identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038B87E9FFA451106174D0C3FE48FC02.text	038B87E9FFA451106174D0C3FE48FC02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lumbricillus Orsted 1844	<div><p>Lumbricillus Ørsted, 1844</p><p>Type species. Lumbricus lineatus Müller, 1774 .</p><p>Included species. See Table 1.</p><p>Lumbricillus elisae Klinth &amp; Rota sp. nov. Figure 4</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 89F72C45-268A-4258-9019- C21F1B4EAE3E</p><p>Holotype. SMNH Type Coll. 9896 (CE34782), Figures 4B, C, E, an amputated mature specimen stained in paracarmine and mounted on a slide. COI barcode: BOLD NVENC1608-22.</p><p>Type locality. Vilsund, Erslev, Nordjylland, Denmark. Upperintertidal, in shelly sand and decaying algae. Coll. M. Klinth &amp; Elise Eriksson, 16 May 2018 .</p><p>Paratypes. SMNH Type Coll. 9897 (CE1695) &amp; SMNH Type Coll. 9898 (CE1697) two mature specimens from Spain. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1 .</p><p>Other material examined. SMNH 212150 (CE 1876) an immature specimen from Sweden, and ZMBN 128876 (CE 28299) an immature specimen from Norway. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the first author’s sister who collected the specimen we designate as the holotype.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from most other Lumbricillus species by a distinctly bilobed penial bulb. Lumbricillus sadovskyi Marcus, 1965, and L. finisafricae Klinth, Rota &amp; Erséus, 2022 have bilobed penial bulbs but with anterior and posterior lobes as opposed to the lateral and ventral lobes in L. elisae sp. nov. Lumbricillus bibulbus sp. nov. (see below) has similarly lobed penial bulbs but has spermathecae with glands along the ectal duct which L. elisae sp. nov. is lacking.</p><p>Description. Pinkish-orange worms. Length of first 11–36 segments 1.3–4.9 mm (fixed, amputated specimens); first 15 segments 2.1–3.1 mm long; width at clitellum 0.49–0.68 mm. Chaetae sigmoid. Dorsolateral bundles with 3–6 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 3–5 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Ventral bundles with 4–7 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 4–6 chaetae posteriorly. Each worm’s longest measured chaetae 55–90 µm long, about 5 µm wide. Clitellum extending over XII–XIII, difficult to discern proportion of coverage of XIII. Head pore at 0/1.</p><p>Coelomocytes numerous, 15–20 µm long, round or oval, granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V and VI; all pairs converging dorsally (Figure 4A). Dorsal vessel originating in XIII or XIV. Nephridia observed in 7/8–8/9, about 95–110 µm long. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel only. Postseptale oval, tapering into posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 4B). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 4C). Testes originating in XI, with testis sacs forming regular club-shaped lobes extending forwards into X or IX. Sperm funnels in XI, more than 285–420 µm long, 150–180 µm wide, making them at least 2–3 times longer than wide, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, vasa 15–20 µm wide. Penial bulbs bilobed with larger dorsolateral lobe 110–125 µm in diameter and smaller ventromedial lobe 90–100 µm in diameter (Figures 4C–D), vas entering dorsolateral lobe. No mature eggs observed.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figures 4E–F) in V, spindle-shaped, with short ectal duct rapidly widening into ampulla, the latter tapering into ental duct connected to oesophagus. Sperm filling lumen of ampulla. Spermathecae 190–265 µm long, 40–50 µm wide at the ectal duct, 80–95 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line surrounded by gland cells forming compact, somewhat lobed mass, glandular body up to 135–180 µm wide. Three midventral subneural glands in XIII–XV, 65–100 µm, 80–100 µm and 45 µm long, respectively; gland in XV not observed in all specimens.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. We find it quite remarkable that our five specimens of this seemingly rare species were found in four different countries, even though three are Scandinavian. Furthermore, there is a 99 % match on BOLD with a specimen collected in Shandong, China (private sequence, not yet published), where it has probably been introduced through shipping. This suggests that this species has a great capability for dispersal .