identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039E87DBF150FF9B81A6FC41CC7FA1E5.text	039E87DBF150FF9B81A6FC41CC7FA1E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bylgides Chamberlin 1919	<div><p>Genus Bylgides Chamberlin, 1919</p><p>Type species. Bylgia elegans Théel, 1879</p><p>Diagnosis (after Pettibone 1993): Body with up to 38 segments. With up to 15 pairs of elytra on segments 2, 4, 5, 7; segments alternating up to segment 23, 26, 29, and 32; elytra with papillae, with or without microtubercles. Dorsal cirri on segments without elytra, with cylindrical cirrophores; dorsal tubercles nodular to digitiform on cirri bearing segments. Prostomium bilobed, with cephalic peaks more or less distinct, with three antennae, paired palps, and two pairs of eyes; median antenna with a ceratophore in the anterior notch; lateral antennae with ceratophores inserted ventrally. Tentaculophores of the first segment tentacular lateral to the prostomium, each with one aciculum, with or without chaetae, and dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri. Second segment or buccal segment with the first pair of elytra, biramous parapodia, and long ventral buccal cirri, laterally to the mouth; with or without a nuchal lobe; pharynx with nine pairs of marginal papillae and two pairs of hooks, shaped jaws. Biramous parapodia; welldeveloped notopodia and neuropodia; neuropodia with a conical pre-chaetal acicular lobe and digitiform supra-acicular process, post-chaetal lobe rounded. Notochaetae more robust than neurochaetae, with numerous rows of spines and short, smooth tips. Neurochaetae with elongated spiny regions, all with pointed tips or some with blunt acicular tips. Short ventral cirri on all segments. Pygidium with a pair of anal cirri.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E87DBF150FF9B81A6FC41CC7FA1E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ogawa, Namy;Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha;Rizzo, Alexandra E.	Ogawa, Namy, Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha, Rizzo, Alexandra E. (2025): New species of scale worms of the genus Bylgides (Annelida: Polynoidae) and Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 5719 (2): 243-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4
039E87DBF150FF9A81A6F9FACDD6A72F.text	039E87DBF150FF9A81A6F9FACDD6A72F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bylgides Chamberlin 1919	<div><p>Key to all species of Bylgides</p><p>1. Nuchal lobe present................................................................................... 2 Nuchal lobe absent................................................................................... 4</p><p>2(1). Presence of spots around the eyes, smooth notochaetae throughout.................... Bylgides samueli sp. nov. (Brazil) Absence of spots around the eyes, spiny notochaetae throughout................................................ 3</p><p>3(2). Nodular dorsal tubercle............................................. Bylgides acutisetis Loshamn, 1981 (Norway) Bulbous dorsal tubercle with a flattened digitiform process projecting laterally.................................................................................................... Bylgides annenkovae Pettibone, 1993 (Norway)</p><p>4(1). Elytra with microtubercles............................................................................. 5 Elytra without microtubercles........................................................................... 6</p><p>5(4). Neurochaetae with smooth capillary tips and some slightly hook-shaped tips, cylindrical elytral papillae with clavate tips and rounded chitinous bases.............................. Bylgides sarsi (variety) (Kinberg in Malmgren, 1866) (Sweden) Neurochaetae with plumose and slender tips, clavate elytral papillae......... Bylgides macrolepidus (Moore, 1905) (Russia)</p><p>6(4). Presence of spots around the eyes; elytra smooth................................. Bylgides cinthyae sp. nov. (Brazil) Absence of spots around the eyes; elytra papillated........................................................... 7</p><p>7(6). Filiform elytral papillae....................................... Bylgides fuscus (Hartman &amp; Fauchald, 1971) (USA) Elytral papillae otherwise............................................................................... 8</p><p>8(7). Indistinct nephridial papillae.......................................... Bylgides belfastensis Pettibone, 1993 (USA) Distinct nephridial papillae............................................................................. 