identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039487F3FFF5FFFC69C091A00CA1FF48.text	039487F3FFF5FFFC69C091A00CA1FF48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhampsinitus leighi (Pocock 1903)	<div><p>Rhampsinitus leighi:</p><p>1 male, South Africa: Jackson’s Fall, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.75/lat -29.8)">Mhlatazuna River</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.75/lat -29.8)">Natal</a>, 29°48’S 30°45’E, 500 m, 18 December 1990, V. D. &amp; B. Roth, dense indigenous forest;   1 male, 1 female, South Africa: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.833334/lat -29.766666)">Krantzkloof Nature Reserve</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.833334/lat -29.766666)">Natal</a>, 29°46’S, 30°50’E, 400 m, 18 December 1990, V. D. &amp; B. Roth, rivervine bush with grasses (both CAS).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF5FFFC69C091A00CA1FF48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF6FFFC69C097AC0E8DFE4C.text	039487F3FFF6FFFC69C097AC0E8DFE4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acihasta salebrosa Forster 1948	<div><p>Acihasta salebrosa Forster, 1948:</p><p>TH. 1 male, 1 female, Three Kings Is,  Great I,  South East Bay, 45 m, 27 Nov–1 Dec 1983, J. C. Watt, pit trap 83/136 (NZAC).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF6FFFC69C097AC0E8DFE4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF6FFFC69C097180D94FE14.text	039487F3FFF6FFFC69C097180D94FE14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Americovibone Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991	<div><p>Americovibone:</p><p>OL. 1 female, holotype ( A. remota), Dart Hut, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.55/lat -44.533333)">Mt Aspiring National Park</a>, 44°32’S 168°33’E, 920 m, 13–14 February 1980, J. S. Dugdale, pan trap in bush (NZAC); published description of  A. lanfrancoae (Hunt &amp; Cokendolpher 1996) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF6FFFC69C097180D94FE14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF6FFFC69C097E4088CFD18.text	039487F3FFF6FFFC69C097E4088CFD18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Forsteropsalis marplesi (Forster 1944)	<div><p>Forsteropsalis marplesi:</p><p>MC. 2 males, Hay Scenic Reserve, nr <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.9/lat -43.7)">Pigeon Bay</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=172.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 172.9/lat -43.7)">Banks Peninsula</a>, ca. 43°42’S 172°54’E, 50 m, 10 April 1995, C. Griswold &amp; T. Meikle, native forest (CAS);   1 male, Geyke Road,  Christchurch, 15 February 1977, P. A. Ryan, garden rubbish (MONZ);   SC. 1 male, Dennistoun Track,  Peel Forest, 21 November 2000, P. M. Johns, H. Ruhberg, A. Orr, logs in wet weather (MONZ);   1 male, Peel Forest, 16 April 1968, P. M. Johns,  Fuchsia -podocarp (MONZ);   3 males,  Peel Forest, 27 December 1961, P. M. Johns (MONZ).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF6FFFC69C097E4088CFD18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF6FFFC69C094B00830FC88.text	039487F3FFF6FFFC69C094B00830FC88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Forsteropsalis pureora Taylor 2013	<div><p>Forsteropsalis pureora Taylor, 2013a:</p><p>TO. 1 male, holotype,  
Pureora, 
Waipapa Reserve, 570 m, 15 December 1983, J. Hutcheson, Malaise trap in shrublands (MONZ);   AK. 1 male, Kumeu,  Wilderness Gardens, June 1990, A. Dalton (NZAC);  BP. 1 male, Mt Te Aroha summit, 12 March 1986, Transmitter building (NZAC); 1 male, Mt Te Aroha summit, 3 February 1991, G. H. Sherley, DOC, Transmitter building (NZAC).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF6FFFC69C094B00830FC88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF6FFFC69C096E00E65FE80.text	039487F3FFF6FFFC69C096E00E65FE80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hesperopilio mainae Shear 1996	<div><p>Hesperopilio mainae:</p><p>1 male, holotype, Western Australia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.63333/lat -35.133335)">Lot 40</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.63333/lat -35.133335)">Torbay Head</a>, 35°08’S 117°38’E, 20 April– 14 May 1987, B. Y. Main (WAM).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF6FFFC69C096E00E65FE80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF6FFFC69C095200E1EFCC0.text	039487F3FFF6FFFC69C095200E1EFCC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pantopsalis coronata Pocock 1903	<div><p>Pantopsalis coronata Pocock, 1903b:</p><p>MC. 1 male, 3 females, Enys Flat,  Craigieburn Range, 19 November 1961, P. M. Johns,  Nothofagus (MONZ).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF6FFFC69C095200E1EFCC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF6FFFC69C095580838FC38.text	039487F3FFF6FFFC69C095580838FC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pantopsalis johnsi Forster 1964	<div><p>Pantopsalis johnsi Forster, 1964:</p><p>AU. 1 male (holotype of  P. mila Forster, 1964), Auckland I, Terror Cove,  Port Ross, 10 January 1963, K. A. J. Wise, on rata trunk with cockroaches (MONZ).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF6FFFC69C095580838FC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF6FFFC69C095900EB6FB74.text	039487F3FFF6FFFC69C095900EB6FB74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pantopsalis phocator Taylor 2004	<div><p>Pantopsalis phocator Taylor, 2004:</p><p>FD. 1 male, on Kintail Hut,  Seaforth Valley,  Fiordland, 28 February 1996, A. Tennyson, dead in spider web (MONZ);   2 males, Dean Burn,  Moutts Farm, 14 November–13 December 2001, G. Hall (NZAC);   1 male,  The Hump, 1067 m, 6 February 1976, G. W. Ramsay, tussock (NZAC);   OL. 2 males, N Paradise, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=168.33333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 168.33333/lat -44.666668)">Dundas Creek</a>, 44°40S 168°20E, 3 February 2005, G. Hall, R. Hoare, under logs (NZAC);   SI. 2 males, Ernest Is (east),  Port Pegasus, 26 September 1969, P. M. Johns,  Olearia -rata forest at night (MONZ);   1 male,  Ocean Beach, Stewart Island, 18 January 1971, P. M. Johns, in grasses under  Olearia (MONZ);   1 male, Mason’s Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.8/lat -46.9)">Stewart</a> I, 46°54’S 167°48’E, 15 May 1995, A. Tennyson (MONZ);   1 male, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.8/lat -46.9)">Codfish I</a>, North Hut Track, 5 December 1981, B. A. Holloway, at night (NZAC);   1 male, 1 female, Stewart I,  Little River,  Westside, 24 December 1975 - 2 January 1976, A. C. Harris, Malaise trap (NZAC)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF6FFFC69C095900EB6FB74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF6FFFC69C092CC0FA2FAC8.text	039487F3FFF6FFFC69C092CC0FA2FAC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pantopsalis pococki Hogg 1920	<div><p>Pantopsalis pococki Hogg, 1920:</p><p>MC. 1 male, Arthurs Pass area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=171.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 171.75/lat -43.133335)">Flock Hill Lodge</a>, 43°08’S 171°45’E, 1–13 January 1999, R. Blakemore &amp; L. J. Boutin, beech forest, under rocks;   DN. 3 males, 1 female, Trotters Gorge,  North Otago, 15 April 1968, P. M. Johns,  Fuchsia &amp;  Leptospermum (all MONZ).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF6FFFC69C092CC0FA2FAC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFFDFFF56990906509E3F922.text	039487F3FFFDFFF56990906509E3F922.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neopilionidae	<div><p>Key to New Zealand Palpatores</p><p>The New Zealand fauna of Palpatores (long-legged harvestmen) is dominated by members of the</p><p>Neopilionidae,</p><p>with all but three species belonging to that family. The  Acropsopilionidae, a Gondwanan family recently recognised by Groh &amp; Giribet (2015) as the sister lineage to the Northern Hemisphere Dyspnoi, are represented by a single species  Acropsopilio neozelandiae (Forster 1948) ( Acropsopilionidae). The families  Phalangiidae and  Sclerosomatidae are each represented by a single introduced species of European origin,  Phalangium opilio Linnaeus 1758 ( Phalangiidae) and  Nelima doriae (Canestrini 1871) ( Sclerosomatidae). Most New Zealand  Neopilionidae are currently classified in the subfamily  Enantiobuninae with the exception of the relictual  Americovibone remota Taylor 2016 ( Ballarrinae). Most females of the genera  Pantopsalis and  Forsteropsalis cannot currently be identified to species level by morphology alone. Confident identification of males may require examination of the penis, which at rest is concealed by the genital operculum. Cutting the connecting membranes along each side of the operculum will allow it to be pushed open, after which the penis may be removed with a pair of forceps.