9247D22FF2BF896FD3AF815.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body dark brown with some pale stripes. Vertex as wide rectangular in frontal view; posterior side of vertical ridge with a transversal pale band, a pair of longitudinal short pale stripes, and some pale dots. Clypeus brown with a pair of large dark brown spots. Forewing with long oblique dark brown bands on basal 1 / 4 and half parts, the band on half part wider; short band on distal radial area wide; posterior margin truncate distally. Hindwing rhegma as a dark brown arched marking; poststigmal area triangular, slightly longer than the width of the base. Male gonocoxites 9 as a pair of kidney structures, rounded; gonostyli 11 broad, equal to the total width of the gonocoxites 9 in ventral view. Re-description of adult. Size. Head width: 3.22 – 3.64 mm; forewing length: 33.58 – 41.32 mm; hindwing length: 38.01 – 44.27 mm. Head. Vertex prominently raised, compressed into a transverse ridge, the part of ridge with many short dark setae; wide rectangular in frontal view; anterior side of vertical ridge with two transversal pale bands (Figs. 3 B, 5 D – L); posterior side of vertical ridge with a transversal pale band, a pair of longitudinal short pale stripes, and some pale dots (Figs. 3 C, 6 D – I). Scape and pedicel generally dark brown; flagellum basally dark brown, medially and distally pale yellow. Frons generally dark brown. Clypeus brown with a pair of large dark brown spots, with some pale setae (Figs. 3 B, 5 D – L). Labrum yellowish-brown. Maxillary palpus dark brown on basal segment, other segments pale. Labial palpus generally pale, distal segment fusiform. Mandibles pale yellow with distal half dark reddish brown. Thorax. Dark brown with some pale stripes. Pronotum nearly 1.5 times as long as wide, laterally with a pair of longitudinal stripes and a pair of short slender stripes, lateral margin pale; covered with some dark and pale setae. Mesonotum with a pair of longitudinal long stripes extend across mesoprescutum and meso scutellum, and a pair of short stripes. Metanotum with a pair of longitudinal stripes; metascutellum dark brown, laterally pale. Pleurae dark brown with some pale stripes (Fig. 3 C). Legs. Covered with many dark setae. All coxae dark brown with a few pale yellowish markings; tibiae pale, distally brown; tibial spurs slender and slightly curved; tarsi generally pale brown; pretarsal claws slightly curved. Foreleg: femur dark brown; tibial spur reaching base of tarsomere 3. Midleg: femur brown; tibial spur reaching base of tarsomere 3. Hind leg: femur brown; tibial spur reaching tip of tarsomere 2; tarsomere 1 longer than that of fore- and midleg (Fig. 3 A). Wings. Nearly falcated, with intricate patterns. Hindwing longer than forewing. Pterostigma pale brown. Forewing with long oblique dark brown bands on basal 1 / 4 and half parts, the band on half part wider; some short dark brown bands suffused on crossveins on basal part; distal forewing mostly brown; short band on distal radial area wide; posterior margin distally truncate; costal crossveins mostly simple; three to four presectoral crossveins present, then presectoral area with many biarolate cells before RP origin; RP with 9 to 11 branches; RP origin distantly proximad MP fork; prefork area long triangular. Hindwing hyaline on basal half, distal part with some irregular dark brown markings; subcostal area with some discontinuous brownish dots; rhegma as a dark brown arched marking; poststigmal area triangular, slightly longer than the width of the base (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, 7 D – L). Abdomen. Dark brown, terga 1 – 8 each with a pair of pale yellowish stripes. Male genitalia. Sternum 9 short, nearly as wide as ectoproct, distal part with an arched dark brown marking (Figs. 3 D – E). Gonocoxites 9 as a pair of kidney-shaped structures, rounded, distally with a small projection. Gonocoxites 11 wide arched; gonostyli 11 strongly sclerotized, narrow, narrower than the total width of the gonocoxites 9 (Figs. 3 H – L, 8 C – F). Ectoproct rounded on distal margin, covered with many setae (Fig. 3 D). Female genitalia. Pregenital plate coniform; anterior branches of gonocoxites 8 tuberculated, with some short setae; posterior branches of gonocoxites 8 small digitiform, with some long setae. Gonocoxites 9 with many slender short acicular setae. Ectoproct truncate on distal margin, with some slender setae, ventral part with some short acicular setae (Figs. 3 F – G).	