taxonID	type	description	language	source
0388412AFFFDFF9BFDFCEB2D027CF872.taxon	description	Figs 10 – 11	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFFDFF9BFDFCEB2D027CF872.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Micrurus corallinus can be distinguished from all congeners by a unique combination of the following characters: (1) body slender; (2) head slightly longer than wide (HL / HW = 1.2); (3) dorsal scales smooth, 15 / 15 / 15, apical pits absent; (4) rostral scale triangular, wider than long (RL / RW = 0.5); (5) internasal scales hexagonal, slightly wider than long (INL / INW = 0.9); (6) loreal scales absent; (7) prefrontal scales hexagonal, as wide as long (PFL / PFW = 1.0); (8) frontal scale hexagonal, longer than wide (FL / FW = 1.7); (9) temporal scales 1 + 1, occasionally 1 + 2; (10) one preocular scale on each side; (11) two postocular scales on each side; (12) nasal scale divided; (13) supralabial scales seven on each side, with the third and fourth bordering the orbit; (14) infralabial scales seven on each side, the first four in contact with the anterior chin-shield scales, the first pair in broad contact behind the symphysial; (15) preventral scales 1 – 4; (16) gular scales arranged in 1 – 2 rows; (17) chin shields in two pairs, never in contact with the symphysial; (18) symphysial scale wider than long (SL / SW = 0.8); (19) ventral scales 185 – 215 (mean 200.9 ± 6.1 SD) in males, 198 – 288 (mean 215.5 ± 27.4 SD) in females; (20) anal plate divided, supracloacal tubercles absent; (21) subcaudal scales divided, 38 – 49 (mean 45.5 ± 2.4 SD) in males, 26 – 42 (mean 31.2 ± 5.2 SD) in females; (22) tail-total length ratio 11.9 – 20.3 % (mean 14.4 ± 1.3 SD) in males, 6.8 – 10.9 % (mean 8.8 ± 1.3 SD) in females; (23) teeth: 9 – 11 dentary, 4 – 6 pterygoid, and 6 – 8 palatine.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFFDFF9BFDFCEB2D027CF872.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the Latin ‘ corallium ’, meaning ‘ coral’, and the suffix ‘ - inus ’, meaning ‘ pertaining to’, which alludes to the bright colors of this coralsnake (see Campbell & Lamar, 2004).	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFFDFF9BFDFCEB2D027CF872.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (designed by Roze 1966) BRAZIL • ♀; Rio do Janeiro, Cabo Frio, Campos de Coaytacases, Parahyba; 22.833 ° S, 42.033 ° W; unknown date; M. zu Wied-Neuwied leg.; AMNH 3911. Paralectotype (designed by Roze 1966) BRAZIL • ♀; same collection data as for lectotype; AMNH 3935. Other material examined (n = 201) ARGENTINA – Misiones • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Monte Carlo; 26.571 ° S, 54.741 ° W; 1926; J. Haider leg.; FMNH 9371, 9372, 9473. BOLIVIA – Beni • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Beni; unknown collection data; E. J. Young leg.; AMNH 2975 – 2976, paratypes of M. a. annellatus • 1 ♂; San Carlos, Río Beni; 11.179 ° S, 66.179 ° W; 1921; C. Bock leg.; ZMH 396. – Cochabamba • 5 ♀♀; Yungas de Cochabamba; 17.406 ° S, 65.259 ° W; 1897; Rolle and J. Steinbach leg.; NHW 26992; CM 2758 – 2759, paratypes of M. annellatus bolivianus • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; MSNG 28874, holotype of Elaps balzani. – Chuquisaca • 1 ♀; Charobamba River, about 50 km northeast of Zudañez; 18.677 ° S, 65.051 ° W; 29 May 1897; Rolle leg.; ZMH 2706 e, holotype of M. annellatus bolivianus. – La Paz • 1 ♀; Achipiri; 15.166 ° S, 68.233 ° W; 1897; Rolle leg.; NHW 27060 c • 1 ♀; Chulumani; 16.408 ° S, 67.527 ° W; 2 Aug. 1903; P. O. Simones leg.; BMNH 1946.1.17.2, type of Elaps regularis • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 1934; L. Cárdenas leg.; USNM 98890 • 2 ♂♂; La Paz; 16.509 ° S, 68.191 ° W; unknown date; D. Jaeger leg.; ZSM 16 / 1924 a, b • 1 ♀; Larecaja; 15.5 ° S, 68.333 ° W; 1897; Rolle leg.; ZMH 2706 d • 1 ♂; Pando; 11.030 ° S, 68.769 ° W; unknown date; K. P. Schmidt leg.; UNAS 82. – Unknow locality • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; unknown collection data; NHW 18218.1, 18219.2; ZSM 207 / 0 BRAZIL – Espírito Santo • 1 ♀; Espírito Santo; 19.297 ° S, 40.453 ° W; unknown collection data; MCZ 17856 • 1 ♀; Santa Leopoldina; 20.100 ° S, 40.527 ° W; 1918; J. Müller leg.; ZSM • 1 ♀; Vitória, Colônia Santa Isabel; 20.544 ° S, 41.160 ° W; 1918; J. Müller leg.; ZSM • 2 ♀♀; Santa Teresa; 19.932 ° S, 40.598 ° W; 23 Feb. 1940; C. Ruschi leg.; MNRJ 959, 960. – Goiás • 1 ♀; Goiás; 15.9207 ° S, 48.927 ° W; unknown collection data; MCZ 3489. – Mato Grosso • 1 ♂; northern or central Mato Grosso; unknown date; C. Rondon leg.; type of M. albicinctus; MNRJ 376. – Minas Gerais • 1 ♂; São Syriaco, near Serra Providência; 19.878 ° S, 43.876 ° W; unknown collection data; MCZ 5568. – Paraná • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Foz do Iguaçu; 25.516 ° S, 54.585 ° W; unknown collection data; MNRJ 1002, 1003 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Paranaguá; 25.514 ° S, 48.522 ° W; unknown collection data; MNRJ 558, 961, 962. – Rio de Janeiro • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro; 22.360 ° S, 42.718 ° W; unknown date; M. zu Wied-Neuwied leg.; ZSM 42 / 1926 • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 1877; H. Massini leg.; NHMB 2287 – 2289 • 10 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; unknown date and collector; MCZ 1374, 1374 a, 1374 b, 2648, 2648 a – 2648 e, 2923 • 1 ♀; Andaraí; 22.922 ° S, 43.247 ° W; 1883; H. Massini leg.; NHMB 2285 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Barro Branco; 22.633 ° S, 43.244 ° W; 1941; C. Passarelli leg.; MNRJ 950, 953, 955 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; unknown date and collector; MNRJ 1004 • 1 ♀; Guanabara, Tijuca; 23.000 ° S, 43.333 ° W; unknown date and collector; MNRJ 1539 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Paraty; 23.219 ° S, 44.716 ° W; unknown date and collector; MNRJ 1000, 1001, 2708 • 2 ♀♀; Serra do Mar, Serrinha; 22.033 ° S, 41.693 ° W; Aug. 1938; C. Kulhom leg.; MNRJ 725, 956. – Rio Grande do Sul • 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Rio Grande do Sul; unknown collection data; MCZ 20826, 20828 – 20835 • 1 ♀; Santo Antônio, Guaporé; 28.789 ° S, 51.917 ° W; unknown date; J. Haseman leg.; CM 341. – Santa Catarina • 1 ♀; Santa Catarina; 26.928 ° S, 49.364 ° W; unknown date; Q. C. Jordan leg.; ANSP 6789 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; C. Stejner leg.; FMNH 11624 • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; unknown date and collector; FMNH 37202, 37203, 37733 • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; MCZ 20822, 20824 • 3 ♀♀; Blumenau; 26.916 ° S, 49.071 ° W; unknown date and collector; MCZ 17755, 17756, 17758 • 6 ♀♀; Hansa; 26.425 ° S, 49.243 ° W; 1928; W. Ehrhardt leg.; BMNH 1928.11.5.141 – 1928.11.5.146 • 3 ♀♀; Humboldt; 26.487 ° S, 49.063 ° W; unknown date and collector; UMMZ 62564, 62736; MNRJ 968 • 5 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Humboldt; 