</p><p>Four species names have had to be omitted from the key owing to lack of data:  Pantopsalis halli Hogg 1920,  P. grayi Hogg 1920,  P. wattsi Hogg 1920 and  Forsteropsalis australis (Simon 1899) .  Pantopsalis halli and  P. grayi are unidentifiable nomina dubia based on female specimens (Taylor 2004, 2011); the possibility exists that they represent synonyms of other established names but cannot be currently established as such. The status of  F. australis is discussed in the taxonomic section below under  Forsteropsalis, and that of  P. wattsi is discussed under  Puwere .</p><p>The female of  Puwere pureora has not been formally described; it is included in the key below on the basis of observations on iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/450949-Forsteropsalis-pureora).</p><p>1. Ocularium extremely large, occupying greater part of carapace; pedipalp with tarsus shorter than tibia......................................................................................  Acropsopilio neozelandiae (Forster 1948) Ocularium much smaller, occupying small part of carapace only; pedipalp with tarsus longer than tibia................. 2</p><p>2. Legs relatively short and broad, length of femur I less than width of carapace...................................... 3 Legs long and slender, length of femur I greater than width of carapace.......................................... 6</p><p>3. Dorsum of body, including opisthosoma, heavily sclerotised and/or ornamented with numerous tubercles................ 4 Dorsum of opisthosoma soft, not heavily sclerotised, not ornamented with tubercles.......  Accensus brevicrus new species</p><p>4. Opisthosoma with large, protruding lateral spines...................................  Acihasta salebrosa Forster, 1948 Opisthosoma without such spines........................................................................ 5</p><p>5. Ocularium with large, anteriorly projecting promedian tubercle; dorsal tubercles of complex shape with lateral projections.......................................................................  Monoscutum titirangiense Forster, 1948 Ocularium without anteriorly projecting tubercle; dorsal tubercles simple, rounded.......  Templar incongruens Taylor, 2008</p><p>6. Pedipalp remarkably long, femur more than 1.5× body length, pedipalpal claw absent...  Americovibone remota Taylor, 2016 Pedipalp shorter, femur at most only slightly longer than body length, pedipalpal claw present........................ 7</p><p>7. Dorsum of body heavily denticulate, with transverse rows of denticles on opisthosoma...  Phalangium opilio Linnaeus, 1758 Dorsal denticulations, if present, on prosoma only; opisthosoma without transverse denticle rows...................... 8</p><p>8. Dorsum of body, including opisthosoma, more heavily sclerotised; ozopores small, rounded, and not flanked by protruding lobes; penis with lateral ‘wings’ behind glans-shaft junction, without bristle groups........  Nelima doriae (Canestrini, 1871) Dorsum less heavily sclerotised; ozopores larger, oblong, raised from lateral margin of prosoma on protruding lobes; penis with well-developed bristle groups behind glans-shaft junction, without lateral wings................................... 9</p><p>9. Pedipalpal patella with extremely long prodistal apophysis, much longer than main body of patella...........................................................................................  Triascutum triascutum (Forster, 1944) Pedipalpal patella with prodistal apophysis, if present, distinctly shorter than main body of patella.................... 10</p><p>10. Chelicerae very large, more or less strongly denticulate, rising well above dorsum of body at rest (males).............. 11 Chelicerae small, usually not denticulate, not rising above dorsum of body at rest (females)......................... 31</p><p>11. Pedipalpal claw with ventral tooth-row; penis with glans short and deep in lateral view, about as long as wide in ventral view........................................................................  Mangatangi parvum Taylor, 2013a Pedipalpal claw without ventral tooth-row; penis with glans longer than wide in ventral view........................ 12</p><p>12. Pedipalps relatively long, with femur 1.2× or more length of prosoma........................................... 13 Pedipalps shorter, with femur 1.1× or less length of prosoma.................................................. 18</p><p>13. Cheliceral basal segment with distinct ventrolateral rows of widely spaced, elongate denticles; pedipalp lacking both denticles and apophysis...............................................................  Maikukunui tokerau new species Cheliceral basal segment without such denticle rows; pedipalp with distinct prodistal apophysis on patella and/or denticles on femur.............................................................................................. 14</p><p>14. Penis with glans distinctly longer than wide and subrectangular in ventral view................................... 15 Penis with glans about as long as wide and subtriangular in ventral view......................................... 16</p><p>15. Cheliceral second segment with prominent longitudinal rows of enlarged denticles; prodistal apophysis on pedipalpal patella rounded…......................................................  Ungoliant photophaga (Taylor &amp; Probert 2014) Cheliceral second segment without such denticle rows, denticulation more even; prodistal apophysis on pedipalpal patella triangular..................................................................  Pakaka grimmetti (Forster, 1944)</p><p>16. Pedipalpal patella with distinct finger-like prodistal apophysis; pedipalpal femur with denticles both dorsally and ventrally 17 Pedipalpal patella with prodistal protrusion but without distinctly finger-like apophysis; pedipalpal femur with denticles dorsally only................................................................  Ungoliant bona (Taylor &amp; Probert, 2014)</p><p>17. Penis with glans shorter, sides evenly converging in ventral view, glans appearing triangular in lateral view...........................................................................  Ungoliant fabulosa (Phillipps &amp; Grimmett, 1932) Penis with glans relatively longer, sides slightly concave in ventral view, glans appearing flattened in lateral view...................................................................................  Ungoliant turneri (Marples, 1944)</p><p>18. Pedipalpal patella lacking distinct apophysis, with dense covering of setae prodistally; pedipalpal coxa prolaterally unarmed; penis with bristle groups short, anterior bristles not or barely overlapping base of posterior.......................... 19 Pedipalpal patella without dense setae prolaterally, may have distinct apophysis; pedipalpal coxa with distinct array of denticles prolaterally; penis with bristle groups relatively long, anterior bristles well overlapping base of posterior............... 27</p><p>19. Penis with dorsal keel on glans, so distal end is rectangular in lateral view....................................... 20 Penis without dorsal keel on glans, so distal end is triangular in lateral view...................................... 25</p><p>20. Carapace entirely unarmed; legs sparsely denticulate with femur I having denticles dorsally only, separated by more than twice their height................................................................  Pantopsalis rennelli Forster, 1964 Carapace usually with at least a few denticles anterior to ocularium; legs more heavily denticulate both dorsally and ventrally with many separated by less than twice their height......................................................... 21</p><p>21. Ocularium distinctly denticulate......................................................................... 22 Ocularium largely unarmed (may possess single pair of denticles towards rear of ocularium)......................... 24</p><p>22. Penis with glans relatively long, distinctly longer than deep in lateral view....................................... 23 Penis with glans relatively short, about as long as deep in lateral view...................  Pantopsalis johnsi Forster, 1964</p><p>23. Dorsum of opisthosoma and rear margin of carapace with extensive pale markings, including broad transverse stripe across rear margin of carapace and pale coloration on lateral margins of opisthosoma................  