9</p><p>9(8). All neurochaetae with long capillary tips.................................................................. 10 Neurochaetae with capillary tips and some with slightly hook-shaped tips........................................ 11</p><p>10(9). Elytral papillae with circular base, tapering distally.................... Bylgides promamme (Malmgren, 1867) (Russia) Elytral papillae with cylindrical base, not tapering distally............. Bylgides groenlandicus (Malmgren, 1867) (Russia)</p><p>11(9). Cylindrical elytral papilla with clavate tip and absent chitinous bases............. Bylgides elegans (Théel, 1879) (Russia) Cylindrical elytral papilla without clavate tip and present chitinous bases.................................................................................................. Bylgides sarsi (Kinberg in Malmgren, 1866) (Sweden)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E87DBF150FF9A81A6F9FACDD6A72F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ogawa, Namy;Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha;Rizzo, Alexandra E.	Ogawa, Namy, Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha, Rizzo, Alexandra E. (2025): New species of scale worms of the genus Bylgides (Annelida: Polynoidae) and Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 5719 (2): 243-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4
039E87DBF151FF9381A6FCACCADEA3D3.text	039E87DBF151FF9381A6FCACCADEA3D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bylgides samueli Ogawa & Miranda & Rizzo 2025	<div><p>Bylgides samueli sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 1–4)</p><p>Type Material.</p><p>Holotype: UERJ — Pol 0327 Brazil: Santos <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.288067&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.985298" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.288067/lat -23.985298)">Port Channel</a>, São Paulo state (23º 59'07.07"S, 46º 17'17.04"W) at 10 meters depth.; 9 Oct 2006.</p><p>Measurement: Complete specimen, 35 segments; 8 mm in length, 2 mm in width (excluding chaetae).</p><p>Description: Body flattened dorsoventrally, tapering slightly anteriorly and posteriorly. Fifteen pairs of elytra present on segments 2, 4, 5, alternating from segments 7 to 23, and on segments 26, 29, 32. Reniform elytra covering completely dorsum, attached to prominent elytrophores (Fig. 1C, D). Elytra without scattered tubercles, microtubercles absent, dorsal surface, lateral and posterior margins with long, filamentous papillae with blunt tips (Figs 1D; 2D). Dorsal cirri on cylindrical cirrophores on posterior surface of notopodium, extending beyond neurochaetae, with some small clavate papillae scattered over its surface (Fig. 1C). Nodular dorsal tubercles on nonelytrigerous segments (Figs 1C; 3A).</p><p>Prostomium bilobed with small rounded anterior margins small, inconspicuous, cephalic peaks, lateral margins projecting below anterior pair of eyes. Two pairs of eyes, with anterior pair on larger portion of prostomium, larger than posterior pair, which is on posteriormost projection of prostomium; eyespots located just after anterior pair of eyes. Median antenna long and smooth on a large, bulbous ceratophore inserted in anterior median notch (Fig. 1C). Lateral antennae short, subulate, with mamilliform papillae on inner face (Fig. 1F); ceratophores short, rounded, ventrally to median antennae. Palps robust, conical, with small papillae scattered on its surface. Tentaculophores lateral to the prostomium, supported by a projecting acicula; a single saberlike, smooth notochaeta on the inner face of tentaculophore (Fig. 1E). Two pairs of tentacular cirri, tapered, with mamilliform papillae up to posterior third, apical region smooth; dorsal cirri longer than ventral ones (approximately 30% longer) (Fig. 1C); facial tubercle absent.</p><p>Second segment with dorsal nuchal lobe. First pair of elytrophores prominent. Parapodia biramous with rami subequal in length. Ventral buccal cirri lateral to mouth, longer than parapodia, tapering, smooth, similar to those in following segments, but twice as larger. Pharynx not everted, prolonging from the 5 th to the 14 th segments, two pairs of amber coloured jaws on its anterior border.</p><p>Parapodia prominent, biramous, gradually increasing in size to median region, decreasing in last segments. Notopodium small (three times smaller than neuropodium), with conical acicular lobe, acicular tip projecting from epidermis (Fig. 2C). Neuropodium with subconical pre-chaetal lobe, acicula projecting form epidermis, and small acicular knob above; postchaetal lobe rounded. Notochaetae more robust than neurochaetae, organized in three fascicles: dorsalmost short and curved (Fig. 3B), intermediate fascicle straight, smooth with rounded tip (Fig. 3C), and ventral fascicle longer, straight, with acuminate tips (Fig. 3D). Neurochaetae organized in three fascicles: dorsal neurochaetae long, barbed capillary chaetae with two rows of lateral spines on the distal region (Fig. 3H–J); intermediate neurochaetae lanceolate, with one or two rows of small spines on subdistal region, tips recurvated (Fig. 3E, F); ventral neurochaetae, shorter than upper subacicular, with smooth surface (Fig. 3G). Ventral cirri subulate and smooth on globular ceratophores.