identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039A9C31FFBC046D3D86CDC8FEC8C31E.text	039A9C31FFBC046D3D86CDC8FEC8C31E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratobias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1900	<div><p>Paratobias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</p><p>Paratobias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: 162, pl. 11, fig. 2.</p><p>Stephanopis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 . Simon 1903: 1017 (synonymization)</p><p>Paratobias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 . Machado &amp; Teixeira 2021: 297, figs 13b, 18c (revalidation)</p><p>Type species: Paratobias championi F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</p><p>Diagnosis. The species of Paratobias resemble those of Kryptochroma by their cryptic bark-dwelling habitus and enlarged anterior femora (I and II) with a set of setiferous tubercles (Figs 1A, B). However, Paratobias species can be recogninzed and distinguished from those of Kryptochroma and other stephanopines by their flattened carapace (Fig. 1C), presence of acute ocular projections projected frontwards and by the trapezoid opisthosoma, while Kryptochroma comprises individuals with a pronounced thoracic spire, absence of ocular projections and opisthosoma with five conical projections (see Machado et al. 2021). Moreover, Paratobias is also diagnosed by its reduced AME (1/3 the size of the ALE) and both eye rows recurved (Figs 4A, B), while Kryptochroma species have eyes of similar size and the posterior eye row is procurved. Paratobias species present only four ventral pairs of equal-sized macrosetae on the anterior tibiae (Fig. 1D), distinguishing from Kryptochroma whose species bear five pairs, being the distal and the proximal ones notably shorter than the others. In Paratobias, the female genitalia is diagnosed by the shallow epigynal plate with non-visible copulatory openings, which are positioned laterally and hidden by a fold on the integument at the border of the plate (Figs 4C, E). In Kryptochroma, the individuals have exposed copulatory openings at the center of the epigynal plate, usually separated by a median septum. In dorsal view, long and coiled copulatory ducts lead to a pair of twisted and constricted spermathecae in females of Paratobias (Figs 4D, F), while in Kryptochroma the copulatory ducts are short and go straight to a pair of oval spermathecae. The male palp of Paratobias species is characterized by the long, flexible and filiform embolus encircling the discoid tegulum, and the RTA is absent (Figs 5C–E). Males of Kryptochroma have a stout and conical RTA and a short and fixed embolus, emerging apically from a pear-shaped tegulum.</p><p>Description. Flattened prosoma, covered by hyaline filamentous setae and some club-shaped/clavate ones sparsely distributed. Both eye rows recurved, the ALE has twice the diameter of the AME and are located on a pair of acute ocular projections (Figs 1C, 4A, B); Anterior femora (I and II) present a set of stout spiniform macrosetae on their dorsal and prolateral surface, while tibiae I and II have four pairs of ventral macrosetae; tarsi are reduced (Fig. 4A). Opisthosoma is trapezoid, and like the prosoma, covered by hyaline filamentous setae and sparse clavate macrosetae (Fig. 4B); anal region well-developed, projected backwards. Female genitalia characterized by the flattened epigynal plate and copulatory openings hidden by lateral folds of the tegument (Figs 4C, E); long copulatory ducts, coiled anteriorly and leading to a pair of twisted spermathecae (Figs 4D, F). Male palpi without tegular apophysis and RTA, but presenting strong tibial macroseteae.</p><p>Distribution. MEXICO: Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana, San Luis Potosí and Veracruz; HONDURAS: Cortés (Fig. 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A9C31FFBC046D3D86CDC8FEC8C31E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Miguel;Guzati, Catherine;Teixeira, Renato Augusto	Machado, Miguel, Guzati, Catherine, Teixeira, Renato Augusto (2025): Taxonomic notes on Paratobias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: updated diagnosis and a new species description (Araneae, Thomisidae, Stephanopinae). Zootaxa 5692 (2): 381-392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5692.2.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5692.2.10
