identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0388412AFFFDFF9BFDFCEB2D027CF872.text	0388412AFFFDFF9BFDFCEB2D027CF872.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrurus corallinus (Merrem 1820)	<div><p>Micrurus corallinus (Merrem, 1820)</p><p>Figs 10–11</p><p>Elaps corallinus Merrem, 1820: 108 .</p><p>Elaps annellatus Peters, 1871: 402 .</p><p>Elaps balzani Boulenger, 1898: 130 .</p><p>Elaps regularis Boulenger, 1902: 402 .</p><p>Micrurus albicinctus Amaral, 1926: 26, figs 7 – 10.</p><p>Micrurus waehnerorum Meise, 1938: 20 .</p><p>Micrurus annellatus montanus Schmidt, 1954: 322 .</p><p>Micrurus annellatus bolivianus Roze, 1967: 7 .</p><p>Elaps corallinus – Wied-Neuwied, 1820: 108. – Duméril et al. 1854: 1208 – Merrem 1820: 180. – Boulenger 1896: 438.</p><p>Micrurus balzani – Schmidt 1936: 192.</p><p>Micrurus ornatissimus – Schmidt 1936: 191 [in part].</p><p>Micrurus annellatus annellatus – Schmidt 1954: 322.</p><p>Micrurus annellatus balzani – Roze 1967: 6.</p><p>Micrurus bolivianus – da Silva Jr., Buononato, Pires, Feitosa 2021: 131. – da Silva Jr., Feitosa, Pires, Prudente 2021: 223.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Micrurus corallinus can be distinguished from all congeners by a unique combination of the following characters: (1) body slender; (2) head slightly longer than wide (HL/HW = 1.2); (3) dorsal scales smooth, 15/15/15, apical pits absent; (4) rostral scale triangular, wider than long (RL/RW = 0.5); (5) internasal scales hexagonal, slightly wider than long (INL/INW = 0.9); (6) loreal scales absent; (7) prefrontal scales hexagonal, as wide as long (PFL/PFW = 1.0); (8) frontal scale hexagonal, longer than wide (FL/ FW = 1.7); (9) temporal scales 1+1, occasionally 1+2; (10) one preocular scale on each side; (11) two postocular scales on each side; (12) nasal scale divided; (13) supralabial scales seven on each side, with the third and fourth bordering the orbit; (14) infralabial scales seven on each side, the first four in contact with the anterior chin-shield scales, the first pair in broad contact behind the symphysial; (15) preventral scales 1–4; (16) gular scales arranged in 1–2 rows; (17) chin shields in two pairs, never in contact with the symphysial; (18) symphysial scale wider than long (SL/SW = 0.8); (19) ventral scales 185–215 (mean 200.9±6.1 SD) in males, 198–288 (mean 215.5±27.4 SD) in females; (20) anal plate divided, supracloacal tubercles absent; (21) subcaudal scales divided, 38–49 (mean 45.5±2.4 SD) in males, 26–42 (mean 31.2±5.2 SD) in females; (22) tail-total length ratio 11.9–20.3% (mean 14.4±1.3 SD) in males, 6.8–10.9% (mean 8.8±1.3 SD) in females; (23) teeth: 9–11 dentary, 4–6 pterygoid, and 6–8 palatine.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet is derived from the Latin ‘ corallium ’, meaning ‘coral’, and the suffix ‘ -inus ’, meaning ‘pertaining to’, which alludes to the bright colors of this coralsnake (see Campbell &amp; Lamar, 2004).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Lectotype (designed by Roze 1966) BRAZIL • ♀; Rio do Janeiro, Cabo Frio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.033&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.033/lat -22.833)">Campos de Coaytacases</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.033&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.033/lat -22.833)">Parahyba</a>; 22.833° S, 42.033° W; unknown date; M. zu Wied-Neuwied leg.; AMNH 3911.</p><p>Paralectotype (designed by Roze 1966) BRAZIL • ♀; same collection data as for lectotype; AMNH 3935 .</p><p>Other material examined (n = 201)</p><p>ARGENTINA – Misiones • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.741&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.571" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.741/lat -26.571)">Monte Carlo</a>; 26.571° S, 54.741° W; 1926; J. Haider leg.; FMNH 9371, 9372, 9473 .</p><p>BOLIVIA – Beni • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Beni; unknown collection data; E.J. Young leg.; AMNH 2975–2976, paratypes of M. a. annellatus • 1 ♂; San Carlos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.179&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.179" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.179/lat -11.179)">Río Beni</a>; 11.179° S, 66.179° W; 1921; C. Bock leg.; ZMH 396 . – Cochabamba • 5 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.259&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.406" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.259/lat -17.406)">Yungas de Cochabamba</a>; 17.406° S, 65.259° W; 1897; Rolle and J. Steinbach leg.; NHW 26992; CM 2758–2759, paratypes of M. annellatus bolivianus • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; MSNG 28874, holotype of Elaps balzani . – Chuquisaca • 1 ♀; Charobamba River, about 50 km northeast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.051&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.677" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.051/lat -18.677)">Zudañez</a>; 18.677° S, 65.051° W; 29 May 1897; Rolle leg.; ZMH 2706e, holotype of M. annellatus bolivianus . – La Paz • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.233/lat -15.166)">Achipiri</a>; 15.166° S, 68.233° W; 1897; Rolle leg.; NHW 27060c • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.527&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.408" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.527/lat -16.408)">Chulumani</a>; 16.408° S, 67.527° W; 2 Aug. 1903; P.O. Simones leg.; BMNH 1946.1.17.2, type of Elaps regularis • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 1934; L. Cárdenas leg.; USNM 98890 • 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.191&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.509" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.191/lat -16.509)">La Paz</a>; 16.509° S, 68.191° W; unknown date; D. Jaeger leg.; ZSM 16/1924a, b • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.333/lat -15.5)">Larecaja</a>; 15.5° S, 68.333° W; 1897; Rolle leg.; ZMH 2706d • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.03" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.769/lat -11.03)">Pando</a>; 11.030° S, 68.769° W; unknown date; K.P. Schmidt leg.; UNAS 82. – Unknow locality • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; unknown collection data; NHW 18218.1, 18219.2; ZSM 207/0</p><p>BRAZIL – Espírito Santo • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.453&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.297" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.453/lat -19.297)">Espírito Santo</a>; 19.297° S, 40.453° W; unknown collection data; MCZ 17856 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.527&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.527/lat -20.1)">Santa Leopoldina</a>; 20.100° S, 40.527° W; 1918; J. Müller leg.; ZSM • 1 ♀; Vitória, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.16&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.544" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.16/lat -20.544)">Colônia Santa Isabel</a>; 20.544° S, 41.160° W; 1918; J. Müller leg.; ZSM • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.598&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.932" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.598/lat -19.932)">Santa Teresa</a>; 19.932° S, 40.598° W; 23 Feb. 1940; C. Ruschi leg.; MNRJ 959, 960 . – Goiás • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.927&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.9207" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.927/lat -15.9207)">Goiás</a>; 15.9207° S, 48.927° W; unknown collection data; MCZ 3489 . – Mato Grosso • 1 ♂; northern or central Mato Grosso; unknown date; C. Rondon leg.; type of M. albicinctus; MNRJ 376 . – Minas Gerais • 1 ♂; São Syriaco, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.876&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.878" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.876/lat -19.878)">Serra Providência</a>; 19.878° S, 43.876° W; unknown collection data; MCZ 5568 . – Paraná • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.585&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.516" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.585/lat -25.516)">Foz do Iguaçu</a>; 25.516° S, 54.585° W; unknown collection data; MNRJ 1002, 1003 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.522&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.522/lat -25.514)">Paranaguá</a>; 25.514° S, 48.522° W; unknown collection data; MNRJ 558, 961, 962. – Rio de Janeiro • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.718&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.718/lat -22.36)">Rio de Janeiro</a>; 22.360° S, 42.718° W; unknown date; M. zu Wied-Neuwied leg.; ZSM 42/1926 • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 1877; H. Massini leg.; NHMB 2287–2289 • 10 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; unknown date and collector; MCZ 1374, 1374a, 1374b, 2648, 2648a–2648e, 2923 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.247&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.922" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.247/lat -22.922)">Andaraí</a>; 22.922° S, 43.247° W; 1883; H. Massini leg.; NHMB 2285 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.244&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.244/lat -22.633)">Barro Branco</a>; 22.633° S, 43.244° W; 1941; C. Passarelli leg.; MNRJ 950, 953, 955 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; unknown date and collector; MNRJ 1004 • 1 ♀; Guanabara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.333/lat -23.0)">Tijuca</a>; 23.000° S, 43.333° W; unknown date and collector; MNRJ 1539 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.219" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.716/lat -23.219)">Paraty</a>; 23.219° S, 44.716° W; unknown date and collector; MNRJ 1000, 1001, 2708 • 2 ♀♀; Serra do Mar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.693&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.033" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.693/lat -22.033)">Serrinha</a>; 22.033° S, 41.693° W; Aug. 1938; C. Kulhom leg.; MNRJ 725, 956. – Rio Grande do Sul • 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Rio Grande do Sul; unknown collection data; MCZ 20826, 20828–20835 • 1 ♀; Santo Antônio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.789" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.917/lat -28.789)">Guaporé</a>; 28.789° S, 51.917° W; unknown date; J. Haseman leg.; CM 341. – Santa Catarina • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.928" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.364/lat -26.928)">Santa Catarina</a>; 26.928° S, 49.364° W; unknown date; Q.C. Jordan leg.; ANSP 6789 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; C. Stejner leg.; FMNH 11624 • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; unknown date and collector; FMNH 37202, 37203, 37733 • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; MCZ 20822, 20824 • 3 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.071&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.916" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.071/lat -26.916)">Blumenau</a>; 26.916° S, 49.071° W; unknown date and collector; MCZ 17755, 17756, 17758 • 6 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.243&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.243/lat -26.425)">Hansa</a>; 26.425° S, 49.243° W; 1928; W. Ehrhardt leg.; BMNH 1928.11.5.141–1928.11.5.146 • 3 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.063&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.487" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.063/lat -26.487)">Humboldt</a>; 26.487° S, 49.063° W; unknown date and collector; UMMZ 62564, 62736; MNRJ 968 • 5 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.063&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.487" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.063/lat -26.487)">Humboldt</a>; 26.487° S, 49.063° W; 1915; W. Ehrhardt leg.; MNRJ 648, 965, 967, 968, 970, 973–975, 978, 980, 983, 995 • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.481" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.084/lat -26.481)">Jaraguá</a>; 26.481° S, 49.084° W; 14 Apr 1941; unknown collector; FMNH 37204, 37205 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.846&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.304" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.846/lat -26.304)">Joinville</a>; 26.304° S, 48.846° W; 1906; Ehrhardt leg.; MTD 1906 • 1 ♂, 10 ♀♀; 1915; C. Dalibour leg.; MNRJ 966, 988–995, 997, 999 • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.249" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.383/lat -26.249)">São Bento</a>; 26.249° S, 49.383° W; unknown date and collector; MCZ 20842, 27682. – São Paulo • 15 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; São Paulo; unknown collection date; UMMZ 12696, 17857, 17859, 17861, 20837–20839, 20841, 62734, 62737–62739, 62741–62743, 62757, 63025; AMNH 5751, 5752; IRSNB 62; MTD 9420c; MCZ 12695, 16675, 17858, 17860, 20836, 20840 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.585&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.886" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.585/lat -20.886)">Batatais</a>; 20.886° S, 47.585° W; 8 May 1922; Vital Brazil leg.; BMNH 1908.5.22.7 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.024&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.024/lat -22.35)">Bauru</a>; 22.350° S, 49.024° W; 1901; unknown collector; MNHN 187.67 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.401&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.401/lat -23.8)">São Sebastião</a>; 23.800° S, 45.401° W; 1902; W. Rosenberg leg.; BMNH 1902.7.28.89. – Unknow locality • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; unknown collection data; AMNH 3935, ANSP 6786, IRSNB 62E, 62J, 304, MCZ 3205 .</p><p>PERU – Arequipa • 1 ♀; Arequipa; unknown date; P. Oviedo leg.; FMNH 40199 . – Ayacucho • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.124&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.124/lat -12.114)">Huanuachayo</a>; 12.114° S, 75.124° W; unknown date and collector; LSUMZ 26880 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.674&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.265" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.674/lat -5.265)">Pajonal</a>; 5.265° S, 79.674° W; Jun. 1929; W.F. Walker leg.; MCZ 45913 . – Cajamarca • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.37&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.123" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.37/lat -11.123)">Chanchamayo</a>; 11.123° S, 75.370° W; 29 May 1908; C. Schunke leg.; BMNH 1908.5.29.39 . – Cusco • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.977&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.587" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.977/lat -13.587)">Marcapata Valley</a>; 13.587° S, 70.977° W; 29 May 1902; G. Ockenden leg.; BMNH 1902.5.29.191 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; unknown date; C. Kalinowski leg.; FMNH 40223, 62942 . – Huancavelica • 1 ♀; Tayacaja, Colcabamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.689&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.293" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.689/lat -12.293)">Río Mantaro</a>; 12.293° S, 74.689° W; 9 Jul. 2014; L. Echevarría leg.; CORBIDI 14678 • 1 ♀; Andaymarca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.649&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.299" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.649/lat -12.299)">Chupto</a>; 12.299° S, 74.649° W; 1 Jul. 2014; L. Echevarría leg.; CORBIDI 14647 • 2 ♀♀; Andaymarca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.66&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.293" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.66/lat -12.293)">Fundición</a>; 12.293° S, 74.660° W; 18 Sep. 2014; L. Echevarría leg.; CORBIDI 13724, 13646 • 1 ♂; Colcabamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.624&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.624/lat -12.361)">Pichiu</a>; 12.361° S, 74.624° W; 18 Sep. 2013; C.Z. Landauro leg.; CORBIDI 13646 • 1 ♀; Surcubamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.69&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.259" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.69/lat -12.259)">Jatuspata</a>; 12.259° S, 74.690° W; 3 Jul. 2014; C.Z. Landauro leg.; CORBIDI 13726 . – Huánuco • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.9/lat -9.55)">Hacienda Pampayacu</a>; 9.550° S, 75.900° W; 17 Jul. 1936; W.F. Walker leg.; MCZ 42417 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.545&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.064" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.545/lat -10.064)">Pozuzo</a>; 10.064° S, 75.545° W; 1871; unknown collector; ZMB 7185, type of M. annellatus . – Junín • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.062" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.332/lat -11.062)">La Merced</a>; 11.062° S, 75.332° W; unknown date; R. Reinhard leg.; ZSM [1] • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.358&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.121" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.358/lat -11.121)">San Ramón</a>; 11.121° S, 75.358° W; unknown date; J.M. Schunke leg.; FMNH 152312 . – Loreto • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.035&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.654" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.035/lat -7.654)">Alto Pisqui</a>; 7.654° S, 75.035° W; 29 Oct. 1906; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52311 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.937&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.683" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.937/lat -7.683)">Cashiboya</a>; 7.683° S, 74.937° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52701 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.25/lat -3.74)">Iquitos</a>; 3.740° S, 73.250° W; 1925; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52586 • 1 ♀; Monte Alegre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.864&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.105" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.864/lat -10.105)">Pachitea</a>; 10.105° S, 75.864° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 53036 • 3 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.295&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.196" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.295/lat -7.196)">Pampa Hermosa</a>; 7.196° S, 75.295° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 53555, 55451, 55977 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.035&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.654" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.035/lat -7.654)">Pisqui Plain</a>, mont front above; 7.654° S, 75.035° W; 28 Oct. 1929; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52895 • 1 ♂; Tapiche–Utiquinia, Brazil frontier; unknown locality; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52068 • 1 ♀; Rancho Viejo &amp; Vito; 1894; unknown collector; NHW 13390 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.521&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.172" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.521/lat -7.172)">Sierras de Contaya</a>; 7.172° S, 74.521° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52066, 53373, 53375 . – Madre de Dios • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.191&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.579" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.191/lat -12.579)">Puerto Maldonado</a>; 12.579° S, 69.191° W; Aug. 1921; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 56145 . – Puno • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.653" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.24/lat -13.653)">Carabaya</a>; 13.653° S, 70.240° W; May–Jun. 1903 and May 1907; G. Ockenden