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9247D22FF2BF896FD3AF815.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♀, MADAGASCAR: “ Cote Est // Grandidier 1309 - 71 ” (MNHN). Additional material examined. 1 ♀, Comoros: “ Grande Comore (Legros Levassor) E. Bouvier 1912 ” (MNHN). 1 ♂, MADAGASCAR: Bekily, XII. 1933, A. Seyrig (MNHN). 7 ♂ 4 ♀, same locality as above, V. 1936, A. Seyrig (MNHN).	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9247D22FF2BF896FD3AF815.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Comoros; France (Mayotte); Madagascar (Androy).	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9247D22FF2BF896FD3AF815.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Based on our examination and comparison with the description in Mansell (1987), we have confirmed that C. bouvieri is distributed only in Madagascar and its adjacent islands (Comoro Islands) (Fig. 10). The records of this species from the African continent (Navás 1921; Mansell 1987, 2000; Prost 2015) are actually due to misidentification and represent a new species described in this study, i. e., C. manselli sp. nov. In addition to geographic isolation, C. bouvieri and C. manselli sp. nov. have stable differences. In C. bouvieri, the vertex is widely rectangular in frontal view (Figs. 3 B, 5 D – L), the posterior side of vertical ridge has a transversal pale band and a pair of longitudinal short pale stripes (Figs. 3 C, 6 D – I), the clypeus is brown with a pair of large dark brown spots (Figs. 3 B, 5 D – L), the short stripe on distal radial area of forewing is wider, the forewing posterior margin is truncate distally, the hindwing poststigmal area is triangular and slightly longer than the width of the base (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, 7 D – L), the male gonocoxites 9 are kidney-shaped and rounded, and the male gonostyli 11 are broad, equal to the total width of the gonocoxites 9 (Figs. 3 H – L, 8 C – F), and the male gonostyli 11 are narrow, narrower than the total width of the gonocoxites 9 (Figs. 4 H – L, 8 A – B). However, in C. manselli sp. nov., the vertex is wide and inverse trapezoid in frontal view (Figs. 4 B, 5 A – C), the posterior side of vertical ridge has a transversal pale band and a few indistinct lateral markings (Figs. 4 C, 6 A – C), the clypeus is generally dark brown (Figs. 4 B, 5 A – C), the short band on distal radial area of forewing is slender, the forewing posterior margin is concaved distally, the hindwing poststigmal area is slender and nearly twice as long as width of the base (Figs. 1 A, 2 B, 4 A, 7 A – C), and the male gonocoxites 9 are longitudinal trapeziform.	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9237D2AFF2BFF45FDD9FF1D.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 B, 4, 5 A – C, 6 A – C, 7 A – C, 8 A – B, 9)	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9237D2AFF2BFF45FDD9FF1D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body dark brown with some pale stripes. Vertex as wide inverse trapezoid in frontal view; posterior side of vertical ridge with a transversal pale band and a few indistinct lateral markings. Clypeus generally dark brown. Forewing with long oblique dark brown bands on basal 1 / 4 and half parts, the band on half part wider; short band on distal radial area slender; posterior margin concaved distally. Hindwing rhegma as a dark brown arched marking; poststigmal area slender and nearly twice as long as width of the base. Male gonocoxites 9 as a pair of longitudinal trapezoid structures; gonostyli 11 narrow, narrower than the total width of the gonocoxites 9.	