identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0394B8479A39AC0FFC49FC37FE168C9C.text	0394B8479A39AC0FFC49FC37FE168C9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuropora lusitanica Termier 1985	<div><p>Neuropora lusitanica Termier, 1985</p><p>(Fig. 5A, B)</p><p>Neuropora lusitanica Termier et al., 1985: 207, pl. 5, figs 1-2. — Krajewski &amp; Schlagintweit 2018: 9, fig. 6a-f.</p><p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION</p><p>The internal morphology of Neuropora lusitanica is related to a central tubular system (with more or less parallel longitudinal tubes) from which bifurcating radially arranged tubules are developing perpendicular (or bended) towards the skeleton outer wall. In longitudinal sections, the lateral elements (tubules) resemble a conically superimposed arrangement divided by thin tabulae (Fig. 5A). According to Termier et al. (1985) the septate walls are developing at relatively specific intervals and the peripheral openings of the lateral tubes are characterized by a “crown of spiculous tubercles”. In analogy with other Neuropora species, N. lusitanica can possess astrorhizae/stellate-type or mamelonar microstructures at the surface of the skeleton (West et al. 2013). The skeleton has a fibrous microstructure best observed in longitudinal and oblique/longitudinal sections.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This calcified sponge represents a cosmopolitan species among the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous shallow water reefal and peri-reefal biotic communities of the Getic Carbonate Platform (Pleș et al. 2013, 2016) and throughout synchronous rimmed carbonate platforms of the Tethyan domain (Schlagintweit &amp; Ebli 1999; Leinfelder et al. 2005; Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2008). Termier et al. (1985) observed two morphologies in the type-material: 1) an “encrusting” (massive) form with an undifferentiated thickened outer (external) part; and 2) a much larger branching morphotype which is the most common one. In the studied material, all observed specimens develop tubular (cylindrical) growth patterns or appear as abraded fragments encrusted by Lithocodium - type crusts within the fore-reef carbonates. It is quite possible that some fragments might have originated from branching-type specimens since such forms were frequently reported from Buila-VânturariŢa or Piatra Craiului massifs (Pleș et al. 2013: fig. 7g) as close integrating sedimentary zones of the Getic Carbonate Platform. Well preserved branching specimens were also described recently by Krajewski &amp; Schlagintweit (2018) from Upper Jurassic reefs from the Crimena Peninsula. On the other hand, the proposed “encrusting” forms of Termier et al. (1985) can be explained by the following:</p><p>1) In the generic description of Neuropora, Termier et al. (1985) stated that “This genus presents a double behavior: encrusting in the young ontogenetic stages, then starting to be branched”. Taking this into account, the “encrusting” N. lusitanica forms represent an incipient development stage in the ontogeny of this sponge rather than a general morphostructural feature.</p><p>2) As known from the initial growth stages of chaetetids (Kershaw &amp; West 1991; West 2011) the selective or inconstantly emergence of a growth center (or centers) of tubules represents a key factor in the morphological development of the skeleton. Therefore it can be deduced that more advanced ontogenetic stages of N. lusitanica can have a slightly different growth patterns. According to Kershaw (2012) specimens of the same species can develop different growth morphologies if they died before achieving an advanced ontogenetic stage.</p><p>3) It is well known that environmental conditions serve as the main controlling element of the growth phases and external morphological variations in many calcified sponges. Considering the present agitated environment, some adult N. lusitanica specimens might develop encrusting patterns when found in clusters (agglomerations) with other encrusting sponges such as Sarsteinia babai or Perturbatacrusta leini .</p><p>COMMENTS ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION</p><p>The genus Neuropora represents even today the subject of numerous debates regarding its systematic placement among the complex hierarchy of the calcified sponges phylogeny.