taxonID	type	description	language	source
03946562FFC0FF9CFF15651C677EFEC4.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Hilarographa zapyra Meyrick, 1886 (New Guinea).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC0FF9CFF15651C677EFEC4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Wing expanse range, 7.5 – 27.0 mm (average size: 12 – 18 mm). The genus is defined in the tribe and distinguished from Hilarographa by the following particulars: the labial palpi are distinctly dorso-ventrally flattened (tubular in Hilarographa); in the male genitalia, the uncus is basally fused to the tegumen (membranous basally in Hilarographa), the hami are prominent and usually tubular, and the socii are sclerotic and usually slender, little setose, usually basally fused to the hami (socii wide, flattened and highly setose, and not fused to the hami in Hilarographa). The female genitalia usually have a bursal diverticular accessory sac, and the signum a bilobed fan-like form of numerous long spines curved inwardly, rarely absent or reduced (usually a scobinate patch in Hilarographa). Descriptive Notes. Head: small compared to most tortricids; scales relatively appressed except caudally on vertex; eyes large; ocellus posterior and moderate (sometimes enlarged); antenna very short (less than 1 / 2 length of forewing), filiform but thickened, with ventral bristles usually long in males (short in females); haustellum short; maxillary palpus very small, 1 - segmented; labial palpus moderate and recurved, with the apical segment dorso-ventrally flattened, the median segment smooth-scaled but with few very fine and short bristles (but not always exposed among the scales), and the basal segment mostly also smooth-scaled. Thorax: average tortricoid, with mostly appressed scales; tegula short. Legs average for body size, mostly with scales appressed. Forewing (Fig. 7): oblong, with costal margin slightly curved, termen truncated and apex and tornus more or less rounded; dorsal margin straight until anal curve; all veins free and mostly equally spaced, except R 1 from middle of radius or from 2 / 3 of cell, and R 2 and R 3 sometimes close at end of chorda; chorda present, short (ca. 1 / 5 cell length), or vestigial; R 5 to termen; median of cell vestigial; CuA 1 from 2 / 3 end of cell; CuP at tornus, then vestigial toward base; A 1 + 2 with relatively long basal fork. Hindwing (Fig. 7): oblong-triangular to more oblong shape, with widely rounded tornus and anal margin; costa relatively straight; Sc to near apex; R to costa just before apex and M 1 to termen just below apex and short-stalked with R near end of cell; cell from 1 / 2 to 3 / 5 length of hindwing; cell median vein vestigial; median veins equidistant at end of cell and at termen; M 3 merged with CuA 2 at end of cell; CuA 1 from middle of cell or from 2 / 3 of cell; CuP vestigial or slightly at termen; 1 A + 2 A with short basal fork; 3 A long; male frenulum long; 2 - bristle frenulum in females. Abdomen: average for body size, but sometimes slightly elongated; thoracic articulation tortricoid but apodemes somewhat thin; male coremata usually present and short, but can be prominent and as long as pregenital segment. Male genitalia (Fig. 8): hilarographine, with hami and socii prominent and usually long; tegumen and vinculum both generally triangular in shape, thin; uncus usually slender and very strongly sclerotized (rarely wide or short, or very long), and usually recurved caudally, basally fused to tegumen, and usually apically hooked; hami sclerotic and usually long and slender (rarely flattened or short); socii porrect or pendulate and long (rarely short and stubby), setose, usually slender and fused to base of hami; gnathos usually ovate to quadrate, and pendulate; transtilla usually present, band-like (or as valval stubs), sometimes caudally widened and even with caudal projections); juxta usually a small, caudally concave ovate plate; anellus a membranous and undeveloped ring; aedeagus tubular, short to long, sometimes with a distal lateral thorn; vesica finely scobinate, cornuti reduced or a single elongated tube (sometimes with an apical hook); phallobase often undeveloped, or small and bulbous, often ventrally decumbent; ductus ejaculatorius typically long, with prominent proximal elongated hood (rarely bulbous); valva oblong, usually quadratic with truncated termen and generally unadorned (sometimes with various ridges), but split open on dorsal margin (pouch-like split retains coremata in repose); saccus reduced and usually very short (rarely long), with acute apex, or sometimes a recurved truncated apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 9): complicated bursal and accessory sac form, usually with very long narrow but straight ductus bursae; ovipositor usually somewhat short, with setose and elongated