</p><p>Remarks. In the phylogeny, this species is firmly nested within the lineatus group, closest to L. rutilus Welch, 1914 and L. lineatus . The spermathecae are reminiscent of many species within the lineatus group, but the distinctly bilobed penial bulbs distinguish this species from most others. As mentioned as an introductory remark under Taxonomy above, closer studies have shown that the penial bulbs of Lumbricillus are not perfectly round and that many species have a tendency for a larger dorsal and a smaller median lobe. However, in most cases said “lobes” are mere protrusions from a single compact bulb, whereas in this species they are clearly divided and only connected at the base, close to the male pore. The known species of Lumbricillus with clearly bilobed penial bulbs are Lumbricillus sadovskyi, L. finisafricae, L. bibulbus sp. nov. and possibly L. scoticus (see below). The two former species have anterior and posterior lobes, and the rest, including L. elisae sp. nov., have dorsolateral and ventromedial lobes. The male apparatus of L. scoticus is further complicated with an additional lobe/prostate gland and is discussed in more detail below. The penial bulbs of L. elisae sp. nov. are most similar to those of L. bibulbus sp. nov., but these two species can easily be differentiated by the morphology of their spermathecae, where L. bibulbus sp. nov. has glands along the ectal duct.</p><p>Lumbricillus boreas Klinth &amp; Rota sp. nov. Figure 5</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 555A23DD-6F3D-446A-B837- CCB938A9504E</p><p>Holotype. ZMBN 129201 (CE32320), Figure 5, an amputated mature specimen stained in paracarmine and mounted on a slide. COI barcode: BOLD NOENC415-18.</p><p>Type locality. Atlanterhavsveien Road, W side of Geitøya Island, Averøy, Møre og Romsdal, Norway. Mid-intertidal, in coarse sand. Coll. C. Erséus &amp; M. Klinth, 31 May 2017 .</p><p>Other material examined. ZMBN 128903 (CE 28498) an immature specimen from Norway. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1.</p><p>Etymology. Noun in apposition, from the Greek god of the North Wind.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is a member of the lineatus group (see Table 1). In the spermathecae it resembles above all L. rivalis Levinsen, 1884 and L. rutilus, but can be separated from both by having shorter sperm funnels, i.e. about as long as wide as opposed to at least twice as long as wide.</p><p>Description. Length of first 19–20 segments 2.5 and 3.4 mm (two fixed, amputated specimens, respectively); first 15 segments 1.8 and 2.4 mm long; width at clitellum 0.35 mm. Chaetae sigmoid. Dorsolateral bundles with 3–7 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 4–7 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Ventral bundles with 3–7 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 4–7 chaetae posteriorly. Each worm’s longest measured chaetae 35–55 µm long, about 3 µm wide. Clitellum extending over 1/2XI–1/2XIII. Head pore not observed.</p><p>Coelomocytes numerous, 10–15 µm long, round or oval in shape, granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V and VI; all pairs converging dorsally (Figure 5A). Dorsal vessel originating in XI–XIII. Nephridia observed in 7/8–8/9 and from 14/15 rearwards, about 55–70 µm long. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel only. Postseptale oval, tapering into posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 5B). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 5C). Testes originating in XI, with testis sacs forming regular club-shaped lobes extending forwards into IX. Sperm funnels in XI, 125 µm long, 115 µm wide, making them about as long as wide, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, vasa 15 µm wide. Penial bulbs compact and round, 75 µm in diameter. One mature egg observed.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figure 5D) in V, spindle-shaped, with short ectal duct clad in musculature and rapidly widening into ampulla. Ampulla with midway bend, dividing it into two parts, entally connected to oesophagus via tapering ental duct. Sperm in lumen of ampulla and more aggregated in ental part than in ectal part. Spermathecae 185–210 µm long, 20 µm wide at the ectal duct, 50–55 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line surrounded by gland cells forming compact mass, glandular body up to 90–95 µm wide. One midventral subneural gland in XIV, 100 µm long.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. Only known from Møre og Romsdal and Sogn og Fjordane in Norway .