occurrenceID	taxonID	catalogNumber	collectionCode	institutionCode	typeStatus	verbatimLabel	sex	individualCount	eventDate	recordedBy	recordNumber	decimalLatitude	decimalLongitude	minimumElevationInMeters	maximumElevationInMeters	minimumDepthInMeters	maximumDepthInMeters	country	stateProvince	municipality	locality	references	associatedOccurrences	associatedReferences	associatedSequences	basisOfRecord
039987A5FF8A4474BCE8FB66FE99F9CA.mc.3B583CEEFF8A4463BC88FA29FDC5F9A8	039987A5FF8A4474BCE8FB66FE99F9CA.taxon	ZIN 12474		ZIN		DESCRIPTION. The specimen ZIN 12474 collected in the type locality of Halcampa arctica is elongated, 26 mm in height and 8 mm in largest diameter. Theremainingspecimensmeasure 3 – 52 mm in length and 1 – 30 mm in largest diameter		1														https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039987A5FF8A4474BCE8FB66FE99F9CA#3B583CEEFF8A4463BC88FA29FDC5F9A8				MaterialCitation
039987A5FF8A4474BCE8FB66FE99F9CA.mc.3B583CEEFF8A4465BEFBFE68FE83FA07	039987A5FF8A4474BCE8FB66FE99F9CA.taxon	ZIN 12474		ZIN		The scapus of specimen ZIN 12474 and another 22 individuals is completely covered with sand particles and sediment (Figs 2 A, D (arrow), 3 A); only small areas of its surface may be naked. In the remaining specimens, the scapus is sheltered with sand to a lesser extent, sometimes entirely devoid of it (Fig. 4 B, E, H). The scapus wall has tenaculi, which vary greatly in size and shape even within the same specimen (Figs 2 D, 6). The tenaculi often resemble rather high, wide or narrow papillae that rise above the mesogloeal layer of the body wall (Figs 2 D, 6 A, C, 7 A, B), but they can also be very low, flattened and saucer-shaped (Fig. 7 C). Histological sections show that the ectoderm of the tenaculi is often located on a low rectangular or trapezoidal mesogloeal elevation that is slightly higher than the mesogloeal layer of the scapus wall; sometimes the mesogloeal elevation is completely absent (Figs 6 B, 7 D). The edges of the mesogloeal elevation often extend upward and to the side (Fig. 7 E). The upper surface of the mesogloeal elevation can be flat or more often forms a depression, sometimes pronounced. The surface of the elevation is covered with a modified ectoderm composed of very small and low cells, in contrast to the tall columnar cells of the remaining ectodermal layer, and includes glandular cells. This modified tenaculi ectoderm secretes a cuticle (Fig. 7 F, arrow) that promotes the attachment and retention of sand particles. The cuticle itself is easily lost along with sand grains when these are removed, and is typically visible only on histological sections (Fig. 7 F). The distinct golden-brown cuticle was clearly visible under low magnification in only four specimens (Fig. 7 G). Another variable tenaculi character is the varying degree of their development on the scapus of H. arctica. In most specimens, the tenaculi are very numerous and crowded (Figs 2 D, 4 B, 7 G). In some specimens, however, they are few and spaced, so that they absent in many places (Fig. 8 A). A few specimens had “ hidden ” tenaculi, so they appear as numerous small wrinkles or folds of varying sizes and irregular shapes. Only the presence of sand grains and sediment reveal these structures on the scapus wall to be tenaculi (Fig. 8 B). In some specimens, the tenaculi are difficult to detect due to loss of ectoderm during collection or fixation: here, tenaculi were clearly visible on most of the scapus but lacking in areas with lost ectoderm (Fig. 8 C). Tenaculi were not detected in one juvenile specimen completely devoid of ectoderm (Fig. 8 D). Although histological sections show a wrinkled surface of the mesogloeal layer of the scapus, the complete absence of ectoderm makes it impossible to determine the presence of tenaculi (Fig. 8 E). At the same time, there are many specimens completely or partially devoid of ectoderm but with well-developed tenaculi (Fig. 4 H). Moreover, the modified ectoderm of tenaculi of such specimens is not always lost along with the ectoderm of the scapus (Fig. 7 D)		5														https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039987A5FF8A4474BCE8FB66FE99F9CA#3B583CEEFF8A4465BEFBFE68FE83FA07				MaterialCitation
