identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039787D2FC5FFFD9EDA9F9FA8EB6E4EC.text	039787D2FC5FFFD9EDA9F9FA8EB6E4EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiellidae McFadden, van Ofwegen & Quattrini 2022	<div><p>Family Cladiellidae McFadden, van Ofwegen &amp; Quattrini, 2022</p><p>Genus Cladiella Gray, 1869</p><p>Diagnosis (amended).Colonies lobed, comprising either simple rounded knobs or divided ones, occasionally digitate, but rarely branched. Polyps monomorphic, retractile or non-retractile but highly contractile, evenly distributed over lobe surface. Polyp sclerites usually abundant, in shape of platelets, seldomly rods. Platelets with lateral waist or slits and occasionally with two surface pits, resembling figure-eight image. Surface of polyp sclerites frequently tuberculate and occasionally featuring fine cristate-like structure. Circumference of platelets occasionally elevated, forming rim around a median depression. Surface of lobes and colony base commonly include poorly developed dumbbells ornamented with rounded tubercles, blunt-ended or pointed conical ones at their two ends. Dumbbells, from interior of lobes and base, distinctly feature at either end pointed conical and/or blunt-ended conical tubercles separated by median waist. Z ooxanthellate octocorals.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC5FFFD9EDA9F9FA8EB6E4EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC50FFDFEDA9FEA889CCE3FF.text	039787D2FC50FFDFEDA9FEA889CCE3FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella arbusculoides Verseveldt & Benayahu 1978	<div><p>Cladiella arbusculoides Verseveldt &amp; Benayahu, 1978</p><p>(Figs. 2A, 3 &amp; 4)</p><p>Cladiella arbusculoides Verseveldt &amp; Benayahu, 1978: 59–60, Fig. 1, pl. I Figs. 1 &amp; 2. Material examined. Holotype. SMNHTAU_ Co _13272 (=NS13272), Egypt, Sharm el Sheikh, Northern Red Sea, Egypt, 3 m, 7 September 1976, coll. Y. Benayahu.</p><p>Description. The stalked holotype is 37 mm high and 36 mm wide (Fig. 2A). The stalk is smooth, obconical triangle-shaped, and divided into three branches bearing digitate lobes that give rise to side lobules. The lobes are mostly arranged in one plane of the colony, with the expanded polyps more crowded in the distal part of the lobules.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps includes platelets featuring a waist-like lateral narrowing, some of them are figure eights and a few others are rods, 0.03–0.06 mm long (Fig. 3A). The surface of the polyp sclerites features a uniform cristate-like structure. The surface of the lobes has poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.09 mm long, featuring nearly round or, mostly, blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 3B). The interior of the lobes features dumbbells, 0.07–0.09 mm long, with pointed conical and blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 3C). These dumbbells present a distinct waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long. Similarly, the surface of the colony base has poorly developed dumbbells, 0.07-0.11 mm long, mostly with blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 4A). The dumbbells from the interior of the base are 0.09–0.12 mm long (Fig. 4B) featuring a bare waist, 0.03–0.06 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long, and are ornamented with conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles.</p><p>Color. The ethanol-preserved holotype is cream.</p><p>Remarks. In general, the current findings correspond to the original description of the holotype (Verseveldt &amp; Benayahu 1978). The colony shape including the branched lobes (Fig. 2A), as reflected by in the species name, along with the type of polyp platelets featuring a uniform cristate-like structure (Fig. 3A) are both suggested to be diagnostic of C. arbusculoides . The current species description depicts for the first time a cristate-like surface structure of Cladiella polyp platelets and rods. It should be noted that this species features dumbbells up to 0.12 mm long, the longest recorded for the genus, and similar to some other congeneric Red Sea types (see Table 2).</p><p>diagnostic features (D: dumbbell sclerites, PDD: poorly developed dumbbells, sclerite dimension refers to length).</p><p>......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC50FFDFEDA9FEA889CCE3FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC48FFC0EDA9FF198925E348.text	039787D2FC48FFC0EDA9FF198925E348.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella bottai (Tixier-Durivault 1943)	<div><p>Cladiella bottai (Tixier-Durivault, 1943)</p><p>(Figs. 2B, 5 &amp; 6)</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. australiensis Thorpe, 1928: 495, p. 31, Fig. 1, pl. 34, Figs. 1 &amp; 2 (Wooded Island, Australia). Lobularia Bottai Tixier-Durivault, 1943a: 439 (Red Sea); Tixier-Durivault 1948: 40–45, Figs. 25–30.</p><p>? Cladiella bottai; Benayahu et al. 2012: 1534 (Taiwan, listed only).</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. MNHN-IK-2000-25, Egypt, Red Sea, 1837, coll. M. Botta.</p><p>Description. The holotype is an encrusting colony with a maximin cross-section of 42 x 35 mm (Fig. 2B). Its lobes are densely placed, featuring a rounded smooth outline, and occasionally a shallow groove is found on their surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises platelets, 0.04–0.07 mm long (Fig. 5A). They feature a lateral narrowing, and their surface microstructure has a tuberculate texture in association with a cristate-like one. The sclerites of the surface layer of the lobes are poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.07 mm long, commonly featuring rounded tubercles or some blunt-ended conical ones at both ends (Fig. 5B). The interior of the lobes has dumbbells, 0.06– 0.09 mm long, ornamented mainly with a combination of blunt-ended conical and rounded tubercles, and with some pointed conical ones (Fig. 5C). Their waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long. No sclerites were found on the surface layer of the colony base. The dumbbells from the interior of the base are 0.07–0.10 mm long and are ornamented with pointed conical tubercles and less commonly with blunt-ended conical ones (Fig. 6). The waist of these dumbbells is 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long.</p><p>Color. The ethanol preserved holotype MNHN-IK-2000-25 is beige-cream.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. bottai by Tixier-Durivault (1943a: 439) did not depict the morphological characters of the holotype. Subsequently, a morphological description was presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 40-45, Figs. 25–30). That description presented one colony (Fig. 25), but the current study found two colonies at the MNHN (Table 1). The morphological examination of the colony (MNHN- IK-2000-25) and its sclerites corresponded to the amended description, except for a lack of sclerites on the surface layer of the base, noted here but not mentioned by Tixier-Durivault (1948). Such lack of sclerites on the surface layer of the colony base and the morphological features of the polyp sclerites, in particular their composite surface architecture, are considered to be a diagnostic of C. bottai . It should be noted that the current study found such lack of sclerites on the surface layer of the colony base in several other Red Sea Cladiella types (Table 2). The legend to Fig. 30 in Tixier-Durivault (1948) does not differentiate between the sclerites of the lobe surface and those of the polyps, although both were depicted and the differences between these two sclerite groups are mentioned in the text. A similar error appears in the description of several other species in that revision. The exact location of the type locality in the Red Sea is not indicated.</p><p>Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. australiensis Thorpe, 1928 from Western Australia was considered by Tixier-Durivault (1948: 40) to be a synonym of C. bottai . This suggestion requires further examination of the relevant material. Similarly, the record of C. bottai from Taiwan (Benayahu et al. 2012: 1534) remains to be validated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC48FFC0EDA9FF198925E348	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC4AFFC3EDA9FF198D8BE228.text	039787D2FC4AFFC3EDA9FF198D8BE228.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella brachyclados (Ehrenberg 1834)	<div><p>Cladiella brachyclados (Ehrenberg, 1834)</p><p>(Figs. 2C, 7 &amp; 8)</p><p>Lobularia brachyclados Ehrenberg, 1834: 58 .</p><p>Alcyonium brachycladum; Dana, 1846, p. 617, plate 58, Fig. 1.</p><p>Cladiella brachycladia; Gray, 1869: 125.</p><p>Lobularia brachyclados; Targioni-Tozzetti 1872: 454.</p><p>Alcyonium brachyclados; Klunziger 1877: 25, pl. 1, Fig. 4 (re-description).</p><p>Microspicularia brachyclados Macfadyen, 1936: 29 .</p><p>? Alcyonium brachyclados; Cohn 1908: 234 (Madagascar); Lüttschwager 1914: 22 (Madagascar); Lüttschwager 1922: 530 (Philippines); Dean 1929: 708 (Port Taufiq, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea).</p><p>? Lobularia brachyclados; Tixier-Durivault 1943a: 439–440 (Nah Trang, Vietnam); 1948: 60-65, Figs. 49–54.</p><p>? Cladiella brachyclados; Tixier-Durivault 1966: 36-37, Fig. 17 (Tongatapu, Tonga); Tixier-Durivault 1969: 134–135 (Gambier Island); Tixier-Durivault 1972: 58 (Madagascar, listed only); Iha &amp; Yoshino 1997: 93 (Okinawa, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, listed only); Benayahu et al. 2003: 55 (Mozambique, listed only).</p><p>Material examined. Syntype. ZMB Cni 303, Red Sea, 1820, coll. F. W. Hemprich &amp; C. G. Ehrenberg.</p><p>Description. The syntype is an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 82 x 63 mm (Fig. 2C). Its primary conical rounded lobes are rather spaced, some are divided into lobules with the partly expanded polyps visible on their surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises various platelets, including figure-eights and others with an irregular outline, 0.04–0.05 mm long (Fig. 7A). Their surface has a tuberculate texture and some are cristate-like. The sclerites of the surface layer of the lobes comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.07 mm long, with rounded or low pointed conical tubercles, commonly lacking a median waist (Fig. 7B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.08–0.10 mm long and their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.03 mm long (Fig. 7C). These sclerites feature at either end mostly pointed conical tubercles, with some blunt-ended conical and some rounded tubercles. It should be noted that only a few tubercles are found at each end, leaving bare spaces in between. The sclerites of the surface layer of the base are poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06-0.09 mm long, featuring sparse blunt-ended conical or pointed tubercles (Fig. 8A). The dumbbells from the interior of the base are 0.09–0.11 mm long, with a bare waist 0.02–0.05 mm wide and 0.02–0.03 mm long (Fig. 8B). The tubercles of these dumbbells are rather sparse, mostly low blunt-ended conical or pointed conical.</p><p>Color. The ethanol preserved syntype ZMB Cni 303 is brown .</p><p>Remarks. The original description of C. brachyclados presents drawings of the colony and of a few sclerites (Ehrenberg 1834: pl. 1, Fig. 4) approaching the current findings. Tixier-Durivault (1948: 60–65) did not re-describe the type, but instead a colony from Vietnam identified by her as L. brachyclados which was not examined in the current study. The present findings suggest that the irregular outline of the polyp platelets (Fig. 7A) along with the low and sparse tubercles of the dumbbells from the interior of the colony lobes and base (Fig. 7C &amp; 8B) are diagnostic for this species. In addition, the length of the dumbbell-waist up to 0.05 mm is the largest among all Red Sea congeners. The other records of C. brachyclados (see above) should be re-examined in order to validate their original taxonomic assignment.