leg.; BMNH 1903.6.30.5, 1907.5.7.7 • 1 ♀; Juliaca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.135/lat -15.508)">Santo Domingo Mine</a>; 15.508° S, 70.135° W; unknown date; H.H. Keamps leg.; AMNH 2957 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.135/lat -15.508)">Santo Domingo</a>; 15.508° S, 70.135° W; unknown date; Dr. Itori leg.; FMNH 40222 • 1 ♂; about 10 km north of Santo Domingo Mine, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.147&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.414" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.147/lat -15.414)">Camp 4</a>; 15.414° S, 70.147° W; 2 Nov. 1941; C. Sanborn leg.; FMNH 40221, type of M. annellatus montanus • 1 ♂; Sandia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.257&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.449" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.257/lat -15.449)">Pajchani Trail to Río Llauri</a>; 15.449° S, 69.257° W; unknown date; unknown collector; UMMZ 86164 • 1 ♀; Sandia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.981&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.073" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.981/lat -14.073)">San Ignacio</a>; 14.073° S, 68.981° W; 3 Oct. 1951; H.H. Heller leg.; FMNH 68590 . – San Martín • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.004&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.006" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.004/lat -5.006)">Río Huallaga</a>; 5.006° S, 76.004° W; Nov. 1930; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52718 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Tarapoto, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.312&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.596" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.312/lat -6.596)">Río Mayo</a>; 6.596° S, 76.312° W; unknown date; unknown collector; INSP 422, 445 • 1 ♂; Hacienda Matara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.899&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.741" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.899/lat -13.741)">Apurímac</a>; 13.741° S, 72.899° W; Nov. 1941; F. Samanez leg.; FMNH 40224 . – Ucayali • 1 ♀; 15 km of Ucayali, Río Callería, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.541&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.401" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.541/lat -8.401)">colonia Callería</a>; 8.401° S, 74.541° W; 1961; B. Malkin leg.; CAS 25 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.77&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.77/lat -9.08)">Fundo Sinchono</a>; 9.080° S, 75.770° W; Jun.–Jul. 1944; J.G. Sanders leg.; USNM 119016–119017 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.663&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.249" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.663/lat -8.249)">Yarinacocha</a>; 8.249° S, 74.663° W; unknown date; T. Richard leg.; LSUMZ 26881. – Unknow locality • Unknown locality; AMNH 2827 .</p><p>Description</p><p>COLORATION. Tricolor (red–white/yellow–black) and bicolor (reddish/white–black) patterns. Dorsal coloration with 14–90 black rings in males (mean = 31.6±21.8 SD) and 20–83 in females (mean = 41.6±20.6 SD). Accessory black rings are absent. The nuchal black ring is 4–7 dorsal scale rows long, sometimes bordered by a sequence of white spots, and usually connected to the black hood by one or two dorsal scale rows. Black rings measure 3–6½ dorsal scale rows dorsally and 1–2 scales ventrally. Red rings tend to be longer along the vertebral region and usually bear black spots on each scale, except in juveniles. Red rings are 2.5–5 dorsal scale rows long, similar in length to the black rings, and occasionally reaching up to 13 dorsal scales at mid-dorsum. Ventrally, they are slightly reduced, measuring 2–4 scales in length. In juveniles, the red dorsal scales are immaculate or may bear irregular black spots or tips, whereas the red ventral scales are immaculate. Some melanistic individuals have completely black scales within the red rings, causing them to fuse with adjacent black rings on both the dorsum and venter. White or yellow rings are 1–1.5 dorsal scale rows long, usually composed of fused or separated spots, with each scale exhibiting brown spots on the anterior edge. Ventrally, these rings are one scale long and may be indistinguishable in some individuals. Head coloration is black, covering the posterior or anterior internasals, prefrontals, frontal, preoculars, postoculars, and parietals. The occipital band may be present or absent; when present, it is white, yellowish, or reddish, covering the entire head or including the temporals, three supralabials, and one dorsal scale row. The occipital band is either separated from the first black ring by a sequence of white spots or connected to it by one or two scales. Tail coloration: males have 5–14 black rings (mean = 8.1±2.4 SD), while females have 3–16 (mean = 4.8±1.4 SD). These rings measure 2–7 dorsal scale rows in length and 2–6 scales ventrally. Red rings or bands are 1–3 dorsal scale rows long dorsally and 1–3 scales long.</p><p>HEMIPENIAL MORPHOLOGY. Based on CORBIDI 13646, MPEG 19548 (partially everted), and USNM 253595. Additional data were sourced from Feitosa et al. (2006), Da Silva et al. (2021), and the original descriptions by K. P. Schmidt (MNRJ 376, type of M. albicinctus) and J. Roze (IB 15089; NHW 18219.1, previously identified as M. waehnerorum Meise, 1938; AMNH 53375; FMNH 40221, 56141, previously identified as M. annellatus). Hemipenis deeply bilobed between the 11 th and 13 th subcaudal scales, non-capitate. The sulcus spermaticus is deep, bifurcated at the base of the lobes, centripetal, and curved along the lobes, reaching the apices. The margins of the sulcus are thin and bordered by minute spines. The long lobes (about 26–46% of the total hemipenial length) are subcylindrical, tapering distally into sharply pointed tips, and are ornamented with small to medium-sized spines densely arranged in irregular longitudinal rows, larger between the ninth and sixteenth subcaudals, and gradually decreasing in size toward the apex of the lobes. Lobular spines are thinner and more numerous on the asulcate side of the organ. The distal half of the hemipenial body is ornamented with small, irregularly arranged spines that gradually increase in size proximodistally, whereas the proximal region of the hemipenis is naked. On the asulcate surface of the hemipenial body, spines are restricted to the area near the bifurcation of the lobes. A distinct naked basal pocket is present but poorly developed (Fig. 12).</p><p>VARIATION. Populations of Micrurus corallinus are polymorphic in both dorsal coloration patterns and scutellation. Based on morphological characteristics, M. corallinus can be grouped into three geographically structured assemblages for analytical purposes: (1) populations associated with the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (BAF), (2) those from the Amazonian lowlands (AML), and (3) those from the Andes (AND), including lower montane wet and cloud forests. Populations from the Amazon rainforest exhibit the highest degree of variability. Dorsal coloration patterns include both monadal and bicolor forms. In some Amazonian populations, the red rings are completely melanized, giving the snake a bicolor dorsal coloration (the M. albicinctus pattern). Populations of M. corallinus from the Andes and the Atlantic Forest also share a typical monadal coloration, characterized by a sequence of black rings bordered by pale rings (white or yellow), followed by red rings two to three times the width of the black ones (the M. annellatus annellatus pattern). However, Andean populations usually exhibit a bicolor dorsal pattern of black and white or red/orange rings (the M. a. balzani and M. a. bolivianus patterns). Geographic variation in the morphological characters of Micrurus corallinus is summarized in Table 8.</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Micrurus corallinus shares several characteristics with other cis-Andean monadal species of the genus Micrurus (Table 5, Fig. 5), including the number of dorsal scale rows (15–15–15); supralabials (7–7, with the 3 rd and 4 th contacting the eye); infralabials (7–7, with the first four contacting the first pair of chin shields); preoculars (1–1); postoculars (2–2); and temporals (1+1). It has two pairs of chin shields, which never contact the symphysial scale, and the symphysial is wider than long. The hemipenis is strongly forked, with an unornamented body. The dorsal coloration of M. corallinus includes monadal or bicolor patterns, except in M. averyi Schmidt, 1939, M. pacaraimae Morato de Carvalho, 2002, M. paraensis Cunha &amp; Nascimento, 1973, and M. remotus Roze, 1987, which exhibit only monadal coloration, and in M. margaritiferus Roze, 1967 and M. putumayensis Lancini, 1962, which show only a bicolor pattern. Additionally, M. corallinus lacks the accessory black rings present in M. sangilensis . The number of ventral scales in males (185–215) and females (198–288), and subcaudal scales in males (38–49) and females (26–42), falls within the range of most Micrurus species. The number of black body rings (BBR) in males (14–90) and females (20–83) is within the range of most species, except in M. averyi (9–12 and 8–12, respectively) and M. putumayensis (7–11 and 9–12, respectively). Similarly, the number of black tail rings (BTR) in males (5–13) and females (3–9) falls within the range of most species, except in M. putumayensis (2–3 in both sexes).