papilla anales; apophyses usually subequal and average length; dorsum of tergite 8 on ovipositor sometimes with an upright flattened membranous flap (either laterally flattened or horizontally flattened); ostium a varied funnel-shape, on the intersegmental membrane between sternites 7 and 8; sterigma usually little developed, as a sclerotized or membranous margin; ductus bursae usually a long membranous tube uniformly narrow (rarely short and wide), but sometimes sclerotized on the pre-ostial section (rarely with some modification or colliculum-like formation), sometimes with a small ventral sac-like diverticulum (see Fig. 15 a) internally spiculate and emergent from the ductus bursae by the antrum (rarely distally bifid, see Fig 14 a); ductus seminalis varied, usually from corpus bursae junction with ductus bursae (or from near ostium); corpus busae usually semi-ovate and asymmetrical with one end somewhat elongated (rarely more uniformly elongate-ovate), with an elongate-ovate diverticular accessory sac on a short and slender tube from caudal end of bursa and near emergence of ductus seminalis and ductus bursae (ductus seminalis rarely from caudal end of ductus bursae); signum usually a fan-like cluster of dense and long spines curved inwardly (rarely as a single cluster of short spines, or signum diffuse or absent).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC0FF9CFF15651C677EFEC4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Mostly unknown, but adults appear to all be diurnally active, yet may come to lights. Larvae are borers of shoots and roots as far as is known: Thaumatographa caminodes (Meyrick) feeding on roots of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and also a wild Zingiberaceae in Sri Lanka (Diakonoff 1986), Thaumatographa leucopyrga (Meyrick) in shoots of Ardisia sieboldi (Myrsinaceae) in Java (Indonesia), and Thaumatographa oenobapta Diakonoff in calyxes of Ixora (Rubiaceae), are the only examples known, but T. leucopyrga is not a typical member of the genus. The other species with biological data that have been included among Thaumatographa (Diakonoff & Arita 1981; Heppner 1983, 2025 b), appear to all be pine trunk feeders (cambium layer) but are atypical and will be transferred to their own genus: Thaumatographa eremnotorna Diakonoff & Arita from Pinus densiflora (Pinaceae) in Japan; Thaumatographa regalis (Walsingham) from P. ponderosa and P. sabiniana in USA (California); and Thaumatographa cubensis Heppner from P. cubensis in Cuba. None of the other more tropical species of the genus have any host data available (likewise for species of Hilarographa from the Neotropics), so we do not know what tropical trees they may feed on, but perhaps the other Asian species are also on Myrsinaceae, Rubiaceae, and Zingiberaceae hosts. The only larva and pupa of Hilarographini with detailed descriptions are for T. eremnotorna in Japan, with details described by Diakonoff & Arita (1981), but this species will be transferred to a related new genus of northern pine-feeding species (Heppner 2025 b). The larval characters described for this species, nonetheless, may have the main characters applicable also to the tribe, since larvae of all the species are thought to be borers. The primary distinction of this borer larva from Japan is the bisetose state of the prothoracic L-group setae, normally trisetose in all other Tortricidae and including the other group of borer larvae in the subfamily Olethreutinae (Horak 1984, 1991, 1998; MacKay 1959, 1962, 1963).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC0FF9CFF15651C677EFEC4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South Asia (India and Sri Lanka) to Southeast Asia, from Thailand to Vietnam and Indonesia (including Borneo, Java, Moluccas, Sulawesi, and Sumatra, and undoubtedly the other islands as well), north to southern China (Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan) and Japan, and in northeastern Australia (Queensland) and the South Pacific (New Guinea and Solomons, and an undescribed species from Tahiti) (Diakonoff 1986; Heppner 2025 c, d; Razowski 2009 a). The genus is undoubtedly also in the Philippines but has not been recorded there yet (Diakonoff 1968). Three species are recorded in North America (Heppner 1983), and one related pine-feeder from Cuba, but these are partially in a related new genus while two are in the genus Hilarographa. The pine feeders in the related genus occur in Japan, the Kuril Islands (Russian Far East) and North America (plus one in Cuba) (Diakonoff 1986; Heppner 1983, 2025 b).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC0FF9CFF15651C677EFEC4.