</p><p>Pygidium rectangular, with length equal to previous segments. Anus dorsal. Pygidial cirri longer than dorsal cirri, surface smooth, tapering to acuminate tips (Fig. 2A). Short and bulbous nephridial papillae between parapodia, starting on segment 12 and continuing to last segment.</p><p>Green fluorescence present under ultraviolet light and red fluorescence present under green light across entire body except on elytral papillae (Fig. 4A, D).</p><p>Etymology. The species name Bylgides samueli is in honor of our friend and polychaetologist M.Sc. Samuel Lucas Delgado da Silva Mendes.</p><p>Geographic and Bathymetric Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Brazil: Santos Port Channel, São Paulo, at 10 meters depth .</p><p>Remarks. Bylgides samueli sp. nov. is compared to other species in the genus in Table 1. The new species is morphologically similar to B. acutisetis and B. annenkovae as these are the only species presenting a nuchal lobe. However, the new species differs from the later in having smooth median antenna and ventral cirri, in contrast to the papillated condition observed in the other species. Bylgides samueli sp. nov. differs from B. acutisetis in possessing a pigmented prostomium. Bylgides samueli sp. nov. has very small, rather inconspicuous, cephalic peaks, while they are well developed in B. acutisetis and B. annenkovae . Notochaetae also can be used the distinguish the three species, Bylgides samueli sp. nov. has smooth notochaetae, in contrast to spinous notochaetae observed in the other two species.</p><p>......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page</p><p>The characters described above, and also the type and distribution of papillae on the lateral antennae, the position of the first nephridial papillae, and the number of fascicles of notochaetae, are useful to distinguish Bylgides samueli sp. nov. from its congeners.</p><p>In relation to B. cinthyae sp. nov., Bylgides samueli sp. nov. is distinguished based on the presence of the nuchal lobe, the smooth median antenna, unpigmented prostomium, three fascicles of notochaetae all smooth, and middle fascicle of neurochaetae with hooked tips.</p><p>Fluorescence has not previously been documented in any other species of Bylgides . Expanding studies on the occurrence of this trait within the genus, and across the family, may not only increase the number of known cases but also provide a useful taxonomic character. Bylgides samueli sp. nov. exhibits a strong green fluorescence under violet illumination and a weaker red fluorescence under green light. This makes B. samueli sp. nov. the first species of the genus reported to display fluorescence.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E87DBF151FF9381A6FCACCADEA3D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ogawa, Namy;Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha;Rizzo, Alexandra E.	Ogawa, Namy, Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha, Rizzo, Alexandra E. (2025): New species of scale worms of the genus Bylgides (Annelida: Polynoidae) and Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 5719 (2): 243-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4
039E87DBF159FF9781A6FF5CC97DA377.text	039E87DBF159FF9781A6FF5CC97DA377.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bylgides cinthyae Ogawa & Miranda & Rizzo 2025	<div><p>Bylgides cinthyae sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 5–7)</p><p>Type Material.</p><p>Holotype: UERJ — Pol 8751 Brazil: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.412376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.413302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.412376/lat -11.413302)">Piauí-Real Complex</a>, Sergipe state (11º 24'47.89"S, 37º 24'44.55"W) at 1–27 meters depth.; 22 Feb 1991.</p><p>Paratype (2 specimens): UERJ — Pol 8850 ; UERJ — Pol 8851 Brazil: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.412376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.413302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.412376/lat -11.413302)">Piauí-Real Complex</a>, Sergipe state (11º 24'47.89"S, 37º 24'44.55"W) at 1–27 meters depth; 22 Feb 1991 .</p><p>Measurements: All specimens complete. Holotype 8 mm long, 2 mm width for 29 segments. Paratypes 3–8 mm long, 2 mm width for 14–28 segments.