</p><p>Remarks. Despite only having one mature specimen we have decided to describe this new species based on its clear genetic delimitation and the good quality of the holotype slide. Lumbricillus boreas sp. nov. is clearly a member of the lineatus group and has a compact penial bulb, as do most other species in this assemblage. Its spermathecae are spindle-shaped and thus at least superficially similar to those of the other members of the group. Most similar are L. rivalis and L. rutilus and perhaps also the yet unidentified species F and G (Klinth et al. 2017b), although the spermathecae of the two latter are only vaguely described due to poor slide mounts. All these four mentioned species do however have sperm funnels that are longer in relation to their width, at least 2 times longer than wide, whereas L. boreas sp. nov. has sperm funnels only about as long as wide. This character is known to vary with the contractions of the musculature and organs, when the worms are put in ethanol, and therefore, additional fully mature specimens of this species are required to determine how well this character distinguishes it from its close relatives.</p><p>Lumbricillus scoticus Elmhirst &amp; Stephenson, 1926 Figure 6</p><p>Lumbricillus scoticus Elmhirst &amp; Stephenson, 1926: 469-473, figs.</p><p>1-3.</p><p>Lumbricillus scoticus; Christensen 1962: 8; Nurminen 1970: 206;</p><p>Tynen 1972: 28.</p><p>Non Lumbricillus scoticus; Erséus 1976: 9.</p><p>Material examined. SMNH 212160 (SM 192) &amp; SMNH 212161 (SM 193) two mature specimens from Greenland. For information on collection localities and GenBank accession numbers for COI barcodes see Table S1.</p><p>Description. Length of first 23–25 segments 4.5 and 5.1 mm (two fixed, amputated specimens, respectively); first 15 segments 3.2 and 3.3 mm long; width at clitellum 0.68 and 0.82 mm. Chaetae sigmoid. Dorsolateral bundles with 6–10 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 8–10 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Ventral bundles with 10–14 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 9–13 chaetae posteriorly. Each worm’s longest measured chaetae 135–140 µm long, about 8–10 µm wide. Clitellum extending over XII–3/4XIII. Head pore at 0/1.</p><p>Coelomocytes numerous, 20–25 µm long, round, oval or spindle-shaped, granulated with distinct nucleus, in one specimen deeply stained. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V and VI; first two pairs converging dorsally (Figure 6A). Dorsal vessel originating in XI. Nephridia observed in 7/8 and from 14/15 rearwards, about 115–170 µm long. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel only. Postseptale oval, tapering into posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 6B). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 6C). Testes originating in XI, with testis sacs forming club-shaped lobes extending forwards into X, lobes not arranged in a typical fan shape. Sperm funnels in XI, slightly lobed and not entirely cylindrical, at least 500–525 µm long, 240–260 µm wide, making them at least twice as long as wide, but probably closer to 3 or 4 times longer than wide in living specimens, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, vasa 25–30 µm wide. Male apparatus divided into distinct parts, from male pore a round muscular structure extends dorsolaterally through which the vas deferens connects with the pore. Into the muscular structure two glandular organs connect, one large round bulb positioned dorsomedially, and one smaller pear-shaped bulb anterior to the muscular structure. The diameter of the muscular structure 205–230 µm; large bulb 180–260 µm, and small bulb 85–120 µm. Five to six maturing eggs observed.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figure 6D) in V, spindle-shaped, with ectal duct gradually widening into ampulla. Ampulla bent, entally sac-like, connection to oesophagus not distinguishable. Sperm in lumen of duct and ampulla, with heads aggregated in wall of ental part of ampulla. Spermathecae 340–400 µm long, 60–105 µm wide at the ectal duct, 135–150 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line surrounded by gland cells forming deeply lobed mass, glandular body up to 265–285 µm wide. No midventral subneural glands observed.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. Reported from Great Britain (Scotland and Wales), Iceland and Greenland.</p><p>Remarks. Our two specimens from Greenland greatly resemble the original description of L. scoticus from Scotland. The size, high number of chaetae and most notably the shape of the penial bulbs suggest that our specimens belong to the same species. The penial bulbs have a unique morphology, not known from any other Lumbricillus species, and are described in great detail, although not depicted, in the original description. Elmhirst &amp; Stephenson distinguish in the bulbs six rough parts (a-f), where we could clearly make out (a) where the vas deferens passes through the penial body, (c) the mass of cells that we call the dorsomedial bulb, (d) a pear-shaped gland on the anterior of the penial body, (e) the muscular capsule, and (f) the scattered cells and musculature in between the other parts. Elmhirst &amp; Stephenson also describe (b) a tubular cavity from which (c), the main