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Razowski (2017) synonymized Idiothauma Walsingham, 1897 with Hilarographa, but it remains a distinct genus of three African species (Heppner 2025 d). These two genera and Thaumatographa are all closely related genera. Razowski (2009 a) described numerous new species from Southeast Asia (all as ‘ Hilarographa ’ but transferred to Thaumatographa; see Heppner 2025 d), with varying wing shapes and somewhat varied genital morphology, so further study will be needed to verify if all are really in the same genus. Most species of the genus are known from only single or very few specimens. The 2 - bristle frenulum of female Thaumatographa conforms to this morphology in Hilarographini and for the subfamily Chlidanotinae, versus the 3 - bristle norm for the remainder of tortricids (Yang & Brown 2009). The thin ovate dorsal flap at the middle of tergite 8 in females is present in some Thaumatographa species but the function of this structure is unknown. Likewise, some species have a bulbous flap (or pouch) ventrally at the base of the ostial funnel at the caudel end of the ductus bursae, seemingly emergent approximate to the antrum (sometimes even distally bifid), but the function of this sac or pouch is also unknown.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC6FF92FF1565396160FE50.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 2, 10, 13)	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC6FF92FF1565396160FE50.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This first species of Thaumatographa described from Taiwan already in 1977, is large for the genus (Figs. 1 – 2), with a prominent preapical orange bar on the forewing, and five short subterminal black bar spots from the tornus to middle of forewing, and three prominent pale yellow-white curved lines from the dorsal margin; both sexes with equal maculation. The hindwing has a pale orange (nearly white in some specimens) and elongated median patch from middle of forewing to the wing base. The male genitalia (Fig. 8) are distinctive in the flattened hami and very short socii. The female genitalia (Fig. 10) are notable for the bulbous colliculum-like bulge on the caudal end of the very short and wide ductus bursae; and likewise the signum is very reduced to a single cluster of spines (not a dual cluster of curved spines as in most other species of the genus). Descriptive notes. Wing expanse: male 13.0 mm (n = 2), female 14.0 – 14.8 mm (n = 5). Head (Figs. 1 a, 2 a): dark gray-brown, with median scales yellow on vertex and on frons; lateral tuft of yellow to orange scales laterally on neck; eyes large, dark brown to black; ocellus large and clear to white or amber; antennal scape pale orange to brown; antenna brown-purplish, mixed with scattered orange-yellow scales dorsally; labial palpus brown basally to pale yellow on dorsum, with remainder white with bluish iridesence (especially iridescent on apical segment), and venter white; head venter white. Thorax (Figs. 1 – 2): dark brown, with orange-yellow pair of lines from patagia to caudal end, and metathorax also with median patch of orange-yellow; tegula short, dark brown, with orange-yellow medially; venter of thorax white; legs cream white, mesally white, with black-brown dorsal spots basad and apically on midtibia, with hindleg mostly black-brown except white ventrally; spurs white; tarsi alternating white and black-brown. Forewing (Figs. 1 – 2): dark brown, with striae of pale yellow from dorsal margin curved to middle of forewing and directed toward apex, all reduced in length from longest on middle of wing to shortest before tornus; wingbase with a recurved pale yellow line from costal margin, a second more straight orange line from costa to near middle; costa with several angled striae alternating orange and silver-white (becoming more silver to middle of wing) and with dark brown between the striae, distally aimed to forewing black-brown spot at end of cell, and nearly convergent with curved striae from dorsal margin; apex with a white margin bordered with a thin black line before apical 1 / 5 of orange, divided by a silver angled subapical line from costa to mid-termen; tornal quarter with 5 black bar-spots surrounded by merged orange scales, and a silver-brown subtornal line; fringe brown, with orange along termen, divided by a white bar on termen just below apical white border; venter dark brown with dorsal striae diffusely repeated but dull, with cell area suffused with pale tan markings, and apical fringe white mark repeated, and dorsal margin white. Hindwing (Figs. 1 – 2): dark brown on distal half, with diffusely edged pale orange median patch to wingbase, and similar patch of tawny orange on anal sector; costa white from near apex to wingbase; fringe white with brown baseline; venter like dorsum nut marks suffused. Abdomen: dark brown, with dark tan posterior margins on tergites; venter tan-white; genital tufts dark brown with white distally and on venter; pregenital segment with medially