</p><p>Micrurus corallinus is distinguished from other cis-Andean monadal species by the following characteristics (differences in parentheses). It differs from M. averyi by having red rings up to three or four times longer than the black rings, the presence of nuchal rings, distinctive parietal rings, and a greater number of black body rings (BBR) in males (14–90) and females (20–83). In contrast, M. averyi has red rings up to six times longer than the black rings, an almost entirely black head, no parietal rings, bands, or spots, and fewer BBR (9–12 in males, 8–12 in females). Micrurus corallinus differs from M. margaritiferus by having 4–6 pterygoid teeth ( M. margaritiferus has seven). It differs from M. medemi by the absence of ornamental markings above the cloaca ( M. medemi has one or more yellow caudal rings containing dorsally diamond-shaped black blotches beginning above the cloaca). It is distinguished from M. langsdorffi and M. ornatissimus by having hemipenes with a bare basal pocket that begins just above the base of the organ and extends laterally along the body, well below the bifurcation point of the spermatic groove ( M. langsdorffi and M. ornatissimus have a poorly developed, completely naked basal pocket that begins just above the base of the organ and continues laterally along the body to below the bifurcation point of the spermatic groove). Micrurus corallinus differs from M. paraensis and M. pacaraimae by having red rings of similar length to the black rings or up to 3.5 times their length ( M. paraensis and M. pacaraimae have red rings three to five times longer than the black rings). Finally, M. corallinus differs from M. putumayensis by having a greater number of BBR in males (14–90) and females (20–83), black tail rings (BTR) in males (5–13) and females (3–9), and a hemipenis extending up to 14 scales in length ( M. putumayensis has 7–11 BBR in males, 9–12 in females, 2–3 BTR in both sexes, and a hemipenis up to 18 scales in length) (Fig. 5). Additionally, a detailed comparison of morphological characters is presented in Table 5.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388412AFFFDFF9BFDFCEB2D027CF872	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Valencia, Jorge H.;Smith, Eric N.;Shrestha, Biraj;Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Quilumbaquin, Walter;Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los;Torres-Carvajal, Omar;Chaparro, Juan C.;Lira-Noriega, Andrés;Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC0FF9EFDFFE86E0429FBDB.text	0388412AFFC0FF9EFDFFE86E0429FBDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrurus langsdorffi (Wagler 1824)	<div><p>Micrurus langsdorffi (Wagler, 1824)</p><p>Figs 10–11</p><p>Micrurus langsdorffi Wagler, 1824: 10, pl. 2 fig. 2.</p><p>Elaps imperator Cope, 1868: 110 .</p><p>Elaps Batesii Günther, 1868: 428, pl 17 – 18.</p><p>Micrurus mimosus Amaral, 1935: 226, fig. 1.</p><p>Elaps Langsdorfi – Jan 1858: 517 .</p><p>Micrurus langsdorffi – Amaral 1930: 111, 230. – Schmidt 1936: 191.</p><p>Micrurus langsdorffi langsdorffi – Roze 1967: 30; 1989: 328. – Peters &amp; Orejas-Miranda 1970: 211.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Micrurus langsdorffi can be distinguished from all congeners by the unique combination of the following characteristics: (1) body slender; (2) head usually as long as wide (HW/HL = 1.1); (3) dorsal scale rows 15–15–15, smooth, without apical pits; (4) rostral scale triangular, wider than high (RW/RH = 1.8); (5) internasal scales hexagonal, wider than long (INW/INL = 1.4); (6) loreal scale absent; (7) prefrontal scales hexagonal, often slightly longer than wide (PFL/PFW = 0.9); (8) frontal scale single, longer than wide (FL/FW = 1.3); (9) temporal scales 1+1, occasionally 1+2; (10) preocular scale one on each side; (11) postocular scales two on each side, occasionally three; (12) nasal scale divided; (13) supralabial scales seven on each side, with the third and fourth bordering the orbit; (14) infralabial scales seven on each side, the first four in contact with the anterior chin shields, the first pair in contact with each other; (15) preventral scales 1–2; (16) gular scales arranged in 1–3 rows; (17) chin shields in two pairs; (18) symphysial scale longer than wide (ML/MW = 0.5); (19) ventral scales 201–210 (mean 206.2±2.5 SD) in males, 210–219 (mean 222.6±4.3 SD) in females; (20) anal plate divided; supracloacal tubercles absent; (21) subcaudal scales divided, 27–55 (mean 47.8±5.9 SD) in males, 29–37 (mean 33.7±2.5 SD) in females; (22) tail-to-total length ratio 14.4–16.2% (mean 14.8±0.9 SD) in males, 7.8–9.9% (mean 8.7±0.6 SD) in females; (23) teeth: 10–11 dentary, 4 pterygoid, and 6–7 palatine.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL – Amazonas • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.811" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.558/lat -1.811)">Rio Japurá</a>; 1.811° S, 66.558° W; 1817–1820; J. von Spix leg.; ZSBS 2250/0.</p><p>Other material examined (n = 47)</p><p>BRAZIL – Amazonas • 1 ♀; unknown collection data; IB 5470 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.811" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.558/lat -1.811)">Rio Japurá</a>; 1.811° S, 66.558° W; 1817–1820; J. von Spix leg.; lectotype of M. langsdorffi; ZSM 2250/0 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.901&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.101" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.901/lat -3.101)">Manaus</a>; 3.101° S, 59.901° W; unknown date; J. Bach leg.; BMNH 1897.12.29.17 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.946&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.467" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.946/lat -3.467)">São Paulo de Olivença</a>; 3.467° S, 68.946° W; unknown date; F. Waehner leg.; MTD, IB 32492 • 1 ♂; same locality data as for preceding; 1882; Standigen leg.; NHW 18219.1, 18220.1 • 1 ♀; Solimões, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.737&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.735" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.737/lat -2.735)">Porto Afonso</a>; 2.735° S, 66.737° W; 1952; A. Hoge leg.; IB 15084 • 1 ♂; Solimões, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.709&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.347" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.709/lat -3.347)">Tefé</a>; 3.347° S, 64.709° W; unknown date; A. Hoge leg.; IB 15089 .</p><p>COLOMBIA ‒ Amazonas • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.935&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.203" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.935/lat 4.203)">Leticia</a>; 4.203° N, 69.935° W; unknown date; unknown collector; MCZ 49006 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.299/lat -0.77)">Río Apaporis</a>; 0.770° S, 70.299° W; 1952; J. Cabrera leg.; MCZ 53240. ‒ Caquetá • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.891&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.891/lat 0.25)">Puerto Boy</a>; 0.250° N, 74.891° W; H. Nicéforo María leg.; MLS 14. ‒ Guaviare • 1 ♀; Miraflores, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.953&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.331" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.953/lat 1.331)">Río Vaupés</a>; 1.331° N, 71.953° W; 1965; C. Hutchinson leg.; AMNH. ‒ Putumayo • 1 ♂; Puerto Rocío, Río Putumayo; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 53139 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.891&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.2508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.891/lat 0.2508)">Río Putumayo</a>; 0.2508° N, 74.891° W; 1934; Fray Miguel leg.; holotype of Elaps mimosus IB 8902. ‒ Vaupés • 2 ♀♀; Río Comeña, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.542&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.004" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.542/lat -0.004)">afluente margen izquierdo del Río Piraparana</a>; 0.004° S, 70.542° W; 5 Jul. 1976; unknown collector; INS 227, 288 .</p><p>ECUADOR ‒ Sucumbíos • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.62&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.408" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.62/lat -0.408)">Limoncocha</a>; 0.408° S, 76.620° W; 20 Oct. 1964; C. Boweri leg.; UIMNH 61033 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.173&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.004866" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.173/lat -0.004866)">Reserva de Producción Faunística Cuyabeno</a>; 0.004866° S, 76.173° W; 15 Dec. 2014; J. Freire leg.; QCAZ 13129 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.182" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.072/lat -0.182)">Pacayacu</a>; 0.182° S, 76.072° W; unknown date; M. Yanez leg.; DHMECN 9130 .</p><p>PERU ‒ Loreto • 1 ♂; Iquitos, San Antonio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.237&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.745" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.237/lat -3.745)">Río Itaya</a>; 3.745° S, 73.237° W; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52801 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.251&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.743" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.251/lat -3.743)">Iquitos</a>; 3.743° S, 73.251° W; unknown date; MBUCV 3732 • 5 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Iquitos; same collection data as for preceding; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 52355, 53258, 53872, 54068, 54089, 54195, 54253, 54748, 54944, 54964, 54994, 55007, 55074; paratypes of M. langsdorffi • 7 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.928" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.556/lat -3.928)">Mishana</a>; 3.928° S, 73.556° W; Mar.–Nov. 1972; P. Soini leg.; TCWC 1513(PS), 42195, 45360, 45361, 46392–46395, 46398, 46400 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.288&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.288/lat -3.723)">Morropón</a>; 3.723° S, 73.288° W; Jan.–Nov. 1973; P. Soini leg.; TCWC 45359, 46396, 46397, 46399 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.858&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.321" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.858/lat -3.321)">Pebas</a>; 3.321° S, 71.858° W; 1864; C. Hauxwell leg.; holotype of Elaps batesii BMNH 1946.1.17.21 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.858&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.321" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.858/lat -3.321)">Pebas</a>; 3.321° S, 71.858° W; 1867; J. Orton leg.; ANSP 6794 • 1 ♀; Río Napo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.76&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.452" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.76/lat -3.452)">Río Marañón</a>; 3.452° S, 72.760° W; 1864; J. Orton leg.; type of Elaps imperator ANSP 6793 .