glandular mass, expands. We could not clearly make this out in our whole mounts but we can assume that the secretions produced in this main bulb are transported through an internal cavity towards the vas deferens and the pore, and that this structure only becomes apparent in sectioned material. Furthermore, the muscular capsule (e) is said to surround “the greater part of the mass” but not the pear-shaped gland (d), whereas we interpret it as being separate from not only the pear-shaped gland but also the larger dorsomedial bulb and mainly surrounding the vas deferens. That said, we did observe other musculature connecting all the different parts of the penial apparatus and still consider our specimens as belonging to L. scoticus .</p><p>Lumbricillus scoticus was originally described from the shores of Great Cumbrae Island in Scotland, and later from other parts of Great Britain (Tynen 1972). Christensen (1962) and Erséus (1976) reported it from Iceland, but subsequently, having studied type material, Erséus concluded his findings to belong to another species (Erséus 1977). Nurminen (1970) reported it from the west coast of Greenland close to where we got our samples.</p><p>Lumbricillus bibulbus Klinth &amp; Rota sp. nov. Figure 7</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6F4AE903-82D8-4C98-954D-99DA4D457023</p><p>Holotype. ZMBN 153439 (CE28409), Figures 7A &amp; E, an amputated mature specimen stained in paracarmine and mounted on a slide. COI barcode: BOLD NOENC411-18.</p><p>Type locality. Sulesund, Sula, Møre og Romsdal, Norway. Mid-intertidal, in sand and gravel under stones on boulder beach. Coll. C. Erséus, 29 July 2016 .</p><p>Paratypes. ZMBN 128888 (CE28408), ZMBN 153277 (CE28410) &amp; ZMBN 153278 (CE28411) three mature specimens from the type locality. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1.</p><p>Etymology. The name is Latin for two bulbs, referring to the bilobed penial bulbs of this species.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Lumbricillus species by a combination of bilobed penial bulbs and spermathecae with both an ectal gland and glands along the ectal duct.</p><p>Description. Yellowish worms. Length of first 17–30 segments 2.5–4.3 mm (fixed, amputated specimens); first 15 segments 1.7–2.2 mm long; width at clitellum 0.33–0.39 mm. Chaetae sigmoid. Dorsolateral bundles with (2)3–4 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 2–5 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Ventral bundles with 3–6 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 3–5 chaetae posteriorly. Each worm’s longest measured chaetae 55–60 µm long, about 5 µm wide. Clitellum extending over XII–1/2XIII. Head pore at 0/1.</p><p>Coelomocytes numerous, 15–20 µm long, round or oval, granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V and VI; first and second pairs converging dorsally (Figure 7A). Dorsal vessel originating in XVII. Nephridia observed in 7/8–9/10 and from 13/14 rearwards, about 75–130 µm long. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel only. Postseptale oval, tapering into posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 7B). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 7C). Testes originating in XI, with testis sacs forming regular club-shaped lobes extending forwards into IX. Sperm funnels in XI, 135–180 µm long, 65–90 µm wide, making them about 1.5 or 3 times longer than wide, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, vasa 10 µm wide. Penial bulbs bilobed with dorsolateral lobe and ventromedial lobe (Figure 7C), both lobes 75–130 µm in diameter, vas entering dorsolateral lobe. One to two mature eggs present at a time.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figure 7D) in V, spindle-shaped, with short ectal duct rapidly widening into round ampulla, followed by tapering ental duct connected to oesophagus. Ball of sperm in lumen of ampulla. Spermathecae 80–120 µm long, 20–35 µm wide at the ectal duct, 50–85 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line surrounded by gland cells forming compact mass, glandular body up to 80–95 µm wide; glands also along the ectal duct. Two midventral subneural glands in XIV–XV, 55–65 µm and 65 µm long, respectively; not observed in all specimens.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. Only known from the type locality in Møre og Romsdal, Norway .