invaginated sternite and tergite, with long lateral coremata from pouch formations. Male genitalia (Fig. 10): tegumen-vinculum both subtriangular with thin margins; uncus very stout, slightly bent from base on tegumen, as long as hami; hamus long and flattened (subequal to uncus length); socius short and stubby elongate-triangular, with few setae midway; gnathos quadratic and membranous, with a thin distal margin; transtilla incomplete, as short triangular valval stubs; juxta a small subtriangular plate; anellus undeveloped (membranous); aedeagus large and thick, tube-like, narrowing to distal end; vesica with a strongly bent apical hook from large tubular and long cornutus; phallobase undeveloped; ductus ejaculatorius relatively short (subequal to aedeagus length), with short bulbous proximal hood; valva short and oblong, with rounded termen, setose over most of surface and with dense setae mid-valval tuft near base; saccus undeveloped, merged into vinculum form with acute apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 13): ovipositor very short (less than length of 7 th abdominal segment), with an elongate spiculate patch midway on venter; papilla anales large; ostium (Fig. 13 a), a large shallow cup; sterigma with a central convex and setose bulge, ventrally with a curved margin; ductus bursae very short (less than length of ovipositor), with a large colliculum-like bulge proximal to antrum, the ductus bulge (Fig. 13 c) having a dual duct interior of curved ducts (as if there were two antrums) and merging as one into the ductus bursae; the corpus bursae merges immediately proximal to a short ductus bursae section; corpus bursae very elongated, with ovate proximal end; ductus seminalis from near ductus bursae bulge; accessory diverticula large and oblong-ovate, emergent from corpus bursae near middle with short, thin ductus; signum (Fig. 13 b), small with a single bunch of asymmetrical straight spines arrayed from short to long and directed to proximal end of bursa.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC6FF92FF1565396160FE50.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male (mesostigmatias). Taiwan: “ Rantaisan ” [Lantashan], [Nantou Co.], 15 May 1933, [S. Issiki] (gen. AD- 9811) (USNM). Holotype female (calyx). Taiwan: “ Kanshirei ” [Kuantzuling] [250 m], [Tainan Co.], 20 Aug. 1905, A. E. Wileman (gen. BM- 31849) (BMNH). Paratype female (mesostigmatias). Taiwan: “ Raisya ” [Juisui Hot Spgs.] [350 m], [Hualien Co.], 25 Nov. 1934, [S. Issiki] (RMNH). Added specimens. (n = 4): Taiwan, Chiayi Co.: Fennchihwu (1400 m), 18 Jul. 1984 (1 ♀) (gen. YA- 1193), 19 Jul. 1984 (1 ♂) (gen. YA- 1159) (MGCL). Taiwan, Ilan Co.: Chilan Nsy. [For. Rec. Area] (480 m), 15 - 17 Oct. 1984 (1 ♀), J. B. Heppner & H. - Y. Wang (gen. JBH 4645) (MGCL). Taiwan, Kaohsiung Co.: [Shanpin] For. Sta. (750 m), [nr.] Liukuei, 29 Apr. - 3 May 1989 (1 ♀), J. B. Heppner & H. - Y. Wang (gen. JBH- 4641) (MGCL).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC6FF92FF1565396160FE50.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species was named for “ middle ” and “ spotted ” (Diakonoff 1977 b).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC6FF92FF1565396160FE50.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Unknown. Habitat is montane forest (250 – 1400 m). Flight period (n = 7 records): late April to mid-July, mid-August, and mid-October to late November.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC6FF92FF1565396160FE50.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Taiwan mountains. The old Japanese locality names in Taiwan are verified for their current Chinese names in the Taiwan gazeteer for Lepidoptera sites (Heppner, 2012 d).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC6FF92FF1565396160FE50.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Diakonoff (1977 b) described this species as the first hilarographine with a Taiwan type-locality, collected by Japanese in the 1930 s but not then named. This species is not a typical Thaumatographa, since the female genitalia are highly anomalous for the genus, with the short ductus bursae and its caudal bulge. The male genitalia are also anomalous in the genus, with the flattened hami and very short socii. Razowski (2009 a) wrote of some differences for his new species, “ calyx ”, but there are no significant differences to discern between it and T. mesostigmatias, thus the new synonymy. In Taiwan, T. mesostigmatias has been the only previously known Taiwan species of Hilarographini (Kawabe and Komai 1992). The female genitalia are very different from typical Thaumatographa species, with a short ovipositor, a very short ductus bursae and its colliculum-like bulbous expansion, and in the bursa a reduced signum of short spines. The female genitalia vary a bit on the ostial-sterigmal bulge, being somewhat straight to more convex. Among all the Thaumatographa species, T. mesostigmatias should have its own monobasic species-group due to anomalies of the male and female genitalia; and no related species are known of yet that would be included in this species-group. Some darker forms have wing maculation where the typical dark brown is more prominent.