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC4AFFC3EDA9FF198D8BE228	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC4AFFC4EDA9F9ED8D8BE604.text	039787D2FC4AFFC4EDA9F9ED8D8BE604.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella crassa (Tixier-Durivault 1943)	<div><p>Cladiella crassa (Tixier-Durivault, 1943)</p><p>(Figs. 2D, 9 &amp; 10)</p><p>Lobularia crassa Tixier-Durivault, 1943a: 441; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 83–88, Figs. 76–81.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-377, Red Sea, 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey; MNHN-IK-2015-510; MNHN-IK-2015-2013 (6 fragments), same details as MNHN-IK-2000-377 .</p><p>Description. The encrusting lobate syntype MNHN-IK-2000-377 is an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 45 x 25 mm (Fig. 2D). The small dark pits on the surface of the densely placed lobes indicate the location of the retractile polyps.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises platelets and rods, 0.04–0.07 mm long, featuring a lateral median constriction, including a few figure-eights (Fig. 9A). Their surface is characterized by a cristate texture. The poorly developed dumbbells of the lobe surface are 0.07-0.08 mm long and ornamented at either end with distinct blunt-ended conical tubercles and occasionally rounded ones (Fig. 9B). The dumbbells from the lobe interior are 0.08–0.09 mm long with similar blunt-ended conical tubercles at either end and occasionally some pointed conical tubercles (Fig. 9C). Their waist is 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long. The sclerites of the surface layer of the colony base comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.10 mm long, featuring densely placed rounded or blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 10A). The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are 0.10–0.11 mm long, their waist is 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 10B). They feature spaced blunt-ended conical and a few pointed conical tubercles. Some of the spaced blunt-ended tubercles of the dumbbells from both the interior of the lobes and the base have a nearly rectangular outline.</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-377 is light brown-beige.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. crassa by Tixier-Durivault (1943a: 441) did not depict its morphological characters. Subsequently, they were presented in a revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 83– 88, Figs. 76–81). In general, the current morphological examination of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-377 corresponds to the description by Tixier-Durivault (1948). That revision noted an additional six colonies currently labelled as syntype MNHN-IK-2015-2013 (not shown) which correspond to syntype MNHN-IK-2000-377, except in size. It should be noted that the description by Tixier-Durivault (1948: Fig. 81) did not differentiate between the polyp and the lobe sclerites, although both were illustrated and correctly referred to in the text. The dumbbell-length, up to 0.11 mm, and their tubercles, which are spaced and ornamented with a nearly rectangular outline, are suggested to be diagnostic for the species. No information is given in the original description regarding the precise collection site of the syntype material in the Red Sea.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC4AFFC4EDA9F9ED8D8BE604	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC4EFFC9EDA9FAF18D8BE2DE.text	039787D2FC4EFFC9EDA9FAF18D8BE2DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella dollfusi (Tixier-Durivault 1943)	<div><p>Cladiella dollfusi (Tixier-Durivault, 1943)</p><p>(Figure 2E, 11 &amp; 12)</p><p>Lobularia Dollfusi Tixier-Durivault, 1943: 442; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 36–39, Figs. 20–23, 34.</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. saxigena Thorpe, 1928: 496, pl. 30, Fig. 4; pl. 31, Fig. 2; P1. 34, Fig. 3 (Western Australia). Not Alcyonium globuliferum Klunzinger, 1877; Stiasny 1937: 392.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-378, Red Sea, H. Michelin collection; MNHN-IK-2000-406 and MNHN-IK-2000-513 (4 fragments), Red Sea, 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey.</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-378 consists of two fragments that are part of an encrusting colony. The larger fragment is with a maximum cross-section of 112 x 69 mm and the smaller one is with a maximum cross-section of 40 x 38 mm (Fig. 2E). The lobes and lobules are laterally compressed and arranged in distinct groups on the colony surface. Polyps are retractile and their location is noted as small pits on the lobe surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises diverse platelet-shapes, some figure-eights and also some rods, 0.03–0.06 mm long (Fig. 11A). Most of the platelets feature a lateral constriction and some slits. Their surface predominantly has a cristate-like texture and occasionally some tubercles. Commonly, their circumference has an elevated rim, forming a median depression. The sclerites of the surface layer of the lobes are poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06– 0.09 mm long, mostly with rounded tubercles (Fig. 11B). The dumbbells from the lobe interior are 0.06–0.09 mm long, their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 11C). These dumbbells are ornamented with blunt-ended conical and some pointed conical tubercles. The poorly developed dumbbells of the base surface are 0.06–0.08 mm long, featuring rounded tubercles (Fig. 12A). The sclerites from the interior of the colony base are dumbbells, 0.06–0.09 mm long and their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 12B). Both ends of these dumbbells feature pointed conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 12B).</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-378 is light brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. dollfusi by Tixier-Durivault (1943a: 442) did not depict any of the morphological characters of the syntype. Subsequently, they were presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 36–39, Figs. 20–23, 34). In general, the current examination of both the colony morphology and the sclerites of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-378 corresponds to that description. A typo exists in that description on p. 40: Fig. 34 should read Fig. 24. The SEM images of the polyp sclerites reveal new platelet-types, presented here for the first time in a Cladiella species, featuring a complex surface microstructure and an elevated circumferential rim (Fig. 11A). Such polyp sclerites further demonstrate their variation in this genus, and are suggested to be diagnostically important. C. dollfusi is characterized both by the arrangement of the tubercles at each end of the dumbbell (see above) and by its polyp sclerites. The other syntypes, MNHN-IK-2000-406 and MNHN-IK-2000-513 (both not shown), resemble syntype MNHN-IK-2000-378, except in size. The amended description of this species (Tixier-Durivault 1948) noted seven colonies, but only five were found at the MNHN. It should be noted that no details were given regarding the precise location in the Red Sea where the type material was collected.</p><p>The suggested synonymy of Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. saxigena Thorpe, 1928 from Western Australia with C. dollfusi (see Tixier-Durivault 1948: 36) requires examination of the relevant material.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC4EFFC9EDA9FAF18D8BE2DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC41FFC8EDA9FF198E6FE0DD.text	039787D2FC41FFC8EDA9FF198E6FE0DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella echinata (Tixier-Durivault 1941)	<div><p>Cladiella echinata (Tixier-Durivault, 1941)</p><p>Figs. 2F, 13 &amp; 14</p><p>Lobularia echinata Tixier-Durivault, 1941: 575–582, Figs. 1–6; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 117–124, Figs. 110–115.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-28, Perim Is., Yemen, Red Sea, 1891, coll. F. Jousseaume; MNHN- IK-2000-96, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-28 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-28 is part of a stalked colony with densely placed rounded lobes and lobules, 65 mm long and 43 mm wide (Fig. 2F).</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprise sclerites, featuring a rough tuberculate surface texture and an irregular lateral outline, with some constrictions or slits, 0.04–0.06 mm long (Fig. 13A). The sclerites of the lobe surface are poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.07 mm long, featuring rounded tubercles and some blunt-ended conical ones (Fig. 13B). The dumbbells from the lobe interior are 0.07-0.10 mm long, their bare waist is 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 13C). Their tubercles are sharp-pointed conical or even spine-like processes, occasionally featuring a divided tip. The poorly developed dumbbells of the base surface are 0.03–0.07 mm long, displaying a variety of shapes including small ones with rounded tubercles and larger ones with pointed conical or blunt-ended tubercles, all mostly with an irregular surface tuberculation (Fig. 14A). The sclerites from the interior of the colony base are dumbbells, 0.08-0.12 mm long, their bare waist is 0.03–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long. Both ends of these dumbbells are ornamented with sharp-pointed conical tubercles that can also present as spine-like processes, occasionally divided at their tip (Fig. 14B).</p><p>Color. The ethanol-preserved syntype MNHN-IK-2000-28 is light beige-cream.</p><p>Remarks. In general, the current morphological findings for syntype MNHN-IK-2000-28 correspond to the original description of L. echinata by Tixier-Durivault (1941). This species is uniquely characterized by its dumbbells ornamented with sharp-pointed conical tubercles and spine-like processes that can be divided at their tip (Figs. 13C &amp; 14B. In some cases, the spiky prominences of the dumbbells leave almost no waist or only a remarkably narrow one. In addition, the tuberculate texture of the irregular polyp sclerites similarly characterizes the species. It should be noted that this species has dumbbells up to 0.12 mm, the longest recorded for the genus, similar to several other congeneric Red Sea types (Table 2). Among all the Red Sea Cladiella types re-described in the current study, C. echinata is the only one that was collected from the southernmost location, Perim Is., adjacent to Bab al-Mandab Straits, at the entrance to the Red Sea. The other syntype MNHN-IK-2000-96 resembles the former except in size.</p><p>Distribution. Perim Is., Yemen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC41FFC8EDA9FF198E6FE0DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC41FFCFEDA9FABB8E78E395.text	039787D2FC41FFCFEDA9FABB8E78E395.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella elongata (Tixier-Durivault 1944) Encrusting	<div><p>Cladiella elongata (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figures. 15A, 16 &amp; 17)</p><p>Lobularia elongata Tixier-Durivault, 1944a: 183; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 161–166, Figs. 155–160.</p><p>? Cladiella elongata; Tixier-Durivault 1970a: 199 (New Caledonia); Verseveldt &amp; Benayahu 1978: 58 (Red Sea, listed only).</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-379, Red Sea, 1841, coll. M. Portier; MNHN-IK-2000-515, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-379 .</p><p>Description. The encrusting syntype MNHN-IK-2000-379 is a fragment of a colony with a maximum cross-section of 68 x 64 mm featuring densely placed lobes that are mostly laterally compressed, with some divided into lobules (Fig. 15A). The locations of the retractile polyps are noted as small pits on the surface of the lobes.