Pantopsalis pococki Hogg, 1920 Dorsum of body largely unicoloured.........................................  Pantopsalis albipalpis Pocock, 1903a</p><p>24. Carapace with few denticles anterior to ocularium; legs more moderate in length with femur II about three times carapace width; opisthosoma with light-coloured lateral markings not extending to transverse stripes...................................................................................................  Pantopsalis phocator Taylor, 2004 Carapace largely unarmed; legs remarkably long with femur II about four times carapace width; opisthosoma with light-coloured transverse stripes..................................................  Pantopsalis coronata Pocock, 1903b</p><p>25. Carapace denticulate anterior to ocularium................................................................ 26 Carapace unarmed.......................................................  Pantopsalis snaresensis Forster, 1964</p><p>26. Ocularium denticulate.................................................  Pantopsalis cheliferoides (Colenso, 1882) Ocularium unarmed..........................................................  Pantopsalis listeri (White, 1849)</p><p>27. Entire carapace heavily denticulate, including mesopeltidium; penis with glans elongate, in ventral view with basal constriction followed by elongate section with subparallel sides................................  Shelob inconstans (Forster, 1944) Carapace much less denticulate, with mesopeltidium unarmed; penis with glans in ventral view either shorter, about as long as wide, or sides subparallel without basal constriction......................................................... 28</p><p>28. Denticles on anterior corners of dorsum of prosoma only, remainder unarmed.......  Forsteropsalis distincta (Forster, 1964) Denticles present on prosoma anterior to ocularium......................................................... 29</p><p>29. Dorsum of prosoma distinctly denticulate on anterior corners; pedipalpal patella with small but distinct, triangular prodistal apophysis; penis with sides of glans converging in ventral view................................................ 30 Dorsum of prosoma without denticles on anterior corners; pedipalpal patella with prodistal protrusion but without distinct apophysis overlapping tibia; penis with sides of glans subparallel in ventral view..........  Puwere pureora (Taylor, 2013a)</p><p>30. Tibia II with less than six pseudosegments; length of femur II less than 3× body width..  Forsteropsalis chiltoni (Hogg, 1910) Tibia II with more than six or more pseudosegments; length of femur II more than 3× body width...........................................................................................  Forsteropsalis marplesi (Forster, 1944)</p><p>31. Pedipalpal femur longer than prosoma.................................................................... 32 Pedipalpal femur shorter than prosoma................................................................... 33</p><p>32. Opisthosoma broad, somewhat dorsoventrally flattened; venter with strongly matt pale coloration...............................................................................................  Pakaka grimmetti (Forster, 1944) Opisthosoma narrower, not dorsoventrally flattened; ventral coloration not matt.............................  Ungoliant</p><p>33. Pedipalpal patella with large, rounded, densely setose prodistal apophysis; dorsum of opisthosoma with pale longitudinal median stripe................................................................................  Pantopsalis Pedipalpal patella with prodistal apophysis small and triangular or absent, less densely setose; dorsum of opisthosoma with dark medial markings forming a rectangular ‘saddle’ on anterior segments........................................... 33</p><p>34. Pedipalpal claw with ventral tooth-row........................................  Mangatangi parvum (Taylor, 2013a) Pedipalpal claw without ventral tooth-row................................................................. 34</p><p>35. Dorsum with extensive covering of spiculate black setae............................................  Forsteropsalis Dorsum with few, scattered black setae................................................................... 36</p><p>36. Pedipalpal patella with small but distinct mediodistal apophysis............................................... 37 Pedipalpal patella lacking apophysis.............................................  Maikukunui tokerau new species</p><p>37. Dark ‘saddle’ on first two segments of opisthosoma demarcated by narrow pale stripes laterally, with narrow pale median stripe on remaining segments of opisthosoma (Fig. 8b)...................................  Puwere pureora (Taylor, 2013a) Dark ‘saddle’ on first two segments of opisthosoma not demarcated by pale stripes laterally, with more or less distinct broad pale median stripe on remaining segments of opisthosoma (fig. 8d)....................  Shelob inconstans (Forster, 1944)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFFDFFF56990906509E3F922	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFFFFFF2699091F80FEBFEF8.text	039487F3FFFFFFF2699091F80FEBFEF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalopsalis Roewer 1923	<div><p>Megalopsalis Roewer, 1923</p><p>Comments: The genus  Megalopsalis as currently defined (Taylor 2013b) is morphologically diverse with few unifying features. The phylogenetic analysis presented above has identified three likely subclades that may also be confidently defined morphologically. However, because the relationships of these taxa have not yet been tested using molecular data, these clades are recognised as subgenera until their significance can be more firmly assessed. This allows their ready discussion and comparison by future authors, without enforcing the use of new combinations until such a time as their validity may be more confidently assessed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFFFFFF2699091F80FEBFEF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF8FFF2699097880E13FB3C.text	039487F3FFF8FFF2699097880E13FB3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalopsalis (Intutoportula) Taylor 2025	<div><p>Megalopsalis (Intutoportula) new subgenus</p><p>Fig. 4a</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1743293F-E793-4639-9E31-1526FAACBBF8</p><p>Type species:  Spinicrus minimum Kauri, 1954 .</p><p>Other included species (original combinations):  Spinicrus porongorupense Kauri, 1954;  Megalopsalis suffugiens Taylor, 2013b;  Megalopsalis walpolensis Taylor, 2013b .</p><p>Etymology: Gender feminine, from the Latin intutus, unguarded, and portula, a small gate, hence ‘a small unguarded gate’, in reference to the lack of a grill of spines at the spiracle opening.</p><p>Description: Pedipalp patella of both sexes lacking distinct apophysis or hypersetose area; tarsal claw with ventral tooth-row. Penis (Fig. 4a)with glans short, subtriangular, basally deep but rapidly narrowing distad in lateral view; bristle groups relatively long; shaft with distinct waist behind bristle groups. Spiracle with covering spines almost or entirely absent but usually with lace tubercles present in lateral corner (Taylor 2013b).</p><p>Comments: This subgenus corresponds to the  Megalopsalis minima species-group as recognised by Taylor (2013b). The spiracle morphology, lacking either protective spines or enantiophysis, has not been recorded from any other  Phalangioidea (Šilhavý 1970). These structures are presumed to offer protection from desiccation so their absence in Intutoportula must be considered curious. Intutoportula species are restricted to southern Western Australia (Kauri 1954; Taylor 2013b), with three of the four species inhabiting the High Rainfall Province of the south-western land division, a region recognised as a global biodiversity hotspot (Rix et al. 2015; Brundrett 2021). The outlier is  M. suffugiens which may be able to survive in its more arid Nullarbor habitat through its association with subterranean refugia (Taylor 2013b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF8FFF2699097880E13FB3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF9FFF06990959A08E1FE30.text	039487F3FFF9FFF06990959A08E1FE30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalopsalis (Megalopsalis) Roewer 1923	<div><p>Megalopsalis (Megalopsalis) Roewer, 1923</p><p>Fig. 4c</p><p>Type species:  Macropsalis serritarsus Sørensen, 1886, by original monotypy (as replacement name for  Macropsalis Sørensen 1886).