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC8FF94FF1562EE616AF8A8.taxon	description	(Figs. 3 – 4, 11, 14) Type-locality: Taiwan: Fennchihwu, Chiayi Co.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC8FF94FF1562EE616AF8A8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. [Taiwan] ♂ “ Fennchihhu ” [Fennchihwu] (1400 m), Chiayi Co., 14 Jul. 1984, Y. Arita (adult photo 5570; gen. JBH- 4646) (MGCL). Paratypes. (16 ♂, 15 ♀; n = 31). Taiwan, Chiayi Co.: same site as holotype, 14 Jul. 1984 (1 ♂, 2 ♀) (gen. YA- 1158 m); 16 Jul. 1984 (3 ♂, 7 ♀) (gen. JBH- 4647 ♀); 18 Jul. 1984 (6 ♂, 1 ♀); 19 Jul. 1984 (5 ♂, 4 ♀) (gen. YA- 1192 f) (MGCL). Taiwan, Taipei Co.: Wulai (200 m), 2 Aug. 1988 (1 ♂) (adult photo 14171; gen. JBH- 3763 m), J. B. Heppner (MGCL). Wulai (400 m), 14 Aug. 1985 (1 ♀), A. Kawabe (NSMT).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC8FF94FF1562EE616AF8A8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A large species for the genus (Figs. 3 – 4), with forewings black-brown with orange-marked striae, and a large orange tornal patch with two black spots; the hindwings are black-brown with a prominent yellow patch on middle of wing to base and a narrow cubital narrow pale orange patch, and fringe is prominent and white; and both sexes with equal maculation. The male genitalia have the valvae oblong-quadratic, with a truncated termen, the uncus is short with a wide base, the hami are short and somewhat flattened, and the socii are short, wide and very setose. The female genitalia are typical for the genus but the ductus bursae has a large diverticular sac on its caudal end.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC8FF94FF1562EE616AF8A8.taxon	description	Description. Wing expanse: males 12.8 – 19.0 mm (n = 17), females 14.8 – 19.8 mm (n = 15). Head (Figs. 3 a, 4 a): dark brown, with orange-yellow scales laterally by neck and medially on vertex and frons; eyes large, black-brown; ocellus large, dark brown; antennal scape amber to brown; antenna brown (orange ventrally); labial palpus mostly white, with brown to yellow dorsally on basal segment and somewhat on middle segment, with bluish iridescence on apical segment; head venter white, with neck fringe yellow to orange-yellow. Thorax (Figs. 3 – 4): dark brown, with light orange as lateral margin on prothorax, becoming more tawny orange on mesothorax and metathorax, with orange caudal margin; patagia dark brown with orange from prothoax; tegula dark brown with orange laterally; venter white; legs white, with black-brown markings, as in the related species. Forewing (Figs. 3 – 4): black-brown, with orange striae and lines from costa and dorsal margin (in generic form like T. mesostigmatias but darker orange); five costal bars angled to termen, with pale orange-yellow on margin, then silvery toward middle of wing, and dull orange suffusion on dorsal 1 / 3 of forewing from middle to apex and interrupted by black curved preapical bar; forewing apex with an orange marginal line, sharply bent inwards before a pale yellow to white bar near mid-termen; tornus with a large elongated marginal orange patch with two black spots in middle and a pair of tiny black spots dorsad near white mark of termen; fringe brown with yellow at tornus and near mid-termen; venter dark brown with pale yellow in cell area and marks of dorsum very faintly repeated, except distinct on costa, with dorsal margin white. Hindwing (Figs. 3 – 4): black-brown with a large oblong orange-yellow patch, narrowing to wingbase, and a similar more orange and narrower patch on the cubitus near wingbase; costa white; fringe widely white to pale yellow at wing margin, and pale orange along anal margin; venter like dorsum but more suffused, and costa brown. Abdomen (Figs. 3 – 4): brown (dark brown on T- 1), with orange posterior margins on tergites; venter tan; genital tufts light brown with tan-white venter; pregenital segment with sternite strongly invaginated caudally, with strong coremata from lateral base pouches; caudal tergite with similar median invagination. Male genitalia (Fig. 11): tegumen quadratic, slightly narrowed dorsally with rounded dorsal corners; uncus short, narrowing to semi-acute decumbent apex from widened base; hamus short and widened, somewhat flattened; socius short but very wide and setose; gnathos membranous and rounded; transtilla relatively straight and narrow, with moderate ventral appendage each side of anellus with acute end; juxta small and spoon-like; anellus