039A9C31FFBF04693D86CF01FA02C5D3.text	039A9C31FFBF04693D86CF01FA02C5D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratobias invictus Machado & Guzati & Teixeira 2025	<div><p>Paratobias invictus Machado sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1A, 2, 3</p><p>Type material: Holotype: female, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-95.07389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.584723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -95.07389/lat 18.584723)">Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas</a>, Veracruz, Mexico [18°35′05″N, 95°04′26″W], 29 June – 01 July 1983, W. Maddison &amp; R. S. Anderson (MCZ 134014) . Paratypes: 2 males and 5 females, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.8/lat 18.616667)">Francisco Escárcega</a>, Campeche, Mexico [18°37′00″N, 90°48′00″W], 11–12 July 1983, W. Maddison (MCZ 134008) ; 1 female, San Luis Potosí, Mexico [22°07′40″N, 101°00′14″W], 08 June 1983, W. Maddison (MCZ 134009) .</p><p>Other material examined. MEXICO: Veracruz: 1♀, San Andrés Tuxtla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-95.075134&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.586445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -95.075134/lat 18.586445)">Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas</a>, 18°35′11.2″N, 95°04′30.5″W, 18–31 July 2014, A.M. Girotti (IBSP 226315) . Chiapas: 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.01667/lat 17.483334)">Palenque Ruins</a>, 17°29′00″N, 92°01′00″W, 02–11 July 1983, W. Maddison &amp; R . S. Anderson (MCZ 134011) . Quintana Roo: 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.8/lat 18.433332)">Kohunlich</a> ruins, 18°26’N, 88°48’W, 14–17 July 1983, W. Maddison &amp; R . S. Anderson (MCZ 134013) . Oaxaca: 1♀, 13 km south of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.166664/lat 17.983334)">Tuxtepec on Highway</a> 175, 17°59’N, 96°10’W, 26 June 1983, W. Maddison &amp; R . S. Anderson (MCZ 134012) .</p><p>Etymology. The epithet is a Latin masculine adjective meaning “undefeated” or someone who refuses to loose in the face of adversity. The name plays with the polysemy of the epithet “ championi ” from its congeneric species, described by Pickard-Cambridge (1900) to honor Mr. Champion, who collected several specimens in Panama. Thus, while the type species is “the champion”, the new species described here is the “the undefeated”.</p><p>Diagnosis. Females of P. invictus sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of P. championi by their yellowish body coloration and by their more discrete femoral macrosetae (Fig. 1A). Compared to P. championi, P. invictus sp. nov. not only presents less macrosetae on their femora, as the ventral ones are close together, the setiferous tubercles are smaller and the femora per se are thinner (Fig 1A). The epigynal plate of P. invictus sp. nov. is wider than long rather than as long as wide, and its copulatory ducts are shorter than those of P. championi, coiling twice before they get to a pair of screw-shaped spermathecae (Figs 2D, F). Males of P. invictus sp. nov. can be distinguished by their few and smaller femoral macrosetae, like in its conspecific female, when compared to males of P. championi . Palpi are very similar to those of P. championi for being little informative and lack apophyses, but can be diagnosed by their slightly longer and piriform cymbium and shorter embolus, giving just one round around the tegulum (Figs 3C–F) instead of two, like in P. championi . The shorter embolus in P. invictus sp. nov. coincides with the shorter copulatory ducts of its conspecific female. The same is valid for the match in length of these structures when we observe the male and female of P. championi .</p><p>Description. Female (Holotype MCZ 134014): Anterior and posterior eye rows slightly recurved, ALE almost three times bigger than the AME (Fig. 2B). Flattened prosoma, covered by colorless bristles, orange on the sides and gradually darker on the thoracic and cephalic median areas; dark-orange to brown clypeus with five marginal macrosetae (Figs 2A, B). Yellowish sternum with darker borders, brown labium and endites with yellow borders and an entirely brown chelicerae. Light-yellow trapezoid opisthosoma with brown stains and black clavate setae sparsely distributed (Fig. 2A). Anterior legs orange and posterior ones slightly lighter, but all of them with dark stains and some marks randomly distributed (mostly on femora).