</p><p>Remarks. At a first glance this new species of Lumbricillus is reminiscent of L. pagenstecheri (Ratzel, 1868) and the many species that resemble it morphologically. This similarity comes mainly from the spermatheca, which not only has an ectal gland but also glands along the ectal duct, a character shared by the more than 20 species that make up the pagenstecheri group. However, unlike L. pagenstecheri s. lat., the spermatheca of L. bibulbus sp. nov. has a distinct ectal duct and quite large ental duct. The caliber and length of the ectal duct of L. pagenstecheri s. lat. can hardly be made out, usually only the thin lumen of the duct is visible among the dense glands along the duct. More importantly, L. bibulbus sp. nov. has a bilobed penial bulb, neither seen in the pagenstecheri group nor in most Lumbricillus species. Backlund (1947) did describe a Pachydrilus lineatus with a bilobed penial bulb, but its spermathecae seem more reminiscent of L. latithecatus Klinth, Rota &amp; Erséus, 2017b and completely different from those of L. bibulbus sp. nov. Also, Lumbricillus sadovskyi from South America, and L. finisafricae from South Africa have bilobed penial bulbs, but similarly to L. latithecatus they have spermathecae that lack glands along the ectal duct and do not have an ampulla as clearly set off from the duct as in L. bibulbus sp. nov. Genetically, this new species is not found as sister to the other species in the pagenstecheri group but rather as sister to the lineatus group (Figure 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B87E9FFA451106174D0C3FE48FC02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klinth, Mårten J.;Rota, Emilia;Martinsson, Svante;Erséus, Christer	Klinth, Mårten J., Rota, Emilia, Martinsson, Svante, Erséus, Christer (2024): Paralumbricillus gen. nov. and other new marine enchytraeids from the North Atlantic. Fauna norvegica 43: 110-134, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v43i0.5886, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v43i0.5886
038B87E9FFAA511460A1D083FEABFCA1.text	038B87E9FFAA511460A1D083FEABFCA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralumbricillus Klinth & Rota & Martinsson & Erséus 2024	<div><p>Paralumbricillus Klinth &amp; Rota gen. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 201A2FB8-DF30-447B-A186- 42157549D4B4</p><p>Lumbricillus Ørsted, 1844 partim</p><p>Pachydrilus Claparède, 1861 partim</p><p>Type species. Enchytraeus arenarius Michaelsen, 1889: pp. 12–14, figs 5a–d.</p><p>Included species:</p><p>Paralumbricillus arenarius (Michaelsen, 1889) comb. nov. Paralumbricillus bicornis sp. nov.</p><p>Paralumbricillus bilobatus sp. nov.</p><p>Paralumbricillus cervisiae (Kossmagk-Stephan, 1983) comb. nov. Paralumbricillus christenseni (Tynen, 1966) comb. nov. Paralumbricillus crymodes (Stephenson, 1922) comb. nov. Paralumbricillus dubius (Stephenson, 1911) comb. nov. Paralumbricillus eltoni (Stephenson, 1924) comb. nov. Paralumbricillus eudioptus (von Bülow, 1955) comb. nov. Paralumbricillus lofotensis sp. nov.</p><p>Paralumbricillus muscicolus (Stephenson, 1924) comb. nov. Paralumbricillus nielseni (Nurminen, 1965) comb. nov. Paralumbricillus sanguineus sp. nov.</p><p>Paralumbricillus westheidei (Kossmagk-Stephan, 1983) comb. nov.</p><p>Etymology. The prefix para, Greek for “next to”, refers to the close phylogenetic relationship to Lumbricillus, in which most species have at some point been placed historically.</p><p>Genus description/diagnosis. White to yellow worms, about 5 to 20 mm in length. Prostomium hemispherical. Head pore at 0/1. Epidermis with transverse rows of gland cells. Chaetae straight or slightly sigmoid, without nodulus, usually 2 or 3 per bundle, rarely 4, upper bundles dorsolateral. Oesophageal appendages absent. Pharyngeal glands in three pairs, located in IV–VI, usually converging dorsally, sometimes connected dorsally, usually with ventral lobes, but secondary glands absent. Only nucleated coelomocytes present.</p><p>Dorsal vessel originating in XII–XIV. Nephridia with anteseptale made up of funnel only. Clitellum covering XII-XIII. Testis sacs, forming irregular lobes, sometimes budding off into free floating cysts. Penial bulbs compact or lobed. Midventral subneural glands usually present in XIII–XV, sometimes further back. Spermathecae in V, club- or pear-shaped, attached to and usually communicating with lumen of oesophagus; glands surrounding ectal pore. Mainly marine littoral but some species also found in limnic habitats.</p><p>Paralumbricillus bilobatus Klinth &amp; Rota sp. nov. Figure 9</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1F64EADD-27E0-4DF5-B8DA- 9AE0AAED5386</p><p>Holotype. NTNU-VM 74104 (CE29420), Figs 9D–E, an amputated mature specimen stained in paracarmine and mounted on a slide. COI barcode: BOLD NOENC414-18.</p><p>Type locality. Beach west of road to Stavøya Island, Slettvik, Orkland, Trøndelag, Norway. Upper intertidal, sand and gravel near freshwater stream on beach. Coll. C. Erséus, 9 September 2016.</p><p>Other material examined. ZMBN 111482 (CE26820), ZMBN 153276 (CE28319), ZMBN 129228 (CE32463), ZMBN 153282 (CE32464) and ZMBN 129338 (CE33480) two mature, two partially mature and one immature specimen from Norway. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1 .</p><p>Etymology. Referring to the bilobed structure of the penial bulbs.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species has a bilobed penial bulb, but unlike other Paralumbricillus species with bilobed bulbs, where one lobe is anterior and the other posterior, P. bilobatus sp.nov. has a dorsolateral and a ventromedial lobe. It is also one of the few Paralumbricillus species that regularly have ventral preclitellar bundles with up to 4 chaetae.</p><p>Description. Length of first 19–37 segments 2.9–5.9 mm (fixed, amputated specimens); first 15 segments (2.2) 2.4–3.5 mm long; width at clitellum (0.24) 0.39–0.46 mm. Chaetae straight or slightly sigmoid. Dorsolateral bundles with (1)2–3 chaetae anterior to clitellum, and 2 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Ventral bundles with 2–4 chaetae anterior to clitellum, and 2 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Each worm’s longest measured chaetae 55–95 µm long, about 5–10 µm wide. Clitellum extending over XII–XIII. Head pore not observed.</p><p>Coelomocytes, about 20–40 µm long, oval or spindle-shaped, granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V and VI, third pair sometimes extending into VII; each pair converging dorsally (Figure 9A). Dorsal vessel originating in XIII. Nephridia observed in 7/8–9/10 and from 13/14 rearwards, about 90–165 µm long. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel only. Postseptale oval, tapering into thin posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 9B). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>*described as less compact and ovoid than in Lumbricillus but more so than in Enchytraeus .</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 9C). Testes originating in XI, with developing sperm seemingly held together by testis sacs, forming irregular lobes. Sperm funnels in XI, sometimes extending back into XII, at least 540–990 µm long, 65–120 µm wide, making them about (5)9–15 times longer than wide (leaning towards the higher ratio due to the difficulties in measuring the total length in the mounted material), funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, sometimes also extending backwards into XIII–XIV, vasa 10–15 µm wide. Penial bulbs bilobed with dorsolateral lobe 100–105 µm in diameter, and ventromedial lobe about 110 µm in diameter (Figure 9D), vas entering dorsolateral lobe. One to two mature eggs observed.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figure 9E; Table 2) in V, club-shaped, with a long ectal duct suddenly widening into ampulla. Ampulla oval, with sperm arranged in a tight ball. Ampulla entally connected to oesophagus. Spermathecae more than 195–210 µm long, 30–50 µm wide at the ectal duct, 105 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line, surrounded by gland cells forming a somewhat lobed compact mass, glandular body up to 105 µm wide. One specimen with midventral subneural glands in XIII–XVIII, 50 µm, 50 µm, 55 µm, 55 µm, 65 µm and 55 µm long respectively.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. Only known from the middle of Norway (Hordaland, Møre og Romsdal, Trøndelag and Nordland) .</p><p>Remarks. According to the species tree (Figure 2), this species is genetically close to P. arenarius and P. crymodes with which it shares the particularly long sperm funnels. However, the spermathecae of P. bilobatus sp. nov. have a long ectal duct, abruptly widening into the ampulla, whereas P. arenarius and P. crymodes have pear-shaped spermathecae with ducts gradually widening into the ampulla. Furthermore, the bilobed penial bulbs of P. bilobatus sp. nov. with dorsolateral and ventromedial lobes distinguish it from all other Paralumbricillus species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B87E9FFAA511460A1D083FEABFCA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klinth, Mårten J.;Rota, Emilia;Martinsson, Svante;Erséus, Christer	Klinth, Mårten J., Rota, Emilia, Martinsson, Svante, Erséus, Christer (2024): Paralumbricillus gen. nov. and other new marine enchytraeids from the North Atlantic. Fauna norvegica 43: 110-134, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v43i0.5886, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v43i0.5886