membranous, undeveloped; aedeagus small and short tubular, with small decumbent phallobase; vesica scobinate; cornuti undeveloped; ductus ejaculatorius short, with long proximal hood appendage; valva oblong quadratic, with round-blunt termen and dorsal apex slightly angular and more setose; saccular margin slightly convex near base; vinculum triangular; saccus very short, with blunt apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 14): ovipositor very short (2 / 3 length of segment 7), with elongate-oval horizontal dorsal median flap; papilla anales large, setose and widened caudally; apophyses subequal in length; ostium (Fig. 14 a), a deep funnel, gradually narrowing to junction with ductus bursae, with a band of sclerotized scobination on narrower section; sterigma a concave membranous margin; ductus bursae long and evenly narrow, with a prominent ventral diverticular sac (or small pouch) with internally spiculate walls and bifid distally from junction with antrum; ductus seminalis from ductus bursae proximal end; corpus bursae oblong-ovate, with one end more acute; oblong-ovate accessory diverticulum from thin tube to near ductus bursae base; signum a large typical form for the genus.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC8FF94FF1562EE616AF8A8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named for the type locality, “ Fennchihwu ” in Chiayi Co., Taiwan. There is some discrepancy with the English spelling of the village, but we use the spelling used by the Taiwan Museum (Heppner, 2012 b, c, d). This locality, Fennchihwu, was formerly a Japanese logging camp and a railway stop on the Alishan rail line going higher to the town of Alishan, on the slopes of the high mountain of the same name (Mt. Ali portion of Yushan): this mountain has been heavily logged for over 100 years but small patches of original forest still remain and are now expanding with new conservation efforts.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC8FF94FF1562EE616AF8A8.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Unknown. Recorded elevations in Taiwan range from 200 m to 1400 m in montane forest habitat. Flight period (n = 47 records): mid-July to mid-August.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC8FF94FF1562EE616AF8A8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Taiwan, in Chiayi Co., and also the low mountain site near Taipei, in Taipei Co., called Wulai. The Wulai area has various elevations, with the main village elevation at 200 m and forest habitat going higher from there.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFC8FF94FF1562EE616AF8A8.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This is one of the few Thaumatographa species with an ample specimen sample, and paratypes will be distributed also to other museum collections (RMNH, TFRI, USNM). The species is one of the larger species of the genus. Its habitus superficially resembles species of the tropical Asian tortricid genus Eucosmogastra Diakonoff, 1975 (Olethreutinae: Enarmoniini), which also have the yellow-patched hindwing, but differ in forewing maculation. The bifid ventral diverticulum of the caudal end on the ductus bursae has no known function but is possibly some kind of gland apparatus.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFCCFF97FF1564C06760FE50.taxon	description	(Figs 5, 15) Type-locality: Taiwan: Lien-Hua-Chih For. Sta., Puli, Nantou Co.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFCCFF97FF1564C06760FE50.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. [Taiwan] ♀ Lien-Hua-Chih For. Sta. (700 m), [nr. Puli], Nantou Co., 7 – 12 Sep. 1983, J. B. Heppner (adult photo 5572; gen. JBH- 4643) (MGCL). Paratypes. (n = 2). Taiwan, Nantou Co.: same data as holotype (1 ♀) (adult photo 16013; gen. JBH- 4644) (MGCL). Taiwan, Ilan Co.: Nanao (5 mi. N) (100 m), 11 – 13 Oct. 1984 (1 ♀), J. B. Heppner & H. - Y. Wang (adult photo 16014; gen. JBH- 4642) (MGCL).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFCCFF97FF1564C06760FE50.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This new subspecies is very similar to Thaumatographa aurosa Diakonoff & Arita (1976) from southern Japan (Kyushu and Yakushima), and has the following distinctions: on the forewing the basal pair of vertical orange lines are more curved distally from the dorsal margin (straight in nominate T. aurosa) and the costal angled streaks are white on the costal margin (silvery blue in nominate T. aurosa). The female genitalia are virtually identical and T. aurosa taiwana has the ovipositor somewhat more slender caudally, especially very narrow papilla anales (slightly wider in the nominate subspecies from Japan). Male genitalia could not be compared, lacking any male specimens from Taiwan.