</p><p>Description</p><p>COLORATION. Patterns of coloration were taken from Roze (1996), Campbell &amp; Lamar (2004), and Valencia et al. (2016). Tricolor (red/brown–white–yellow) and bicolor (reddish–yellowish) patterns are observed. Dorsal coloration: 25–67 red rings in males and 25–67 in females, usually melanized in adult specimens. Accessory black rings are absent. The nuchal ring is absent; instead, some specimens present a sequence of white dots. Red rings are 3–8 dorsal scale rows long, and ventrally they are 3–6 scales long. Yellow rings are 3–6 dorsal scale rows long, up to twice shorter than red rings, and slightly longer along the vertebral region. Some melanistic individuals have completely dark brown scales within the red rings, causing them to fuse with adjacent white rings. Ventrally, red rings are 4–10 scales long. White spots are 1–1½ dorsal scale rows long, usually formed by sequences of fused or separated spots, and slightly longer towards the ventral region. Ventrally, these rings are one scale long. Head coloration is reddish, orange, or tan; the snout is usually dark but may be tan or yellow, and this coloration often includes the first 2–4 pairs of supralabials, the frontal, supraoculars, postoculars, and parietals. A pair of white spots may be present, usually on the supraoculars or prefrontals, but sometimes also including each internasal, each anterior temporal, and each sixth supralabial. The temporals and posterior 2–3 supralabials are generally red with extensive dark pigmentation. Red rings on the tail number 5–14 in both males and females, with 5–8 dorsal scale rows long and 4–8 scales ventrally. Red rings or bands are 4–9 dorsal scale rows long (Figs 10–11).</p><p>HEMIPENIAL MORPHOLOGY. Based on the original descriptions by J. Roze (AMNH 52975, AMNH 54195, AMNH 53140, MCZ 53240). Everted hemipenes are slender, reaching the 14 th –18 th subcaudals, bifurcated at the 9 th –12 th, deeply bilobed, and non-capitate. The sulcus spermaticus bifurcates at the base of the lobes, at the level of the 9 th –12 th subcaudals, and is centripetal, curved, and shallow, with very thin margins bordered by tiny spines. The sulcus branches have a centrifugal medial orientation, extending toward the apex of each lobe. The capitular groove is indistinct. The lobes are elongated (approximately 36% of the total hemipenial length), tapering distally into pointed tips. The distal half of the lobes forms the capitular region, ornamented with small to medium-sized spines densely arranged in longitudinal and irregular rows, decreasing in size toward the apex. The proximal half of the lobes consists of elongated, scattered spines and papillae. The asulcate side bears longer and more numerous spines. The basal region of the hemipenis extends to the 8 th –12 th subcaudals, with a few minute spines distally, while the rest remains completely naked. The basal pocket is naked and extends along the lateral surface of the hemipenial body; the lateral fold is absent.</p><p>VARIATION. Micrurus langsdorffi exhibits polychromatic variation (Soini 1974), which does not appear to follow a geographic pattern. Specimens exhibit monadal and bicolored patterns. The holotype (ZSBS 2250/0) shows the most atypical pattern, with dorsal rings incomplete ventrally. In some specimens, head coloration varies from brown to yellow or orange, with or without a sequence of white spots posterior to the parietal scales. The morphological characteristics of M. langsdorffi are summarized in Table 8.</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Micrurus langsdorffi shares with other cis-Andean monadal species of the genus Micrurus (Table 5, Fig. 5) the following characteristics: number of dorsal scale rows (15–15–15); number of supralabials (7–7, with the 3 rd and 4 th contacting the eye); number of infralabials (7–7, with the first four contacting the first pair of chin-shield scales); number of preoculars (1–1); number of postoculars (2–2); number of temporals (1+1); two pairs of chin-shields, never in contact with the symphysial; and symphysial scale wider than long; accessory black rings absent. The number of ventral scales in males (201–210) and females (210–219), as well as the number of subcaudal scales in males (27–55) and females (29–37), overlaps the range of all monadal coralsnakes, with the exception of the ventral scales of males in M. averyi (190–198). The number of black body rings in males (25–67) and females (29–45) is within the range of most species, except in M. averyi (8–10 in males and 10–13 in females), M. medemi (17–27 in both sexes), M. pacaraimae (23 in males), and M. putumayensis (7–11 in males and 9–12 in females). The number of black tail rings in males (5–14) and females (5–8) is within the range of most species, except in M. putumayensis (2–3 in both males and females).</p><p>Micrurus langsdorffi differs from all other cis-Andean coralsnakes by the absence of black dorsal rings; instead, the dorsal pattern consists of red, yellow, brown, or tan rings (Table 5, Figs 10–11). Additionally, a detailed comparison of morphological characters is provided in Table 5.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388412AFFC0FF9EFDFFE86E0429FBDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Valencia, Jorge H.;Smith, Eric N.;Shrestha, Biraj;Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Quilumbaquin, Walter;Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los;Torres-Carvajal, Omar;Chaparro, Juan C.;Lira-Noriega, Andrés;Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFC2FF90FDA7ED480274FE21.text	0388412AFFC2FF90FDA7ED480274FE21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrurus medemi Roze 1967	<div><p>Micrurus medemi Roze, 1967</p><p>Figs 10–11</p><p>Micrurus psyches medemi Roze, 1967: 41, fig. 14.</p><p>Micrurus medemi – Roze 1994: 20.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Micrurus medemi can be distinguished from all congeners by a unique combination of the following characters (diagnosis taken from Roze 1967, 1996; Campbell &amp; Lamar 2004; Caicedo-Portilla &amp; Lynch 2015; Feitosa et al. 2015): (1) body slender; (2) head usually as long as wide; (3) dorsal scales smooth, 15/15/15, apical pits absent; (4) rostral scale triangular, wider than high; (5) internasal scales hexagonal, wider than long; (6) loreal scales absent; (7) prefrontal scales hexagonal, one and a half times longer than the internasals; (8) frontal scale hexagonal, longer than wide; (9) temporal scales 1+1, occasionally 1+2; (10) preocular scales one on each side; (11) postocular scales two on each side; (12) nasal scales undivided; (13) supralabial scales seven on each side, with the third and fourth bordering the orbit; (14) infralabial scales, first pair in broad contact behind the symphysial; (15) preventral scales 1–3; (16) gular scales arranged in 1–3 rows; (17) chin-shields in two pairs, never in contact with the symphysial; (18) symphysial scale longer than wide; (19) ventral scales 190–203 in males, 208–221 in females; (20) anal plate divided, supracloacal tubercles absent; (21) subcaudal scales divided, 42–49 in males, 30–37 in females; (22) tail one-third longer in males than in females; (23) teeth: unknown.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet is a patronym honoring Dr Count Friedrich Johann von Medem, better known among his friends as ‘Federico,’ a German naturalist who dedicated much of his effort to the study of amphibians and reptiles of Colombia, especially turtles and crocodiles (Roze 1967; Campbell &amp; Lamar 2004).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype COLOMBIA ‒ Meta • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.642&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.1533" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.642/lat 4.1533)">Villavicencio</a>; 4.1533° N, 73.642° W; 1950; H. Nicéforo María leg.; AMNH 96988.</p><p>Paratypes COLOMBIA ‒ Meta • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; MLS 1516, 1517, 1513, 1515, 1580 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; 1951; IB 7208 • 1 ♂; Villavicencio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.546&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.108" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.546/lat 4.108)">Río Ocoa</a>; 4.108° N, 73.546° W; Feb. 1950; H. Nicéforo María leg.; MLS 1512 • 1 ♂; Villavicencio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.549&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.153" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.549/lat 4.153)">Río Guatequio</a>; 4.153° N, 73.549° W; Feb. 1951; F. Medem leg.; FMNH 74371 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Patterns of coloration were taken from Roze (1967), Roze (1996), and Campbell &amp; Lamar (2004). Tricolor pattern (red–white or yellow–black–white–red).</p><p>DORSAL COLORATION. 17–27 black rings in males and females. Melanized individuals have 40–42 black rings. Accessory black rings are absent. The nuchal black ring is usually 7–12 dorsal scales long, connected or separated from the black hood by one or two dorsal scale rows. Black rings are 4½–11 dorsal scale rows long, ventrally 3–6½ scales long. Red rings are 3½–10 dorsal scale rows long, slightly shorter than black rings, and slightly longer along the vertebral region, with black spots on each scale, except in juveniles. Some melanistic individuals have completely black scales within the red rings, causing them to fuse with adjacent black rings. Ventrally, red rings are 4–11 scales long. White, yellow, or reddish rings are 1–1½ dorsal scale rows long, usually formed by sequences of fused or separated spots, and slightly longer towards the ventral region. Ventrally, these rings are one scale long and may be indistinguishable in some individuals. Head coloration is black, covering the posterior or anterior internasals, prefrontals, frontal, preoculars, postoculars, and parietals. Some individuals show light or reddish spots on the supraoculars or prefrontals. The occipital band is usually yellowish, including the temporals, three supralabials, and one dorsal scale row, each with a black or dark brown border. Black rings on the tail number 6–9 in males and females, with 3–8 dorsal scale rows long and 3–7 scales ventrally. Red rings or bands are 1–3 dorsal scale rows long and 1–3 scales long ventrally (Figs 10–11).