</p><p>Description: Body flattened dorsoventrally, tapering slightly posteriorly. Fifteen pairs of elytra present on segments 2, 4, 5, alternating from segments 7 to 23, and on segments 24, 25, and 27. Elytra partially covering the dorsum, attached to prominent elytrophores (Figs 6A; 7A), last two segments with dorsal cirri. Elytra rounded on anteriormost segments, oval on middle and posterior segments; smooth, brown pigmentation forming a crescent shaped on the internal margin of elytra, and a round spot present on the elytral insertion. Dorsal cirri, smooth, tapering, on cylindrical cirrophores attached on the posterior surface of the notopodium, extending beyond the neurochaetae (Fig. 7A). Nodular dorsal tubercles near the basis of cirrophores and elytrophores, less prominent on posteriormost segments.</p><p>Prostomium bilobed, with sulcus reaching middle of cephalic region, small rounded cephalic peaks present on anterior border. Two opaque spots located on anterior half of prostomium. Two pairs of sessile eyes, small, black, and rounded; anterior pair larger than posterior one and placed on widest part of prostomium; posterior pair at posterior margin, near nuchal slit. Median antenna bulbous and tapering, twice as long as lateral antennae, insertion on prostomial anterior notch; style with scattered, clavate papillae (Fig. 7A). Ceratophores of lateral antennae short, rounded, fused latero-ventrally to median antenna; styles short, subulate, with scattered, clavate papillae over its surface (Fig. 7A). Palps long and smooth (Fig. 7A). Tentaculophores lateral to prostomium with a small projecting aciculum, and a small curved notochaeta on its inner face (Fig. 5A). Tentacular cirri tapering (Fig. 6B), with clavate papillae over its surface, densely arranged at basis and smoother in subdistal region, dorsal pair about 1/3 longer than ventral cirri.</p><p>Second segment without dorsal nuchal fold. First pair of elytrophores prominent. Parapodia biramous, notopodium half the lenght of neuropodium. Ventral buccal cirri lateral to mouth, longer than parapodia, tapering, smooth, similar to those in following segments, but three time larger. Pharynx not everted, prolonging from the 5 th to 12 th segments, two pair of amber coloured jaws on its anterior border, viewed by transparency.</p><p>Notopodium conical, with projecting acicular lobe, half the lenght of neuropodium. Notochaeta organized into two bundles, the dorsalmost are shorter than the lower bundle, both groups of notochaetae are curved, stout, with row of spines on the convex surface. Neuropodia conical, neurochaetae similar throughout, all are lanceolate in shape, thin, straight, with spiny structures along the inner surface. Pharynx not everted and not examined.</p><p>Parapodia prominent, gradually increasing in length up to the middle of the body and decreasing towards the posterior region; biramous, notopodia half the length of neuropodia. Notopodia conical with prominent acicular lobe. Notochaetae more robust than neurochaetae, organized in two fascicles: dorsal fascicle more robust, shorter, curved, with rows of spines on the outer convex margin (Fig. 7B); ventral fascicle longer, sabrelike, with rows of spines on convex margin (Figs 6C; 7C). Neuropodia with a subconical post-chaetal lobe and a longer acicular pre-chaetal lobe with a digitiform supra-acicular projection. Neurochaetae lanceolate, with entire tips (Fig. 7D); supra-acicular chaetae barbed, with rows of spines on both sides (Fig. 7E), sub acicular chaetae with a single row of lateral spines (Fig. 7F). Ventral cirri subulate and smooth.</p><p>Pygidium with anal cirri similar in shape to the dorsal cirri. Nephridial papillae short and bulbous located laterally between the parapodia, starting on segment 12 and presenting through remaining segments.</p><p>Fluorescence observed only under green illumination, by exhibiting a faint red light under this spectrum. Under UV illumination no excitation was observed.</p><p>Etymology. The species name Bylgides cinthyae sp. nov. is after the polychaetologist Dra. Cinthya Simone Gomes Santos, for her contribution to the study of the polychaetes, particularly nereidids, and to celebrate our friendship.</p><p>Geographic and Bathymetric Distribution. Brazil: estuary of the Piauí River, Sergipe state at 1–27 meters depth.</p><p>Remarks. The new species is also compared with other congeners in Table 1. Bylgides cinthyae sp. nov. is unique in having smooth palps, elytra and dorsal cirri, and inconspicuous dorsal tubercles on posteriormost segments.</p><p>Bylgides cinthyae sp. nov. resembles B. acutisetis in having a pigmented prostomium, the former has brown spots covering almost all the prostomium, while the latter has black pigments on the anterior half only. Both species can be differentiated based on presence of smooth palps, elytra and dorsal cirri, on B. cinthyae, whereas B. acutisetis present these structures ornamented. Both species also differ in the segmental origin of the nephridial papillae.