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFCCFF97FF1564C06760FE50.taxon	description	Description. Wing expanse: male 10.0 – 14.0 mm (Japan), female 11.0 – 13.6 mm (n = 3). Female (Fig. 5). Head (Fig. 5 a). Forewing (Fig. 5): overall black-brown, with usual geneedric striae pattern, with five thin costal striae white and slightly silvery from margin (more silvery in nominate subspecies), with basal two strongly bent to termen on radius; basal streaks straight and long, with dorsal on orange-yellow and middle streak yellow-white, and at end of forewing cell is a prominent tan-white spot; three curved light yellow-white lines from dorsal margin at middle of forewing, with a 4 th slightly further distad; tornal quarter with four series of interrupted striae curved slightly to termen; forewing apex with a white subapical line convergent and recurved as a loop to similar preapical line, both margined with orange; termen orange, with mid-termen white margin on termen and toward tornus 3 black spots; fringe white; venter dark brown with light yellow in cell and dorsal markings faintly repeated except for distinct white marks on costa, and dorsal margin white; venter brown with dorsal lines repeated as dull light tan lines, with white liens of apex repeated, and likewise the tornal markings but duller. Hindwing (Fig. 5): dark brown with thin orange-yellow streak diffusely margined in cell area, and diffuse tawny orange area on anal sector to base; fringe white; venter bronze-brown, with pale white markings on costa on basal 1 / 3. Thorax (Fig. 5): like nominate subspecies, dark brown, lacking any longitudinal lines; tegula slightly lighter brown than thorax; venter white; legs white, with dark brown markings dorsally on tibiae like related species, as dorsal spots on tibiae and tarsal segments. Abdomen (Fig. 5): dark brown, with posterior margins of tergites tan; venter cream-white; genital tuft brown. Female genitalia (Fig. 15): ovipositor short (subequal to length of segment 7) (dorsal flap lacking); papilla anales narrow, with caudal ends semi-acute; apophyses with anterior pair slightly longer; ostium (Fig. 15 a), a short funnel, narrowed proximally with a sclerotized and scobinate proximal ventral wall (divided into two halves); sterigma membranous, widened from ostial funnel and slightly concave; ductus bursae evenly narrow and long (ca. 4 x as long as width of bursa), with slight sclerotization on caudal 1 / 10, and with small ventral diverticular sac (internally partially spiculate) by antrum; corpus bursae oblong-ovate; ductus seminalis from junction of ductus bursae with bursa; accessory sac elongate-oblong from short and thin tube at ductus bursae junction; signum (Fig. 15 b), a typical form for genus but in inverted V-shaped spine array. Male: unknown in Taiwan. The male genitalia for the Japanese nominate subspecies are figured by Diakonoff (1986): uncus short and narrow, very evenly recurved from base to blunt apex; hamus stout and somewhat upwardly curved to acute apex, with small basal process; socius nearly subequal to hamus and relatively straight and setose; gnathos membranous; transtilla quadratic, thin; juxta a small concave plate, dorsally blunt; aedeagus moderate, thin, with short decumbent phallobase; vesica scobinate, with narrow cornutus tube; valva oblong, with costal margin somewhat convex with a slight invagination at middle, and termen very truncated; vinculum with saccus undeveloped.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFCCFF97FF1564C06760FE50.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The subspecies is named for the island of Taiwan.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFCCFF97FF1564C06760FE50.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Unknown. Flight period (n = 3 records): mid-September to mid-October (in Taiwan).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFCCFF97FF1564C06760FE50.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The Taiwan subspecies is known only from Taiwan.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFCCFF97FF1564C06760FE50.taxon	discussion	Discussion. While some maculation distinctions are evident between the two subspecies, further study is needed once males are found of T. aurosa taiwana to compare the male genitalia of the two subspecies, or to verify if they should be considered distinct species. All available Taiwan specimens are females. The purpose of the small ventral flap (or pouch) external to the base of the ostial funnel near the antrum, is unknown.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFD2FF88FF1564C0623BF86D.taxon	description	(Figs. 6, 12) Type-locality: Taiwan: Kenting Park, Pingtung Co.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFD2FF88FF1564C0623BF86D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype. [Taiwan] ♂ Kenting, Pingtung Co., 22 – 25 Jul. 1980, D. R. Davis (adult photo 5562; gen. JBH- 2194) (USNM- 78387).