</p><p>Other included species (original combinations):  Megalopsalis epizephyros Taylor, 2011;  Megalopsalis eremiotis Taylor, 2011;  Macropsalis hoggi Pocock, 1903a;  Megalopsalis leptekes Taylor, 2011;  Megalopsalis pilliga Taylor, 2011;  Spinicrus stewarti Forster, 1949;  Megalopsalis sublucens Taylor, 2013b;  Hypomegalopsalis tanisphyros Taylor, 2011;  Pantopsalis tasmanica Hogg, 1910;  Spinicrus thrypticum Hickman, 1957 .</p><p>Description: Pedipalp patella uniform in both sexes, either with well-developed, hypersetose mediodistal apophysis or lacking both distinct apophysis and hypersetose area; tarsal claw with ventral tooth-row. Penis (Fig. 4c) with glans short, subtriangular, basally deep but rapidly narrowing distally; bristle groups relatively long; shaft with strong to weak waist behind bristle groups. Spiracle with grate of mid-length to long, basally reticulate spines with multifurcate to palmate endings, sometimes anastomosing, with lace tubercles present in lateral corner. Distitarsi III and IV usually with paired ventral rows of enlarged, brush-like setae (Taylor 2011; reduced in  Megalopsalis sublucens, absent in  M. leptekes and  M. tanisphyros).</p><p>Comments: Members of this subgenus remain morphologically diverse. Most species are united by a unique synapomorphy, the presence of a double row of thick, hollow setae with brush-like ends on the tarsi of legs III and IV (Taylor 2011, 2013b). The function of these structures is unknown though glandular and/or sensory functions have been attributed to comparable structures in Laniatores (Rodriguez &amp; Townsend 2015; Townsend &amp; Enzmann 2018; Gainett et al. 2019). However, brush-like setae have not been observed in  M. leptekes or  M. tanisphyros (Taylor, 2011) .</p><p>Based on the features of brush-like setae and the presence or absence of a pedipalpal apophysis,  Megalopsalis (Megalopsalis) may be divided between three groups: (1) the  M. serritarsus species group of Taylor (2013b), with both brush-like setae and a pedipalpal apophysis; (2) the  M. leptekes species group of Taylor (2013b), with a pedipalpal apophysis but no brush-like setae; and (3) a group of  M. stewarti,  M. sublucens,  M. tasmanica and  M. thryptica (referred to below as the ‘  M. tasmanica group’) with brush-like setae but no pedipalpal apophysis. The  M. serritarsus group may also be distinguished by distitarsi III and IV being basally swollen (Taylor 2011), though  M. thryptica has distitarsus IV only swollen (Taylor 2013b).</p><p>The names  Hypomegalopsalis Taylor, 2011 (type species:  M. tanisphyros) and  Spinicrus Forster, 1949 (type species:  M. tasmanica) are potentially available for the  M. leptekes and  M. tasmanica species groups, respectively, but are retained in synonymy herein. Both groups are essentially distinguished by the absence of key features only. In the phylogenetic analyses presented above, the  M. serritarsus group is associated with the  M. leptekes group under equal parsimony but with the  M. tasmanica group under implied weights analyses. The  M. tasmanica group is not recovered as monophyletic under either parameter. It should also be noted that the brush-like tarsal setae are reduced in number and regularity in  M. sublucens, presumably in relation to that species’ small body size (Taylor 2013b). This raises the question of whether their apparent absence in the similarly small-bodied  M. leptekes group may also be the result of secondary loss. In light of these considerations, further subdivision of the subgenus  Megalopsalis should await the input of further data, hopefully including molecular analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF9FFF06990959A08E1FE30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFF9FFF3699096A90DADFCC0.text	039487F3FFF9FFF3699096A90DADFCC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalopsalis (Spinicruroides) Taylor 2025	<div><p>Megalopsalis (Spinicruroides) new subgenus</p><p>Fig. 4b</p><p>Insert below: http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DD6F3E70-DC5D-4823-AA1A-7FEE9B8BC1F1</p><p>Type species:  Megalopsalis caeruleomontium Taylor, 2013b .</p><p>Other included species (original combinations):  Megalopsalis atrocidiana Taylor, 2013b;  Megalopsalis coronata Taylor, 2013b;  Megalopsalis puerilis Taylor, 2013b .</p><p>Etymology: Gender masculine, from the historical genus  Spinicrus (currently synonymised with  Megalopsalis) and the suffix - oides, ‘resembling’.</p><p>Description: Pedipalp patella of both sexes lacking distinct apophysis or hypersetose area; tarsal claw with ventral tooth-row. Penis (Fig. 4b) with glans short to medium-length, subtriangular to subrectangular, rapidly narrowing beyond shaft-glans junction to become strongly compressed; bristle groups relatively long; shaft with relatively weak waist behind bristle groups. Spiracle with grate of mid-length, densely reticulate spines with multifurcate endings, and dense patch of lace tubercles in lateral corner (Taylor 2013b).</p><p>Comments: The species of Spinicruroides were left unassigned to species groups by Taylor (2013b). Though externally diverse in appearance, they form a cluster distinguishable from other  Megalopsalis species by genital morphology. The sides of the glans converge less strongly than in other subgenera, so the overall shape is a narrower triangle or even rectangular, in contrast to the broader triangle of Intutoportula or  Megalopsalis . The glans is also noticeably flatter in lateral view. Spinicruroides species are found in coastward regions of New South Wales and Queensland (Taylor 2013b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFF9FFF3699096A90DADFCC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFFAFFF0699093320F5BFA47.text	039487F3FFFAFFF0699093320F5BFA47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Accensus Taylor 2025	<div><p>Accensus new genus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4094D94F-ED66-4B1F-8312-CAF14B2A0FC2</p><p>Type species:  Accensus brevicrus new species .</p><p>Etymology: Latin, masculine, for one of the unarmed reserve troops of a legion.</p><p>Description: As for the type and only known species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFFAFFF0699093320F5BFA47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFFAFFF0699097C00E43FBE0.text	039487F3FFFAFFF0699097C00E43FBE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spinicrurellum Taylor 2025	<div><p>Spinicrurellum new genus</p><p>Fig. 4d</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B53F2B2C-6FB9-4D8B-83F2-4EF7D8274F20</p><p>Type species:  Spinicrus nigricans Hickman, 1957 .</p><p>Etymology: Gender neuter, from the historical genus  Spinicrus (currently regarded as a synonym of  Megalopsalis) with the diminutive suffix - ellum.</p><p>Description: As for the type and only species (Hickman 1957; Taylor 2013b).</p><p>Comments: This species was included in  Megalopsalis by Taylor (2013b) along with other species of ‘  Spinicrus ’, though its distinctive appearance was commented on at the time. Since then, both morphological (see above) and molecular (Giribet et al. 2021b) phylogenetic analyses have placed  M. nigricans in an isolated position from other  Megalopsalis species. As such, it is here accorded its own genus.</p><p>Spinicrurellum may be readily distinguished from all other  Enantiobuninae by its ozopores which are small and circular rather than oblong, and sit flush with the lateral margin of the prosoma rather than being raised on lobes. The genital morphology is also unique, with the penis being remarkably short, broad and flattened, and the glans being shorter than wide and subtrapezoidal (Fig. 4d). Major males, though seemingly rare (Taylor 2013b), have distinct dorsal rows of elongated denticles on the chelicerae that are only paralleled by those seen in  Ungoliant photophaga (Taylor &amp; Probert 2014) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFFAFFF0699097C00E43FBE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFFAFFF16990901F0D85FC38.text	039487F3FFFAFFF16990901F0D85FC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Accensus brevicrus Taylor 2025	<div><p>Accensus brevicrus new species</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 070F548B-620C-41A3-8F5C-108E194B2D14</p><p>Etymology: Latin, noun in apposition, from brevis, short, and crus, leg.</p><p>Holotype: CO. Male, Carrick Range,  Watts Rock, 1295 m, pit traps, J. C. Watt, 13–15 Feb 1983 (NZAC).</p><p>Specimens:  3 males, 1 juvenile, as for holotype (NZAC) .