</p><p>In a broad perspective, some Neuropora morphotypes can be compared (in terms of structural organization and external morphology) with other groups of invertebrates (anthozoans, bryozoans) thus the presumption for a bryozoan nature stood for decades (Walter 1969). Moreover, Schlagintweit &amp; Ebli (1999) observed that N. lusitanica might share the same palaeoecological niches with bryozoans and can exhibit a similar “light honey-coloured appearance”. The bryozoan origin of Neuropora was placed under a question mark by Hillmer (1971) while studying the Cretaceous bryozoans from western Germany. Soon after, Brood (1971) temporarily assigned this genus to the stromatoporoids.The first irrefutable evidence for a sponge affinity of Neuropora was presented by Kaźmierczak &amp; Hillmer (1974) based on the discovery of monoaxonoid spicules within the fibrous skeleton of the type species Neuropora pustulosa Roemer, 1839 . The observed morphostructural semblances (spicules, basal skeleton and external features-mamelonar microstructures) between N. pustulosa and Ceratoporella nicholsoni (Hickson, 1911) encouragedKaźmierczak &amp; Hillmer (1974) to place Neuropora in the “ Ceratoporellidae ” family of the sclerosponge group. Even if a chaetetid feature was recognized by Termier et al. (1985) in the encrusting morphotypes of Neuropora, the authors established the“ Neuroporidae ” family to comprise this genus. In his substantial work on coralline sponges, Reitner (1992) noticed also a typical chaetetid architecture of N. pustulosa basal skeleton with ceratoporellid-type features in some specimens. Even if the overall development of the skeleton points to a chaetetid affinity, Termier et al. (1985) and Reitner (1992) stated that in advanced ontogenetic phases Neuropora specimens are often displaying an immature or partial organization. Following West et al. (2013), the genus Neuropora belongs to an uncertain family of hypercalcified chaetetid-type demosponges.</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE</p><p>The known stratigraphic distribution of Neuropora lusitanica ranges between the upper Oxfordian (Termier et al. 1985) and the lower Aptian (Pleș et al. 2017) with an acme period during the late Kimmeridgian-Tithonian interval (Schlagintweit &amp; Ebli 1999; Leinfelder et al. 2005; Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2008; Pleș et al. 2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394B8479A39AC0FFC49FC37FE168C9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pleş, George;Schlagintweit, Felix;Lazăr, Iuliana;Bucur, Ioan I.;Săsăran, Emanoil;Grădinaru, Mihaela	Pleş, George, Schlagintweit, Felix, Lazăr, Iuliana, Bucur, Ioan I., Săsăran, Emanoil, Grădinaru, Mihaela (2021): Exceptionally preserved calcified sponge assemblages in Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (31): 641-666, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31
0394B8479A35AC09FF22F9D1FD5E8A3E.text	0394B8479A35AC09FF22F9D1FD5E8A3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuropora gigantea Ples & Schlagintweit 2021	<div><p>Neuropora gigantea Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit, n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 5 C-E; 6A, B)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 90AF1B11-3DC3-4FFB-BA5E-9C4FCE5D55F6</p><p>DERIVATION OF NAME. — The name of this species comes form the latin word gigas (giant, large) due to the large size of its skeleton.</p><p>MATERIAL. — One longitudinally sectioned specimen (holotype, sample 15092A), two transversely sectioned specimens (sample15092B), one bifurcated specimen (sample 15092C1), three transversely sectioned individuals (samples 15092C1 and15092D), one large individual (sample 15092H) and three transversely sectioned specimens (sample 15092L) together with numerous oblique/ transverse sectioned specimens and several fragments (more than thirty specimens).</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. — The holotype is 4.3 cm high, 0.7 cm in diameter; 0.026 -0.028 mm – the size of the tubule walls. The smallest individual is 3.2 cm in height and 0.5 cm in diameter, while the largest individual is 7.2 cm in height and 1.3 cm in diameter.Most of the measured specimens have the height of the skeleton between 4-5 cm with a diameter of 0.6-0.9 cm.</p><p>HOLOTYPE. — The longitudinally sectioned specimen from Figure 5E (sample 15092A, repository number 24127) .</p><p>DEPOSITORY. — The holotype and other used thin-sections are stored at the Museum of Geology-Paleontology (Babeș-Bolyai University) under repository number 24127-24154.</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Romania. The Grădiștei Gorges touristic complex (Brașov County).</p><p>TYPE LEVEL. — Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) carbonates of the Giuvala Formation (UrdăriŢa Member).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Large sized poriferan (more than seven centimeters in height) with a cylindrical erect skeleton (sometimes bifurcated) and a pale yellow color. Both transverse and longitudinal sectioned specimens shows a fibrous pattern of the skeleton microstructure (Fig. 5C). A group of densly packed primary tubules with thin walls is forming a rigid axial zone of the skeleton. In transverse section, it can be observed that some of the main tubules possess small septa developed perpendiculary on tubule wall. Secondary elongated tubules are diverging from these central elements towards the peripheral zones of the skeleton (Fig. 5C, E). They are segmented by very thin tabulae. Some specimens can bear perforation marks. Spicules were not observed so far.