</p><p>The crescent-shaped pigmentation pattern presented in preserved specimens of Bylgides cinthyae sp. nov. is shared only with two congeners, B. elegans and B. macrolepidus . However, B. elegans has smooth elytra, in contrast to the papillated condition observed in B. macrolepidus . The three species can also be differentiated by the ventral cirri: smooth in B. cinthyae sp. nov., but papillated in the other two species. In addition, the absence of middle neurochaetae with hooked tips, in Bylgides cinthyae sp. nov., further separates it from both B. elegans and B. macrolepidus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E87DBF159FF9781A6FF5CC97DA377	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ogawa, Namy;Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha;Rizzo, Alexandra E.	Ogawa, Namy, Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha, Rizzo, Alexandra E. (2025): New species of scale worms of the genus Bylgides (Annelida: Polynoidae) and Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 5719 (2): 243-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4
039E87DBF15DFF9681A6FEA4CCFBA762.text	039E87DBF15DFF9681A6FEA4CCFBA762.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe Johnston 1839	<div><p>Genus Pholoe Johnston, 1839</p><p>Type species. Pholoe inornata Johnston, 1839</p><p>Diagnosis (After Pettibone 1992): Body with up to 90 segments. Elytra on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, in alternating segments up to segment 23, then on every segment until the end of the body. Dorsal tubercles present on segments without elytra. Elytra papillated. Without dorsal cirri and gills. Prostomium bilobed and tentaculophores fused with the prostomium. Prominent facial tubercle. Median antenna on the anterior region of the prostomium, inserted into a ceratophore without an auricle. Lateral antennae present or absent. Sometimes with two pairs of eyes, occasionally fused. Tentaculophores without chaetae. Palps robust. Second segment, or buccal segment, bearing the first pair of elytra, having biramous parapodia, and ventral oral cirri. Pharynx with 18 papillae and two pairs of jaws. All parapodia with a conical and acicular notopodial lobe, as well as the neuropodial lobe, the latter of which may have distal papillae. Notochaetae simple, capillary, spiny, and may be geniculate or straight. Neurochaetae compound, with spiny shafts and blades. Ventral cirri on all chaetigers. Pygidium with a pair of anal cirri.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E87DBF15DFF9681A6FEA4CCFBA762	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ogawa, Namy;Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha;Rizzo, Alexandra E.	Ogawa, Namy, Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha, Rizzo, Alexandra E. (2025): New species of scale worms of the genus Bylgides (Annelida: Polynoidae) and Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 5719 (2): 243-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4
039E87DBF15DFF8981A6FC61CDD6A6CD.text	039E87DBF15DFF8981A6FC61CDD6A6CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe Johnston 1839	<div><p>Key to all species of Pholoe</p><p>1. Prostomium oval..................................................................................... 2 Prostomium otherwise................................................................................ 12</p><p>2(1) Eyes present......................................................................................... 3 Eyes absent......................................................................................... 4</p><p>3(2) Lateral antennae present............................................................................... 5 Lateral antennae absent................................................................................ 6</p><p>4(2) Lateral antennae present............................................... P. courtneyae Blake, 1995 (Pacific, USA) Lateral antennae absent............................................. P. anoculata Hartman, 1965 (Atlantic, USA)</p><p>5(3) Elytral surface with papillae becoming less numerous towards the posterior body region.................................................................................................. P. longa (O.F. Müller, 1776) (Danish) Elytral surface with a uniform number of papillae throughout the body........................ P. baltica Örsted, 1843 .</p><p>6(3) Neuropodium with globular papillae...................................................................... 7 Neuropodium without globular papillae................................................................... 