</p><p>Description: Male (Fig. 5): Prosoma length 0.4–0.6, prosoma width 1.1–1.3, body length 1.8–2.2. Dorsum unarmed, opisthosoma not sclerotized. Dorsal prosomal plate yellow tan, with purple mottling laterally and in front of ocularium. Ocularium low in lateral view. Ozopores small and rounded; slightly but not prominently raised. Mouthparts cream-coloured. Coxae cream-coloured with medium brown patches distally, and with scattered black setae. Dorsum and venter of opisthosoma cream-coloured with transverse stripes of purple mottling; no prominent setae present. Chelicerae (Fig. 5b): Segment I 0.5–0.6, segment II 1.0–1.1. Relatively short, not extending far above dorsum of body; both segments unarmed. First segment cream-coloured; second segment light brown for most of length, cream-coloured distally. Second segment inflated, more so dorsoventrally than frontolaterally. Fingers slender, relatively straight, angled mesad in frontal view; mobile finger not bearing setae, closing tightly against fixed finger. Pedipalps (Fig. 5c): Femur 0.4–0.5, patella 0.3, tibia 0.4, tarsus 0.7–0.8. Inner margin of coxa without protruding flange, unarmed; base of coxa without tubercles. Entire pedipalp unarmed. Femur medium brown except cream-coloured proximally and distally; patella, tibia and tarsus each light brown basally, cream-coloured distally. Patella mediodistally rounded, but without distinct apophysis; no dense setation on patella and tibia, pedipalp with sparse black setae throughout. Microtrichia present on distal half of tibia and entire length of tarsus. Tarsal claw without ventral tooth-comb. Legs: Leg I femur 0.9–1.0, patella 0.4, tibia 0.9–1.0; leg II femur 2.0, patella 0.6, tibia 2.3; leg III femur 0.9, patella 0.3, tibia 0.8–0.9; leg IV femur 1.6–1.7, patella 0.4–0.5, tibia 1.3–1.5. Relatively short and stout; all segments unarmed; microtrichia present on patellae, tibiae and tarsi. Banded cream and light brown. Tibia II with six pseudosegments; tibia IV undivided. Penis (Fig 5d, e): Shaft relatively broad and flat, wider than glans. Anterior bristle groups quite short; posterior bristle groups longer, relatively slender. Glans only about as long as wide, subquadrate in ventral view with distal triangular finger-like process undershooting stylus.</p><p>Comments: This remarkable species is immediately distinguishable from any other New Zealand neopilionid by its short legs but relatively unsclerotised dorsum. The only other  Neopilionidae with such short legs relative to body size are the New Zealand species  Monoscutum titirangiense,  Acihasta salebrosa, and  Templar incongruens, and the Australian genus  Australiscutum . The New Zealand species are more heavily sclerotised than  Accensus brevicrus, with raised tubercles on the dorsum in  Monoscutum and  Templar, and spine-like lateral processes on the opisthosoma in  Acihasta .  Australiscutum also bears a nodular dorsum, and male chelicerae are heavily denticulate.  Accensus also exhibits a distinctive genital morphology, with the glans having an acute apex that extends well past the insertion point of the stylus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFFAFFF16990901F0D85FC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE4FFEE699096A90801F9CC.text	039487F3FFE4FFEE699096A90801F9CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Forsteropsalis Taylor 2011	<div><p>Forsteropsalis Taylor, 2011</p><p>Type species:  Macropsalis chiltoni Hogg, 1910, by original designation.</p><p>Other included species (original combinations):  Dasylobus australis Simon, 1899 (new combination),  Pantopsalis distincta Forster, 1964,  Megalopsalis marplesi Forster, 1944 .</p><p>Description: Male with prosoma largely unarmed except scattered denticles in front of ocularium and/or at anterior corners. Medial side of pedipalpal coxa in male rectangular with blunt denticles. Pedipalp femur shorter than or subequal to length of prosoma; patella of both sexes often with small, but distinct, pointed mediodistal apophysis (absent in male of  F. distincta); no densely setose area on patella; tarsal claw without tooth-row. Penis with glans medium length, subtriangular, narrowing distad in lateral view; bristle groups relatively long.</p><p>Comments: Taylor (2011) erected  Forsteropsalis to include a diverse assemblage of New Zealand species previously assigned to the Australian genus  Megalopsalis . Both morphological (herein) and molecular (Giribet et al. 2021b) studies have not supported Taylor’s (2011) original concept of  Forsteropsalis as monophyletic (see phylogenetic discussion above for further details).  Forsteropsalis is therefore restricted herein to those species most closely related to  F. chiltoni . Under this restricted concept,  Forsteropsalis may be distinguished from  Mangatangi by the lack of a tooth-row on the pedipalpal claw and the narrower glans in lateral view, from  Pantopsalis,  Pakaka and  Ungoliant photophaga by the lack of a mediodistal hypersetose region on the pedipalpal patella and from  Pantopsalis by the presence of denticles on the pedipalpal coxa and the longer bristle groups on the penis, from  Puwere and  Shelob by the shorter glans appearing subtriangular in ventral view, and from the remaining species of  Ungoliant by its shorter pedipalps and the absence of ventrodistal apophyses on the basal pseudosegments of distitarsus I.  Forsteropsalis has a distinctly southerly range, being found in the lower half of the South Island and Stewart Island (Taylor 2011), as well as on the Auckland Islands (Forster 1964) and Chatham Islands (see below).</p><p>Forsteropsalis chiltoni and  F. marplesi were only tentatively distinguished by Taylor (2011) by the number of pseudosegments in tibia II. Pseudosegment counts are a problematic character in harvestman taxonomy, having been found to vary within species and sometimes even within individuals (Suzuki 1973, 1982). However, pseudosegment count in  Forsteropsalis is also correlated with overall leg length,  F. marplesi tending to have longer legs than  F. chiltoni (details in species key above). Molecular data have also supported the distinction between  F. marplesi and  F. chiltoni (Fernández et al. 2014; Giribet et al. 2021b), albeit with the suggestion that more than one species may have been confused under  F. chiltoni .</p><p>Dasylobus australis was described by Simon (1899) from a female specimen collected on Chatham Island but was overlooked by all subsequent reviews of New Zealand  Opiliones .  Dasylobus Simon, 1878 is a western Palaearctic genus of  Phalangiidae that would be extremely unlikely to occur in New Zealand, at least as part of the native fauna. I have been unable to examine the type specimen of  D. australis, currently held in the Senckenberg Naturmuseum und Forschungsinstitut in Frankfurt, Germany (Porto &amp; Pérez-González 2019). However, Simon’s (1899) description allows it to be identified as a female  Forsteropsalis . A specimen of a female  Forsteropsalis collected at Taiko Camp on Chatham Island, held in the collection at MONZ, confirms the presence of that genus in the Chatham group (personal observation). Unfortunately, female neopilionids cannot often be identified below genus level and no male neopilionids have been described to date from Chatham Island. The isolated location of the Chatham Islands makes it likely that any  Forsteropsalis species found there will be distinct from those of the New Zealand mainland, hence I take the provisional step of recognising  Dasylobus australis as  Forsteropsalis australis new combination, but confirmation of its status awaits identification of male specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE4FFEE699096A90801F9CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE4FFEE6990909D0ED7F808.text	039487F3FFE4FFEE6990909D0ED7F808.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Maikukunui Taylor 2025	<div><p>Maikukunui new genus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B094A19D-1093-49C0-9525-EF38085BBDFC</p><p>Type species:  Maikukunui tokerau new species .</p><p>Etymology: Gender masculine. Compound from the Maori words maikuku, a claw (as for a crab or lobster claw), and nui, large, in reference to the large chelicerae.</p><p>Description: As for type and only species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE4FFEE6990909D0ED7F808	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE5FFEC699096A908B8FBA8.text	039487F3FFE5FFEC699096A908B8FBA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Maikukunui tokerau Taylor 2025	<div><p>Maikukunui tokerau new species</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 51220457-2B23-436E-92DB-F960A07B365D</p><p>Holotype: ND. Male, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.55/lat -35.666668)">Waipoua Forest</a>, near visitors’ centre, ca. 35°40’S 173°33’E, el. ca. 120 m, 5.iv.1995, C. Griswold &amp; T. Meikle (CAS).