26.487 ° S, 49.063 ° W; 1915; W. Ehrhardt leg.; MNRJ 648, 965, 967, 968, 970, 973 – 975, 978, 980, 983, 995 • 2 ♀♀; Jaraguá; 26.481 ° S, 49.084 ° W; 14 Apr 1941; unknown collector; FMNH 37204, 37205 • 1 ♀; Joinville; 26.304 ° S, 48.846 ° W; 1906; Ehrhardt leg.; MTD 1906 • 1 ♂, 10 ♀♀; 1915; C. Dalibour leg.; MNRJ 966, 988 – 995, 997, 999 • 2 ♀♀; São Bento; 26.249 ° S, 49.383 ° W; unknown date and collector; MCZ 20842, 27682. – São Paulo • 15 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; São Paulo; unknown collection date; UMMZ 12696, 17857, 17859, 17861, 20837 – 20839, 20841, 62734, 62737 – 62739, 62741 – 62743, 62757, 63025; AMNH 5751, 5752; IRSNB 62; MTD 9420 c; MCZ 12695, 16675, 17858, 17860, 20836, 20840 • 1 ♂; Batatais; 20.886 ° S, 47.585 ° W; 8 May 1922; Vital Brazil leg.; BMNH 1908.5.22.7 • 1 ♂; Bauru; 22.350 ° S, 49.024 ° W; 1901; unknown collector; MNHN 187.67 • 1 ♀; São Sebastião; 23.800 ° S, 45.401 ° W; 1902; W. Rosenberg leg.; BMNH 1902.7.28.89. – Unknow locality • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; unknown collection data; AMNH 3935, ANSP 6786, IRSNB 62 E, 62 J, 304, MCZ 3205. PERU – Arequipa • 1 ♀; Arequipa; unknown date; P. Oviedo leg.; FMNH 40199. – Ayacucho • 1 ♀; Huanuachayo; 12.114 ° S, 75.124 ° W; unknown date and collector; LSUMZ 26880 • 1 ♂; Pajonal; 5.265 ° S, 79.674 ° W; Jun. 1929; W. F. Walker leg.; MCZ 45913. – Cajamarca • 1 ♂; Chanchamayo; 11.123 ° S, 75.370 ° W; 29 May 1908; C. Schunke leg.; BMNH 1908.5.29.39. – Cusco • 1 ♀; Marcapata Valley; 13.587 ° S, 70.977 ° W; 29 May 1902; G. Ockenden leg.; BMNH 1902.5.29.191 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; unknown date; C. Kalinowski leg.; FMNH 40223, 62942. – Huancavelica • 1 ♀; Tayacaja, Colcabamba, Río Mantaro; 12.293 ° S, 74.689 ° W; 9 Jul. 2014; L. Echevarría leg.; CORBIDI 14678 • 1 ♀; Andaymarca, Chupto; 12.299 ° S, 74.649 ° W; 1 Jul. 2014; L. Echevarría leg.; CORBIDI 14647 • 2 ♀♀; Andaymarca, Fundición; 12.293 ° S, 74.660 ° W; 18 Sep. 2014; L. Echevarría leg.; CORBIDI 13724, 13646 • 1 ♂; Colcabamba, Pichiu; 12.361 ° S, 74.624 ° W; 18 Sep. 2013; C. Z. Landauro leg.; CORBIDI 13646 • 1 ♀; Surcubamba, Jatuspata; 12.259 ° S, 74.690 ° W; 3 Jul. 2014; C. Z. Landauro leg.; CORBIDI 13726. – Huánuco • 1 ♀; Hacienda Pampayacu; 9.550 ° S, 75.900 ° W; 17 Jul. 1936; W. F. Walker leg.; MCZ 42417 • 1 ♀; Pozuzo; 10.064 ° S, 75.545 ° W; 1871; unknown collector; ZMB 7185, type of M. annellatus. – Junín • 1 ♀; La Merced; 11.062 ° S, 75.332 ° W; unknown date; R. Reinhard leg.; ZSM [1] • 1 ♂; San Ramón; 11.121 ° S, 75.358 ° W; unknown date; J. M. Schunke leg.; FMNH 152312. – Loreto • 1 ♀; Alto Pisqui; 7.654 ° S, 75.035 ° W; 29 Oct. 1906; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52311 • 1 ♀; Cashiboya; 7.683 ° S, 74.937 ° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52701 • 1 ♀; Iquitos; 3.740 ° S, 73.250 ° W; 1925; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52586 • 1 ♀; Monte Alegre, Pachitea; 10.105 ° S, 75.864 ° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 53036 • 3 ♀♀; Pampa Hermosa; 7.196 ° S, 75.295 ° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 53555, 55451, 55977 • 1 ♀; Pisqui Plain, mont front above; 7.654 ° S, 75.035 ° W; 28 Oct. 1929; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52895 • 1 ♂; Tapiche – Utiquinia, Brazil frontier; unknown locality; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52068 • 1 ♀; Rancho Viejo & Vito; 1894; unknown collector; NHW 13390 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Sierras de Contaya; 7.172 ° S, 74.521 ° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52066, 53373, 53375. – Madre de Dios • 1 ♀; Puerto Maldonado; 12.579 ° S, 69.191 ° W; Aug. 1921; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 56145. – Puno • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Carabaya; 13.653 ° S, 70.240 ° W; May – Jun. 1903 and May 1907; G. Ockenden leg.; BMNH 1903.6.30.5, 1907.5.7.7 • 1 ♀; Juliaca, Santo Domingo Mine; 15.508 ° S, 70.135 ° W; unknown date; H. H. Keamps leg.; AMNH 2957 • 1 ♂; Santo Domingo; 15.508 ° S, 70.135 ° W; unknown date; Dr. Itori leg.; FMNH 40222 • 1 ♂; about 10 km north of Santo Domingo Mine, Camp 4; 15.414 ° S, 70.147 ° W; 2 Nov. 1941; C. Sanborn leg.; FMNH 40221, type of M. annellatus montanus • 1 ♂; Sandia, Pajchani Trail to Río Llauri; 15.449 ° S, 69.257 ° W; unknown date; unknown collector; UMMZ 86164 • 1 ♀; Sandia, San Ignacio; 14.073 ° S, 68.981 ° W; 3 Oct. 1951; H. H. Heller leg.; FMNH 68590. – San Martín • 1 ♀; Río Huallaga; 5.006 ° S, 76.004 ° W; Nov. 1930; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52718 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Tarapoto, Río Mayo; 6.596 ° S, 76.312 ° W; unknown date; unknown collector; INSP 422, 445 • 1 ♂; Hacienda Matara, Apurímac; 13.741 ° S, 72.899 ° W; Nov. 1941; F. Samanez leg.; FMNH 40224. – Ucayali • 1 ♀; 15 km of Ucayali, Río Callería, colonia Callería; 8.401 ° S, 74.541 ° W; 1961; B. Malkin leg.; CAS 25 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Fundo Sinchono; 9.080 ° S, 75.770 ° W; Jun. – Jul. 1944; J. G. Sanders leg.; USNM 119016 – 119017 • 1 ♀; Yarinacocha; 8.249 ° S, 74.663 ° W; unknown date; T. Richard leg.; LSUMZ 26881. – Unknow locality • Unknown locality; AMNH 2827.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFFDFF9BFDFCEB2D027CF872.taxon	description	Description COLORATION. Tricolor (red – white / yellow – black) and bicolor (reddish / white – black) patterns. Dorsal coloration with 14 – 90 black rings in males (mean = 31.6 ± 21.8 SD) and 20 – 83 in females (mean = 41.6 ± 20.6 SD). Accessory black rings are absent. The nuchal black ring is 4 – 7 dorsal scale rows long, sometimes bordered by a sequence of white spots, and usually connected to the black hood by one or two dorsal scale rows. Black rings measure 3 – 6 ½ dorsal scale rows dorsally and 1 – 2 scales ventrally. Red rings tend to be longer along the vertebral region and usually bear black spots on each scale, except in juveniles. Red rings are 2.5 – 5 dorsal scale rows long, similar in length to the black rings, and occasionally reaching up to 13 dorsal scales at mid-dorsum. Ventrally, they are slightly reduced, measuring 2 – 4 scales in length. In juveniles, the red dorsal scales are immaculate or may bear irregular black spots or tips, whereas the red ventral scales are immaculate. Some melanistic individuals have completely black scales within the red rings, causing them to fuse with adjacent black rings on both the dorsum and venter. White or yellow rings are 1 – 1.5 dorsal scale rows long, usually composed of fused or separated spots, with each scale exhibiting brown spots on the anterior edge. Ventrally, these rings are one scale long and may be indistinguishable in some individuals. Head coloration is black, covering the posterior or anterior internasals, prefrontals, frontal, preoculars, postoculars, and parietals. The occipital band may be present or absent; when present, it