8</p><p>7(6) Elytra not covering the mid-dorsal region................................... P. minuta Fabricius, 1780) (Greenland) Elytra covering the mid-dorsal region..................................................................... 9</p><p>8(6) Neuropodium with stylodes............................................. P. glabra Hartman, 1961 (Pacific, USA) Neuropodium without stylodes......................................................................... 11</p><p>9(7) Elytral margin and surface with few conical papillae, with fine and elongated tips..... P. fauveli Kirkegaard, 1983 (France) Elytral surface smooth................................................................................ 10</p><p>10(9) Elytra surface unpigmented; Papillae on the outer border cylindrical................. P. petersenae Ravara &amp; Cunha, 2016 Elytral with brackish pigment on the elytra Insertion; papillae on the outer margin large and filamentous........................................................................... P. minutissima Hartmann-Schröder, 1980 (Australia)</p><p>11(8) Tentacular cirrus without papillae............................................. P. assimilis Örsted, 1845 (Norway) Tentacular cirrus with papillae................................... P. polymorpha (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962) (Chile)</p><p>12(1) Prostomium subtriangular; elytra with nine rows of radial papillae in the latero-posterior region of the dorsal surface, two to five papillae per row................................................ P. chinensis Wu, Zhao &amp; Ding, 1994 (China) Prostomium triangular; elytra otherwise.................................................................. 12</p><p>12(11) Eyes absent............................................................ P. pallida Chambers, 1985 (England) Eyes present........................................................................................ 13</p><p>13(12) Neuropodium with stylodes............................................................................ 14 Neuropodium without stylodes......................................................................... 15</p><p>14(13) Lateral antennae absent...................................................... Pholoe amandae sp. nov. (Brazil) Lateral antennae present.................................... P. microantennata Padovanni &amp; Amaral, 2013 (Brazil)</p><p>15(13) Anterior elytra with marginal papillae, becoming submarginal on median and posterior elytra....................................................................................... P. inornata Johnston, 1839 (Northwest Atlantic) Elytra otherwise.................................................................................... 16)</p><p>16(15) All neurochaetae with subterminal spines on the shaft of equal length in all chaetae................................................................................................ P. spinosa Hartmann-Schröder, 1991 (Australia) Lowermost bundle of neurochaetae with spines on the subterminal region of the shaft longer than those on the upper neurochaetae....................................................... P. toumatuensis Hartmann- Schröder, 1992 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E87DBF15DFF8981A6FC61CDD6A6CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ogawa, Namy;Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha;Rizzo, Alexandra E.	Ogawa, Namy, Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha, Rizzo, Alexandra E. (2025): New species of scale worms of the genus Bylgides (Annelida: Polynoidae) and Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 5719 (2): 243-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4
039E87DBF142FF8A81A6FC81CD7DA5CF.text	039E87DBF142FF8A81A6FC81CD7DA5CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe amandae Ogawa & Miranda & Rizzo 2025	<div><p>Pholoe amandae sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 8 and 9)</p><p>Type Material.</p><p>Holotype: UERJ — <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.133293&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.17325" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.133293/lat -23.17325)">Pol</a> 9657 Brazil: Lopes Mendes Beach, Ilha Grande Bay, RJ (23° 10'23.7"S 44° 7'59.86"W); 18 Oct 2022.</p><p>Paratypes (5 specimens): UERJ — <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.133293&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.17325" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.133293/lat -23.17325)">Pol</a> 9658 Brazil: Lopes Mendes Beach, Ilha Grande Bay, RJ (23° 10'23.7"S 44° 7'59.86"W) ; 18 Oct 2022.</p><p>Measurements: All specimens incomplete. Holotype 0.6mm long including pharynx, 0.32mm width excluding chaetae, for 14 segments. Paratypes 0.5–0.7 mm long including pharynx, 0.12–0.32 width excluding chaetae, for 10–20 segments.