</p><p>Measurements. eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.20, PME 0.10, PLE 0.18, AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.10, PME-PME 0.14, PME-PLE 0.24. Prosoma 3.25 long, 3.04 wide; opisthosoma length 4.00; total body length 7.25. Clypeus 0.24 high; sternum 1.44 long, 1.36 wide; endites 0.72 long, 0.40 wide; labium 0.44 long, 0.58 wide. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3: leg I – femur 3.15/ patella 1.70/ tibia 2.75/ metatarsus 2/ tarsus 1/ total 10.60; II – 3.05/ 1.50/ 2.50/ 1.75/ 0.90/ 9.70; III – 1.75/ 1/ 1.50/ 1/ 0.75/ 6; IV – 2.50/ 1/ 1.45/ 1/ 0.75/ 6.70.</p><p>Male (MCZ 134008): Eyes disposition and size proportion as in female (Fig. 3B), prosoma predominantly dark-orange with cephalic region brownish. Legs I and II predominantly dark-orange like the prosoma, while the posterior femora are light-yellow at their proximal section, darker around the setiferous tubercles (Fig. 3A). Opisthosoma yellow on the venter and sides but brown on the dorsum (Fig. 3A). Palp presents a discoid tegulum and filiform embolus; apophysis all absent (Figs 3C–F). Measurements. eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.03, ALE 0.09, PME 0.08, PLE 0.09, AME-AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-PME 0.08, PME-PLE 0.12. Prosoma 1.51 long, 1.40 wide; opisthosoma length 1.38; total body length 2.89. Clypeus 0.08 high; sternum 0.67 long, 0.67 wide; endites 0.25 long, 0.16 wide; labium 0.19 long, 0.23 wide. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3: leg I – femur 1.72/ patella 0.78/ tibia 1.53/ metatarsus 1.12/ tarsus 0.54/ total 5.69; II – 1.62/ 0.69/ 1.43/ 1.05/ 0.48/ 5.27; III – 0.94/ 0.46/ 0.81/ 0.57/ 0.40/ 3.18; IV – 1.02/ 0.46/ 0.76/ 0.60/ 0.39/ 3.23.</p><p>Distribution. MEXICO: Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí and Veracruz (Fig. 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A9C31FFBF04693D86CF01FA02C5D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Miguel;Guzati, Catherine;Teixeira, Renato Augusto	Machado, Miguel, Guzati, Catherine, Teixeira, Renato Augusto (2025): Taxonomic notes on Paratobias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: updated diagnosis and a new species description (Araneae, Thomisidae, Stephanopinae). Zootaxa 5692 (2): 381-392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5692.2.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5692.2.10
039A9C31FFBB04653D86CE4CFD8EC75A.text	039A9C31FFBB04653D86CE4CFD8EC75A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratobias championi F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1900	<div><p>Paratobias championi F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</p><p>Figs 1B–D, 4, 5</p><p>Paratobias championi F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: 162, pl. 11, fig. 2. Machado &amp; Teixeira 2021: 297, figs 13b, 18c. Stephanopis championi (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900) . Simon 1903: 1017.</p><p>Type material: Holotype: female from Bugaba, Panama, November 1882 – March 1883, G. Champion, not examined (presumably lost).</p><p>Other examined material: HONDURAS: Cortés: 1♀, San Pedro Sula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.26361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.5419445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.26361/lat 15.5419445)">Parque Nacional Cusuco</a>, 15°32′31″N, 88°15′49″W, 14 July 2013, D. R . Williams, S.J. Longhorn &amp; K.O. Sagastume (MCTP 46037) . MEXICO: Oaxaca: 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.26222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.793888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.26222/lat 17.793888)">Valle Nacional</a>, 17°47′38″N, 96°15′44″W, 03 August 1983, W. Maddison (MCZ 134010) .</p><p>Note. Although the holotype of P. championi has not been examined because it is presumably lost (see Materials &amp; methods), the illustrations provided by Pickard-Cambridge (1900) clearly show its diagnostic features, such as the enlarged anterior femora and their setiferous tubercles (Fig. 1B). The flattened epigynal plate and the helicoidal copulatory ducts, which can be seen through the tegument transparency, are also represented in the original sketches (see Pickard-Cambridge 1900) and allowed the safe recognition of the species.