</p><p>The platelets of the polyps are 0.05–0.08 mm long and include some figure-eight-like shapes and others that have a lateral median constriction the lateral outline can be irregular and includes slits (Fig. 16A). Their surface has a cristate-like texture and some have a tuberculate texture. The former is especially distinct at either end of some platelets thus providing them with a distinct striated appearance. The surface of the lobes comprises poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.08 mm long, predominantly featuring rounded tubercles and a few pointed conical ones (Fig. 16B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.09–0.11 mm long (Fig. 16C). They feature pointed conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles, also a few rounded ones, and their bare waist is 0.03–0.04 mm wide and 0.02–0.03 mm long. The surface of the colony base has poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.09 mm long, with low rounded tubercles at either end (Fig. 17A). The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are 0.08–0.12 mm long, their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.02–0.03 mm long (Fig. 17B). The latter dumbbells feature similar tubercles to those from the interior of the lobes.</p><p>Figure 13. Cladiella echinata (Tixier-Durivault, 1941), syntype, MNHN-IK-2000-28. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of the colony top. A. Polyp sclerites. B. Poorly developed dumbbells of the surface layer of the lobes. C. Dumbbells from the interior of the lobes.</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-379 is beige-light brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. elongata by Tixier-Durivault (1944a: 183) did not depict any of the morphological characters of the syntype colony. Subsequently, they were presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 161–166, Figs. 155–160).</p><p>In general, the observed morphological features of the syntype MNHN-IK-2000-379 correspond to those of its amended description. However, no mention of the polyp sclerites, which are depicted here in Fig. 16A, was made by Tixier-Durivault (1944a). It should be noted that this species has dumbbells up to 0.12 mm long, the longest recorded for the genus, similar to some other congeneric Red Sea types (Tables 2). In addition, the dumbbells feature a remarkably bare waist up to 0.03 mm long, and the polyp sclerites have a striated cristate-like microstructure at either end .</p><p>The morphological characters of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-515 (not shown), are in agreement with those of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-379, except for its size. It should be noted that the precise locality in the Red Sea where the syntypes were collected is not reported. The other records of this species indicated above need to be validated following re-examination of the the relevant material .</p><p>Distribution. Egyptian Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC41FFCFEDA9FABB8E78E395	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC47FFCEEDA9FF198D8BE0E6.text	039787D2FC47FFCEEDA9FF198D8BE0E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella exigua (Tixier-Durivault 1944) Encrusting	<div><p>Cladiella exigua (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 15B, 18 &amp; 19)</p><p>Lobularia exigua Tixier-Durivault, 1944a: 184; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 46–50, Figs. 31–36.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-380, Red Sea, 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey; MNHN-IK-2000-516 (3 colonies), same details as MNHN-IK-2000-380 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-380 is an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 53 x 39 mm wide featuring knob-like lobes, occasionally divided into lobules (Fig. 15B). The location of the retracted polyps is noted as dark pits on the lobe surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises tuberculated sclerites and few rod-like sclerites, 0.04–0.07 mm long (Fig. 18A). Their surface mostly has an irregular texture and in part a cristate-like texture. The poorly developed dumbbells of the surface layer of the lobes are 0.06–0.07 mm long (Fig. 18B). They feature rounded tubercles and some low blunt-ended conical ones. The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.06–0.09 mm long, featuring pointed conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 18C). The poorly developed dumbbells of the surface layer of the colony base are 0.05-0.08 mm long (Fig. 19A) and their tubercles resemble those of the surface layer of the lobes. The dumbbells from the interior of the base are 0.06–0.08 mm long, featuring pointed conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 19B). Their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long.</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-380 is light brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. exigua by Tixier-Durivault (1944a: 184) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. These were subsequently presented in a revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 46–50, Figs. 31–36). That description did not depict the polyp sclerites. However, for the rest of the characteristics the current findings regarding both the morphology and the sclerites of syntype MNHN- IK-2000-380 correspond to those of the earlier description. The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are short, up to 0.08 mm, compared to other congeners (Table 2). The polyp sclerites are elongated, featuring a tuberculate surface (Fig. 18A). The morphological characters of the two latter types of sclerites are suggested to be diagnostic for C. exigua . The morphological characters of the three syntype fragments labeled MNHN-IK-2000-516 (not shown) are in agreement with MNHN-IK-2000-380, except for size. It should be noted that no details regarding the precise locality in the Red Sea where the syntypes were collected are given in the description.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC47FFCEEDA9FF198D8BE0E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC47FFF0EDA9FAAB8D8BE3AB.text	039787D2FC47FFF0EDA9FAAB8D8BE3AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella germaini (Tixier-Durivault 1943) Encrusting	<div><p>Cladiella germaini (Tixier-Durivault, 1943)</p><p>(Figs. 15C, 20 &amp; 21)</p><p>Lobularia Germaini Tixier-Durivault 1943b: 123–128, Figs. 1–5.</p><p>Lobularia Germaini Tixier-Durivault 1944a: 184–185; 1948: 75–79, Figs. 67–70 (re-description).</p><p>NOT Alcyonium digitulatum Klunzinger, 1877; (partly) Stiasny 1937: 392.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-381, Red Sea, 1850, coll. H. Michelin; MNHN-IK-2000-489, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-381; MNHN-IK-2000-490 (4 fragments), 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey.</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-381 is a fragment of an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 104 x 73 mm featuring irregular laterally flattened lobes and lobules arranged in distinct groups (Fig. 15C). The locations of the retractile polyps are indicated by small pits on the lobe surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises platelets, including some figure-eights, 0.05–0.06 mm long (Fig. 20A). Their surface features both tuberculate and cristate-like textures.</p><p>The sclerites of the surface of the lobes comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.07–0.08 mm long, with low pointed conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 20B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.08– 0.09 mm long, with pointed conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles at either end, separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.03 mm long (Fig. 20C). The poorly developed dumbbells of the surface of the base are 0.05–0.09 mm long and ornamented with rounded tubercles (Fig. 21A). The dumbbells from the interior of the base feature the same tubercles as those from the interior of the lobes and are 0.08–0.10 mm long (Fig. 21B). Their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and up to 0.02 mm long.</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-381 is brown-beige.</p><p>Remarks. The original description of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-381 (Tixier-Durivault 1943b: 123–128, Figs. 1–5) was repeated with some slight differences in the subsequent revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 75–79, Figs. 67–70). In general, the current examination of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-381 corresponds to the amended description of L. germaini by Tixier-Durivault (1948). It should be noted that the latter description did not differentiate between the polyp sclerites and those of the lobe surface and these two sclerite groups are combined in the same figure (Tixier-Durivault 1948: Fig. 70). The dumbbells of this species are of intermediate maximal length (up to 0.09 mm) compared to the other congeners, and also feature tubercles of various shapes (Fig. 21B). This species seems to be diagnosed by having some figure-eight sclerites in the polyps and distinct elongated, mostly blunt-ended tubercles. The morphological characters of syntypes MNHN-IK-2000-489 and MNHN-IK-2000-490 (both not shown) resemble syntype MNHN-IK-2000-381, except for their size. Tixier-Durivault (1948:79) noted seven colonies of that species, but in the current study at the MNHN only six were found. It should be noted that the precise type locality of this species in the Red Sea was not provided in that study.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC47FFF0EDA9FAAB8D8BE3AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC7BFFF7EDA9F9E38F6FE6C8.text	039787D2FC7BFFF7EDA9F9E38F6FE6C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella globulifera (Klunzinger 1877) Encrusting	<div><p>Cladiella globulifera (Klunzinger, 1877)</p><p>(Figs. 15D, 22 &amp; 23)</p><p>Alcyonium globuliferum Klunzinger, 1877: 23–24, Fig. 2.</p><p>Microspicularia globuliferum; Macfadyen 1936: 29.</p><p>Lobularia globulifera; Tixier-Durivault 1944a: 185; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 173–178, Figs. 168–172.? Alcyonium globuliferum; Lüttschwager 1914: 23; 1922: 532.</p><p>? Lobularia globuliferum; Thomson &amp; Dean 1931: 40.</p><p>? Cladiella globulifera; Fabricius et al. 2007: 90 (Palau, listed only).</p><p>Not Lobularia sphaerophora; Targioni-Tozzetti 1872: 455.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. ZMB Cni 1873, Koseir (= El Quseir), Red Sea, 1872, coll. C. B. Klunzinger.</p><p>Description. The holotype colony is an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 56 x 39 mm featuring densely placed rounded lobes and lobules (Fig. 15D). The tentacles of most polyps are visible on the colony surface and only some of the polyps are fully retracted.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises some figure-eight sclerites and in addition double-heads, 0.03–0.05 mm long (Fig. 22A). Their surface microstructure appears to be perforated and occasionally with an indication of a cristate-like texture. Some of the polyp sclerites feature two surface notches. The sclerites of the surface of the lobes are double-heads, 0.04–0.06 mm long, featuring a narrow waist, 0.01–0.02 mm wide and up to only 0.01 mm in length (Fig. 22B). Their surface is perforated similarly to the polyp sclerites. Some of these sclerites have a notch in each of the two sclerite heads. The sclerites from the interior of the lobes are dumbbells and transitional forms between double-heads and dumbbells, 0.07–0.09 mm long, featuring a waist up to 0.03 mm wide and up to 0.02 mm long (Fig. 22C). Both sclerite types feature only rounded tubercles on their surface. The sclerites of the surface of the colony base comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.08 mm long (Fig. 23A), as well as double-heads, 0.05–0.07 mm long (Fig. 23B). Both sclerite types display a perforated surface microstructure, mainly on the sclerite heads, which commonly include a notch. The interior of the colony base presents dumbbells, 0.08–0.12 mm long, with rounded tubercles and occasionally blunt-ended conical ones (Fig. 23C). Their bare waist is 0.02–0.04 mm wide and up to 0.02 mm long.