</p><p>Paratypes: ND. 1 male,  Te Paki Coastal Park, 7 Feb 75, A. K. Walker (NZAC);  AK. 1 male, Titirangi, 12 December 1945, R. Forster (MONZ) .</p><p>Etymology: Species name a noun in apposition, from the Maori for ‘north’.</p><p>Description: Male (Fig. 6): Prosoma length 1.6–2.2, prosoma width 3.0–3.6, body length 4.2–5.9. Body unarmed except for small black, spinose setae scattered over entire body. Dorsum of prosoma mostly mottled orange with white U-shaped stripe between either side of ocularium and anterior margin of carapace, white patches also present around lateral margins of dorsal prosomal plate and around ozopores. Ocularium off-white with black rings around eyes. Mesopeltidium medially purple with white patches directly behind ocularium, laterally mottled orange. Metapeltidium and dorsum of opisthosoma mottled light purple with cream-coloured patches. Mouthparts and coxae medially cream-coloured with light brown mottling on coxae, becoming more evenly medium brown distally; venter of opisthosoma mostly cream-coloured with transverse stripes of mottled purple-brown posteriorly. Chelicerae: Segment I 13.2–17.8, segment II 15.3–20.0. Mostly orange, with dorsodistal cream patch on first segment. First segment with widely-spaced denticles with prominent longitudinal row of more elongate denticles ventromedially (Fig. 6b); denticles becoming absent dorsodistally. Second segment more evenly denticulate, with some more elongate denticles proximodorsally. Cheliceral fingers elongate, slightly bowed; mobile finger with numerous setae around median tooth. Pedipalp: Femur 2.6–2.8, patella 1.1–1.3, tibia 1.4–1.8, tarsus 3.2– 3.6. Unarmed, including median side of coxa, except for numerous black setae. Femur striped purple and cream-coloured; patella and proximal half of tibia mostly purple; distal half of femur and tarsus cream-coloured. Patella without apophysis or hypersetose region. Microtrichia present along entire length of tarsus. Claw without ventral teeth. Legs: Leg I femur 10.1–12.1, patella 1.9–2.2, tibia 9.9–10.6; leg II femur 16.7–19.2, patella 2.1–2.4, tibia 16.2–19.2; leg III femur 8.3–10.4, patella 1.8–2.0, tibia 7.9–10.1; leg IV femur 11.5–13.6, patella 2.0–2.3, tibia 10.7–13.5. Femora evenly denticulate; remaining segments unarmed except few denticles around distal ends of patellae. Tibia II with eleven or twelve pseudosegments; tibia IV with three to five pseudosegments. Penis (Fig. 6d, e): Shaft and tendon elongate; all four bristle groups present, left anterior group relatively small. Distinct lateral protrusion of glans above left anterior bristle group. Glans of medium length, sides becoming subparallel distally, dorsoventrally flattened distally.</p><p>Female: Prosoma length 2.2, prosoma width 3.2, body length 5.4. Only available female specimen poorly preserved, bleached. Dorsum unarmed. Colouration retains white patches between either side of ocularium and anterior margin of carapace, and indication of dark square median saddle on anterior segments of opisthosoma, with bright transverse stripe behind saddle. Chelicerae: Segment I 1.2, segment II 2.7; slender, relatively long for female neopilionid; dorsum with few strong, sharp denticles on first segment and basal part of second segment. Pedipalp: Femur 1.8, patella 1.0, tibia 1.3, tarsus 2.8; as for male, except microtrichia present over greater part of tibia. Legs: Leg I missing; leg II femur 14.2, patella 2.3, tibia 15.7; leg III femur 7.8, patella 1.8, tibia 7.6; leg IV femur 10.6, patella 1.9, tibia 10.9. Femora denticulate.</p><p>Comments:  Maikukunui tokerau can be readily distinguished from other New Zealand  Enantiobuninae by the male’s cheliceral armature, with widely spaced, relatively elongate denticles ventrally on the first segment. The male genital morphology with its relatively short glans, subtriangular in ventral view, distinguishes  Maikukunui from other New Zealand neopilionid genera except  Forsteropsalis and  Ungoliant, in which the glans is thicker dorsoventrally.  Maikukunui may also be distinguished from these genera by the lack of denticles on the pedipalpal coxa, from  Forsteropsalis by its longer pedipalps, and from  Ungoliant by the lack of ventrodistal apophyses on the basal pseudosegments of distitarsus II.</p><p>Maikukunui tokerau is the only species of  Neopilionidae described thus far from the Northland region of New Zealand, and only the second after  Monoscutum titirangiense known from the Auckland region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE5FFEC699096A908B8FBA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE6FFEC699092450C80F8FB.text	039487F3FFE6FFEC699092450C80F8FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pakaka Taylor 2025	<div><p>Pakaka new genus</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BC3A6D47-7197-47E8-8B94-3FD011F2545B</p><p>Type species:  Megalopsalis grimmetti Forster 1944 .</p><p>Etymology: Gender feminine. From the Maori pakaka, a burnt orange or ochre colour, in reference to the type species’ distinctive coloration.</p><p>Description: As for the type and only included species (Forster 1944; Taylor 2011).</p><p>Comments:  Pakaka grimmetti is a distinctive species found in the west of New Zealand’s South Island (Taylor 2011). It may be distinguished from  Forsteropsalis,  Mangatangi,  Puwere,  Shelob and  Ungoliant except  U. photophaga by the presence of a hypersetose apophysis on the pedipalpal patella in both sexes, being particularly large in the female. It may be distinguished from  Triascutum and  Ungoliant photophaga by its genital morphology, having a long glans with subparallel sides, and from  Pantopsalis by its long pedipalps and long bristle groups on the penis.  Pakaka grimmetti may also be distinguished from all other  Enantiobuninae by its body form, with a relatively broad, somewhat flattened and truncate, opisthosoma and characteristic pale matt venter. Photographs of live specimens exhibit an orange-brown coloration that contrasts with the darker colour of many other  Enantiobuninae (https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/498091-Forsteropsalis-grimmetti).</p><p>Taylor (2011) described a beta male morph for  Pakaka grimmetti, using the terminology established by Painting et al. (2015). However, a specimen held in MONZ (1 male, MC. Craigieburn Valley, Craigieburn Range, snowtussock, under rock, 5 February 1973, P. M. Johns) exhibits an alpha morphology with long, slender chelicerae (Fig. 7c).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE6FFEC699092450C80F8FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE7FFEA699096A90E75FD84.text	039487F3FFE7FFEA699096A90E75FD84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pantopsalis Simon 1879	<div><p>Pantopsalis Simon, 1879</p><p>Type species:  Phalangium listeri White, 1849, by monotypy.</p><p>Other included species (original combinations):  Pantopsalis albipalpis Pocock, 1903a,  Phalangium (Phrynus) cheliferoides Colenso, 1882,  Pantopsalis coronata Pocock, 1903b,  Pantopsalis halli Hogg, 1920 (nomen dubium),  Pantopsalis johnsi Forster, 1964,  Pantopsalis phocator Taylor, 2004,  Pantopsalis pococki Hogg, 1920,  Pantopsalis rennelli Forster, 1964,  Pantopsalis snaresensis Forster, 1964 .</p><p>Comments: The taxonomic status of  Phalangium listeri and  Ph. (Phrynus) cheliferoides were clarified by Taylor (2013a). Taylor (2013a) also provided a key to males of  Pantopsalis in which the South Island  P. listeri was separated from the North Island  P. cheliferoides by the absence of denticles on the ocularium and the presence of transverse stripes on the opisthosoma. Use of the latter character was in error as colour pattern varies in both populations (as previously noted by Vélez et al. 2014). The relationship between  P. listeri and  P. cheliferoides deserves further investigation. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the  P. listeri group by Giribet et al. (2021b) did not support a clear division between populations on the North and South Islands; instead, specimens from the northwestern South Island clustered with those from the North Island. Corroborating this finding, specimens from northern Westland (South Island) held in the collection in MONZ have a denticulate ocularium like that of North Island specimens. The collection locality for the neotype of  P. listeri was not specified beyond ‘Ile du Milieu’ (i.e. South Island) but it clearly possesses an unarmed ocularium (Taylor 2013a).