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>These large Neuropora specimens are dominating the sponge assemblage from Grădiștei Gorges. They can develop agglomerations or clusters (up to ten specimens) massively encrusted by cyanophyceans and Lithocodium - type crusts. Often they are associated with Sphaeractinia / Ellipsactinia and coral fragments. The assignment of this calcified sponge to the genus Neuropora was made based on the general diagnostic traits highlighted by Termier et al. (1985). Despite the fact that Neuropora gigantea Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit, n. sp. shares some morpho-structural affinities with N. lusitanica (axial tubules from which lateral tabulated tubes are diverging towards the margins of the skeleton), detailed thin-section analisys have evidenced discrepancies between both taxa. As opposed to N. lusitanica, transverse sections of Neuropora gigantea Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit, n. sp. show a much denser packing of the axial tubules. In addition, N. gigantea Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit, n. sp. possesses thinner tubule walls (0.026 -0.028 mm) displaying crude septal projections (Fig. 5D). Moreover the section of these tubes is rather irregular than circular as in N. lusitanica . Regarding the tabulae system within the lateral tubes, Neuropora gigantea Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit, n. sp. have much larger segments between the tabulae developing a “bamboo”- type appearence in longitudinal sections rather than a “cone-incone” pattern as in N. lusitanica (Fig. 5A). Also the distance between the tabulae seems to be constant (as noticed by Termier et al. 1985) in N. lusitanica (see Schlagintweit &amp; Ebli 1999: pl. 7, figs 10, 11 for comparison) as opposed to Neuropora gigante a Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit, n. sp. where the distance increases progressively towards the peripheral zone of the skeleton (Fig. 5C). Field observations have revealed that some of these large sponges have small bulbs or lumpy microstructures on the surface of the skeleton. Astrorhizae-type structures or stellate patterns were not observed. It is possible that Neuropora gigantea Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit, n. sp. and N. lusitanica specimens might possess such structures similar to N. pustulosa (West et al. 2013) but due to the abrasion and intense fracturing (generated by the agitated environment) they were not preseverd here. Last but not least the size of Neuropora gigantea Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit, n. sp. (more than 7 cm in height and 1.3 cm in diameter) can represent a distinctive feature in comparison with N. lusitanica (average height 1-2 cm; diameter 3-3.5 mm) (Termier et al. 1985).</p><p>COMMENTS ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION</p><p>Based on the general morphostructural traits of its skeleton, a chaetetid-type bauplan is recognized for Neuropora gigantea Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit, n. sp. However, the lack of spicules from the analysed specimens makes the assignment to a specific order or family of calcified sponges very difficult.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394B8479A35AC09FF22F9D1FD5E8A3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pleş, George;Schlagintweit, Felix;Lazăr, Iuliana;Bucur, Ioan I.;Săsăran, Emanoil;Grădinaru, Mihaela	Pleş, George, Schlagintweit, Felix, Lazăr, Iuliana, Bucur, Ioan I., Săsăran, Emanoil, Grădinaru, Mihaela (2021): Exceptionally preserved calcified sponge assemblages in Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (31): 641-666, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31
0394B8479A33AC09FF02FC36FBE38C9C.text	0394B8479A33AC09FF02FC36FBE38C9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaeractinia steinmanni Canavari 1893	<div><p>Sphaeractinia steinmanni Canavari, 1893</p><p>(Figs 6C; 7 A-C, E)</p><p>Sphaeractinia steinmanni Canavari, 1893: 52, table 5, fig. 4.— Milan 1969: 169, table 12, figs 1, 2.</p><p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION</p><p>Large sized colonial calcified sponge (up to 5-6 cm in diameter) with a spherical/subspherical skeleton (“ coenosteum ” sensu Milan 1969) and a radial growth pattern. The main morphostructural features of Sphaeractinia steinmanni are represented by a series of superimposed arched micritic lamellae (becoming thinner towards the peripheral zones of the skeleton) connected through numerous short pillars (Figs 6C; 7A, C, E) and a radially developed canal system composed of spar filled tubules (sometimes developing astrorhizae-like structures [Fig. 7C]). The lamellar spaces possess numerous different-sized pores, best visible in the so called “ parent lamella ” (Fig. 7B) sensu Russo &amp; Morsilli 2007. The canal system is not regularly developed throughout the skeleton thus the lamellar spaces appear more or less interrupted (in some parts of the skeleton) (Milan 1969). Where bundles of interconnected developed tubules are present (Fig. 6C; 7E), the lamellar spaces are very thin and therfore the skeletal structure appears as possessing a reticulated pattern (“ dry-stone wall ” sensu Russo &amp; Morsilli 2007). Monoaxon spicules are rarely observed.