</p><p>Color. The ethanol preserved holotype ZMB Cni 1873 is cream .</p><p>Remarks. The original description of the holotype of C. globulifera depicted drawings of both the colony and of a few double-head sclerites (Klunzinger, 1877: 23–24, Fig. 2). The current study is the first since then to provide the detailed morphological characters of that holotype. The SEM images of the sclerites of the type emphasize their unique morphological characters, which include double-heads with a perforated surface microstructure and dumbbell sclerites with rounded tubercles. It should be noted that this species has dumbbells up to 0.12 mm, the longest recorded for the genus and similar to several other congeneric Red Sea types (see Table 2). The present study has revealed that among all the re-described congeners such double-head sclerites are found only in C. globulifera . These findings should be further considered in order to determine whether this species should be taxonomically assigned to a different genus than Cladiella .</p><p>Tixier-Durivault (1948) did not describe the type of C. globulifera, but instead a colony collected in 1878 from the Red Sea by Klunzinger and assigned to this species. That colony, as well as the additional records of the species noted above, should be re-examined in order to validate their taxonomic assignment .</p><p>Distribution. Kosseir (=El Quseir), Egyptian Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC7BFFF7EDA9F9E38F6FE6C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC7EFFF7EDA9FCCC8D8BE3EE.text	039787D2FC7EFFF7EDA9FCCC8D8BE3EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella gracilis (Tixier-Durivault 1944)	<div><p>Cladiella gracilis (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 15E, 24 &amp; 25)</p><p>Lobularia gracilis Tixier-Durivault, 1944a: 185–186; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 55-60, Figs. 43–48.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-382, Red Sea, 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey; MNHN-IK-2000-409 (7 fragments), same details as MNHN-IK-2000-382 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-382 is a fragment of an encrusting colony with a cross-section of 11 x 80 mm attached to a fragment of a calcareous substrate (Fig. 15E). The laterally compressed lobes and lobules are arranged in groups on the colony surface leaving some empty space between them. The location of the retracted polyps is noted on the lobe surface as dark pits.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps includes platelets with a lateral narrowing and an irregular outline, 0.05–0.06 mm long (Fig. 24A). It should be noted that the tubercles of the above-noted sclerites are mostly perforated. Their surface has a tuberculate texture, also in the outer rim, and is in part cristate-like. Some of these platelets feature an elevated circumferential rim around a central depression. The surface of the lobes includes poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.08 mm long, featuring rounded tubercles (Fig. 24B). The sclerites from the interior of the lobes are dumbbells, 0.08–0.09 mm long, mostly with rounded tubercles and occasionally blunt-ended conical ones, separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and up to 0.02 mm long (Fig. 24C).. The poorly developed dumbbells of the surface layer of the colony base are 0.06–0.08 mm long, featuring rounded tubercles or blunt-ended conical ones (Fig. 25A). The sclerites from the interior of the colony base are dumbbells, 0.07–0.09 mm long, with blunt-ended conical and some pointed conical tubercles (Figs. 25B). They feature a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long.</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-382 is beige-brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. gracilis by Tixier-Durivault (1944a: 185-186) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. Subsequently, they were presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 55–60, Figs. 43–48). In general, the current morphological examination of MNHN-IK-2000-382 corresponds to its amended description. Notably, in Fig. 48 of the latter reference, the polyp sclerites and those of the surface layer of the lobes seem to be mixed together. This species has remarkable tuberculate polyp sclerites and both the poorly developed dumbbells and dumbbells from the lobe interior are rounded and look perforated which seems diagnostic for this species. The syntype fragments, MNHN-IK-2000-409 (not shown), resemble syntype MNHN-IK-2000-382, except for their size. It should be noted that no details were presented on the precise locality in the Red Sea where the syntypes were collected.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC7EFFF7EDA9FCCC8D8BE3EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC70FFF8EDA9FC028D8BE578.text	039787D2FC70FFF8EDA9FC028D8BE578.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella hicksoni (Tixier-Durivault 1944)	<div><p>Cladiella hicksoni (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 15F, 26 &amp; 27)</p><p>Lobularia Hicksoni Tixier-Durivault, 1944a: 186; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 206–213, Figs. 201–207.</p><p>? Cladiella hicksoni; Tixier-Durivault 1970a: 202 (New Caledonia); 1970b: 121–122 (Vietnam).</p><p>Not Alcyonium sphaerophorum and Alcyonium brachyclados; Stiasny 1937: 392.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-383, Red Sea, coll. H. Michelin; MNHN-IK-2000-491, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-383; MNHN-IK-2000-402 (3 fragments), 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey, MNHN-IK-2000- 500 (3 fragments), same details as MNHN-IK-2000-383 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-383 is a fragment of an encrusting colony with a cross section of 66 x 60 mm, attached in part to a calcareous fragment (Fig. 15F). The laterally flattened lobes and lobules are arranged in two groups and the location of the retracted polyps is indicated by distinct pits on their surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps includes some platelets, 0.05-0.06 mm long, featuring a lateral median constriction and occasionally lateral slits (Fig. 26A). Their surface has both a tuberculate and a cristate-like texture. An elevated rim sounding a central depression exists in some of these platelets. Some sclerites are figure eights. The surface of the lobe includes poorly developed dumbbells, 0.05–0.08 mm long, with rounded surface tubercles or blunt-ended conical ones (Fig. 26B). The sclerites from the interior of the lobes are dumbbells, 0.07–0.09 mm long, ornamented with pointed conical and blunt-ended conical tubercles, separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01– 0.02 mm long (Fig. 26C). The poorly developed dumbbells of the surface layer of the colony base are 0.05–0.08 mm long, featuring some blunt-ended conical tubercles and rounded ones at either end (Fig. 27A). The sclerites from the interior of the colony base are dumbbells with blunt-ended conical or pointed conical tubercles (Figs. 27B), 0.06–0.10 mm long, and their bare waist is 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long.</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-383 is beige.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. hicksoni by Tixier-Durivault (1944a: 186) did not depict its morphological characters. These were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 206–213, Figs. 201–207). There are some differences between the amende description of L. hicksoni and the current findings. Notably, Tixier-Durivault (1948: Fig. 202) depicted platelets from the surface of the colony base, which were not found in the current study. Similarly, Fig. 206 of that study presents rods from the surface and the interior of the lobes and, similarly, they were not found in the examined syntypes. This species is characterized by short tubercles of the dumbbells from the interior of the base, also featuring a waist bordered by two distinct, almost parallel, straight lines, formed by the tubercles of the two sclerite ends.All syntypes, MNHN-IK-2000-491, MNHN- IK-2000-402 and MNHN-IK-2000-500 (both not shown) resemble syntype MNHN-IK-2000-383, except for their size. No details on the precise locality in the Red Sea where the type-material was collected are provided. The records of C. hicksoni from Vietnam and from New Caledonia (Tixier-Durivault 1970a, b) should be re-examined in order to validate their taxonomic assignment.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC70FFF8EDA9FC028D8BE578	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC73FFFAEDA9FF198D8BE082.text	039787D2FC73FFFAEDA9FF198D8BE082.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella irregularis (Tixier-Durivault 1944)	<div><p>Cladiella irregularis (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 28A, 29 &amp; 30)</p><p>Lobularia irregularis Tixier-Durivault, 1944a: 186–187; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 65–70, Figs. 55–60.</p><p>NOT Alcyonium globuliferum and A. digitulatum (partly); Stiasny 1937: 392.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-384, Red Sea, coll. H. Michelin; MNHN-IK-2000–518, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-384 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-384 is an encrusting colony with a cross-section of 40 x 38 mm featuring densely placed rounded or laterally flattened lobes and lobules divided into two groups (Fig. 28A). The retracted polyps appear on the lobes’ surface as dark pits.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps includes platelets featuring a remarkably irregular outline and, commonly, lateral constrictions and slits, 0.05–0.06 mm long (Fig. 29A). Their surface has a tuberculate texture and in part a cristate-like one. The surface of the lobes presents poorly developed dumbbells, 0.04–0.07 mm long, ornamented with a very irregular tuberculation comprising rounded tubercles (Fig. 29B). The tubercles of most of these sclerites are fused and occasionally separated by slits, leading to their diverse asymmetrical morphologies. The interior of the lobes features dumbbells, 0.06–0.08 mm long, with blunt-ended conical tubercles and rounded ones, separated by a bare waist, 0.01–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 29C). In the base of the colony surface there are poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.08 mm long, mostly with rounded tubercles or blunt-ended conical ones (Fig. 30A). The dumbbells from the base interior are 0.06–0.09 mm long, featuring pointed conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles, separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 30B).</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-384 is beige-brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. irregularis by Tixier-Durivault 1944a: 186–187) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. These were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 65–70, Figs. 55–60). The current examination of the colony and sclerites of syntype MNHN- IK-2000-384 corresponds to the latter amended description. The irregular surface of the polyp sclerites (Fig. 29A) and the asymmetrical morphology of the poorly developed dumbbells (Figs. 29B, 30A) are diagnostic of this species as correctly reflected by the species’ name. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-518 (not shown) resembles the other syntype except for its size. No details are given on the precise locality in the Red Sea where the type-colony was collected.