</p><p>Description: Body dorsoventrally flattened. Elytrae covering dorsum completely, on prominent elytrophores on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13; elytral surface with clavate papillae on lateral and posterior margins (Fig. 8B), and outer submargin; tips of papillae with 3–4 statocysts. First pair of elytra rounded, following subrectangular. Dorsal tubercles nodular, small, on segments without elytra (Fig. 9A).</p><p>Ventral surface with scattered, small, globose papillae. Prostomium oval, fused to tentacular segment. Median antenna inserted in a rounded ceratophore in prostomial anterior region (Fig. 9A); lateral antennae absent. Two pairs of eyes, anterior pair twice the size of posterior; a small dark spot in the centre of prostomium, placed in midline between the two posterior pairs of eyes (Fig. 9A).</p><p>Peristomium restricted to tentaculophores and mouth. Tentaculophore achaetous, laterally to prostomium; tentacular cirri subequal in size, dorsal cirri slightly larger than ventral, and both longer than the median antenna; surface with some small, globular papillae scattered, constriction on distal end with a tuft of cilia on each constriction and on tips (Fig. 9A). Palps rough and robust, latero-ventrally to tentaculophores (Fig. 9A), surface smooth. Facial tubercle with three small, globular papillae, with some statocysts on its tip (Fig. 9A). Pharynx everted, with 16 marginal papillae, all of equal size, and two pairs of jaws (Figs 8A; 9A).</p><p>Parapodia biramous, notopodia half the size of neuropodia, with a conical acicular lobe and projecting acicula; stylodes present on notopodial and neuropodial surface, with ciliated tips. Notochaetae arranged horizontally, preacicular chaetae longer, smooth, sabrelike (Fig. 9E); post-acicular chaetae shorter, geniculated, with spines on outer surface (Fig. 9F). Neuropodium with ventral surface papillose, and projecting aciculum. Neurochaetae more robust than notochaetae, compound. On the second segment two supra-acicular compound falcigers chaetae, with spines on the shaft surface near the articulation, blades very long, resembling a spinigers chaetae (Figs 8F; 9B); compound falcigers, in the supra- and infra-acicular region, blades smooth, shaft with some spines near the articulation (Figs 8E; 9C). Remaining segments presenting only compound falcigers; supra-acicular neurochaetae with blades strongly recurved; sub-acicular neurochaetae with blades straighter and with small serration on the inner margin (Figs 8D; 9D). Ventral cirri on the second segment twice the length of in remaining segments, all ventral cirri narrowing subdistally (Fig. 8C). Pygidium not observed.</p><p>Etymology. The name Pholoe amandae is after Dra. Amanda Cruz Mendes, an arachnologist and friend of the authors (NO and AER).</p><p>Geographic and Bathymetric Distribution. Brazil: Ilha <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.133293&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.17325" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.133293/lat -23.17325)">Grande Bay</a>, Lopes Mendes Beach, RJ (23°10'23.7"S 44°7'59.86"W) at 12–15 meters depth .</p><p>Remarks. The genus Pholoe is relatively small, with 17 species described worldwide, of which only six are reported to occur in the South Atlantic: P. courtneyae, P. inornata, P. minuta (Fabricius), P. microantennata, P. anoculata, and P. longa (Read &amp; Fauchald, 2024) . Among these, only the first four have been found in Brazil. Pholoe amandae sp. nov. differs from them based on a set of character, including: the absence of lateral antennae (present in P. longa and P. microantennata), ventral cirri with subdistal constriction, neuropodia with stylodes (absent in P. inornata, P. minuta, and P. anoculata), presence of eyes (absent in P. anoculata and P. courtneyae), presence of spinigers in chaetiger 1, elongated falcigers in the first two chaetigers, and a globular facial tubercle with papillae on the posterior margin. Pholoe amandae sp. nov. is similar to P. inornata, but they differ in the shape of the facial tubercle, globular in the former and small and papilliform in the later; in the subdistal constriction of the ventral cirri, and the spinigers chaetae in the first chaetiger that is present in Pholoe amandae sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E87DBF142FF8A81A6FC81CD7DA5CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ogawa, Namy;Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha;Rizzo, Alexandra E.	Ogawa, Namy, Miranda, Vinícius Da Rocha, Rizzo, Alexandra E. (2025): New species of scale worms of the genus Bylgides (Annelida: Polynoidae) and Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 5719 (2): 243-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5719.2.4