is white, yellowish, or reddish, covering the entire head or including the temporals, three supralabials, and one dorsal scale row. The occipital band is either separated from the first black ring by a sequence of white spots or connected to it by one or two scales. Tail coloration: males have 5 – 14 black rings (mean = 8.1 ± 2.4 SD), while females have 3 – 16 (mean = 4.8 ± 1.4 SD). These rings measure 2 – 7 dorsal scale rows in length and 2 – 6 scales ventrally. Red rings or bands are 1 – 3 dorsal scale rows long dorsally and 1 – 3 scales long. HEMIPENIAL MORPHOLOGY. Based on CORBIDI 13646, MPEG 19548 (partially everted), and USNM 253595. Additional data were sourced from Feitosa et al. (2006), Da Silva et al. (2021), and the original descriptions by K. P. Schmidt (MNRJ 376, type of M. albicinctus) and J. Roze (IB 15089; NHW 18219.1, previously identified as M. waehnerorum Meise, 1938; AMNH 53375; FMNH 40221, 56141, previously identified as M. annellatus). Hemipenis deeply bilobed between the 11 th and 13 th subcaudal scales, non-capitate. The sulcus spermaticus is deep, bifurcated at the base of the lobes, centripetal, and curved along the lobes, reaching the apices. The margins of the sulcus are thin and bordered by minute spines. The long lobes (about 26 – 46 % of the total hemipenial length) are subcylindrical, tapering distally into sharply pointed tips, and are ornamented with small to medium-sized spines densely arranged in irregular longitudinal rows, larger between the ninth and sixteenth subcaudals, and gradually decreasing in size toward the apex of the lobes. Lobular spines are thinner and more numerous on the asulcate side of the organ. The distal half of the hemipenial body is ornamented with small, irregularly arranged spines that gradually increase in size proximodistally, whereas the proximal region of the hemipenis is naked. On the asulcate surface of the hemipenial body, spines are restricted to the area near the bifurcation of the lobes. A distinct naked basal pocket is present but poorly developed (Fig. 12). VARIATION. Populations of Micrurus corallinus are polymorphic in both dorsal coloration patterns and scutellation. Based on morphological characteristics, M. corallinus can be grouped into three geographically structured assemblages for analytical purposes: (1) populations associated with the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (BAF), (2) those from the Amazonian lowlands (AML), and (3) those from the Andes (AND), including lower montane wet and cloud forests. Populations from the Amazon rainforest exhibit the highest degree of variability. Dorsal coloration patterns include both monadal and bicolor forms. In some Amazonian populations, the red rings are completely melanized, giving the snake a bicolor dorsal coloration (the M. albicinctus pattern). Populations of M. corallinus from the Andes and the Atlantic Forest also share a typical monadal coloration, characterized by a sequence of black rings bordered by pale rings (white or yellow), followed by red rings two to three times the width of the black ones (the M. annellatus annellatus pattern). However, Andean populations usually exhibit a bicolor dorsal pattern of black and white or red / orange rings (the M. a. balzani and M. a. bolivianus patterns). Geographic variation in the morphological characters of Micrurus corallinus is summarized in Table 8.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFFDFF9BFDFCEB2D027CF872.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Micrurus corallinus shares several characteristics with other cis-Andean monadal species of the genus Micrurus (Table 5, Fig. 5), including the number of dorsal scale rows (15 – 15 – 15); supralabials (7 – 7, with the 3 rd and 4 th contacting the eye); infralabials (7 – 7, with the first four contacting the first pair of chin shields); preoculars (1 – 1); postoculars (2 – 2); and temporals (1 + 1). It has two pairs of chin shields, which never contact the symphysial scale, and the symphysial is wider than long. The hemipenis is strongly forked, with an unornamented body. The dorsal coloration of M. corallinus includes monadal or bicolor patterns, except in M. averyi Schmidt, 1939, M. pacaraimae Morato de Carvalho, 2002, M. paraensis Cunha & Nascimento, 1973, and M. remotus Roze, 1987, which exhibit only monadal coloration, and in M. margaritiferus Roze, 1967 and M. putumayensis Lancini, 1962, which show only a bicolor pattern. Additionally, M. corallinus lacks the accessory black rings present in M. sangilensis. The number of ventral scales in males (185 – 215) and females (198 – 288), and subcaudal scales in males (38 – 49) and females (26 – 42), falls within the range of most Micrurus species. The number of black body rings (BBR) in males (14 – 90) and females (20 – 83) is within the range of most species, except in M. averyi (9 – 12 and 8 – 12, respectively) and M. putumayensis (7 – 11 and 9 – 12, respectively). Similarly, the number of black tail rings (BTR) in males (5 – 13) and females (3 – 9) falls within the range of most species, except in M. putumayensis (2 – 3 in both sexes). Micrurus corallinus is distinguished from other cis-Andean monadal species by the following characteristics (differences in parentheses). It differs from M. averyi by having red rings up to three or four times longer than the black rings, the presence of nuchal rings, distinctive parietal rings, and a greater number of black body rings (BBR) in males (14 – 90) and females (20 – 83). In contrast, M. averyi has red rings up to six times longer than the black rings, an almost entirely black head, no parietal rings, bands, or spots, and fewer BBR (9 – 12 in males, 8 – 12 in females). Micrurus corallinus differs from M. margaritiferus by having 4 – 6 pterygoid teeth (M. margaritiferus has seven). It differs from M. medemi by the absence of ornamental markings above the cloaca (M. medemi has one or more yellow caudal rings containing dorsally diamond-shaped black blotches beginning above the cloaca). It is distinguished from M. langsdorffi and M. ornatissimus by having hemipenes with a bare basal pocket that begins just above the base of the organ and extends laterally along the body, well below the bifurcation point of the spermatic groove (M. langsdorffi and M. ornatissimus have a poorly developed, completely naked basal pocket that begins just above the base of the organ and continues laterally along the body to below the bifurcation point of the spermatic groove). Micrurus corallinus differs from M. paraensis and M. pacaraimae by having red rings of similar length to the black rings or up to 3.5 times their length (M. paraensis and M. pacaraimae have red rings three to five times longer than the black rings). Finally, M. corallinus differs from M. putumayensis by having a greater number of BBR in males (14 – 90) and females (20 – 83), black tail rings (BTR) in males (5 – 13) and females (3 – 9), and a hemipenis extending up to 14 scales in length (M. putumayensis has 7 – 11 BBR in males, 9 – 12 in females, 2 – 3 BTR in both sexes, and a hemipenis up to 18 scales in length) (Fig. 5). Additionally, a detailed comparison of morphological characters is presented in Table 5.