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC73FFFAEDA9FF198D8BE082	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC73FFFEEDA9FA828D8BE305.text	039787D2FC73FFFEEDA9FA828D8BE305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella kuekenthali (Tixier-Durivault 1942)	<div><p>Cladiella kuekenthali (Tixier-Durivault, 1942)</p><p>(Figs. 28B, 31 &amp; 32)</p><p>Lobularia Kükenthali Tixier-Durivault, 1942: 138–143, Figs. 1–5; Tixier-Durivault 1944a: 188; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 185– 189, Figs. 179–183 (re-description).</p><p>Not Alcyonium digitulatum Stiasny, 1937: 392 .</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. MNHN-IK-2000-385, Red Sea, coll. H. Michelin.</p><p>Description. The holotype is a fragment of a lobate colony with a cross-section of 34 x 29 mm attached to a piece of calcareous substrate (Fig. 28B). The laterally flattened lobes feature an irregular outline and the retracted polyps appear as small pits on their surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises elongated platelets, 0.04–0.07 mm long. Their surface presents a combined tuberculate and cristate-like texture (Fig. 31A).</p><p>The surface of the lobes features some poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.07 mm long, mostly with densely placed rounded tubercles (Fig. 31B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.07–0.09 mm long and their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 31C), with either end ornamented with rounded tubercles or blunt-ended conical ones. The surface layer of the base comprises poorly developed dumbbells, 0.04– 0.08 mm long, featuring rounded tubercles (Fig. 32A). The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are 0.08–0.10 mm long, ornamented with low pointed conical or short blunt-ended conical tubercles, separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 32B).</p><p>Color. The dry holotype MNHN-IK-2000-385 is beige-brown.</p><p>Remarks. The original description of holotype MNHN-IK-2000-385 (Tixier-Durivault 1942: 138–143, Figs. 1–5) was repeated in the subsequent revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 185–189, Figs. 179–183). In general, the current examination of both the holotype colony and its sclerites corresponds to the descriptions by Tixier-Durivault (1942, 1948). Figure 183 in Tixier-Durivault’s 1948 revision refers to the lobe sclerites, but actually presents both polyp sclerites and some of the lobe sclerites. This species is diagnostically characterized by elongated polyp platelets, featuring coarse rods with no indication of lateral median constriction. No details are provided on the exact locality in the Red Sea where the type colony was collected.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC73FFFEEDA9FA828D8BE305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC68FFE3EDA9FF198D8BE4C0.text	039787D2FC68FFE3EDA9FF198D8BE4C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella laciniosa (Tixier-Durivault 1944)	<div><p>Cladiella laciniosa (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 28C, 33 &amp; 34)</p><p>Lobularia laciniosa Tixier-Durivault, 1944a: 188; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 79–83, Figs. 71–75.</p><p>? Cladiella laciniosa; Tixier-Durivault 1966: 38, Figs. 18 &amp; 19; (Madagascar, Mauritius); Tixier-Durivault 1972: 58 (listed only: Madagascar, Tonga); Verseveldt 1971: 12–13, Fig. 6 (Madagascar); van Ofwegen &amp; Benayahu 1992: 139 (listed only, Tanzania); Benayahu et al. 2003: 55 (listed only, Mozambique); Rao &amp; Devi 2003: 11–12, Fig. 6 (Little Andaman, India); Schleyer et al. 2018: 337 (listed only, Glorieuses Islands, France), Schleyer et al. 2019: 2487 (listed only, Europa Island, France).</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-386, Red Sea, 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey; MNHN-IK-2000-345, 3 fragments, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-386 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-386 colony is fragment of an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 67 x 65 mm attached to a calcareous piece, and its irregular short lobes and lobules are arranged in several groups (Fig. 28C). The retracted polyps appear on the lobe surface as small pits.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises platelets, figure-eights, and some rods, 0.04–0.06 mm long (Fig. 33A). They feature a lateral constriction or slits, and their surface has a tuberculate texture and occasionally a cristate-like one. On the surface of the lobes there are poorly developed dumbbells, 0.05–0.08 long, with low pointed conical or rounded tubercles (Fig. 33B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes feature rounded, blunt-ended conical and a few pointed conical tubercles. Occasionally, some slits are found between the tubercles. These sclerites are 0.05–0.09 mm long, separated by a bare waist, 0.01–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 33C). The poorly developed dumbbells of the surface layer of the colony base are 0.05–0.09 mm long and feature rounded or low pointed conical tubercles (Fig. 34A). The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are 0.06–0.10 mm long, featuring similar tubercles to those of the surface of the base (Fig. 34B). Their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide, and 0.01–0.02 mm long.</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-386 is beige-brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. laciniosa by Tixier-Durivault (1944a: 188) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. They were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 79–83, Figs. 71–75). In general, the current examination of the syntype MNHN-IK-2000- 386 corresponds to its amended description by Tixier-Durivault (1948). No distinction was made in that description between the sclerites of the surface of the lobes and those of the polyps (Fig. 75). This species is characterized by the shape of the poorly developed dumbbells of the lobe surface and some of those in the base (Fig. 33B &amp; C; Fig. 34). The syntype fragments MNHN-IK-2000-345 (not shown) resemble MNHN-IK-2000-386, except for the size. No details are provided on the exact locality in the Red Sea where the type colony was collected.</p><p>The references listed above may indicate a wide biogeographic distribution of C. laciniosa on a variety of Indo-Pacific coral reefs, including Madagascar, Tonga, Mauritius, Tanzania, Mozambique, Little Andaman (India), Glorieuses Islands, Europa Island, and the Gulf of Mannar. However, the relevant material needs to be re-examined in order to confirm its taxonomic assignment.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC68FFE3EDA9FF198D8BE4C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC6AFFE2EDA9FEC48E34E287.text	039787D2FC6AFFE2EDA9FEC48E34E287.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella letourneuxi (Tixier-Durivault 1944)	<div><p>Cladiella letourneuxi (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 28D, 35 &amp; 36)</p><p>Lobularia Letourneuxi Tixier-Durivault, 1944a: 189; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 134–139, Figs. 127–130.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-31, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, 1878, coll. M. Letourneux; MNHN- IK-2000-32, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-31 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-31 is a fragment of an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 87 x 60 mm wide attached to a calcareous fragment (Fig. 28D). Its elongated digitate lobes are divided into lobules. Most of the polyps are partially contracted into the lobes, leaving part of the polyp body and the tentacles on the colony surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps includes platelets, some featuring irregular outlines and some with a minor lateral constriction or slits, 0.05–0.07 mm long (Fig. 35A). Their surface has a tuberculate texture associated with a cristate-like texture. The surface of the lobes features mostly elongated, poorly developed dumbbells ornamented with rounded tubercles, 0.05–0.07 long (Fig. 35B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes featuring mostly blunt-ended conical and some distinctly pointed conical tubercles. These sclerites are 0.07–0.09 mm long featuring a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 35C). No sclerites were found on the surface layer of the colony base. The interior of the colony base features dumbbells with low pointed conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles. These dumbbells are 0.05–0.09 mm long and their bare waist is 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 36).</p><p>Color. The ethanol preserved syntype MNHN-IK-2000-31 is beige.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. letourneuxi by Tixier-Durivault (1944a: 189) did not depict its morphological characters. They were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 134–139, Figs. 127–130). In general, the current examination of both the colony and the sclerites of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-31 corresponds to the amended description by Tixier-Durivault (1948). An absence of sclerites on the surface layer of the colony base is suggested to be a diagnostic of this species, along with the dumbbells from the interior of the colony featuring low tubercles. In addition, this species is one of the few congeners that features distinct digitiform lobes (see Discussion). Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-32 (not shown) resembles the other syntype except for its size. No details are provided on the precise locality in the Gulf of Suez where the type colonies were collected.</p><p>Distribution. Gulf of Suez (Red Sea).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC6AFFE2EDA9FEC48E34E287	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC6BFFE5EDA9F8818D82E3D0.text	039787D2FC6BFFE5EDA9F8818D82E3D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella lineata (Tixier-Durivault 1944) Encrusting	<div><p>Cladiella lineata (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 28E, 37 &amp; 38)</p><p>Lobularia lineata Tixier-Durivault, 1944a: 189–190; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 139–143, Figs. 131–136.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. MNHN-IK-2000-387, Red Sea.</p><p>Description. The holotype is a fragment of an encrusting colony with a cross-section of 84 x 33 mm featuring densely placed laterally flattened short lobes and lobules (Fig. 28E). All polyps are retracted and their location on the lobes are barely visible visible.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises platelets and some rods, 0.04–0.07 mm long, mostly featuring a waist-like constriction (Fig. 37A). Their surface has a tuberculate texture associated with a cristate-like one. On the surface of the lobes there are poorly developed dumbbells, 0.04–0.07 mm long, with rounded tubercles and blunt-ended conical ones (Fig. 37B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.07–0.08 mm long and ornamented with only a few pointed conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles, separated by a bare waist which is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 37C). There are no sclerites on the surface layer of the colony base. In the interior of the colony base, there are dumbbells with remarkably short pointed conical tubercles that are well spaced on each end of the sclerite thus leaving a distinct bare surface between them (Fig. 38). These dumbbells are 0.08–0.10 mm long and their bare waist is 0.03–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.03 mm long.</p><p>Color. The dry holotype MNHN-IK-2000-387 is brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. lineata by Tixier-Durivault 1944a: 189-190) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. Subsequently, they were presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 139–143, Figs. 131–136).