</p><p>HEMIPENIAL MORPHOLOGY. Unknown.</p><p>VARIATION. Previously defined by Roze (1996) and Campbell &amp; Lamar (2004), and included in the coloration section for this species.</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Micrurus medemi shares with other cis-Andean monadal species of the genus Micrurus (Table 5, Fig. 5) the following characteristics: number of dorsal scale rows (15–15–15); number of supralabials (7–7, with the 3 rd and 4 th contacting the eye); number of infralabials (7–7, with the first four contacting the first pair of chin-shield scales); number of preoculars (1–1); number of postoculars (2–2); number of temporals (1+1); two pairs of chin-shields, never in contact with the symphysial; and symphysial scale wider than long. Like other coralsnakes, M. medemi exhibits monadal or bicolor patterns, except in M. averyi, M. pacaraimae, M. paraensis, and M. remotus, which only have monadal coloration, and only the bicolor pattern is found in M. margaritiferus and M. putumayensis . Additionally, M. medemi lacks accessory black rings, except in M. sangilensis . The number of ventral scales in males (190–203) and females (208–221), as well as the number of subcaudal scales in males (42–49) and females (28–40), overlaps the range of all monadal coralsnakes, with the exception of ventral scales in females of M. putumayensis (197–232). The number of black body rings (BBR) in males and females (17–27) is within the range of most species, except in M. averyi (8–10 in males and 10–13 in females) and M. putumayensis (7–11 in males and 9–12 in females). The number of black tail rings (BTR) in males and females (6–19) is within the range of most species, except in M. putumayensis (2–3 in both males and females).</p><p>Micrurus medemi is distinguished from other cis-Andean monadal species by having one or more yellow caudal rings containing dorsally diamond-shaped black blotches, starting above the cloaca, as well as by the following characteristics (Table 5, Figs 10–11). Additionally, a detailed comparison of morphological characters is provided in Table 5.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388412AFFC2FF90FDA7ED480274FE21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Valencia, Jorge H.;Smith, Eric N.;Shrestha, Biraj;Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Quilumbaquin, Walter;Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los;Torres-Carvajal, Omar;Chaparro, Juan C.;Lira-Noriega, Andrés;Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFCCFF94FD8AEB7E0275FE63.text	0388412AFFCCFF94FD8AEB7E0275FE63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrurus ornatissimus (Jan 1858)	<div><p>Micrurus ornatissimus (Jan, 1858)</p><p>Figs 10–11</p><p>Elaps ornatissimus Jan, 1858: 521 .</p><p>Elaps buckleyi Boulenger, 1896: 416, pl. 22 fig. 1</p><p>Elaps steindachneri Werner, 1901: 249 .</p><p>Micrurus corallinus Dunn, 1923: 186 .</p><p>Elaps fasslii Werner, 1927: 249 .</p><p>Micrurus peruvianus Schmidt, 1936: 193 .</p><p>Micrurus tikuna Feitosa et al., 2015, figs 1–5, 8–9.</p><p>Micrurus buckleyi – Amaral 1930: 110, 128.</p><p>Micrurus ornatissimus – Schmidt 1936: 191.</p><p>Micrurus langsdorffi ornatissimus – Roze 1967: 30.</p><p>Micrurus steindachneri petersi – Roze 1967: 45.</p><p>Micrurus steindachneri steindachneri – Roze 1967: 43.</p><p>Micrurus steindachneri orcesi – Roze 1967: 43.</p><p>Micrurus petersi – Roze 1983: 333.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Micrurus ornatissimus can be distinguished from all congeners by the unique combination of the following characteristics: (1) body slender; (2) head usually as long as wide (HW/HL = 1.0); (3) dorsal scales 15/15/15, smooth, without apical pits; (4) rostral scale triangular, wider than high (RW/RH = 1.6); (5) internasal scales hexagonal, slightly wider than long (INW/INL = 1.1); (6) loreal scales absent; (7) prefrontal scales hexagonal, often slightly wider than long (PFL/PFW = 0.9); (8) frontal scale single, longer than wide (FL/FW = 1.5); (9) temporal scales 1+1; (10) preocular scales one on each side; (11) postocular scales two on each side; (12) nasal scale divided; (13) supralabial scales seven on each side, with the third and fourth bordering the orbit; (14) seven infralabial scales, the first four in contact with anterior chin-shield scales, the first pair in contact with each other; (15) preventral scales 1–3; (16) gular scales arranged in 1–3 rows; (17) chin-shields in two pairs; (18) symphysial scale longer than wide (ML/ MW = 0.6); (19) ventral scales 161–225 (mean 202.3±9.7 SD) in males, 156–234 (mean 217.1±14.7 SD) in females; (20) anal plate divided, supracloacal tubercles absent; (21) subcaudal scales divided, 39–54 (mean 47.8±3.0 SD) in males, 28–40 (mean 33.7±5.2 SD) in females; (22) tail-to-total length ratio 10.4–17.4% (mean 14.9±1.4 SD) in males, 7.8–10.9% (mean 9.1±0.7 SD) in females; (23) teeth: 10 dentary, 5 pterygoid, and 7 palatine.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Syntypes ECUADOR ‒ Pastaza • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7465&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.589" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7465/lat -1.589)">Canelos</a>; 1.589° S, 77.7465° W; unknown date; C. Buckley leg.; BMNH 1946.1.17.17; holotype of Elaps buckleyi .</p><p>BRAZIL ‒ Pará • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.207" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.702/lat -6.207)">Pará</a>; 6.207° S, 52.702° W; unknown date; C. Stevens leg. BMNH 1946.1.17.18; holotype of Elaps buckley .</p><p>Other material examined (n = 70)</p><p>BRAZIL ‒ Pará • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.207" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.702/lat -6.207)">Pará</a>; 6.207° S, 52.702° W (wrong locality); unknown date; C. Stevens leg. BMNH 1946.1.17.18; holotype of Elaps buckleyi .</p><p>ECUADOR ‒ Morona Santiago • 1 ♀; 1 mile S of Plan de Milagro on trail to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.483/lat -3.05)">Pan de Azúcar</a>; 3.05° S, 78.483° W; 16 Aug. 1968; J. Peters leg.; USNM 458295; holotype of M. petersi • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.97/lat -2.02)">Chiguaza</a>; 2.020° S, 77.970° W; unknown date; B. Pazmiño leg.; USNM 232421, 232422 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.116&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.316" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.116/lat -2.316)">Macas</a>; 2.316° S, 78.116° W; 21 Jan. 1929; C. Fugler leg.; MCZ 100950; paratype of M. petersi • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.113/lat -2.307)">Macas</a>; 2.307° S, 78.113° W; Sep. 1930; A. Feyer leg.; AMNH 28846, ZSM 268/1913 • 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.131&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.3298" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.131/lat -2.3298)">Macas vicinity</a>; 2.3298° S, 78.131° W; unknown date; A. Feyer leg.; AMNH 35819, 35820 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.701&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.149" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.701/lat -2.149)">Macuma</a>; 2.149° S, 77.701° W; Nov. 1964; unknown collector; UIMNH 61637 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.316&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.683" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.316/lat -2.683)">Mendez</a>; 2.683° S, 78.316° W; unknown date; J. Peters leg.; USNM 232494 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.454" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.167/lat -2.454)">Sucúa</a>; 2.454° S, 78.167° W; 6 Jan. 1988; O. González leg.; QCAZ 1130 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.466" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.166/lat -2.466)">Sucúa</a>; 2.466° S, 78.166° W; 1975; unknown collector; USNM 283969 • 3 ♂♂; Taisha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.203" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.716/lat -2.203)">Achuents</a>; 2.203° S, 77.716° W; Aug. 1998 – Nov. 2011; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 2215, 2241, 6358 • 4 ♂♂; Taisha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.709&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.143" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.709/lat -2.143)">Amazonas</a>; 2.143° S, 77.709° W; Jul. 2007 – Nov. 2011; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 5624, 5632, 7137, 8997 • 3 ♂♂; Taisha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.216&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.216/lat -2.75)">Kiim</a>; 2.750° S, 77.216° W; May 1994 – Jul. 1995; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 1191, 2241, 2271 • 7 ♂♂; Taisha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.144" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7/lat -2.144)">Macuma</a>; 2.144° S, 77.700° W; Nov. 2008 – Dec. 2011; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 2210, 3434, 4231, 5938, 7314, 7234, 7235, 8966 • 1 ♂; Taisha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.65/lat -2.133)">Paantim</a>; 2.133° S, 77.650° W; 2 Jul. 2007; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 5634 • 1 ♂; Taisha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.727&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.154" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.727/lat -2.154)">Tumpaim</a>; 2.154° S, 77.727° W; 20 Jun. 1998; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 2238 • 1 ♂; Taisha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.155" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.716/lat -2.155)">Uwi</a>; 2.155° S, 77.716° W; 8 Sep. 1999; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 1999 . ‒ Napo • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.311&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.692" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.311/lat -0.692)">Loreto</a>; 0.692° S, 77.311° W; unknown date; C. Mena leg.; USNM OV2687, OV4215, 232426, 232427, 2324241 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.903&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.932" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.903/lat -0.932)">Reserva Biológica Colonso Chalupas</a>; 0.932° S, 77.903° W; 15 Dec. 2011; A. Barahona leg.; FHGO 8843 • 2 ♀♀; Santa Rosa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.69&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.201" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.69/lat -0.201)">El Chaco</a>; 0.201° S, 77.690° W; 29 Oct. 2010; C. Reyes leg.; DHMECN 9256, 9255 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.083/lat -1.0)">Shiripuno</a>; 1.00° S, 77.083° W; 23 Aug. 1997; J. Touzet leg.; FHGO 1637 . ‒ Orellana • 2 ♀♀; Tiputini, Kupi; 0.685° S, 76.739° W; 4 Oct. 2008; J. Valencia leg.; FHGO 6371 • 1 ♂; Orellana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.984&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.4716" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.984/lat -0.4716)">Hotel Auca</a>; 0.4716° S, 76.984° W; 25 Feb. 1991; J. Touzet; FHGO 284 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.396&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.674" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.396/lat -0.674)">Parque Nacional Yasuní</a>; 0.674° S, 76.396° W; 27 Jul. 1997; S. Ron leg.; QCAZ 6565 • 1 ♀; Parque Nacional Yasuní, via <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.451&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.653" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.451/lat -0.653)">Pompeya Sur – Iro</a>, km 38; 0.653° S, 76.451° W; 5 Dec. 1994; S. de la Torre leg.; QCAZ 7558 • 1 ♂; Parque Nacional Yasuní; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.967433" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.222/lat -0.967433)">Vía Pompeya Sur – Iro</a>, km 105; 0.967433° S, 76.222° W; 25 Nov. 1994; M. Read; QCAZ 2706 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.4/lat -0.616)">Río Suno</a>; 0.616° S, 77.4° W; unknown date and collector; USNM OV54 • 2 ♂♂; Tiputini; 0.667° S, 76.741° W; 1 Oct. 2008; J. Valencia leg.; FHGO 6347, 6357 . ‒ Pastaza • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.883&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.466" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.883/lat -1.466)">Alto Río Bobonaza</a>; 1.466° S, 77.883° W; unknown date; J. Peters leg.; USNM OV4619 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7465&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.589" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7465/lat -1.589)">Canelos</a>; 1.589° S, 77.7465° W; unknown date; C. Alzamora leg.; USNM OV500, 232434 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7465&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.589" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7465/lat -1.589)">Canelos</a>; 1.589° S, 77.7465° W; unknown date; BMNH 1946.1.17.17; lectotype of Elaps buckleyi • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.05/lat -1.5)">cruce Shell-Mera</a>; 1.5° S, 78.05° W; unknown date and collector; USNM 287944 • 1 ♂; Pukuang; 19 Nov. 2007; D. Holmes leg.; FHGO 6234 • 1 ♀; Río Bufeo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.667/lat -2.333)">bajo Bobonaza</a>; 2.333° S, 76.667° W; unknown date; J. Olalla leg.; USNM OV4617 • 5 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.83" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.67/lat -1.83)">Río Copataza</a>; 1.830° S, 77.670° W; unknown date; J. Olalla leg.; USNM OV4620, 232423, 232430, 232431, 232432 • 4 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.607&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.048" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.607/lat -2.048)">Río Pastaza</a>; 2.048° S, 77.607° W; unknown date and collector; AMNH 49092, 49095, UMMZ 88917, 88918 • 1 ♀; Río Pastaza, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.607&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.048" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.607/lat -2.048)">E Ecuador</a>; 2.048° S, 77.607° W; R. Blomberg leg.; NHRM 3163(6) • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.33&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.33/lat -1.5)">Río Villano</a>; 1.500° S, 77.330° W; unknown date; USNM 232435 . ‒ Sucumbíos • 1 ♀; Limoncocha; 21 Oct. 1964; C. Boweri leg.; UIMNH 61038 • 1 ♂; Limoncocha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.659&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.303" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.659/lat -0.303)">Yamanunka</a>; 0.303° S, 76.659° W; Jul. 2007; C. Tobar leg.; DHMECN 9092 • 1 ♀; Río Aguarico, San Pablo de Kantesiya; 11 Jan. 1994; D. Payaguaje leg.; QCAZ 2866 . ‒ Tungurahua • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.179&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.438" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.179/lat -1.438)">cerca de Abitagua</a>; 1.438° S, 78.179° W; unknown date; J. Olalla leg.; USNM OV6077 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.398" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.429/lat -1.398)">Baños</a>; 1.398° S, 78.429° W; Sep. 1930; paratype of M. steindachneri orcesi, AMNH 35881 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.398" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.429/lat -1.398)">Baños</a>; 1.398° S, 78.429° W; unknown date; holotype of M. steindachneri, NHMW 15750 • 2 ♀♀; Baños, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.398" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.429/lat -1.398)">Meta trail</a>; 1.398° S, 78.429° W; Sep. 1930; holotype of M. steindachneri orcesi, UMMZ 88922, 88923 • 1 ♂; cerros de Abitagua, 30 km W of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.179&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.438" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.179/lat -1.438)">Baños</a>; 1.438° S, 78.179° W; unknown date; W. Clarke McIntyre leg.; UMMZ 91566; paratype of M. steindachneri • 1 ♂; San José de Chimbo; F. Steindachner leg.; NHMW 13383.1 • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.414" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.256/lat -1.414)">Río Pastaza</a>; 1.414° S, 78.256° W; unknown date; W. Clarke McIntyre leg.; UMMZ 88921; paratype of M. steindachneri • 3 ♀♀; San Francisco cerca Baños, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.391" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.408/lat -1.391)">Río Pastaza</a>; 1.391° S, 78.408° W; W. Clarke McIntyre leg.; UMMZ 88924, 88925, 88926; paratypes of M. steindachneri . ‒ Unknow locality • 1 ♂; unknown date of collection; USNM OV • 1 ♀; E Ecuador; unknown date of collection; H. Feyer leg.; ZSM 268/1913, NHRM 3163 .</p><p>PERU ‒ Loreto • 1 ♀; Andoas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.397&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.906" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.397/lat -2.906)">Río Pastaza</a>; 2.906° S, 76.397° W; unknown date; H. Feyer leg.; AMNH 49077 • 1 ♀; Puerto Caramacha, lower Río Tigre; unknown date; H. Bassler leg.; AMNH 53202 • 1 ♀; Santa Rosa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.948/lat -3.383)">Río Tigre</a>; 3.383° S, 74.948° W; unknown date; J. Olalla leg.; AMNH 49169 • 1 ♀; Iquitos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.692&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.453" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.692/lat -4.453)">Lago Rimachi</a>; 4.453° S, 76.692° W; 2 Jul. 1957; L. Eyzaguirre leg.; UNMSM 303 .</p><p>Description</p><p>COLORATION. Tricolor pattern (red–white or yellow–black–white–red). Dorsal coloration: 15–60 black rings in males (mean 42.1±8.6 SD), 20–67 in females (mean 45.8±12.8 SD). Accessory black rings are absent. The nuchal black ring is rarely absent; when present, its shape is highly variable, appearing as a spot, band, or a complete or incomplete ring (Figs 9–10). The complete black nuchal ring is usually 3–7 dorsal scale rows long and is typically connected to the black hood by one or two dorsal scale rows. Black body rings are 2–2½ dorsal scale rows long, and ventrally they are 1–2 scales long. Red rings are 2–6½ dorsal scale rows long, occasionally nearly twice as wide as the black rings, and slightly longer along the vertebral region, with black spots on each scale, except in juveniles. Some melanistic individuals have completely black scales within the red rings, causing them to fuse with adjacent black rings. Ventrally, red rings are 1½–8 scales long. White or yellow rings are 1–1½ dorsal scale rows long, usually formed by sequences of fused or separated spots, each scale with brown spots on the anterior edge. Ventrally, these rings are one scale long and are indistinguishable in some individuals. Additionally, ventrally, red rings are 2–11 scales long, lacking spots or borders. Head coloration is black, covering the posterior or anterior internasals, prefrontals, frontal, preoculars, postoculars, and parietals. Some individuals may show light or reddish spots on the supraoculars or prefrontals. The occipital band is usually reddish, including the temporals, three supralabials, and one dorsal scale row, and is separated from the first black ring by a sequence of white spots. Tail coloration: black rings on the tail range from 5–17 in males (mean 12.2±2.9 SD) and 2–12 in females (mean 8.2±2.3 SD). These black rings are 2–7 dorsal scale rows long, and ventrally they are 2–6 scales long. Red rings or bands are 1–3 dorsal scale rows long, and ventrally they are 1–3 scales long.