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Sphaeractinia steinmanni represents an abundant species in the Upper Jurassic deposits from Grădiștei Gorges Complex. It may develop clusters (micro-colonies) most commonly with Neuropora, Calcistella and possibly Ellipsactinia . It is worth mentioning the fact that this species was identified due to the very good preservation conditions which allowed insights into the inner- and outer architecture of its skeleton. Both Ellipsactinia and Sphaeractinia share common traits thus the differences between both genera are difficult to observe without well preserved specimens at hands. As opposed to the Ellipsactinia, Sphaeractinia possesses a much higher number of pillars connecting the interlamellar spaces (Fig. 7A) and interconnected tubules (or bundle of tubules) forming in the outermost parts of the skeleton astrorhizae-like canals (Fig. 7C). These are the most important diagnostic traits which can be observed by comparing both taxa (Milan 1969; Russo &amp; Morsilli 2007). Also, the size of Sphaeractinia is much smaller than Ellipsactinia (Russo &amp; Morsilli 2007) . It is highly possible that Ellipsactinia specimens might be present here. This argument is supported by the fact that some fragments resemble Ellipsactinia microstructure but it is hard to determine if those fragments are part from Ellipsactinia skeletons or fragments of different growth stages of Sphaeractinia . Concerning other Upper Jurassic sphaeractinids, S. steinmanni differs from S. diceratina and S. cylindrica by its much better developed canals and through the lack of skeletal extensions (Milan 1969). Last but not least, Russo &amp; Morsilli (2007) stated that in the so called “ Ellipsactinia Limestone ” from Upper Jurassic carbonates of Gargano promontory (Italy), Sphaeractinia is much more abundant than Ellipsactinia, as is also the present case in the Getic Carbonate Platform.</p><p>COMMENTS ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION</p><p>Generally, Sphaeractinia possesses (as most of the sponges described here) a stromatoporoid-type skeletal structure. Based on the main skeletal structure (canal system and radial elements), Sphaeractinia shares similarities with Actinostromina. For that reason Bachmayer &amp; Flügel (1961) followed by Milan (1969) assigned Sphaeractinia (and also Ellipsactinia) to the order Spheractinoidea, superfamily Actinostromariidae, family Spheractinidae of the calcified demosponges.</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE</p><p>Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) (Milan 1969; Russo &amp; Morsilli 2007; Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2007; Rusciadelli et al. 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394B8479A33AC09FF02FC36FBE38C9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pleş, George;Schlagintweit, Felix;Lazăr, Iuliana;Bucur, Ioan I.;Săsăran, Emanoil;Grădinaru, Mihaela	Pleş, George, Schlagintweit, Felix, Lazăr, Iuliana, Bucur, Ioan I., Săsăran, Emanoil, Grădinaru, Mihaela (2021): Exceptionally preserved calcified sponge assemblages in Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (31): 641-666, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31
0394B8479A33AC0BFC62F990FD6D8E9A.text	0394B8479A33AC0BFC62F990FD6D8E9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calcistella jachenhausenensis Reitner 1992	<div><p>Calcistella jachenhausenensis Reitner, 1992</p><p>(Fig. 7D)</p><p>Calcistella jachenhausenensis Reitner, 1992: 157, pl. 24, figs 3-6. — Pleș et al. 2017: 104, fig. 8c.</p><p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION</p><p>Crustose sponge with densly packed aster-type microscleres and a canal system composed mostly of vertical tubules (Fig. 7D) with a light-orange color in normal transmitted light. Probably the most characteristic morpho-structural feature of C. jachenhausenensis is the concentrated agglomeration of tiny spherical (aster-type) microscleres (Reitner 1992; West et al. 2013; Kaya &amp; Altiner 2015; Pleș et al. 2017). The canal system is developed throughout the sponge skeleton and contains, beside the main vertical tubules, radially-arranged tubules (especially in the upper part) (Reitner 1992). This tubular organization can be regarded as the exhalant/inhalant system of C. jachenhausenensis . Tabulae are very rare. Reitner (1992) observed two types of secondary skeletal microstructures: a short-fibred calcite (first calcification phase) and micritic/ granular microstructure. A stromatoporid-type organization was regarded by Reitner (1992) and Kaya &amp; Altiner (2015) for the secondary skeleton of C. jachenhausenensis .</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Here, Calcistella jachenhausenensis was identified developing crustose fabrics around coral fragments and Neuropora specimens. Some Calcistella crusts can exceed 7-8 cm in thickness and possess well developed vertical tubules (Fig. 7D) best observed in cross-sections. This tubule system seems to be relatively dense and inter-tubular connections are very rare (Fig. 7D). The typically packed pattern of the spherical scleres (euasters) is visible in all C. jachenhausenensis crusts independently from the section plane. Regarding the mineralogy of the skeleton, Reitner (1992) stated that the original “organo/ collagen matrix” of the primary skeleton was diagenetically replaced by a synvivo fibrous micrite.