</p><p>In general, the current examination of both the colony morphology and its sclerites corresponds to its amended description by Tixier-Durivault (1948). However, in that publication no distinction is made between the sclerites of the lobe surface and the polyp (see Fig. 135). Remarkably, there are no sclerites in the surface layer of the colony base. The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are characterized by short and spaced conical tubercles at each end, suggested to be a diagnostic character of this species. No details on either the exact locality in the Red Sea where the type colony was collected or its date of collection are given .</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p><p>Figure 37. Cladiella lineata (Tixier-Durivault, 1944), holotype MNHN-IK-2000-387. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of the colony top. A. Polyp sclerites. B. Poorly developed dumbbells of the surface layer of the lobes. C. Dumbbells from the interior of the lobes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC6BFFE5EDA9F8818D82E3D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC6EFFE6EDA9FF198D8BE3BC.text	039787D2FC6EFFE6EDA9FF198D8BE3BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella michelini (Tixier-Durivault 1944) Encrusting	<div><p>Cladiella michelini (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 28F, 39 &amp; 40)</p><p>Lobularia Michelini Tixier-Durivault, 1944b: 339; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 70–75, Figs. 61–66.</p><p>NOT Alcyonium digitulatum (partly) Stiasny, 1937: 392.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-388, Red Sea, 1850, coll. H. Michelin; MNHN-IK-2000-404, Red Sea, 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey.</p><p>Description. The holotype is a fragment of an encrusting colony with a cross-section of 70 x 52 mm featuring small rounded lobes and lobules arranged in several distinct groups (Fig. 28F). The retracted polyps appear as small surface pits on the lobe surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps consists of platelets and rods featuring an irregular outline, 0.05–0.06 mm long (Fig. 39A). Their surface has a tuberculate texture occasionally associated with a cristate-like one. The surface of the lobes features elongated sclerites, slightly resembling in morphology that of poorly developed dumbbells, 0.07–0.08 mm long, ornamented with densely placed rounded tubercles (Fig. 39B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.07–0.09 mm long and ornamented with blunt-ended conical or pointed conical tubercles, separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.03 mm long (Fig. 39C). The sclerites of the surface of the colony base are poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.10 mm long featuring rounded or blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 40A). The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are 0.08–0.11 mm long (Fig. 40B), their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and up to 0.02 mm long, ornamented with pointed conical and blunt-ended conical tubercles.</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-388 is beige-brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. michelini by Tixier-Durivault (1944b: 339) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. They were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 70–75, Figs. 61–66). This species is characterized by the elongated sclerites of the surface layer of the lobes and the surface of the colony base and sparse occurrence of dumbbells. The current findings for both the colony morphology and its sclerites correspond to the amended description by Tixier-Durivault (1948). Although the caption to Figure 66 in that publication refers to the lobe sclerites, the images H–J of that figure correspond to the polyp sclerites also depicted in the current study (Fig. 39A). Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-404 (not shown) resembles the other syntype, except for its size. No details are provided on the exact locality in the Red Sea where the type colony was collected.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC6EFFE6EDA9FF198D8BE3BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC60FFEBEDA9FF198E34E764.text	039787D2FC60FFEBEDA9FF198E34E764.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella minuta (Tixier-Durivault 1944) Encrusting	<div><p>Cladiella minuta (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 41A, 42 &amp; 43)</p><p>Lobularia minuta Tixier-Durivault, 1944b: 339-340; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 21–25, Figs. 7–10. Material examined. Holotype. MNHN-IK-2000-0034, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea.</p><p>Description. The holotype is a colony with a maximum cross-section of 70 x 30 mm and its small lobes are closely set (Fig. 41A). The tentacles of the polyps appear on the surface of the rounded lobes.</p><p>No polyp sclerites were found in the examined fragment. The surface layer of the lobe features poorly developed dumbbells, 0.04–0.06 mm long (Fig. 42A). Their surface has a rounded and cone-shaped tuberculate texture. The sclerites of the interior of the lobes are dumbbells, 0.05–0.08 mm long, separated by a bare waist, 0.01–0.02 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 42B). Each end distinctly features pointed and blunt-ended conical tubercles. There are no sclerites on the surface layer of the base. The interior features dumbbells, 0.05–0.08 mm long, with pointed conical tubercles, separated by a bare waist, up to 0.02 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 43).</p><p>Color. The ethanol preserved holotype MNHN-IK-2000-0034 is beige.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. minuta by Tixier-Durivault 1944b: 339–440) did not depict the morphological characters of the holotype. They were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 21–25, Figs. 7–10). The current study did not find any polyp sclerites, although a very few such sclerites were depicted in the Tixier-Durivault description. Such a discrepancy might be a result from the rarity of such sclerites which could not be detected in the examined fragment of the current study. This species is also characterized by a lack of sclerites in the surface layer of the colony base. In addition, its dumbbells feature mostly pointed conical tubercles, and the dumbbells from the base interior are short, up to 0.08 mm long. The two latter morphological characters are suggested to be diagnostic of this species. The exact location in the Red Sea where the type was collected was not given in the original description.</p><p>Distribution. Gulf of Suez (Red Sea).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC60FFEBEDA9FF198E34E764	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC62FFECEDA9FC208D8BE594.text	039787D2FC62FFECEDA9FC208D8BE594.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella pachyclados (Klunzinger 1877) Stalked	<div><p>Cladiella pachyclados (Klunzinger, 1877)</p><p>(Figs. 41B, 44 &amp; 45)</p><p>Alcyonium pachyclados Klunzinger, 1877: 24, Fig. 5.</p><p>? Alcyonium pachyclados; May 1899: 106 (Zanzibar; Philippines); Hickson 1900: 503 .</p><p>? Alcyonium pachyclados; Hickson 1902: 72; Pratt 1903: 534; Pratt 1905: 258; Thomson &amp; Henderson 1906: 416, (Zanzibar); Cohn 1908: 235 (Madagascar); Kükenthal 1910: 34; Thomson 1910: 570, pl. 2, Fig. 14; pl. 4, Fig. 33 &amp; 34 (South Africa); Lüttschwager 1914: 20–22 (Indo-Pacific); Lüttschwager 1922: 522, pl. 1, Fig. 1 (Philippines (; Hickson 1930: 219 (Annam, Vietnam); Thomson &amp; Dean 1931: 40 (Indonesia); Roxas 1933: 357 (Philippines).</p><p>Microspicularia pachyclados; Macfadyen 1936: 29.</p><p>? Lobularia pachyclados; Tixier-Durivault 1944: 340–341 (Red Sea); Tixier-Durivault 1948: 219–225, Figs. 215–220.</p><p>? Cladiella pachyclados; Utinomi 1959: 308 (Taiwan); Tixier-Durivault, 1966: 50, Fig. 30 (Tongatapu, Tonga); Tixier-Durivault, 1970a: 202 (New Caledonia); Verseveldt 1971: 9–10, Fig. 4 (Madagascar); Benayahu, 1997: 210–212 (Guam); Rao &amp; K. Devi 2003: 13 &amp; 14, Fig. 7 (Little Andaman, India); Vibha et al. 2015: 1787–1789: Figs. 2–8 (Port Blair, Andaman, Nicobar Islands);</p><p>? Cladiella pachyclados; Tixier-Durivault, 1972: 58 (Madagascar listed only); Verseveldt 1974: 95 (New Caledonia listed only); Benayahu &amp; Loya 1977: 372 (Eilat, Red Sea listed only); Verseveldt, 1977: 3 (American Samoa listed only); 1978: 49 (Guam listed only); van Ofwegen, &amp; Vennam 1994: 136 (Ambon, Indonesia listed only); Benayahu 1995: 106 (Ryukyu Islands, Japan listed only); Fabricius 1995: 151 (Heron Island, Australia listed only); Imahara 1996: (Ryukyu Islands, Japan listed only); van Ofwegen 1996: 207 (Laing Island, Bismarck Sea listed only); Vennam &amp; van Ofwegen 1996: 438 (Laccadive listed only); Iha &amp; Yoshino 1997: 93 (Ryukyu Islands, Japan listed only); Benayahu 2002: 13–14 (Ryukyu Islands, Japan listed only); Benayahu et al. 2003: 55 (Mozambique listed only); Benayahu, et.al. 2004: 550 (Taiwan listed only); Fabricius &amp; McCorry 2006: 29 (Hong Kong listed only); van Ofwegen 2007: 141 (New Caledonia listed only); Latypov &amp; Selin 2008: 147 (Vietnam listed only); McFadden et al. 2011: 25 (Israel, Eilat listed only), Benayahu et al. 2012: 1532 (Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan listed only); Padmakumar &amp; Chandran, 2012: 62 (Little Andaman listed only); Seah et al. 2015: 302 (Singapore listed only); Benayahu et al. 2018: 4 (Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan listed only); Schleyer et al. 2019: 2487 (Europa Is., France listed only).</p><p>Not Alcyonium pachyclados; Stiasny 1937: 392.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. ZMB CNI 1874, Koseir (= El Quseir), on the slope of the coral cliff, Red Sea, 1872, coll. Klunzinger.</p><p>Description. The holotype is an encrusting colony, 120 mm long and 66 mm wide (Fig. 41B). The digitiform lobes are densely set, with some lobes divided into conical lobules and the partly retracted polyps appearing on their surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps are various platelets featuring some figure-eights and rod-like ones, 0.04–0.08 mm long, commonly with an irregular lateral outline (Fig. 44A). Their surface has a tuberculate texture and is occasionally associated with a cristate-like one. The surface layer of the lobes comprises poorly developed dumbbells, 0.07–0.09 mm long, ornamented with rounded and blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 44B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.07–0.12 mm long, mostly with blunt-ended conical and some rounded tubercles, separated by a bare waist 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.03 mm long (Fig. 44C). The sclerites of the surface layer of the colony base comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.08 mm long, with blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 45A). The dumbbells from the interior of the base are 0.09–0.11 mm long, with both blunt-ended conical and few pointed tubercles (Fig. 45B). These sclerites feature a bare waist, 0.02–0.04 mm wide, and 0.01–0.02 mm long.</p><p>Color. The ethanol-preserved holotype is light beige-cream.</p><p>Remarks. The original description of the holotype of C. pachyclados depicted the colony and a few sclerite drawings (Klunzinger 1877: Fig. 5). The polyp sclerome, comprising a variety of platelets ornamented with a tuberculate surface texture, is suggested to be diagnostic of the species along with the large dumbbells from the colony lobe and base (0.11–0.12 mm long). Despite the numerous biogeographical records of this species, to date no study had re-examined the type colony since its original description. Similarly, the revision of the genus Lobularia by Tixier-Durivault (1948: 219–225, Figs. 215–220) did not re-examine the type material but rather described a colony collected from the Red Sea in 1844 by Portier (Fig. 215).