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC0FF9EFDFFE86E0429FBDB.taxon	description	Figs 10 – 11	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC0FF9EFDFFE86E0429FBDB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Micrurus langsdorffi can be distinguished from all congeners by the unique combination of the following characteristics: (1) body slender; (2) head usually as long as wide (HW / HL = 1.1); (3) dorsal scale rows 15 – 15 – 15, smooth, without apical pits; (4) rostral scale triangular, wider than high (RW / RH = 1.8); (5) internasal scales hexagonal, wider than long (INW / INL = 1.4); (6) loreal scale absent; (7) prefrontal scales hexagonal, often slightly longer than wide (PFL / PFW = 0.9); (8) frontal scale single, longer than wide (FL / FW = 1.3); (9) temporal scales 1 + 1, occasionally 1 + 2; (10) preocular scale one on each side; (11) postocular scales two on each side, occasionally three; (12) nasal scale divided; (13) supralabial scales seven on each side, with the third and fourth bordering the orbit; (14) infralabial scales seven on each side, the first four in contact with the anterior chin shields, the first pair in contact with each other; (15) preventral scales 1 – 2; (16) gular scales arranged in 1 – 3 rows; (17) chin shields in two pairs; (18) symphysial scale longer than wide (ML / MW = 0.5); (19) ventral scales 201 – 210 (mean 206.2 ± 2.5 SD) in males, 210 – 219 (mean 222.6 ± 4.3 SD) in females; (20) anal plate divided; supracloacal tubercles absent; (21) subcaudal scales divided, 27 – 55 (mean 47.8 ± 5.9 SD) in males, 29 – 37 (mean 33.7 ± 2.5 SD) in females; (22) tail-to-total length ratio 14.4 – 16.2 % (mean 14.8 ± 0.9 SD) in males, 7.8 – 9.9 % (mean 8.7 ± 0.6 SD) in females; (23) teeth: 10 – 11 dentary, 4 pterygoid, and 6 – 7 palatine.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC0FF9EFDFFE86E0429FBDB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Amazonas • 1 ♂; Rio Japurá; 1.811 ° S, 66.558 ° W; 1817 – 1820; J. von Spix leg.; ZSBS 2250 / 0. Other material examined (n = 47) BRAZIL – Amazonas • 1 ♀; unknown collection data; IB 5470 • 1 ♂; Rio Japurá; 1.811 ° S, 66.558 ° W; 1817 – 1820; J. von Spix leg.; lectotype of M. langsdorffi; ZSM 2250 / 0 • 1 ♀; Manaus; 3.101 ° S, 59.901 ° W; unknown date; J. Bach leg.; BMNH 1897.12.29.17 • 1 ♂; São Paulo de Olivença; 3.467 ° S, 68.946 ° W; unknown date; F. Waehner leg.; MTD, IB 32492 • 1 ♂; same locality data as for preceding; 1882; Standigen leg.; NHW 18219.1, 18220.1 • 1 ♀; Solimões, Porto Afonso; 2.735 ° S, 66.737 ° W; 1952; A. Hoge leg.; IB 15084 • 1 ♂; Solimões, Tefé; 3.347 ° S, 64.709 ° W; unknown date; A. Hoge leg.; IB 15089. COLOMBIA ‒ Amazonas • 1 ♀; Leticia; 4.203 ° N, 69.935 ° W; unknown date; unknown collector; MCZ 49006 • 1 ♂; Río Apaporis; 0.770 ° S, 70.299 ° W; 1952; J. Cabrera leg.; MCZ 53240. ‒ Caquetá • 1 ♀; Puerto Boy; 0.250 ° N, 74.891 ° W; H. Nicéforo María leg.; MLS 14. ‒ Guaviare • 1 ♀; Miraflores, Río Vaupés; 1.331 ° N, 71.953 ° W; 1965; C. Hutchinson leg.; AMNH. ‒ Putumayo • 1 ♂; Puerto Rocío, Río Putumayo; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 53139 • 1 ♀; Río Putumayo; 0.2508 ° N, 74.891 ° W; 1934; Fray Miguel leg.; holotype of Elaps mimosus IB 8902. ‒ Vaupés • 2 ♀♀; Río Comeña, afluente margen izquierdo del Río Piraparana; 0.004 ° S, 70.542 ° W; 5 Jul. 1976; unknown collector; INS 227, 288. ECUADOR ‒ Sucumbíos • 1 ♀; Limoncocha; 0.408 ° S, 76.620 ° W; 20 Oct. 1964; C. Boweri leg.; UIMNH 61033 • 1 ♂; Reserva de Producción Faunística Cuyabeno; 0.004866 ° S, 76.173 ° W; 15 Dec. 2014; J. Freire leg.; QCAZ 13129 • 1 ♀; Pacayacu; 0.182 ° S, 76.072 ° W; unknown date; M. Yanez leg.; DHMECN 9130. PERU ‒ Loreto • 1 ♂; Iquitos, San Antonio, Río Itaya; 3.745 ° S, 73.237 ° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52801 • 1 ♀; Iquitos; 3.743 ° S, 73.251 ° W; unknown date; MBUCV 3732 • 5 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Iquitos; same collection data as for preceding; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52355, 53258, 53872, 54068, 54089, 54195, 54253, 54748, 54944, 54964, 54994, 55007, 55074; paratypes of M. langsdorffi • 7 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Mishana; 3.928 ° S, 73.556 ° W; Mar. – Nov. 1972; P. Soini leg.; TCWC 1513 (PS), 42195, 45360, 45361, 46392 – 46395, 46398, 46400 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Morropón; 3.723 ° S, 73.288 ° W; Jan. – Nov. 1973; P. Soini leg.; TCWC 45359, 46396, 46397, 46399 • 1 ♀; Pebas; 3.321 ° S, 71.858 ° W; 1864; C. Hauxwell leg.; holotype of Elaps batesii BMNH 1946.1.17.21 • 1 ♀; Pebas; 3.321 ° S, 71.858 ° W; 1867; J. Orton leg.; ANSP 6794 • 1 ♀; Río Napo, Río Marañón; 3.452 ° S, 72.760 ° W; 1864; J. Orton leg.; type of Elaps imperator ANSP 6793.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC0FF9EFDFFE86E0429FBDB.taxon	description	Description COLORATION. Patterns of coloration were taken from Roze (1996), Campbell & Lamar (2004), and Valencia et al. (2016). Tricolor (red / brown – white – yellow) and bicolor (reddish – yellowish) patterns are observed. Dorsal coloration: 25 – 67 red rings in males and 25 – 67 in females, usually melanized in adult specimens. Accessory black rings are absent. The nuchal ring is absent; instead, some specimens present a sequence of white dots. Red rings are 3 – 8 dorsal scale rows long, and ventrally they are 3 – 6 scales long. Yellow rings are 3 – 6 dorsal scale rows long, up to twice shorter than red rings, and slightly longer along the vertebral region. Some melanistic individuals have completely dark brown scales within the red rings, causing them to fuse with adjacent white rings. Ventrally, red rings are 4 – 10 scales long. White spots are 1 – 1 ½ dorsal scale rows long, usually formed by sequences of fused or separated spots, and slightly longer towards the ventral region. Ventrally, these rings are one scale long. Head coloration is reddish, orange, or tan; the snout is usually dark but may be tan or yellow, and this coloration often includes the first 2 – 4 pairs of supralabials, the frontal, supraoculars, postoculars, and parietals. A pair of white spots may be present, usually on the supraoculars or prefrontals, but sometimes also including each internasal, each anterior temporal, and each sixth supralabial. The temporals and posterior 2 – 3 supralabials are generally red with extensive dark pigmentation. Red rings on the tail number 5 – 14 in both males and females, with 5 – 8 dorsal scale rows long and 4 – 8 scales ventrally. Red rings or bands are 4 – 9 dorsal scale rows long (Figs 10 – 11). HEMIPENIAL MORPHOLOGY. Based on the original descriptions by J. Roze (AMNH 52975, AMNH 54195, AMNH 53140, MCZ 53240). Everted hemipenes are