</p><p>COMMENTS ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION</p><p>According to Reitner (1992) Calcistella jachenhausenensis possesses a chaetetid-type basal skeleton, feature observed also in C.tabulata from the Albian of Greece (Reitner 1991). Compared to C. tabulata Reitner, C. jachenhausenensis has a rather crude system of tabulae (or completely absent). In the studied specimens this feature was not encountered. The sclere stacking is also much denser in C. jachenhausenensis . Moreover the tubular system from the holotpye of C. tabulata (Reitner 1992: pl. 24, fig. 1) seems to be more closely-spaced and of larger size than in C. jachenhausenensis . Based on its general traits (especially the euaster-type microscleres) this taxon shares close affinities with the chondrillid-type demosponges. West et al. 2013 included C. jachenhausenensis in the Chondrosida order ( Chondrillidae family) of the hypercalcified chaetetid-type demosponge group. Reitner (1992) mentioned the fact that C. jachenhausenensis is the first known taxon of this type from the Jurassic.</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE</p><p>Reitner’s (1992) C. jachenhausenensis holotype was found in upper Tithonian carbonates of the Solnhofen Plattenkalk quarry near Jachenhausen locality(Bavaria).Since that, numerous occurrences were noticed in Upper Jurassic (mostly Tithonian) carbonates from many countries of Europe (Austria – Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2008; Romania – Pleș et al. 2013; Turkey – Kaya &amp; Altiner 2015; etc.). Beside the Upper Jurassic occurences, Pleș et al., 2017 identified C. jachenhausenensis in lower Aptian deposits from Eastern Carpathians.Sumarizing all, the stratigraphic range of Calcistella jachenhausenensis is Tithonian-lower Aptian with an acme period in?upper Kimmeridgian-Tithonian.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394B8479A33AC0BFC62F990FD6D8E9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pleş, George;Schlagintweit, Felix;Lazăr, Iuliana;Bucur, Ioan I.;Săsăran, Emanoil;Grădinaru, Mihaela	Pleş, George, Schlagintweit, Felix, Lazăr, Iuliana, Bucur, Ioan I., Săsăran, Emanoil, Grădinaru, Mihaela (2021): Exceptionally preserved calcified sponge assemblages in Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (31): 641-666, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31
0394B8479A31AC15FC17FED4FD6F8B61.text	0394B8479A31AC15FC17FED4FD6F8B61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perturbatacrusta leini Schlagintweit & Gawlick 2011	<div><p>Perturbatacrusta leini Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick, 2011</p><p>(Fig. 7F)</p><p>Perturbatacrusta leini Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick, 2011: 131, figs 5c, d, 7a-g, 8a-f. — Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit 2014: 9-11, fig. 4.</p><p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION</p><p>Encrusting poriferan with low-domical medium sized skeleton attached mostly on other sponges and corals. The internal architecture of the skeleton is represented by a three-dimensional network of thick horizontal and vertical elements with smooth rounded walls penetrated by a labyrinthic system of interconnected tubules (canal meshwork) (Fig. 7F). According to Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick (2011) and Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit (2014) an axial cavity, spicules and astrorhizae were so far not observed in Perturbatacrusta leini . For a detailed diagnosis see Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick (2011) and Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit (2014).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Perturbatacrusta leini represents an abundant species within the Upper Jurassic shallow-water encrusting communities of the Tethyan rimmed carbonate platform systems (Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2008, 2011; Pleș et al. 2013; Kaya &amp; Altiner 2015). Here, Perturbatacrusta leini was frequently identified as part of encrusting agglomerations associated mostly with Cylicopsis verticalis, Sarsteinia babai, Calcistella jachenhausenensis, Crescentiella morphotypes and with numerous syndepositional cement crusts (Fig. 4D). Cross- and longitudinally-sectioned individuals revealed that most of the internal tubules are filled with spar cements and, rarely, internal sediment (Fig. 7F). The skeleton has a smooth microcrystalline pattern with a lightgrey colour as similar with other P. leini specimens from the Upper Jurassic carbonates of the Getic Carbonate Platform (Pleș et al. 2013, 2016; Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit 2014) and Northern Calcareous Alps (Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2008, 2011).