</p><p>All the listed records of C. pachyclados throughout the Indo-Pacific (references above) need to be re-examined in order to validate their assignment and potentially confirm a wide biogeographic distribution of the species beyond the Red Sea.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC62FFECEDA9FC208D8BE594	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC66FFEEEDA9FA958D8BE5CD.text	039787D2FC66FFEEEDA9FA958D8BE5CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella prattae (Tixier-Durivault 1944) Encrusting	<div><p>Cladiella prattae (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 41C, 46 &amp; 47)</p><p>Lobularia Prattae Tixier-Durivault, 1944b: 341–342; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 102–107, Figs. 94–99.</p><p>? Cladiella prattae; Tixier-Durivault 1969: 135–136 (Gambier Island); Tixier-Durivault 1970a: 191–192 (New Caledonia); Tixier-Durivault 1970b: 123 (Vietnam); van Ofwegen 2007: 141 (New Caledonia listed only).</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-398, Red Sea. 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey; MNHN-IK-2000-389, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-398 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-398 is a fragment of an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 62 x 38 mm wide, featuring densely placed knob-like lobes and lobules arranged in groups (Fig. 41C). The polyps are fully retracted and visible as small pits on the lobe surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps includes platelets, 0.04–0.07 mm long, featuring a lateral irregular outline with a median constriction and slits; some sclerites resemble a figure eight (Fig. 46A). Their surface has a combined tuberculate and cristate-like texture. The sclerites of the surface of the lobes are poorly developed dumbbells, 0.07–0.08 mm long, with rounded tubercles (Fig. 46B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.07–0.10 mm long, featuring blunt-ended conical and occasionally pointed conical tubercles, separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.03 mm long (Fig. 46C). The poorly developed dumbbell-sclerites of the colony base are 0.06–0.08 mm long, mostly with rounded tubercles (Fig. 47A). The dumbbells from the interior of the base are 0.09–0.10 mm long, featuring a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 47B). The latter sclerites bear mostly blunt-ended conical tubercles and also some pointed conical ones.</p><p>Color. The dry MNHN-IK-2000- 398 holotype is beige-brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. prattae by Tixier-Durivault 1944b: 341–442) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. The morphological description was subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 102–107, Figs. 94–99). This species is characterized by its tuberculate polyp plates and poorly developed dumbbells featuring rounded tubercles. The current examination of both the colony morphology and the sclerites of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-398 corresponds to the 1948’s description. The other syntype, MNHN-IK-2000-389 (not shown), resembles the first one, except for its size. No details are provided on the exact locality in the Red Sea where the syntype colonies were collected. The records of this species noted above need to be re-examined in order to validate their taxonomic assignment.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC66FFEEEDA9FA958D8BE5CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC67FF90EDA9FDC88D8BE28F.text	039787D2FC67FF90EDA9FDC88D8BE28F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella sphaerophora (Ehrenberg 1834)	<div><p>Cladiella sphaerophora (Ehrenberg, 1834)</p><p>(Figs. 41D, 48 &amp; 49)</p><p>Lobularia sphaerophora; Ehrenberg, 1834: 57, Fig. 1.</p><p>Alcyonium sphaerophora; Dana 1846: 616; Milne-Edwards 1857: 119; Dana 1859: 123.</p><p>Cladiella sphaerophora; Gray 1869: 125.</p><p>Lobularia sphaerophora; Targioni-Tozzetti 1872: 455.</p><p>Alcyonium sphaerophorum Klunzinger 1877: 22–23, plate (no Figs.).</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum; May 1899: 105–106; Cohn 1908: 231 (Madagascar) .</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. sansibaricum Cohn, 1908: 233 (Zanzibar).</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum; Thomson &amp; Mackinnon 1910: 174 (Indian Ocean); Lüttschwager 1914: 23–24 (Western Australia, Tahiti, Red Sea).</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum; Lüttschwager 1922: 531.</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. sansibaricum; Lüttschwager 1922: 531.</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. australiensis Thorpe, 1928: 495, pl. 31, Fig. 1; pl. 34, Figs. 1, 2 (Wooded Island, Australia).</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. littoralis Thorpe, 1928: 497–499, pl. 31, Fig. 3; pl. 34, Fig. 4 (Wooded Island, Australia).</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. saxigena Thorpe, 1928: 496–467, pl. 30, Fig. 4; pl. 31, Fig. 2; pl. 34, Fig. 3. (Pelsaert Group, Australia).</p><p>? Lobularia sphaerophora; Thomson &amp;. Dean 1931: 41 (Indonesia).</p><p>? Lobularia sphaerophora; Tixier-Durivault 1944b: 343–344; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 29–35, Figs. 15–19.</p><p>? Microspicularia sphaerophora; Utinomi 1956: 226–227, Fig. 2, l–u (Bonin, Ogasawara Islands, Japan).</p><p>? Cladiella sphaerophora; Utinomi, 1959: 308: Fig: 3 (Taiwan); 1976: 16–17, pl. 5, Fig. 5 (Okinawa, Japan); Tixier-Durivault, 1966: 36–37, Fig. 16 (Tongatapu, Tonga); Tixier-Durivault 1969: 136–137 (Gambier Island); Verseveldt, 1971: 9 (north-western Madagascar listed only); Tixier-Durivault, 1972: 58 (Madagascar &amp; Seychelles Island, listed only); Verseveldt 1974: 95 (New Caledonia, listed only); Iha &amp; Yoshino, 1997: 93 (Ryukyu Islands, Japan listed only); McFadden et al. 2011: 25 (Israel, Eilat listed only); Benayahu et al. 2012: 1541 (Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan listed only); Imahara et al. 2017: 27 (Ryukyu Island, Japan listed only).</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. Red Sea. ZMB Cni 294, 1820, coll. F. W. Hemprich &amp; C. G. Ehrenberg.</p><p>Description. The holotype is an encrusting colony, 29 mm long and 47 mm wide, featuring densely placed almost rounded lobes, some with apical notches (Fig. 41D). The tips of the tentacles of most polyps appear on the lobe surface whereas the rest of the polyp body is retracted.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises mostly platelets and some rods, 0.04–0.06 mm long; their lateral outline is irregular, sometimes exhibiting median constrictions and/or few deep slits (Fig. 48A). Their surface has a combined tuberculate and cristate-like texture. The poorly developed dumbbells of the surface layer of the lobes are 0.06–0.08 mm long, featuring rounded tubercles (Fig. 48B). Their bare waist is 0.01–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long. The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.08–0.10 mm long and ornamented with rounded and some pointed conical tubercles (Fig. 48C). The sclerites of the surface layer of the base comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.05–0.09 mm long (Fig. 49A), ornamented with various tubercles, ranging from rounded to blunt-ended conical and pointed conical ones. The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are 0.07–0.09 mm long, featuring conical or blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 49B). Their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long.</p><p>Color. The ethanol preserved holotype is cream.</p><p>Remarks. The original description (Ehrenberg 1834) did not depict any of the colony sclerites and no information was provided on their shape or dimensions. The current examination of the type is the first complete description of both the type colony’s morphology and its sclerites. The closely set rounded lobes and especially the polyp platelets along with the dimensions of the dumbbells from the interior of both the lobes and the colony base are suggested to be diagnostic for this species.</p><p>It should be noted that Tixier-Durivault (1948) described a colony from the Suez Canal, Red Sea (Fig. 15) collected in 1934 by Gruvel-Moazzo; that specimen should not be confused with the type of the species described here for the first time. The records of the species listed above should be re-examined to verify their taxonomic assignment .</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC67FF90EDA9FDC88D8BE28F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC19FF95EDA9F8898D8BE6BC.text	039787D2FC19FF95EDA9F8898D8BE6BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella studeri (Tixier-Durivault 1944)	<div><p>Cladiella studeri (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 41E, 50 &amp; 51)</p><p>Lobularia Studeri Tixier-Durivault, 1944b: 344; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 213–219, Figs. 208–214.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-390, 3 fragments, Red Sea, 1844, coll. A. Portier; MNHN-IK-2015-2016, 2 fragments, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-390 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-390 comprises three fragments of an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section 83 x 56 mm, 55 x 37 mm, and 32 x 20 mm, respectively (Fig. 41E). Their small knob-like lobes are arranged in distinct groups with empty spaces between them. The location of the retracted polyps is visible as surface pits.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises platelets, figure-eights and a few rods, 0.05–0.06 mm long (Fig. 50A). The surface of these sclerites has a tuberculate texture commonly combined with a cristate-like one. The peripheral rim of the platelets is irregular and elevated. As such the platelets present a central depression of variable shape and dimensions. The sclerites of the surface of the lobes comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.07 mm long, mostly with rounded or blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 50B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.05–0.10 mm long, featuring a bare waist 0.01–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 50C). Their tubercles are mostly blunt-ended conical, with some pointed conical. The surface of the colony base has poorly developed dumbbells 0.05–0.09 mm long (Fig. 51A) featuring similar tubercles to those of the lobe surface. The interior of the base features dumbbells, 0.08–0.11 mm long, with blunt-ended conical or pointed conical tubercles (Fig. 51B). Their bare waist is 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.03 mm long.</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-390 is beige-brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. studeri by Tixier-Durivault (1944b: 344) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. These were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 213–219, Figs. 208–214). This species is characterized by its polyp sclerites in combination with the long dumbbells in the interior of the colony base (0.11 mm) and features long, rounded conical tubercles. The current examination of both the colony morphology and the sclerites of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-390 corresponds to the amended description by Tixier-Durivault (1948). Syntype MNHN-IK-2015-2016 (not shown) resembles the other syntype except for its size. Details on the exact locality in the Red Sea where the syntypes were collected are not given.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC19FF95EDA9F8898D8BE6BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC1CFF95EDA9FD588D8BE3B3.text	039787D2FC1CFF95EDA9FD588D8BE3B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella suezensis (Tixier-Durivault 1944) Closely	<div><p>Cladiella suezensis (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 41F, 52 &amp; 53)</p><p>Lobularia suezensis Tixier-Durivault, 1944a: 344-345; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 165–172, Figs. 161–167.