</p><p>Diagnosis. Females of P. championi can be distinguished from those of P. invictus sp. nov. by their darker body coloration, enlarged anterior femora with six or seven stout macrosetae, being two of these macrosetae longitudinally disposed on the dorsal surface of this leg segment (Fig. 1B). Moreover, the base of these macrosetae are well-developed conical intumescences, or setiferous tubercles (Fig. 1B). Females of P. invictus sp. nov., on the other hand, are yellowish, have only five femoral macroseta with discrete setiferous tubercles, giving the spider a less armed aspect (Fig 1A). The epigynum in P. championi can be also distinguished from that of P. invictus sp. nov. by its longer copulatory ducts, presenting three coils before their descent to the spermathecae, which are twisted and constricted in the middle (Figs 4D, F). In females of P. invictus sp. nov. the copulatory ducts are shorter, coiling only twice before they reach the spermathecae (Fig 2D, F).</p><p>Description. Female (MCTP 46037): Anterior eye row slightly recurved and posterior slightly procurved, ALE diameter twice that of the AME and with conical ocular projections (Fig. 4B); labium, endites, sternum and chelicerae entirely brownish-red; flattened prosoma (dorsoventrally compressed) with median portion slightly darker than the sides; trapezoid opisthosoma, predominantly dark-yellowish with a pair of lighter longitudinal stripes along the sides of the sigillae (Fig. 4A); anterior border of opisthosoma is straight. Anterior legs (I and II) entirely brownish red with femora bearing stout setiferous tubercles. Posterior legs (III and IV) predominantly dark-yellow except for the femora, which are lighter (with few brown spots) at their proximal portion and turning brown close to the patellae.</p><p>Measurements. eye diameters and interdistances:AME 0.07, ALE 0.19, PME 0.11, PLE 0.14, AME-AME 0.14, AME-ALE 0.16, PME-PME 0.19, PME-PLE 0.30. Prosoma 3.22 long, 3.11 wide; opisthosoma length 3.55; total body length 6.77. Clypeus 0.30 high; sternum 1.50 long, 1.35 wide; endites 0.77 long, 0.35 wide; labium 0.44 long, 0.54 wide. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3: leg I – femur 3.33/ patella 1.66/ tibia 2.88/ metatarsus 1.88/ tarsus 1/ total 10.75; II – 3.11/ 1.44/ 2.77/ 1.77/ 0.77/ 9.86; III – 1.88/ 1/ 1.55/ 1.1/ 0.77/ 6.3; IV – 2.11/ 1.1/ 1.55/ 1.1/ 0.77/ 6.63.</p><p>Male (MCZ 134010): Reddish-brown, flattened prosoma, eyes disposition and size proportion as in female (Figs 5A, B); chelicerae, endites and sternum entirely reddish-brown. Dark-yellowish opisthosoma on the sides, with pale-brown median and posterior area. Legs have the same color as the prosoma, except for the proximal area of the posterior femora (III and IV), which are yellowish. Palpi lack the RTA, bearing strong macrosetae instead (Figs 5D, F) and presenting a long and filiform embolus encircling the tegulum thrice (Figs 5C, 2E). Other characteristics as in the females. Measurements: eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.20, PME 0.14, PLE 0.18, AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.10, PME-PME 0.18, PME-PLE 0.18. Prosoma 2.75 long, 2.81 wide, opisthosoma length 2.90; total body length 5.56. Clypeus 0.24 high; sternum 1.20 long, 1.20 wide; endites 0.68 long, 0.34 wide; labium 0.40 long, 0.50 wide. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3: leg I – femur 2.81/ patella 1.40/ tibiae 2.34/ metatarsus 1.68/ tarsus 0.94/ total 9.17; II – 2.81/ 1.40/ 2.34/ 1.68/ 0.94/ 9.17; III – 1.56/ 0.78/ 1.40/ 0.94/ 0.78/ 5.46; IV – 1.56/ 0.78/ 1.40/ 0.94/ 0.78/ 5.46.</p><p>Distribution. Originally known from PANAMA (Bugaba), herein newly recorded from HONDURAS (Cortés) and MEXICO (Oaxaca) (Fig. 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A9C31FFBB04653D86CE4CFD8EC75A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Miguel;Guzati, Catherine;Teixeira, Renato Augusto	Machado, Miguel, Guzati, Catherine, Teixeira, Renato Augusto (2025): Taxonomic notes on Paratobias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: updated diagnosis and a new species description (Araneae, Thomisidae, Stephanopinae). Zootaxa 5692 (2): 381-392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5692.2.10, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5692.2.10