slender, reaching the 14 th – 18 th subcaudals, bifurcated at the 9 th – 12 th, deeply bilobed, and non-capitate. The sulcus spermaticus bifurcates at the base of the lobes, at the level of the 9 th – 12 th subcaudals, and is centripetal, curved, and shallow, with very thin margins bordered by tiny spines. The sulcus branches have a centrifugal medial orientation, extending toward the apex of each lobe. The capitular groove is indistinct. The lobes are elongated (approximately 36 % of the total hemipenial length), tapering distally into pointed tips. The distal half of the lobes forms the capitular region, ornamented with small to medium-sized spines densely arranged in longitudinal and irregular rows, decreasing in size toward the apex. The proximal half of the lobes consists of elongated, scattered spines and papillae. The asulcate side bears longer and more numerous spines. The basal region of the hemipenis extends to the 8 th – 12 th subcaudals, with a few minute spines distally, while the rest remains completely naked. The basal pocket is naked and extends along the lateral surface of the hemipenial body; the lateral fold is absent. VARIATION. Micrurus langsdorffi exhibits polychromatic variation (Soini 1974), which does not appear to follow a geographic pattern. Specimens exhibit monadal and bicolored patterns. The holotype (ZSBS 2250 / 0) shows the most atypical pattern, with dorsal rings incomplete ventrally. In some specimens, head coloration varies from brown to yellow or orange, with or without a sequence of white spots posterior to the parietal scales. The morphological characteristics of M. langsdorffi are summarized in Table 8.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC0FF9EFDFFE86E0429FBDB.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Micrurus langsdorffi shares with other cis-Andean monadal species of the genus Micrurus (Table 5, Fig. 5) the following characteristics: number of dorsal scale rows (15 – 15 – 15); number of supralabials (7 – 7, with the 3 rd and 4 th contacting the eye); number of infralabials (7 – 7, with the first four contacting the first pair of chin-shield scales); number of preoculars (1 – 1); number of postoculars (2 – 2); number of temporals (1 + 1); two pairs of chin-shields, never in contact with the symphysial; and symphysial scale wider than long; accessory black rings absent. The number of ventral scales in males (201 – 210) and females (210 – 219), as well as the number of subcaudal scales in males (27 – 55) and females (29 – 37), overlaps the range of all monadal coralsnakes, with the exception of the ventral scales of males in M. averyi (190 – 198). The number of black body rings in males (25 – 67) and females (29 – 45) is within the range of most species, except in M. averyi (8 – 10 in males and 10 – 13 in females), M. medemi (17 – 27 in both sexes), M. pacaraimae (23 in males), and M. putumayensis (7 – 11 in males and 9 – 12 in females). The number of black tail rings in males (5 – 14) and females (5 – 8) is within the range of most species, except in M. putumayensis (2 – 3 in both males and females). Micrurus langsdorffi differs from all other cis-Andean coralsnakes by the absence of black dorsal rings; instead, the dorsal pattern consists of red, yellow, brown, or tan rings (Table 5, Figs 10 – 11). Additionally, a detailed comparison of morphological characters is provided in Table 5.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC2FF90FDA7ED480274FE21.taxon	description	Figs 10 – 11	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC2FF90FDA7ED480274FE21.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Micrurus medemi can be distinguished from all congeners by a unique combination of the following characters (diagnosis taken from Roze 1967, 1996; Campbell & Lamar 2004; Caicedo-Portilla & Lynch 2015; Feitosa et al. 2015): (1) body slender; (2) head usually as long as wide; (3) dorsal scales smooth, 15 / 15 / 15, apical pits absent; (4) rostral scale triangular, wider than high; (5) internasal scales hexagonal, wider than long; (6) loreal scales absent; (7) prefrontal scales hexagonal, one and a half times longer than the internasals; (8) frontal scale hexagonal, longer than wide; (9) temporal scales 1 + 1, occasionally 1 + 2; (10) preocular scales one on each side; (11) postocular scales two on each side; (12) nasal scales undivided; (13) supralabial scales seven on each side, with the third and fourth bordering the orbit; (14) infralabial scales, first pair in broad contact behind the symphysial; (15) preventral scales 1 – 3; (16) gular scales arranged in 1 – 3 rows; (17) chin-shields in two pairs, never in contact with the symphysial; (18) symphysial scale longer than wide; (19) ventral scales 190 – 203 in males, 208 – 221 in females; (20) anal plate divided, supracloacal tubercles absent; (21) subcaudal scales divided, 42 – 49 in males, 30 – 37 in females; (22) tail one-third longer in males than in females; (23) teeth: unknown.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC2FF90FDA7ED480274FE21.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is a patronym honoring Dr Count Friedrich Johann von Medem, better known among his friends as ‘ Federico, ’ a German naturalist who dedicated much of his effort to the study of amphibians and reptiles of Colombia, especially turtles and crocodiles (Roze 1967; Campbell & Lamar 2004).	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC2FF90FDA7ED480274FE21.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype COLOMBIA ‒ Meta • ♂; Villavicencio; 4.1533 ° N, 73.642 ° W; 1950; H. Nicéforo María leg.; AMNH 96988. Paratypes COLOMBIA ‒ Meta • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; MLS 1516, 1517, 1513, 1515, 1580 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; 1951; IB 7208 • 1 ♂; Villavicencio, Río Ocoa; 4.108 ° N, 73.546 ° W; Feb. 1950; H. Nicéforo María leg.; MLS 1512 • 1 ♂; Villavicencio, Río Guatequio; 4.153 ° N, 73.549 ° W; Feb. 1951; F. Medem leg.; FMNH 74371.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC2FF90FDA7ED480274FE21.taxon	description	Description Patterns of coloration were taken from Roze (1967), Roze (1996), and Campbell & Lamar (2004). Tricolor pattern (red – white or yellow – black – white – red). DORSAL COLORATION. 