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9237D2AFF2BFF45FDD9FF1D.taxon	description	Description of adult. Size. Head width: Size. Head width: 3.22 – 3.64 mm; forewing length: 35.36 – 41.32 mm; hindwing length: 38.01 – 44.27 mm. Head. Vertex prominently raised, compressed into a transverse ridge, the part of ridge with many short dark setae; wide inverse trapezoid in frontal view; anterior side of vertical ridge with two transversal pale bands (Figs. 4 B, 5 A – C); posterior side of vertical ridge with a transversal pale band and a few indistinct lateral markings (Figs. 4 C, 6 A – C). Scape and pedicel generally dark brown; flagellum basally dark brown, medially and distally pale yellow and ventrally with dark brown markings. Frons generally dark brown. Clypeus dark brown, posterior margin pale, with some pale setae (Figs. 4 B, 5 A – C). Labrum yellowish-brown. Maxillary palpus dark brown on basal segment, other segments pale. Labial palpus generally pale, distal segment fusiform. Mandibles dark brown with distal half dark reddish brown. Thorax. Dark brown with some pale stripes. Pronotum nearly 1.5 times as long as wide, laterally with a pair of longitudinal stripes and a pair of short slender stripes, lateral margin pale; covered with some dark and pale setae. Mesonotum with a pair of longitudinal long stripes extend across mesoprescutum and mesoscutellum, and a pair of short stripes. Metanotum with a pair of longitudinal stripes; metascutellum dark brown, laterally pale. Pleurae dark brown with some pale stripes (Fig. 4 C). Legs. Covered with many dark setae. All coxae dark brown with a few pale yellowish markings; tibiae pale, distally brown; tibial spurs slender and slightly curved; tarsi generally pale brown; pretarsal claws slightly curved. Foreleg: femur dark brown; tibial spur reaching base of tarsomere 3. Midleg: femur yellowish brown; tibial spur reaching base of tarsomere 3. Hind leg: femur yellowish brown; tibial spur reaching tip of tarsomere 2; tarsomere 1 longer than that of fore- and midleg (Fig. 4 A). Wings. Nearly falcated, with intricate patterns. Hindwing longer than forewing. Pterostigma pale. Forewing with long oblique dark brown bands on basal 1 / 4 and half parts, the band on half part wider; some short dark brown bands suffused on crossveins on basal part; distal forewing mostly brown; short band on distal radial area slender; posterior margin distally concaved; costal crossveins mostly simple; three to seven presectoral crossveins present, then presectoral area with many biarolate cells before RP origin; RP with 9 to 10 branches; RP origin distantly proximad MP fork; prefork area long triangular. Hindwing mostly hyaline on basal half, distal part with some irregular dark brown markings; subcostal area with some discontinuous brownish dots; rhegma as a dark brown arched marking; poststigmal area slender, nearly twice as long as width of the base (Figs. 2 B, 4 A, 7 A – C). Abdomen. Dark brown, terga 1 – 8 each with a pair of pale yellowish stripes. Male genitalia. Sternum 9 short, nearly as wide as ectoproct, laterally with a pair of dark brown markings (Figs. 4 D – E). Gonocoxites 9 as a pair of longitudinal trapezoid structures, distally with a small projection. Gonocoxites 11 wide arched; gonostyli 11 strongly sclerotized, broad, equal to the total width of the gonocoxites 9 in ventral view (Figs. 4 H – L, 8 A – B). Ectoproct nearly truncate on distal margin, covered with many setae (Fig. 4 D). Female genitalia. Pregenital plate coniform; anterior branches of gonocoxites 8 tuberculated, with some short setae; posterior branches of gonocoxites 8 small digitiform, with some long setae. Gonocoxites 9 with many short acicular setae. Ectoproct truncate on distal margin, with some slender setae, ventral part with some short acicular setae (Figs. 4 F – G).	