</p><p>The status of many other  Pantopsalis species requires clarification.  Pantopsalis albipalpis,  P. coronata,  P. phocator and  P. pococki form a complex of species from the southern South Island with very similar genital morphology, currently distinguished only by coloration and/or degree of denticulation. Giribet et al. (2021b) identified these species as forming a clade but did not find relationships within the clade conforming to current species boundaries.</p><p>The distinction between  Pantopsalis albipalpis from the Otago region and  P. johnsi from the Auckland Islands was left open by Taylor (2004), who was unable at the time to identify distinguishing features between the two but provisionally maintained them as distinct due to their widely separated distributions. Subsequent re-examination of specimens of both species held at MONZ has confirmed that they may be distinguished by genital morphology, with  P. johnsi having a distinctly shorter glans (about as long as deep in lateral view) than  P. albipalpis (distinctly longer than deep in lateral view).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE7FFEA699096A90E75FD84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE0FFEA699094550D28F904.text	039487F3FFE0FFEA699094550D28F904.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Puwere Taylor 2025	<div><p>Puwere new genus</p><p>Fig. 8a, b</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A977637B-B178-4286-875D-D42828864F4A</p><p>Type species:  Forsteropsalis pureora Taylor, 2013a .</p><p>Other possible species (original combinations):  Pantopsalis grayi Hogg, 1920,  Pantopsalis wattsi Hogg, 1920 .</p><p>Etymology: Gender masculine. From the Maori puwere (pronounced ‘poo-weh-reh’), an arachnid.</p><p>Description: As for type and only definite species (Taylor 2013a).</p><p>Comments:  Puwere pureora is a widespread species across the central North Island (Powell et al. 2020). It may be distinguished from  Pakaka,  Pantopsalis,  Triascutum and  Ungoliant photophaga by the absence of an apophysis or hypersetose area on the pedipalpal patella, and from  Forsteropsalis,  Mangatangi,  Shelob and  Ungoliant by its genital morphology, with the penis having a relatively long, parallel-sided glans that does not narrow immediately distad of the shaft-glans junction.</p><p>Two further species are not formally included in  Puwere, owing to a lack of data, but are noted here for consideration.  Pantopsalis wattsi was described by Hogg (1920) on the basis of a single male specimen from Hawera in the Taranaki region, North Island. Despite a brief redescription of the holotype by Taylor (2011), who transferred it to  Forsteropsalis, this species remains poorly characterised. Most significantly, no description is yet available of its genital morphology. The recent identification of male trimorphism in  P. pureora by Powell et al. (2020) raises the question whether  F. wattsi might represent a gamma male of that species. The primary feature currently distinguishing the two species, more developed denticulation on the prosoma of  P. pureora, could represent intra-specific variation correlating with the smaller size of the  F. wattsi holotype. The type localities of the two species, Pureora in the Waikato district and Hawera in the Taranaki district, are separated by only about 250 km. Specimens assigned to  F. wattsi were placed in a clade with  P. pureora by Giribet et al. (2021b) but their species identity should be considered uncertain. They were collected in the northern South Island and may represent a related but as yet undescribed species.</p><p>Pantopsalis grayi was also described by Hogg (1920) on the basis of a poorly preserved female specimen from Waikaremoana near Te Urewera National Park. Though this is also within the potential range of  Puwere pureora, it is unlikely that the specific identity of this specimen could ever be confidently established, and  P. grayi remains a nomen dubium.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE0FFEA699094550D28F904	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE0FFEB699090D40D9AFE69.text	039487F3FFE0FFEB699090D40D9AFE69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Shelob Taylor 2025	<div><p>Shelob new genus</p><p>Fig. 8c, d</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5C77813C-BFCB-45B9-A252-5A5E67927B6F</p><p>Type species:  Megalopsalis inconstans Forster, 1944 .</p><p>Etymology: Gender feminine. After  Shelob, a monstrous spider-like creature featured in J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings.</p><p>Description: As for the type and only known species (Taylor 2011).</p><p>Comments:  Shelob inconstans has been recorded widely in central New Zealand, from the southern North Island and northern South Island (Vélez et al. 2014). Fernández et al. (2014) established that  Megalopsalis chiltoni nigra Forster, 1944, treated as  Forsteropsalis nigra by Taylor (2011), represented a colour variant of  S. inconstans and synonymised the two taxa.</p><p>Shelob inconstans stands out from all other  Enantiobuninae in its degree of armature with the entire carapace being densely denticulate, including the mesopeltidium. It also has a distinctive genital morphology with the glans being conspicuously narrowed at the base but with the sides then becoming parallel, and the glans overall being quite long. This may be derived from an ancestor more similar in genital morphology to  Forsteropsalis, via elongation of the distal section of the glans.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE0FFEB699090D40D9AFE69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE1FFEB699094780ED7FCA5.text	039487F3FFE1FFEB699094780ED7FCA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triascutum Taylor 2025	<div><p>Triascutum new genus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3E7F4E58-2D40-4658-9F06-727351BA8A81</p><p>Type species:  Megalopsalis triascuta Forster, 1944 .</p><p>Etymology: Gender neuter. From the Latin tres, three, and scutum, shield, to reflect the name originally given to its type species by Forster (1944) and to contrast with the related genus  Monoscutum Forster, 1948 .</p><p>Description: As for type and only species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE1FFEB699094780ED7FCA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE2FFE9699096A90DA9FC38.text	039487F3FFE2FFE9699096A90DA9FC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triascutum triascutum (Forster 1944) Taylor 2025	<div><p>Triascutum triascutum (Forster, 1944) new combination</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Megalopsalis triascuta Forster, 1944: 189–190, figs 1–3; Taylor, 2011: 44.</p><p>Holotype juvenile: WI.  Feilding Hills, 1 November 1942, R. Forster, under log (MONZ).</p><p>Other material:   AK. 1 female,  Huia, 20 May–3 June 1981, B. M. May, malaise trap (NZAC) ;   1 female,  Manurewa, 29 May 1943, R. Forster (MONZ) ;   BP. 1 male, 1 female,  Papatea, 24 September–19 October 1992, J. S. Dugdale, malaise trap (NZAC) ;   1 male,  Waenga Bush, 16 September 1992, R. C. Henderson, off bases of nikau fronds (MONZ) ;   1 female,  Waiaroho, 17 September–21 October 1992, G. Hall, malaise trap (NZAC) ;   GB. 1 male, Te Piripiri Bay,  Lake Waikaremoana,  Urewera National Park, 20 March 1997, L. J. Boutin, beech forest, ex sifting litter (MONZ) ;   TO. 1 male,  
Pureora, 