17 – 27 black rings in males and females. Melanized individuals have 40 – 42 black rings. Accessory black rings are absent. The nuchal black ring is usually 7 – 12 dorsal scales long, connected or separated from the black hood by one or two dorsal scale rows. Black rings are 4 ½ – 11 dorsal scale rows long, ventrally 3 – 6 ½ scales long. Red rings are 3 ½ – 10 dorsal scale rows long, slightly shorter than black rings, and slightly longer along the vertebral region, with black spots on each scale, except in juveniles. Some melanistic individuals have completely black scales within the red rings, causing them to fuse with adjacent black rings. Ventrally, red rings are 4 – 11 scales long. White, yellow, or reddish rings are 1 – 1 ½ dorsal scale rows long, usually formed by sequences of fused or separated spots, and slightly longer towards the ventral region. Ventrally, these rings are one scale long and may be indistinguishable in some individuals. Head coloration is black, covering the posterior or anterior internasals, prefrontals, frontal, preoculars, postoculars, and parietals. Some individuals show light or reddish spots on the supraoculars or prefrontals. The occipital band is usually yellowish, including the temporals, three supralabials, and one dorsal scale row, each with a black or dark brown border. Black rings on the tail number 6 – 9 in males and females, with 3 – 8 dorsal scale rows long and 3 – 7 scales ventrally. Red rings or bands are 1 – 3 dorsal scale rows long and 1 – 3 scales long ventrally (Figs 10 – 11). HEMIPENIAL MORPHOLOGY. Unknown. VARIATION. Previously defined by Roze (1996) and Campbell & Lamar (2004), and included in the coloration section for this species.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC2FF90FDA7ED480274FE21.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Micrurus medemi shares with other cis-Andean monadal species of the genus Micrurus (Table 5, Fig. 5) the following characteristics: number of dorsal scale rows (15 – 15 – 15); number of supralabials (7 – 7, with the 3 rd and 4 th contacting the eye); number of infralabials (7 – 7, with the first four contacting the first pair of chin-shield scales); number of preoculars (1 – 1); number of postoculars (2 – 2); number of temporals (1 + 1); two pairs of chin-shields, never in contact with the symphysial; and symphysial scale wider than long. Like other coralsnakes, M. medemi exhibits monadal or bicolor patterns, except in M. averyi, M. pacaraimae, M. paraensis, and M. remotus, which only have monadal coloration, and only the bicolor pattern is found in M. margaritiferus and M. putumayensis. Additionally, M. medemi lacks accessory black rings, except in M. sangilensis. The number of ventral scales in males (190 – 203) and females (208 – 221), as well as the number of subcaudal scales in males (42 – 49) and females (28 – 40), overlaps the range of all monadal coralsnakes, with the exception of ventral scales in females of M. putumayensis (197 – 232). The number of black body rings (BBR) in males and females (17 – 27) is within the range of most species, except in M. averyi (8 – 10 in males and 10 – 13 in females) and M. putumayensis (7 – 11 in males and 9 – 12 in females). The number of black tail rings (BTR) in males and females (6 – 19) is within the range of most species, except in M. putumayensis (2 – 3 in both males and females). Micrurus medemi is distinguished from other cis-Andean monadal species by having one or more yellow caudal rings containing dorsally diamond-shaped black blotches, starting above the cloaca, as well as by the following characteristics (Table 5, Figs 10 – 11). Additionally, a detailed comparison of morphological characters is provided in Table 5.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFCCFF94FD8AEB7E0275FE63.taxon	description	Figs 10 – 11	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFCCFF94FD8AEB7E0275FE63.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Micrurus ornatissimus can be distinguished from all congeners by the unique combination of the following characteristics: (1) body slender; (2) head usually as long as wide (HW / HL = 1.0); (3) dorsal scales 15 / 15 / 15, smooth, without apical pits; (4) rostral scale triangular, wider than high (RW / RH = 1.6); (5) internasal scales hexagonal, slightly wider than long (INW / INL = 1.1); (6) loreal scales absent; (7) prefrontal scales hexagonal, often slightly wider than long (PFL / PFW = 0.9); (8) frontal scale single, longer than wide (FL / FW = 1.5); (9) temporal scales 1 + 1; (10) preocular scales one on each side; (11) postocular scales two on each side; (12) nasal scale divided; (13) supralabial scales seven on each side, with the third and fourth bordering the orbit; (14) seven infralabial scales, the first four in contact with anterior chin-shield scales, the first pair in contact with each other; (15) preventral scales 1 – 3; (16) gular scales arranged in 1 – 3 rows; (17) chin-shields in two pairs; (18) symphysial scale longer than wide (ML / MW = 0.6); (19) ventral scales 161 – 225 (mean 202.3 ± 9.7 SD) in males, 156 – 234 (mean 217.1 ± 14.7 SD) in females; (20) anal plate divided, supracloacal tubercles absent; (21) subcaudal scales divided, 39 – 54 (mean 47.8 ± 3.0 SD) in males, 28 – 40 (mean 33.7 ± 5.2 SD) in females; (22) tail-to-total length ratio 10.4 – 17.4 % (mean 14.9 ± 1.4 SD) in males, 7.8 – 10.9 % (mean 9.1 ± 0.7 SD) in females; (23) teeth: 10 dentary, 5 pterygoid, and 7 palatine.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFCCFF94FD8AEB7E0275FE63.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntypes ECUADOR ‒ Pastaza • Canelos; 1.589 ° S, 77.7465 ° W; unknown date; C. Buckley leg.; BMNH 1946.1.17.17; holotype of Elaps buckleyi. BRAZIL ‒ Pará • Pará; 6.207 ° S, 52.702 ° W; unknown date; C. Stevens leg. BMNH 1946.1.17.18; holotype of Elaps buckley. Other material examined (n = 70) BRAZIL ‒ Pará • 1 ♂; Pará; 6.207 ° S, 52.702 ° W (wrong locality); unknown date; C. Stevens leg. BMNH 1946.1.17.18; holotype of Elaps buckleyi. ECUADOR ‒ Morona Santiago • 1 ♀; 1 mile S of Plan de Milagro on trail to Pan de Azúcar; 3.05 ° S, 78.483 ° W; 16 Aug. 1968; J. Peters leg.; USNM 458295; holotype of M. petersi • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Chiguaza; 2.020 ° S, 77.970 ° W; unknown date; B. Pazmiño leg.; USNM 232421, 232422 • 1 ♀; Macas; 2.316 ° S, 78.116 ° W; 21 Jan. 1929; C. Fugler leg.; MCZ 100950; paratype of M. petersi • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Macas; 2.307 ° S, 78.113 ° W; Sep. 1930; A. Feyer leg.; AMNH 28846, ZSM 268 / 1913 • 2 ♂♂; Macas vicinity; 2.3298 ° S, 78.131 ° W; unknown date; A. Feyer leg.; AMNH 35819, 35820 • 1 ♂; Macuma; 2.149 ° S, 77.701 ° W; Nov. 1964; unknown collector; UIMNH 61637 • 1 ♀; Mendez; 2.683 ° S, 78.316 ° W; unknown date; J. Peters leg.; USNM 232494 • 1 ♂; Sucúa; 2.454 ° S, 78.167 ° W; 6 Jan. 1988; O. González leg.; QCAZ 1130 • 1 ♂; Sucúa; 2.466 ° S, 78.166 ° W; 1975; unknown collector; USNM 283969 • 3 ♂♂; Taisha, Achuents; 2.203 ° S, 77.716 ° W; Aug. 1998 – Nov. 2011; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 2215, 2241, 6358 • 4 ♂♂; Taisha, Amazonas; 2.143 ° S, 77.709 ° W; Jul. 2007 – Nov. 2011; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 5624, 5632, 7137, 8997 • 3 ♂♂; Taisha, Kiim; 2.750 ° S, 77.216 ° W; May 1994 – Jul. 1995; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 1191, 2241, 2271 • 7 ♂♂; Taisha, Macuma; 2.144 ° S, 77.700 ° W; Nov. 2008 – Dec. 2011; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 2210, 3434, 4231, 5938, 7314, 7234, 7235, 8966 • 1 ♂; Taisha, Paantim; 2.133 ° S, 77.650 ° W; 2 Jul. 