</p><p>VARIATION. The substantial individual variation shown by this species in coloration and scutellation is analyzed in this work. Micrurus ornatissimus exhibits a typical monadal color pattern (black rings bordered by red or yellow, followed by red rings). The main difference among populations is the length of the red rings, which are usually longer than the black rings. Consistent with the plasticity of these characters, M. ornatissimus can be divided into three populations: (1) those associated with the Upper Amazon (UAM), (2) those associated with the inter-Andean Valleys (IAV), and (3) those from the Amazon lowland (AML). Populations from the inter-Andean Valleys and along the eastern Andean slopes overlap in their range of black body ring counts. In some Andean populations, the red rings are heavily marked with black tips ( M. steindachneri pattern). Furthermore, head coloration in some specimens is grayish ( M. petersi pattern). In Amazonian rainforest populations, head ornamentation is highly variable. For instance, the nuchal black ring may be absent ( M. tikuna pattern) or present as a spot, band, or complete/incomplete ring. The geographic variation in the morphological characteristics of M. ornatissimus is shown in Table 8.</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Micrurus ornatissimus shares with other cis-Andean monadal species of the genus Micrurus (Table 5, Fig. 4) the following characteristics: number of dorsal scale rows (15–15–15); number of supralabials (7–7, with the 3 rd and 4 th contacting the eye); number of infralabials (7–7, with the first four contacting the first pair of chin-shield scales); number of preoculars (1–1); number of postoculars (2–2); number of temporals (1+1); two pairs of chin-shields, never in contact with the symphysial; symphysial scale wider than long; and a hemipenis body without ornamentation. Among the monadal coralsnakes, M. corallinus, M. paraensis, M. pacaraimae and M. remotus are the only species that do not exhibit a bicolor dorsal coloration pattern. The number of ventral and subcaudal scales in males and females overlaps with that of all monadal species. Additionally, the number of black body rings (BBR) in males (15–60) and females (20–67) falls within the range of most species, except for M. averyi (8–10 in males and 10–13 in females) and M. putumayensis (7–11 in males and 9–12 in females). The number of black tail rings (BTR) in males (5–17) and females (2–12) is within the range of all species, except in males of M. putumayensis (2–3).</p><p>Micrurus ornatissimus is distinguished from other cis-Andean monadal species by the following characteristics (differences in parentheses): M. ornatissimus differs from M. averyi by having red rings up to three times longer than the black rings, nuchal rings present, distinctive parietal rings, and a greater number of body rings in males (15–60) and females (20–67) (in M. averyi, red rings are up to six times longer than the black rings, the head is almost entirely black, and there are no parietal rings or bands; black body rings are 8–10 in males and 10–13 in females). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. langsdorffi in having a typical monadal coloration with a sequence of black–white/yellow–red rings (in M. langsdorffi, the dorsal coloration is bicolored or tricolored, with yellow, brown, or maroon rings replacing the black rings). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. margaritiferus in having a typical modal coloration and five pterygoid teeth (in M. margaritiferus, the dorsal coloration is bicolor and there are seven pterygoid teeth). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. medemi by the absence of ornamental shapes above the cloaca (in M. medemi, one or more of the yellow caudal rings contain diamond-shaped black blotches dorsally, beginning above the cloaca). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. corallinus in having five pterygoid teeth, a smooth surface on the spermatic groove edge, and a surface between lobes ornamented with small spines (in M. corallinus, there are four pterygoid teeth, the surface of the spermatic groove edge is smooth with tiny spines, and the surface between lobes is naked). Micrurus ornatissimus differs from M. paraensis and M. pacaraimae in having red rings of similar length to, or up to three times the length of, the black rings (in M. paraensis and M. pacaraimae, the red rings are three to five times longer than the black rings). Finally, M. ornatissimus differs from M. putumayensis by a greater number of black body rings (BBR) in males (15–60) and females (20–67), a greater number of black tail rings (BTR) in males (5–17), and a hemipenis body lacking ornamentation (in M. putumayensis, BBR is 7–11 in males and 9–12 in females, BTR is 2–3 in males, and the hemipenis body is naked at the base and ornamented with small, dispersed spines). Additionally, a detailed comparison of morphological characters is shown in Fig. 4 and Table 5.</p><p>Hemipenial morphology</p><p>Based on FHGO 2210 and 9818. Additional data were sourced from Silva-Haad (1994), Feitosa et al. (2015), Valencia et al. (2016), and the original descriptions by J. Roze (AMNH 52253, UMMZ 88924, 91566, previously identified as M. steindachneri). Everted hemipenes are slender, reaching the 11 th subcaudal, bifurcated at the 7 th, deeply bilobed, and non-capitate. The sulcus spermaticus bifurcates at the base of the lobes, at the level of the 7 th subcaudal, and is centripetal, curved, and shallow, with very thin sulcus margins bordered by tiny spines. The sulcus branches have a centrifugal medial orientation, extending toward the apex of each lobe. The capitular groove is indistinct. The lobes are elongated (approximately 42% of total hemipenial length), tapering distally into pointed tips. The distal half of the lobes forms the capitular region, ornamented with small to medium-sized spines densely arranged in longitudinal and irregular fringes, which decrease in size toward the apex. The proximal half of the lobes consists of a series of elongated, scattered spines. The asulcate side has longer and more numerous spines. The basal region of the hemipenis extends to the 7 th subcaudal, with a few minute spines distally, while the rest remains completely naked. The basal pocket is naked and extends along the lateral surface of the hemipenial body (Fig. 11).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388412AFFCCFF94FD8AEB7E0275FE63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Valencia, Jorge H.;Smith, Eric N.;Shrestha, Biraj;Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Quilumbaquin, Walter;Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los;Torres-Carvajal, Omar;Chaparro, Juan C.;Lira-Noriega, Andrés;Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFA2FFFEFDF3E8060127FD96.text	0388412AFFA2FFFEFDF3E8060127FD96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrurus averyi Schmidt 1939	<div><p>Micrurus averyi Schmidt, 1939 (n = 9)</p><p>BRAZIL – Amazonas • 1 ♂ 3 ♀; Manaos, Reserva Ducke; IB 32492, 43192, 43194, 43195 • 2 ♂ 2 ♀; Manaos, WWF, Reserva INPA; MZUSP 8485, 8448, 8449, 8450, 8451.</p><p>GUYANA – Berbice Oriental-Corentyne • 1♀; Courantyne District, near the Brazilian border; holotype FMNH</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388412AFFA2FFFEFDF3E8060127FD96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Valencia, Jorge H.;Smith, Eric N.;Shrestha, Biraj;Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Quilumbaquin, Walter;Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los;Torres-Carvajal, Omar;Chaparro, Juan C.;Lira-Noriega, Andrés;Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFA2FFFEFDFEEB0B0331FD38.text	0388412AFFA2FFFEFDFEEB0B0331FD38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrurus margaritiferus Roze 1967	<div><p>Micrurus margaritiferus Roze, 1967</p><p>PERU – Amazonas • 1 ♀; vicinity of Huampani, Río Cenepa; MVZ 163327. – Loreto • 1 ♀; Boca Río Santiago, Río Marañón; AMNH 53362; holotype .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388412AFFA2FFFEFDFEEB0B0331FD38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Valencia, Jorge H.;Smith, Eric N.;Shrestha, Biraj;Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Quilumbaquin, Walter;Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los;Torres-Carvajal, Omar;Chaparro, Juan C.;Lira-Noriega, Andrés;Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
0388412AFFA2FFFEFDC2EA750272FC25.text	0388412AFFA2FFFEFDC2EA750272FC25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrurus putumayensis Lancini 1962	<div><p>Micrurus putumayensis Lancini, 1962 (n = 11)</p><p>BRAZIL – Amazonas • 3 ♀♀; Benjamin Constant, Río Javari; MNRJ 1008, 1300, 1542 .</p><p>PERU – Loreto • 5 ♀♀; Centro Unión, lower Río Aucayo ca. 20 km SE of Iquitos; TCWC 45357, 45358, 46408, 47619, 57620 • 2 ♂ 1 ♀; Puerto Socorro, Río Putumayo, 270 km NE of Iquitos; holotype AMNH 110058, 110059, 110060 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388412AFFA2FFFEFDC2EA750272FC25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Valencia, Jorge H.;Smith, Eric N.;Shrestha, Biraj;Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Quilumbaquin, Walter;Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los;Torres-Carvajal, Omar;Chaparro, Juan C.;Lira-Noriega, Andrés;Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio	Valencia, Jorge H., Smith, Eric N., Shrestha, Biraj, Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C., Venegas, Pablo J., Quilumbaquin, Walter, Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa De Los, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Chaparro, Juan C., Lira-Noriega, Andrés, Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio (2026): Integrative review of cis-Andean monadal coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus (Elapidae: Serpentes) reveals considerable overestimation of species diversity. European Journal of Taxonomy 1084: 1-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1084.3314, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3314/14565