</p><p>? Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. littoralis Thorpe, 1928 . p. 497, pl. 31, Fig. 3; pl. 34, Fig. 4 (Wooded Island, Australia).</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-41 Suez Canal, Red Sea, 1878, coll. M. Letourneux; MNHN-IK-2000-40, same details MNHN-IK-2000-41 .</p><p>Description. Syntype. MNHN-IK-2000-41 fragment of a colony with a maximum cross-section of 23 x 19 mm and its elongated lobes and lobules are tightly packed (Fig. 41F). The polyps are retracted and only the tips of some tentacles appear on the lobe surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises platelets, some figure-eights, rods, and a few cross-shaped, 0.04–0.07 mm long (Fig. 52A). Their lateral outline may have a median constriction. The surface has a distinct cristate-like texture. The sclerites of the surface layer of the lobes are variable in shape (Fig. 52B) and comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.07–0.10 mm long, ornamented with rounded tubercles. Some of them have a very few rounded tubercles and feature a complex cristate-like surface. The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.08–0.11 mm long and their bare waist is 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.02–0.03 mm long (Fig. 52C). These sclerites feature at either end sparse rounded and blunt-ended conical tubercles. The sclerites of the surface layer of the base comprise elongated poorly developed dumbbells and some are rod-like, measuring 0.06–0.10 mm long (Fig. 53A). These sclerites are ornamented with rounded or low pointed conical tubercles. The dumbbells from the interior of the base are 0.08–0.11 mm long, their bare waist is 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 53B). Their rounded and blunt-ended conical tubercles are asymmetrically distributed on both ends of these dumbbells.</p><p>Color. The ethanol preserved syntype MNHN-IK-2000-41 is beige-brown.</p><p>Remarks. In general, the current examination of the syntype of C. suezensis corresponds to the amended description by Tixier-Durivault (1948). The poorly developed dumbbells of the surface of the lobes (Fig. 52B) are narrow and feature a unique morphology of sparse rounded tubercles with a complex cristate-like surface. Similarly, the narrow and poorly developed dumbbells of the surface of the colony base are suggested to be diagnostic for this species. In addition, the dumbbells from the interior of the lobes and the base feature asymmetrically distributed, pointed conical tubercles. All of these characters are suggested to be diagnostic for C. suezensis . Syntype MNHN- IK-2000-40 (not shown) resembles the other syntype described above, except for its size. The exact collection site of the syntype in the Red Sea is not provided in the original description. Alcyonium sphaerophorum var. littoralis Thorpe, 1928 from Wooded Is., Australia was considered by Tixier-Durivault (1948: 165) to be a synonym of C. suezensis . However, this assumption requires future examination of the relevant material.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC1CFF95EDA9FD588D8BE3B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC1FFF99EDA9FF198D8BE25A.text	039787D2FC1FFF99EDA9FF198D8BE25A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella tenuis (Tixier-Durivault 1944)	<div><p>Cladiella tenuis (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 54A, 55 &amp; 56)</p><p>Lobularia tenuis Tixier-Durivault, 1944b: 345; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 25–29, Figs. 11–14.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. MNHN-IK-2000-391, 3 fragments, Red Sea, 1844, coll. M. Portier.</p><p>Description. The holotype consists of three fragments of an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 100 x 85 mm, 109 x 70 mm, and 79 x 48 mm respectively (Fig. 54A). Their knob-like lobes are arranged in groups with empty spaces between them. The retracted polyps appear as small pits on the lobe surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises platelets and some rods, 0.03–0.05 mm long (Fig. 55A). Their surface has a combined tuberculate and cristate-like texture. Some of the platelets feature a central depression surrounded by an irregular rim.</p><p>The sclerites of the surface of the lobes comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.04–0.07 mm long, mostly with rounded tubercles (Fig. 55B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.05–0.07 mm long, featuring blunt-ended and rounded tubercles separated by a bare waist, 0.01–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 55C). The surface of the colony base comprises poorly developed dumbbells, 0.04–0.07 mm long, featuring rounded and blunt-ended conical tubercles (Fig. 56A). The interior of the colony base features dumbbells, 0.07–0.09 mm long, with blunt-ended conical and some rounded tubercles separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 56B).</p><p>Color. The dry holotype is beige-brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. tenuis (Tixier-Durivault 1944b: 345) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. These were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 25–29, Figs. 11–14). This species is characterized by its relatively short and massively tuberculate dumbbells, up to 0.09 mm, in the interior of the colony base. None of the sclerite drawings in Tixier-Durivault (1948) depict those of the polyps. For the rest, the current findings regarding both the colony morphology and its sclerites correspond to Tixier-Durivault’s (1948) amended description. No details are provided regarding the exact locality in the Red Sea where the holotype was collected.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC1FFF99EDA9FF198D8BE25A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC10FF9AEDA9F9248D8BE6C8.text	039787D2FC10FF9AEDA9F9248D8BE6C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella thomsoni (Tixier-Durivault 1944)	<div><p>Cladiella thomsoni (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 54B, 57 &amp; 58)</p><p>Lobularia Thomsoni Tixier-Durivault, 1944b: 345; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 148–153, Figs. 141–147.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-392, Red Sea, 1850, coll. A. B. Clot Bey; MNHN-IK-2000-399 and MNHN-IK-2000-403 same details as MNHN-IK-2000-392 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-399 is an encrusting colony measuring with a maximum cross-section of 61 x 60 mm (Fig. 54B). Its small rounded laterally flattened knob-like lobes are densely packed and arranged in groups separated by empty spaces. The retracted polyps appear as small pits on the lobe surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises platelets, 0.05–0.07 mm long, mostly featuring a lateral median constriction (Fig. 57A). Their surface mostly presents a cristate-like texture. Some of these platelets are figure-eights and feature an elevated circumferential rim, thus presenting a central depression that can be divided in two pits. The surface of the lobes comprises poorly developed dumbbells, 0.08–0.10 mm long, featuring mostly rounded tubercles (Fig. 57B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.08–0.11 mm long with rounded or blunt-ended conical tubercles, separated by a bare waist 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.02–0.03 mm long (Fig. 57C). The sclerites of the surface of the base comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.05–0.07 mm long, ornamented with pointed conical tubercles (Fig. 58A). The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are 0.08–0.11 mm long, featuring sparsely placed wide pointed conical tubercles with a bare waist, 0.02–0.04 mm wide and 0.01–0.03 mm long (Fig. 58B).</p><p>Color. The dry Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-399 is light brown.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. thomsoni (Tixier-Durivault 1944b: 345) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. They were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 148–153, Figs. 141–147). This species is characterized by its rounded tubercles on the poorly developed dumbbells of the surface layer of the lobes and its pointed conical tubercles on the dumbbells from the interior of the colony base.</p><p>The current examination of the colony morphology and sclerites of syntype MNHN-IK-2000-392 corresponds to its description by Tixier-Durivault (1948). Syntypes MNHN-IK-2000–399 (not shown) and MNHN-IK-2000- 403 (not shown) resemble MNHN-IK-2000-392, except for their size. No details are provided regarding the exact locality in the Red Sea where the type colony was collected .</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC10FF9AEDA9F9248D8BE6C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
039787D2FC14FF9CEDA9F9918D8BE6F4.text	039787D2FC14FF9CEDA9F9918D8BE6F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladiella variabilis (Tixier-Durivault 1944)	<div><p>Cladiella variabilis (Tixier-Durivault, 1944)</p><p>(Figs. 54C, 59 &amp; 60)</p><p>Lobularia variabilis Tixier-Durivault, 1944c: 478; Tixier-Durivault 1948: 50–54, Figs. 37–42.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes. MNHN-IK-2000-395. Red Sea. 1850, coll. M. Clot Bey; MNHN-IK-2015-2017, same details as MNHN-IK-2000-395 .</p><p>Description. Syntype MNHN-IK-2000-395 is an encrusting colony with a maximum cross-section of 64 x 52 mm (Fig. 54C). Its densely placed flattened lobes are arranged in groups with empty spaces between them. The retracted polyps appear as small pits on the lobe surface.</p><p>The sclerome of the polyps comprises various platelets, mostly with a lateral constriction including some figure-eights, 0.05–0.06 mm long (Fig. 59A). The surface of these sclerites displaces a combination of a tuberculate and a cristate texture. Some platelets have an elevated circumferential rim, producing a central depression on their surface. The sclerites of the surface layer of the lobes comprise poorly developed dumbbells, 0.05–0.08 mm long, with rounded tubercles (Fig. 59B). The dumbbells from the interior of the lobes are 0.07–0.08 mm long. Their tubercles are mostly pointed conical, separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 59C). The surface of the base of the colony comprises poorly developed dumbbells, 0.06–0.09 mm long, featuring rounded tubercles (Fig. 60A). The dumbbells from the interior of the colony base are 0.07–0.09 mm long, mostly with blunt-ended conical tubercles separated by a bare waist, 0.02–0.03 mm wide, and 0.01–0.02 mm long (Fig. 60B).</p><p>Color. The dry syntype MNHN-IK-2000-395 is beige.</p><p>Remarks. The initial species assignment of L. variabilis (Tixier-Durivault 1944c: 478) did not depict the morphological characters of the syntype colony. They were subsequently presented in the revision of the genus (Tixier-Durivault 1948: 50–54, Figs. 37–42). This species features relatively short dumbbells in the interior of the colony base (0.09 mm), and densely placed surface tubercles. In general, the current examination of both the syntype colony morphology and its sclerites corresponds to the amended description by Tixier-Durivault (1948). Syntype MNHN-IK-2015-2017 (not shown) resembles the other syntype, except for its size. No details are provided regarding the exact locality in the Red Sea where the syntypes were collected.</p><p>Distribution. Red Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D2FC14FF9CEDA9F9918D8BE6F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lazar, Einav;Mcfadden, Catherine S.;Huchon, Dorothée;Benayahu, Yehuda	Lazar, Einav, Mcfadden, Catherine S., Huchon, Dorothée, Benayahu, Yehuda (2025): Redescription of type material of the genus Cladiella Gray, 1869 (Octocorallia, Malacalcyonacea, Cladiellidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 5674 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5674.1.1