2007; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 5634 • 1 ♂; Taisha, Tumpaim; 2.154 ° S, 77.727 ° W; 20 Jun. 1998; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 2238 • 1 ♂; Taisha, Uwi; 2.155 ° S, 77.716 ° W; 8 Sep. 1999; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 1999. ‒ Napo • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Loreto; 0.692 ° S, 77.311 ° W; unknown date; C. Mena leg.; USNM OV 2687, OV 4215, 232426, 232427, 2324241 • 1 ♂; Reserva Biológica Colonso Chalupas; 0.932 ° S, 77.903 ° W; 15 Dec. 2011; A. Barahona leg.; FHGO 8843 • 2 ♀♀; Santa Rosa, El Chaco; 0.201 ° S, 77.690 ° W; 29 Oct. 2010; C. Reyes leg.; DHMECN 9256, 9255 • 1 ♂; Shiripuno; 1.00 ° S, 77.083 ° W; 23 Aug. 1997; J. Touzet leg.; FHGO 1637. ‒ Orellana • 2 ♀♀; Tiputini, Kupi; 0.685 ° S, 76.739 ° W; 4 Oct. 2008; J. Valencia leg.; FHGO 6371 • 1 ♂; Orellana, Hotel Auca; 0.4716 ° S, 76.984 ° W; 25 Feb. 1991; J. Touzet; FHGO 284 • 1 ♀; Parque Nacional Yasuní; 0.674 ° S, 76.396 ° W; 27 Jul. 1997; S. Ron leg.; QCAZ 6565 • 1 ♀; Parque Nacional Yasuní, via Pompeya Sur – Iro, km 38; 0.653 ° S, 76.451 ° W; 5 Dec. 1994; S. de la Torre leg.; QCAZ 7558 • 1 ♂; Parque Nacional Yasuní; Vía Pompeya Sur – Iro, km 105; 0.967433 ° S, 76.222 ° W; 25 Nov. 1994; M. Read; QCAZ 2706 • 1 ♂; Río Suno; 0.616 ° S, 77.4 ° W; unknown date and collector; USNM OV 54 • 2 ♂♂; Tiputini; 0.667 ° S, 76.741 ° W; 1 Oct. 2008; J. Valencia leg.; FHGO 6347, 6357. ‒ Pastaza • 1 ♂; Alto Río Bobonaza; 1.466 ° S, 77.883 ° W; unknown date; J. Peters leg.; USNM OV 4619 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Canelos; 1.589 ° S, 77.7465 ° W; unknown date; C. Alzamora leg.; USNM OV 500, 232434 • 1 ♀; Canelos; 1.589 ° S, 77.7465 ° W; unknown date; BMNH 1946.1.17.17; lectotype of Elaps buckleyi • 1 ♂; cruce Shell-Mera; 1.5 ° S, 78.05 ° W; unknown date and collector; USNM 287944 • 1 ♂; Pukuang; 19 Nov. 2007; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 6234 • 1 ♀; Río Bufeo, bajo Bobonaza; 2.333 ° S, 76.667 ° W; unknown date; J. Olalla leg.; USNM OV 4617 • 5 ♀♀; Río Copataza; 1.830 ° S, 77.670 ° W; unknown date; J. Olalla leg.; USNM OV 4620, 232423, 232430, 232431, 232432 • 4 ♀♀; Río Pastaza; 2.048 ° S, 77.607 ° W; unknown date and collector; AMNH 49092, 49095, UMMZ 88917, 88918 • 1 ♀; Río Pastaza, E Ecuador; 2.048 ° S, 77.607 ° W; R. Blomberg leg.; NHRM 3163 (6) • 1 ♂; Río Villano; 1.500 ° S, 77.330 ° W; unknown date; USNM 232435. ‒ Sucumbíos • 1 ♀; Limoncocha; 21 Oct. 1964; C. Boweri leg.; UIMNH 61038 • 1 ♂; Limoncocha, Yamanunka; 0.303 ° S, 76.659 ° W; Jul. 2007; C. Tobar leg.; DHMECN 9092 • 1 ♀; Río Aguarico, San Pablo de Kantesiya; 11 Jan. 1994; D. Payaguaje leg.; QCAZ 2866. ‒ Tungurahua • 1 ♀; cerca de Abitagua; 1.438 ° S, 78.179 ° W; unknown date; J. Olalla leg.; USNM OV 6077 • 1 ♀; Baños; 1.398 ° S, 78.429 ° W; Sep. 1930; paratype of M. steindachneri orcesi, AMNH 35881 • 1 ♂; Baños; 1.398 ° S, 78.429 ° W; unknown date; holotype of M. steindachneri, NHMW 15750 • 2 ♀♀; Baños, Meta trail; 1.398 ° S, 78.429 ° W; Sep. 1930; holotype of M. steindachneri orcesi, UMMZ 88922, 88923 • 1 ♂; cerros de Abitagua, 30 km W of Baños; 1.438 ° S, 78.179 ° W; unknown date; W. Clarke McIntyre leg.; UMMZ 91566; paratype of M. steindachneri • 1 ♂; San José de Chimbo; F. Steindachner leg.; NHMW 13383.1 • 1 ♀; Río Pastaza; 1.414 ° S, 78.256 ° W; unknown date; W. Clarke McIntyre leg.; UMMZ 88921; paratype of M. steindachneri • 3 ♀♀; San Francisco cerca Baños, Río Pastaza; 1.391 ° S, 78.408 ° W; W. Clarke McIntyre leg.; UMMZ 88924, 88925, 88926; paratypes of M. steindachneri. ‒ Unknow locality • 1 ♂; unknown date of collection; USNM OV • 1 ♀; E Ecuador; unknown date of collection; H. Feyer leg.; ZSM 268 / 1913, NHRM 3163. PERU ‒ Loreto • 1 ♀; Andoas, Río Pastaza; 2.906 ° S, 76.397 ° W; unknown date; H. Feyer leg.; AMNH 49077 • 1 ♀; Puerto Caramacha, lower Río Tigre; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 53202 • 1 ♀; Santa Rosa, Río Tigre; 3.383 ° S, 74.948 ° W; unknown date; J. Olalla leg.; AMNH 49169 • 1 ♀; Iquitos, Lago Rimachi; 4.453 ° S, 76.692 ° W; 2 Jul. 1957; L. Eyzaguirre leg.; UNMSM 303.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFCCFF94FD8AEB7E0275FE63.taxon	description	Description COLORATION. Tricolor pattern (red – white or yellow – black – white – red). Dorsal coloration: 15 – 60 black rings in males (mean 42.1 ± 8.6 SD), 20 – 67 in females (mean 45.8 ± 12.8 SD). Accessory black rings are absent. The nuchal black ring is rarely absent; when present, its shape is highly variable, appearing as a spot, band, or a complete or incomplete ring (Figs 9 – 10). The complete black nuchal ring is usually 3 – 7 dorsal scale rows long and is typically connected to the black hood by one or two dorsal scale rows. Black body rings are 2 – 2 ½ dorsal scale rows long, and ventrally they are 1 – 2 scales long. Red rings are 2 – 6 ½ dorsal scale rows long, occasionally nearly twice as wide as the black rings, and slightly longer along the vertebral region, with black spots on each scale, except in juveniles. Some melanistic individuals have completely black scales within the red rings, causing them to fuse with adjacent black rings. Ventrally, red rings are 1 ½ – 8 scales long. White or yellow rings are 1 – 1 ½ dorsal scale rows long, usually formed by sequences of fused or separated spots, each scale with brown spots on the anterior edge. Ventrally, these rings are one scale long and are indistinguishable in some individuals. Additionally, ventrally, red rings are 2 – 11 scales long, lacking spots or borders. Head coloration is black, covering the posterior or anterior internasals, prefrontals, frontal, preoculars, postoculars, and parietals. Some individuals may show light or reddish spots on the supraoculars or prefrontals. The occipital band is usually reddish, including the temporals, three supralabials, and one dorsal scale row, and is separated from the first black ring by a sequence of white spots. Tail coloration: black rings on the tail range from 5 – 17 in males (mean 12.2 ± 2.9 SD) and 2 – 12 in females (mean 8.2 ± 2.3 SD). These black rings are 2 – 7 dorsal scale rows long, and ventrally they are 2 – 6 scales long. Red rings or bands are 1 – 3 dorsal scale rows long, and ventrally they are 1 – 3 scales long. VARIATION. The substantial individual variation shown by this species in coloration and scutellation is analyzed in this work. Micrurus ornatissimus exhibits a typical monadal color pattern (black rings bordered by red or yellow, followed by red rings). The main difference among populations is the length of the red rings, which are usually longer than the black rings. Consistent with the plasticity of these characters, M. ornatissimus can be divided into three populations: (1) those associated with the Upper Amazon (UAM), (2) those associated with the inter-Andean Valleys (IAV), and (3) those from the Amazon lowland (AML). Populations from the inter-Andean Valleys and along the eastern Andean slopes overlap in their range of black body ring counts. In some Andean populations, the red rings are heavily marked with black tips (M. steindachneri pattern). Furthermore, head coloration in some specimens is grayish (M. petersi pattern). In Amazonian rainforest populations, head ornamentation is highly variable. For instance, the nuchal black ring may be absent (M. tikuna pattern) or present as a spot, band, or complete / incomplete ring. The geographic variation in the morphological characteristics of M. ornatissimus is shown in Table 8.