</p><p>COMMENTS ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION</p><p>Considering its main morphostructural attributes (encrusting fabric, lack of spongocoel, non-spicular skeleton, etc.) and some resemblances with another microencrusters ( Radiomura cautica), Perturbatacrusta leini was either unjustifiably interpreted as Radiomura cautica (see the synonymy list in Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2011), or considered a microencruster of an unknown systematic position. In the original description of Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick (2011) the differences between both taxa ( P. leini and R. cautica) are clearly explained and a possible poriferan nature of P. leini is discussed. The discovery of several well-preserved P. leini specimens in the Upper Jurassic carbonates of the central part of the GCP (Buila-VânturariŢa Massif) by Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit (2014: 11, fig. 4 a-f) allowed new insights into the structural architecture of this species. The labyrinthic system of interconnected tubules and the network of horizontally and vertically developed skeletal elements point to a stromatoporomorph-type development and, respectively, to a poriferan nature of Perturbatacrusta (Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit 2014) . Following these, Perturbatacrusta leini can be regarded as a clacified stromatoporomorph-type sponge rather than a typical microencruster.</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE</p><p>Kimmeridgian-Berriasian (Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2011; Pleș &amp; Schlagintweit 2014; Kaya &amp; Altiner 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394B8479A31AC15FC17FED4FD6F8B61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pleş, George;Schlagintweit, Felix;Lazăr, Iuliana;Bucur, Ioan I.;Săsăran, Emanoil;Grădinaru, Mihaela	Pleş, George, Schlagintweit, Felix, Lazăr, Iuliana, Bucur, Ioan I., Săsăran, Emanoil, Grădinaru, Mihaela (2021): Exceptionally preserved calcified sponge assemblages in Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (31): 641-666, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31
0394B8479A2FAC15FE8CFD57FBEA8C9C.text	0394B8479A2FAC15FE8CFD57FBEA8C9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sarsteinia babai Schlagintweit & Gawlick 2006	<div><p>Sarsteinia babai Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick, 2006 emend.</p><p>(Fig. 8A, B)</p><p>Sarsteinia babai Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick, 2006: 254-256, pl. 1, figs 1-8. — Kaya &amp; Altiner 2015: 12, fig. 5l-m.</p><p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION</p><p>Large sized (4.2 cm in height; 2.8 cm in diameter) leuconidtype encrusting poriferan with a skeleton pierced by numerous anastomosing tubules forming a complex canal system. Thin section analysis revealed the fact that the canals are filled either by internal sediment or matrix (Fig. 8B) either by druzy- or mosaic-type spar cements (Fig. 8B). According to Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick (2006) the canals can possess smooth branches and could represent the exhalant canals of the sponge. The microstructure of the skeleton is characterized by the presence of interconnected dark micritic veins surrounded by a distinct layer of pale-yellow fibrous cement (Fig. 8B). It is possible that some of the micritic veins or fibres may represent septal projections. Spicules were not observed. Following the original description of Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick (2006) and Kaya &amp; Altiner (2015), Sarsteinia babai does not possess a spongocoel and lacks segmentation. The outer surface of the skeleton is defined by the presence of tubercules or ridges.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Most specimens are found here developing encrusting fabrics together with Calcistella jachenhausenensis, Cylicopsis verticalis or Perturbatacrusta leini . Even so, two cylindrical or “barell”-like specimens (up to 9 cm) possess in the central part of the skeleton a large curve-edged cavity (Fig. 8B) that clearely represent the evidence for a spongocoel. Moreover, the outermost parts of the spongocoel are contoured by a micritc band associated with the thin dark fibres which are structuring the sponge skeleton (Fig. 8B yellow arrow). The possible connections of the canal system with the spongocoel are not visible or obturated prior to diagenesis but, considering them as exhalant channels (sensu Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2006), a relation between these elements should exist. Given the shape, position and the features mentioned above, the observed central cavity in several S. babai specimens from Grădiștei Gorges Complex is clearly different than a biotic structure or an abrasional/fragmental feature. As it happens, the specimen illustrated in Fig. 8B displays a large bioerosive structure (perforation) with different observable traits than the existing spongocoel. The identification of a central cavity (spongocoel) in Sarsteinia babai specimens here represents a feature of great diagnostic value. It serve as an additional argument in the emendation of the description made by Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick (2006). Apart from this, some of the tubules which form the canal system (?main tubules) are interconnected through various points and appear to spread from the spongocoel to the exterior of the skeleton in oblique/ longitudinal sectioned specimens (Fig. 8B). Frequently, Lithocodium - type superimposed microstructures are observed within the peripheral zones of the skeleton.