Waipapa Reserve, 570 m, 15 December 1983, J. Hutcheson, malaise trap in podocarps (NZAC) ;  1 male, 1 female, ditto, 27 December 1983, malaise trap in shrublands (NZAC) .</p><p>Description: As given by Forster (1944), with the following additions: Male chelicerae not enlarged relative to female; teeth on cheliceral fingers with one large tooth towards base of row, remainder evenly serrate; mobile finger without setae. Pedipalp not particularly elongate, length of femur subequal to that of prosoma; patella of both sexes with elongate medial distolateral apophysis, more than twice length of main body of patella, about two-thirds to three-quarters length of tibia, covered with short stout setae, more slender in male than in female; tibia also with small distal apophysis, protruding only slightly past tarsus; plumose setae apparently absent, microtrichia on tarsus only; tarsal claw ventrally rugose; pedipalpal coxa simple, without denticles. Legs elongate but relatively stout; unarmed; microtrichia present on legs from femora to tarsi; tibia II with eight pseudosegments, tibia IV with two. Penis (Fig. 9c–d): Shaft narrow, flattened dorsoventrally; tendon relatively short. Bristle groups medium in length, not extending to dorsal margin of shaft. Glans relatively short but slender, lateral edges in distal half subparallel, slightly curved rightwards, narrow in lateral view. Ovipositor (Fig. 9e): Two seminal receptacles present. Spiracle (Fig. 9b): Curtain of distally anastomosing spines extending over entire spiracle, spines not shortening to tubercles in medial corner.</p><p>Comments:  Triascutum triascutum can be immediately distinguished from all other  Neopilionidae by the very elongate patellar apophysis on the pedipalp, considerably longer than the main body of the patella itself and nearly as long as the adjoining tibia.</p><p>This species is widespread in the North Island of New Zealand. To date, I have not identified any features suggesting the presence of more than one species. Though noted to be misplaced in  Megalopsalis,  M. triascuta was left incertae sedis by Taylor (2011) owing to the juvenile nature of its holotype. Subsequent examination of mature specimens has confirmed its remarkable nature, and both morphological (see below) and molecular (Giribet et al. 2021b) phylogenetic analyses place it in an isolated position from other  Neopilionidae . As a result, it is herein transferred to its own genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE2FFE9699096A90DA9FC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFE3FFE6699095D50F24FE80.text	039487F3FFE3FFE6699095D50F24FE80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ungoliant Taylor 2025	<div><p>Ungoliant new genus</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A193A702-4E02-4280-A8A4-3155266E9F4D</p><p>Type species:  Forsteropsalis photophaga Taylor &amp; Probert, 2014 .</p><p>Other included species (original combinations):  Forsteropsalis bona Taylor &amp; Probert, 2014,  Macropsalis fabulosa Phillipps &amp; Grimmett, 1932,  Megalopsalis turneri Marples, 1944 .</p><p>Etymology: Gender feminine. After  Ungoliant, the monstrous spider-like entity featured in J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Silmarillion. As well as her arachnid-like appearance,  Ungoliant may also be compared to the type species  U. photophaga in her role as destroyer of light-producing life-forms.</p><p>Comments:  Ungoliant comprises to very distinct morphological clusters, with the type species divergent in appearance from the other three. All four are large-bodied enantiobunines with long pedipalps, the pedipalpal femur being longer than the prosoma in both sexes and at least 1.5 times as long as the prosoma in males. This exceeds the pedipalpal length of all other New Zealand  Enantiobuninae; the closest contenders are the genera  Maikukunui,  Pakaka and  Puwere that may be further distinguished by features discussed under their respective headings. Armature in all four species is remarkably weak with carapace and legs bearing few or no denticles. At least some individuals of each species also share a unique male cheliceral morphology in which the second cheliceral segment is massively inflated and the cheliceral fingers are enlarged and bow-shaped (Taylor 2011; Taylor &amp; Probert 2014), though this feature is subject to intraspecific polymorphism. However,  U. photophaga differs from other  Ungoliant species in genital morphology, having the glans long and parallel-sided whereas that of the remaining species is short and subtriangular (Taylor 2011; Taylor &amp; Probert 2014). The pedipalpal patella of  U. photophaga bears a distinct hypersetose apophysis, similar to that found in  Pantopsalis, whereas the patellar apophysis of other species, if present, is less markedly setose (Taylor &amp; Probert 2014).  Ungoliant fabulosa,  U. bona and  U. turneri are also united by a unique modification of distitarsus I, with the first several pseudosegments bearing a strong ventrodistal tooth (Taylor &amp; Probert 2014).</p><p>Nevertheless,  Ungoliant is here recognised as a single genus rather than divided between two separate genera. Despite their strong morphological resemblances,  U. fabulosa,  U. bona and  U. turneri have not been supported as a clade by molecular data (Giribet et al. 2021b). Instead, Giribet et al. (2021b) support a close relationship between  U. bona and  U. photophaga . Both  U. bona and  U. photophaga have been found in association with the Waitomo cave complex of the central North Island, with  U. photophaga potentially a strict troglobite (Taylor &amp; Probert 2014). Glandular pedipalpal setae have been identified as a predatory adaptation in harvestmen (Wolff et al. 2016) and it is possible that the particularly long, densely setose pedipalps of  U. photophaga assist it in capturing prey within the cave environment.  Ungoliant photophaga is here selected as type species in recognition that the phylogenetic positions of the other species may be subject to future revision.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFE3FFE6699095D50F24FE80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
039487F3FFECFFE76990975D0D30FEDC.text	039487F3FFECFFE76990975D0D30FEDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ungoliant turneri (Marples 1944)	<div><p>Ungoliant turneri (Marples, 1944)</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>Megalopsalis turneri Marples, 1944: 313–314, fig. A.</p><p>Macropsalis turneri (Marples): Forster 1944: 192 footnote.</p><p>Forsteropsalis turneri (Marples): Giribet et al. 2021b: 842.</p><p>Holotype: FD. Male,  Lake Manapouri, December 1937, F. J. Turner (OMNZ).</p><p>Specimens examined:   FD. 2 males,  Mt Balloon Caves, on walls in complete darkness, 26 January 1948, R. K. Dell (MONZ) ;   1 male,  Mt Luxmore, limestone caves, 4000’, 12 April 1982, A. C. Harris (OMNZ) ;   1 male, west end,  Te Waewae Bay, scrub at night, 19 October 1969, P. M. Johns (MONZ; measured)  .</p><p>Description: As for Marples (1944), with the following additions: Prosoma length 3.0; prosoma width 3.3; body length 6.5. Chelicera: segment I 6.3, segment II 8.0. Pedipalp (Fig. 10b): femur 4.4, patella 1.7, tibia 2.5, tarsus 5.2. Femur denticulate both dorsally and ventrally; patella with short finger-like mediodistal apophysis. Legs: leg I femur 8.5, patella 2.5, tibia 8.3; leg II femur 12.5, patella 2.6, tibia 13.0; leg III femur 6.6, patella 1.8, tibia 7.3; leg IV femur 9.6, patella 2.4, tibia 10.0. Distitarsus I with terminal spinose apophyses. Penis (Fig. 10c, d): Shaft and tendon elongate; bristle groups relatively long; glans short, subtriangular in ventral view, relatively narrow in lateral view.</p><p>Comments: This species was suggested to belong to  Forsteropsalis by Taylor (2011) but its identity was then considered uncertain. It was later formally reassigned on the basis of molecular data by Giribet et al. (2021b). The holotype of  Megalopsalis marplesi is held at the Otago Museum, though at the time that I had an opportunity to examine it (May 2014), it was contained in a glass apothecary’s jar that had been sealed with wax. This wax could not be removed in the brief time available, so I was only able to observe the holotype through the jar and could not examine close details. Nevertheless, enough could be discerned to confirm the validity of Giribet et al. ’s (2021b) reclassification, albeit with the further revision that  M. marplesi belongs to the cluster of species here designated  Ungoliant, and to establish its identity with other specimens collected in Fiordland.  Ungoliant turneri is most readily distinguished from its congeners by its more southerly distribution, though the glans of the penis also appears narrower in lateral view than that of  U. fabulosa and  U. bona, and the spinose apophyses on distitarsus I are longer than those in other species (Taylor &amp; Probert 2014).</p><p>Ungoliant turneri was described by Marples (1944) as having less inflated chelicerae than  U. fabulosa, with less bow-shaped fingers. However, specimens from Mt Balloon Caves exhibited more inflated chelicerae than the holotype, and a similar specimen of  U. turneri was illustrated by Vélez et al. (2014). Considering the existence of similar variation within  U. photophaga, it is possible that  U. fabulosa and  U. bona may also prove to be polymorphic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487F3FFECFFE76990975D0D30FEDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Christopher K.	Taylor, Christopher K. (2025): Further discussion of relationships within Australasian Neopilionidae (Opiliones: Phalangioidea), with description of two new species and eight new genera. Zootaxa 5631 (1): 52-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5631.1.2