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFD2FF88FF1564C0623BF86D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This minute species is among the smallest Thaumatographa known. Maculation is very dark brown, with white marks on the costa and white striae from the dorsal margin strongly curved to middle of wing directed to apex, and the termen is orange with two widely-spaced black spots; the hindwing is dark brown with only faint tawny orange streaks in cell and on anal sector to wingbase. The male genitalia are distinctive for the very stout and thick uncus and only stubby socius.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFD2FF88FF1564C0623BF86D.taxon	description	Description. Wing expanse: male 7.5 mm (n = 1). Male (Fig. 6). Head (Fig 6 a): brown to dark brown, with orange-yellow scales on neck and on frons; antennal scape dull tan-yellow, with antenna brown mixed with tan-yellow scales; eye margins pale yellow; labial palpus short, yellow-white, with more yellow on middle segment and somewhat on apical segment, and distally brown on apical segment; head venter white. Thorax (Fig. 6): dark brown, with dull yellow lateral line and on tegula; venter white; legs white, with black-brown on dorsum of foretibia and ends of mid- and hindtibia, and tarsi yellow-white with black-brown on first and distal tarsal segments; leg spurs white. Forewing (Fig. 6): dark brown to black-brown, with hilarographine striae and marks, orange near wingbase and between each of the costal angled white wedges, all directed toward termen, and with orange striae, partially interrupted, near wingbase and past middle of wing from dorsal margin; the prominent white curved striae from the dorsal margin at middle of wing to cell are very approximate to each other, almost merging at their distal ends; the end of the cell has a black-brown spot and also a tiny pale yellow-white dot; the termen and apex are distally orange, with a small white bar on termen below apex, and two black spots in the orange termen patch, with three subterminal curved pale yellow-white striae; fringe dark brown and white distally; venter with dorsal pattern repeated as diffuse alternating dull tan-white and light brown markings, with dull white in cell and yellow near apex, and termen with black spots of dorsum repeated. Hindwing (Fig. 6): dark brown, with faint diffuse tawny orange scales in cell area and along anal sector; venter gray-brown, with costa dull gray-white between brown marginal marks and along radius. Abdomen: gray-brown; venter white with gray-brown basally on each sternite and caudally as genital tufts; pregenital sternite unmodified with simple curved caudal margin and lateral corematal sacs. Male genitalia (Fig. 12): tegumen globular and very sclerotized; uncus very stout, tubular and straight, slightly tapering distally to acute apex; hamus subequal in length to uncus and stout, slightly flattened and slightly curved to acute apex, but abruptly bent dorsally from strongly sclerotized basal arm and basal arm ventrally with an acute thin spine (longer than socius); socius very small and stubby setose process; gnathos undeveloped, membranous; transtilla a thin band, slightly curved; juxta and small oval concave plate, dorsally truncated; aedeagus short and thick, slightly curved and tapering to acute apex, with caudal phallobase small and bulbous, decumbent but ventrally even with distal curving; valva oblong and setose, with truncated termen angled to saccular apex; vinculum triangular; saccus undeveloped, merged as acute end of vinculum. Female unknown.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFD2FF88FF1564C0623BF86D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named for Kenting Park (now Kenting National Park), Pingtung Co., the southernmost area of Taiwan.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFD2FF88FF1564C0623BF86D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Unknown. Flight period (n = 1 record): late July.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFD2FF88FF1564C0623BF86D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the southernmost area of Taiwan, Kenting Park, Pingtung Co. (Oluanpi Peninsula).	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
03946562FFD2FF88FF1564C0623BF86D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species is among the smallest of known Thaumatographa species. The Kenting area of Taiwan is floristically and faunally very much related to the Philippines (Li 1963), thus the new species may possibly also occur there.	en	Heppner, J. B., Arita, Yutaka, Bae, Yang-Seop (2025): Review of Thaumatographa tortricids in Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Chlidanotinae: Hilarographini). Zootaxa 5583 (2): 271-292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.3