</p><p>COMMENTS ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION</p><p>Regarding the systematic position of S. babai, following Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick (2006) this calcified sponge shares both inozoan (based on the tubular canal system) and stromatoporoid features (considering the skeletal microstructures). Depending on the identified central cavity (spongocoel), the Peronidella - type morphology of inozoans (Rigby &amp; Senowbari-Daryan 1996) can be used for understanding the morphostructural features and water circulation patterns in Sarsteinia babai . It is highly possible that most of tubules which form the canal system represent inhalant canals, much of the exhalation process being made upward through the spongocoel. Regarding the stromatoporoid affinity of S. babai, Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick (2006) admit this possibility only in terms of skeletal microstructure. The lack of transverse elements, distinct aquiferous system and other stromatoporoid-type features makes this argument less probable. Considering all, Sarsteinia babai represents an example of calcified inozoanomorph sponge with a stromatoporoid-type skeletal microstructure.</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE</p><p>Kimmeridgian-?Valanginian (Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2006; Kaya &amp; Altiner 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394B8479A2FAC15FE8CFD57FBEA8C9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pleş, George;Schlagintweit, Felix;Lazăr, Iuliana;Bucur, Ioan I.;Săsăran, Emanoil;Grădinaru, Mihaela	Pleş, George, Schlagintweit, Felix, Lazăr, Iuliana, Bucur, Ioan I., Săsăran, Emanoil, Grădinaru, Mihaela (2021): Exceptionally preserved calcified sponge assemblages in Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (31): 641-666, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31
0394B8479A2FAC17FC77F990FDE18D9F.text	0394B8479A2FAC17FC77F990FDE18D9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calciagglutispongia yabei Reitner 1992	<div><p>Calciagglutispongia yabei Reitner, 1992</p><p>(Fig. 8C, D)</p><p>Calciagglutispongia yabei Reitner, 1992: 288, pl. 52, figs 1-4. — Leinfelder et al. 2005: 295, fig. 7b.</p><p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION</p><p>Medium sized (2.3-2.8 cm in diameter) encrusting poriferan with a thick calcified skeleton characterized by a reticulate network of fibres made of agglutinated small particles (Fig. 8D). According to Reitner (1992) the original mineralogy of the skeleton was spongin. The agglutinated sediment which form the inner elements (fibres) is made of fine micritic sediment and grains (Fig. 8B). The canal system shows tube-diameter ranging from 400 to 750 µm.Spicules were not observed and astrorhizae-type structures are poorly developed.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Calciagglutispongia yabei specimens here are generally large (up to 5 cm high) and may develop crustose features. Some longitudinally-oblique sectioned skeletons (Fig. 8C) reveal new insights into the canal system development of this taxon. As illustrated in Figure 8C, a well organized system of large tubules are visible in the central part of the skeleton which is flanked by lateraly developed tubules with a superimposed pattern. The skeletal walls of the central tubules are made also of agglutinated fine micritic sediment being much thicker than the fibre network of the lateral elements. Frequently, Crescentiella morronensis microbodies are found encrusted on Calciagglutispongia yabei skeletons (Fig. 8C).</p><p>COMMENTS ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION</p><p>Based on the micritic microstructure and its reticulate texture, Calciagglutispongia yabei shares some semblances with the actinostromariid sponges. Reitner (1992) stated that the agglutinated small grains which form the inner-skeletal elements (fibres) point to a keratose affinity of C. yabei . Moreover, the calcification model is recorded in numerous poriferans with an organic fiber skeleton. Considering all, Calciagglutispongia yabei can be regarded as a coralline sponge belonging to the Keratosa group (Reitner 1992).</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE</p><p>Kimmeridgian-Tithonian (Reitner 1992; Leinfelder et al. 2005; Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394B8479A2FAC17FC77F990FDE18D9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pleş, George;Schlagintweit, Felix;Lazăr, Iuliana;Bucur, Ioan I.;Săsăran, Emanoil;Grădinaru, Mihaela	Pleş, George, Schlagintweit, Felix, Lazăr, Iuliana, Bucur, Ioan I., Săsăran, Emanoil, Grădinaru, Mihaela (2021): Exceptionally preserved calcified sponge assemblages in Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (31): 641-666, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31