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9237D2AFF2BFF45FDD9FF1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♂, SOUTH AFRICA: Tvl. D’Nyala N. R., Ellisras Dist., 23.45 S 27.49 E, 850 m, 8 – 11. XII. 1989, Horst Aspöck, Ulrike Aspöck & Mervyn Mansell (HUAC, now transferred to NHMW). Paratypes: 1 ♂, ETHIOPIA: Oromia Region, 5 km N Bitata, 1440 m, 17. IV. 2015, P. Schmit, collection of André Prost (MDC); 1 ♂, KENYA: Makueni County, Kiboko, “ Hunters Lodge Kenya. At Night 28. III. 78 // OUMNH- 2006 - 077 OX. UNI. MUS. NAT. HIST. Hope Ent. Coll. ” (OUMNH); 1 ♀, MALAWI: Thyolo District, “ Mikolongwe Niassaland Prot. 1923 // Collectie J. H. Jurriaanse Rotterdam // RMNH 1474080 ” (RMNH); 1 ♀, NAMIBIA: Kunene Region, Kamanjab, 10. III. 2018, Hu Li & Ye Liu (IZCAS); 1 ♂, NAMIBIA: “ D. S. W. - Afrika Okahandya, I. 03, L. Schultze S. ” (MfN); 1 ♀, NAMIBIA: Otjozondjupa Region, 20 km N Otjiwarongo, 16. XI. 2011, P. Schüle (CAU); 1 ♀, SOUTH AFRICA: Tvl. Flesta Hotel 20 km S Potgietersrus, 24.17 S 28.51 E; 1100 m, 16. XI. 1992, Herbert Hölzel, Peter Ohm & Mervyn Mansell, collection of Herbert Hölzel (NHMW); 1 ♂, TOGO: “ Bismarckburg, 3 – 10. XII. 92. L. Conradt S. ” (MfN); 1 ♀, TOGO: “ Bismarckburg, 17 – 23. XII. 92. L. Conradt S. ” (MfN).	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9237D2AFF2BFF45FDD9FF1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Haut-Uele); Ethiopia (Oromia); Kenya (Makueni); Malawi (Rumphi, Thyolo); Mozambique (Nhamatanda); Namibia (Kunene, Otjozondjupa); Nigeria (Agbor); South Africa (Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo); Togo (Pagala).	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9237D2AFF2BFF45FDD9FF1D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This new species is named after the famous Neuropterologist Prof. Mervyn Mansell, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the study of Myrmeleontidae. Additionally, the holotype of this new species was collected by him together with the authors Horst Aspöck and Ulrike Aspöck.	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
039987FFD9237D2AFF2BFF45FDD9FF1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species has long been considered conspecific with C. bouvieri, whose type locality is Madagascar. However, based on our morphological comparisons, the populations of C. bouvieri from Madagascar and the Comoros, and the populations resembling C. bouvieri from the African continent represent two distinct species, i. e., C. bouvieri and C. manselli sp. nov. (see remarks for C. bouvieri). Additionally, these two species appear also to be similar to C. mirabilis Gerstaecker, 1894 from East Africa. The wing patterns of C. bouvieri, C. manselli sp. nov., and C. mirabilis share a similar arrangement: e. g., two distinct oblique bands are present on basal 1 / 4 and half parts of forewing, and distal forewing is mostly brown with a triangular hyaline area present on the distal radial area, making them to be easily distinguished from other species. In other species of Cymothales, the markings on the middle part of the forewing are generally as discrete spots (e. g., C. annisancti Navás, 1926, C. capensis Mansell, 1987, C. exilis Mansell, 1987, C. massaronei Badano, 2020, and C. tjederi Mansell, 1987) or patterns composed of a slender stripe and a triangular ring marking (e. g., C. delicatus Banks, 1911, C. dulcis Gerstaecker, 1894, and C. marginatus Mansell, 1987). Although C. mirabilis closely resembles C. bouvieri and C. manselli sp. nov. in wing markings, it can be distinguished from them by several characters (Fig. 1 B): the head is generally pale yellow, the vertex is more rounded, the antenna is longer and slender, the pronontal pale stripes are broader, the oblique band at the basal 1 / 4 part of the forewing is wider, and the male gonocoxites 9 are slightly curved, blade-shaped in ventral view (Mansell 1987: fig. 88). Based on known records, the new species is more frequently found in semi-arid environments of the Afrotropical continent (Fig. 10).	en	Zheng, Yuchen, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Liu, Xingyue (2025): Cymothales manselli sp. nov.: an unexpected new antlion species widely distributed in the Afrotropics (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 5642 (4): 301-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.4.1