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFCCFF94FD8AEB7E0275FE63.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Micrurus ornatissimus shares with other cis-Andean monadal species of the genus Micrurus (Table 5, Fig. 4) the following characteristics: number of dorsal scale rows (15 – 15 – 15); number of supralabials (7 – 7, with the 3 rd and 4 th contacting the eye); number of infralabials (7 – 7, with the first four contacting the first pair of chin-shield scales); number of preoculars (1 – 1); number of postoculars (2 – 2); number of temporals (1 + 1); two pairs of chin-shields, never in contact with the symphysial; symphysial scale wider than long; and a hemipenis body without ornamentation. Among the monadal coralsnakes, M. corallinus, M. paraensis, M. pacaraimae and M. remotus are the only species that do not exhibit a bicolor dorsal coloration pattern. The number of ventral and subcaudal scales in males and females overlaps with that of all monadal species. Additionally, the number of black body rings (BBR) in males (15 – 60) and females (20 – 67) falls within the range of most species, except for M. averyi (8 – 10 in males and 10 – 13 in females) and M. putumayensis (7 – 11 in males and 9 – 12 in females). The number of black tail rings (BTR) in males (5 – 17) and females (2 – 12) is within the range of all species, except in males of M. putumayensis (2 – 3). Micrurus ornatissimus is distinguished from other cis-Andean monadal species by the following characteristics (differences in parentheses): M. ornatissimus differs from M. averyi by having red rings up to three times longer than the black rings, nuchal rings present, distinctive parietal rings, and a greater number of body rings in males (15 – 60) and females (20 – 67) (in M. averyi, red rings are up to six times longer than the black rings, the head is almost entirely black, and there are no parietal rings or bands; black body rings are 8 – 10 in males and 10 – 13 in females). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. langsdorffi in having a typical monadal coloration with a sequence of black – white / yellow – red rings (in M. langsdorffi, the dorsal coloration is bicolored or tricolored, with yellow, brown, or maroon rings replacing the black rings). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. margaritiferus in having a typical modal coloration and five pterygoid teeth (in M. margaritiferus, the dorsal coloration is bicolor and there are seven pterygoid teeth). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. medemi by the absence of ornamental shapes above the cloaca (in M. medemi, one or more of the yellow caudal rings contain diamond-shaped black blotches dorsally, beginning above the cloaca). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. corallinus in having five pterygoid teeth, a smooth surface on the spermatic groove edge, and a surface between lobes ornamented with small spines (in M. corallinus, there are four pterygoid teeth, the surface of the spermatic groove edge is smooth with tiny spines, and the surface between lobes is naked). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. paraensis and M. pacaraimae in having red rings of similar length to, or up to three times the length of, the black rings (in M. paraensis and M. pacaraimae, the red rings are three to five times longer than the black rings). Finally, M. ornatissimus differs from M. putumayensis by a greater number of black body rings (BBR) in males (15 – 60) and females (20 – 67), a greater number of black tail rings (BTR) in males (5 – 17), and a hemipenis body lacking ornamentation (in M. putumayensis, BBR is 7 – 11 in males and 9 – 12 in females, BTR is 2 – 3 in males, and the hemipenis body is naked at the base and ornamented with small, dispersed spines). Additionally, a detailed comparison of morphological characters is shown in Fig. 4 and Table 5.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFCCFF94FD8AEB7E0275FE63.taxon	description	Hemipenial morphology Based on FHGO 2210 and 9818. Additional data were sourced from Silva-Haad (1994), Feitosa et al. (2015), Valencia et al. (2016), and the original descriptions by J. Roze (AMNH 52253, UMMZ 88924, 91566, previously identified as M. steindachneri). Everted hemipenes are slender, reaching the 11 th subcaudal, bifurcated at the 7 th, deeply bilobed, and non-capitate. The sulcus spermaticus bifurcates at the base of the lobes, at the level of the 7 th subcaudal, and is centripetal, curved, and shallow, with very thin sulcus margins bordered by tiny spines. The sulcus branches have a centrifugal medial orientation, extending toward the apex of each lobe. The capitular groove is indistinct. The lobes are elongated (approximately 42 % of total hemipenial length), tapering distally into pointed tips. The distal half of the lobes forms the capitular region, ornamented with small to medium-sized spines densely arranged in longitudinal and irregular fringes, which decrease in size toward the apex. The proximal half of the lobes consists of a series of elongated, scattered spines. The asulcate side has longer and more numerous spines. The basal region of the hemipenis extends to the 7 th subcaudal, with a few minute spines distally, while the rest remains completely naked. The basal pocket is naked and extends along the lateral surface of the hemipenial body (Fig. 11).	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFA2FFFEFDF3E8060127FD96.taxon	materials_examined	BRAZIL – Amazonas • 1 ♂ 3 ♀; Manaos, Reserva Ducke; IB 32492, 43192, 43194, 43195 • 2 ♂ 2 ♀; Manaos, WWF, Reserva INPA; MZUSP 8485, 8448, 8449, 8450, 8451. GUYANA – Berbice Oriental-Corentyne • 1 ♀; Courantyne District, near the Brazilian border; holotype FMNH	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFA2FFFEFDFEEB0B0331FD38.taxon	materials_examined	PERU – Amazonas • 1 ♀; vicinity of Huampani, Río Cenepa; MVZ 163327. – Loreto • 1 ♀; Boca Río Santiago, Río Marañón; AMNH 53362; holotype.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFA2FFFEFDC2EA750272FC25.taxon	materials_examined	BRAZIL – Amazonas • 3 ♀♀; Benjamin Constant, Río Javari; MNRJ 1008, 1300, 1542. PERU – Loreto • 5 ♀♀; Centro Unión, lower Río Aucayo ca. 20 km SE of Iquitos; TCWC 45357, 45358, 46408, 47619, 57620 • 2 ♂ 1 ♀; Puerto Socorro, Río Putumayo, 270 km NE of Iquitos; holotype AMNH 110058, 110059, 110060.	en	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