0394B8479A2DAC10FEF1FA91FEAF8820.text	0394B8479A2DAC10FEF1FA91FEAF8820.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thalamopora lusitanica Termier, Termier & Ramalho 1985	<div><p>Thalamopora lusitanica Termier, Termier &amp; Ramalho, 1985</p><p>(Fig. 8F, G)</p><p>Thalamopora lusitanica Termier et al., 1985: 214, pl. 9, figs 1-12. — Pleș et al. 2015: 53, fig. 5k.</p><p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION</p><p>Medium sized chambered calcified sponge (0.5-0.8 cm in height; 0.4-0.6 cm in diameter) with a cylindrical shape and a hollow central cavity (Fig. 8F, G). In early ontogenetic stages the shape of the skeleton is conical and enlarged upward. According to Termier et al. (1985), Thalamopora lusitanica has relatively thick multilayerd walls composed of smooth elliptical elements (“elliptical sclérodermites”) in the internal part, a meshwork of tertactine spicules as a middle layer (observed mainly in tangential sectioned specimens) and a microcrystalline fibrous outer layer. The sponge chambers (vesicles) are developed regularly around the central cavity, in longitudinal sections appearing symmetricaly arranged arround the spongocoel. In oblique and sub-axial sections the arrangement of the chambers shows an imbricated pattern (Fig. 8G) described by Termier et al. (1985) as “similar with fish scales” or “glomerate arrangement” sensu Senowbari-Daryan &amp; Rigby (2011). The canal system is characterized by the presence of well organized small tubules. Short tubules are observed within the outer wall of the skeleton opening into the vesicles (Fig. 8G). Inter-chamber connections consist of thin pores best observed in longitudinal sections. Each chamber (vesicle) contains one larger pore (more or less elliptical in shape) which opens into the central cavity. Termier et al. (1985) stated that these elements stored the choanocytes of the sponge. In thin sections, Thalamopora lusitanica can be easily recognized by its chambered (segmented) structure and by its light-orange pored walls.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>As most of the calcified sponges identified here, T. lusitanica occurs in association with microproblematic encrusting morphotypes ( Crescentiella or Lithocodium) (Fig. 8G). The vesicules of T. lusitanica are normaly filled with granular spar cement but, in some cases, few may be filled with internal fine sediment prior to abrasion of the skeleton walls (Fig. 8G). It is worth mentioning the fact that this species is not that abundant in comparison with the other poriferan species from the Grădiștei Gorges Complex carbonates. Schlagintweit et al. (2019) described from the Upper Jurassic carbonates from Iran several slightly different Thalamopora specimens ( Thalamopora sp.) with lesser chambers in transveres sections in comparison with T. lusitanica .</p><p>COMMENTS ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION</p><p>The general structure of Thalamopora lusitanica practically follows the development plan of barroisid sponges (Termier et al. 1985; Senowbari-Daryan &amp; Rigby 2011). The similarities between Thalamopora and Barroisia Munier-Chlamas are related to the skeletal wall design, while the discrepancies should be associated with the presence of elliptical pores and chamber development. As opposed to Barroisia, Thalamopora has a very regular chamber progression and “elliptical sclérodermites” sensu Termier et al. (1985) on the inner parts of the vesicle wall. The second feature is according to Termier et al. (1985) commonly observed in some Permian representatives of the genus Permosphincta Termier &amp; Termier, 1974, therefore a convergence between Permosphincta-type sponges and sphinctozoans was regarded. In agreement with Senowbari-Daryan &amp; Rigby (2011) the chambered poriferans are included in the Sphinctozoa group, thus Thalamopora was systematically placed here belonging to the Sphaerocoeliidae order of the Calcispongiae class.</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE</p><p>Thalamopora lusitanica was found by Termier et al. (1985) in upper Oxfordian deposits from Portugal. Since that, several occurences of this taxon were reported mainly in uppermost Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) intra-Tethyan carbonate platforms from Europe (Bucur &amp; Săsăran 2005; Leinfelder et al. 2005; Săsăran 2006; Schlagintweit &amp; Gawlick 2008; Pleș et al. 2013; Mircescu et al. 2016). In conclusion the stratigraphic range of T. lusitanica is upper Oxfordian-Tithonian (possibly Berriasian).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394B8479A2DAC10FEF1FA91FEAF8820	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pleş, George;Schlagintweit, Felix;Lazăr, Iuliana;Bucur, Ioan I.;Săsăran, Emanoil;Grădinaru, Mihaela	Pleş, George, Schlagintweit, Felix, Lazăr, Iuliana, Bucur, Ioan I., Săsăran, Emanoil, Grădinaru, Mihaela (2021): Exceptionally preserved calcified sponge assemblages in Upper Jurassic carbonates of the eastern Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (31): 641-666, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a31