038B87E9FFAF510860CBD003FB5DFBA1.text	038B87E9FFAF510860CBD003FB5DFBA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralumbricillus crymodes (Stephenson 1922) Klinth & Rota & Martinsson & Erséus 2024	<div><p>Paralumbricillus crymodes (Stephenson, 1922) comb. nov.</p><p>Figure 10</p><p>Enchytraeus crymodes Stephenson, 1922: pp. 1133–1135, figure 6 Enchytraeus crymodes; Stephenson, 1925: p. 1317.</p><p>Marionina crymodes; Nielsen &amp; Christensen, 1959: p. 109.</p><p>Lumbricillus crymodes; Coates, 1989: p. 31.</p><p>Type locality. Svalbard, Spitsbergen, Bruce City, from among mosses on banks of freshwater pond and near salt marsh, August 2021.</p><p>Material examined. ZMBN 110573 (CE20719) a mature specimen from Svalbard, Spitsbergen, Nordfjorden, Tschermark Stream. Coll. K. Hårsaker, 27 July 2013 . BMNH 1933.5.25.1271–1274, 1279–1282, 1284, 1287, sectioned material on slides from Stephenson’s collection, it is unclear if any of these specimens are part of the type series or if they are from Liefde Bay, another locality on Spitsbergen (Stephenson 1925). For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1 .</p><p>Description of new specimen. Length of first 26 segments 6.4 mm (fixed, amputated specimen); first 15 segments 4.0 mm long; width at clitellum 0.30 mm. Chaetae straight or slightly sigmoid. Dorsolateral bundles with 2–3 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 2–3 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Ventral bundles with 3–4 chaetae anterior to clitellum, 2 chaetae posteriorly. The worm’s longest measured chaetae 60 µm long, about 3–5 µm wide. Clitellum extending over XII–1/2XIII. Head pore not observed.</p><p>Coelomocytes, about 25 µm long, round or oval, granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V and VI; each pair converging dorsally. Dorsal vessel originating in XIII. Nephridia observed in 7/8–8/9, about 175 µm long. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel only. Postseptale oval, tapering into posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 10B). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 10A). Testes originating in XI, with developing sperm seemingly held together by testis sacs, forming irregular lobes extending forwards into X. Sperm funnels in XI, extending forward into X, 655 µm long, 70 µm wide, making them about 9 times longer than wide, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, vasa 10–15 µm wide. Penial bulbs compact, 110 µm in diameter. Two mature eggs observed.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figure 10C; Table 2) in V, pear-shaped, with ectal duct, and lumen of ectal duct, gradually widening into ampulla. Ampulla round, filled with sperm arranged in tightly packed balls. Ampulla entally connected to oesophagus. Epithelium of duct with cylindrical cells, ampulla with cells not as tall, but more or less cubical. Spermathecae 245 µm long, 25 µm wide at the ectal duct, 115 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line, surrounded by rosette of separate glands, together forming a glandular body up to 70 µm wide. Midventral subneural glands observed in XIII–XVI, 70 µm, 50 µm, 60 µm and 65 µm long, respectively.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. Known from Spitsbergen and Nunavut in Northern Canada. Charlotte Holmquist reported the species from Alaska, USA (Stöhr 2023), but we have not been able to verify these records .</p><p>Remarks. Our single specimen could readily be identified as P. crymodes, a species originally described from a freshwater pond and a salt marsh on Spitsbergen. The only difference we noted is that our specimen has 2–3 chaetae in postclitellar dorsolateral bundles, compared to only 2 in the original description. Our examination of the museum vouchers from Stephenson’s collection confirmed the similarity to our specimen in the shape of the spermathecae, long sperm funnels and thin vasa deferentia. Paralumbricillus crymodes is similar to P. arenarius, which also has long sperm funnels, unlobed penial bulbs and spermathecae with a gradually widening lumen of the ectal duct, and the two species were found close together in our species tree (Figure 2). Both have been found on Spitsbergen but P. arenarius is more widespread and reported from most of the North East Atlantic, whereas P. crymodes seems to have a more Arctic distribution.</p><p>Paralumbricillus lofotensis Klinth &amp; Rota sp. nov. Figure 11</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 89DC1C3D-5E33-4271-9720- E4AE2ADCE90C</p><p>Holotype. ZMBN 153285 (CE34291), Figs 11A, D, an amputated mature specimen stained in paracarmine and mounted on a slide. COI barcode: BOLD NVENC1605-22.</p><p>Type locality. Rolvsfjorden, Vestvågøy, Lofoten, Nordland, Norway. In coarse sediment in a tidal stream. Coll. C. Erséus &amp; M. Klinth, 8 September 2017 .</p><p>Paratypes. ZMBN 129448 (CE34290) &amp; ZMBN 153286 (CE34292) one mature and one partially mature specimen from the type locality. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the archipelago Lofoten in Norway.</p><p>Diagnosis. Preclitellar bundles regularly with 3 chaetae, sperm funnels about 3.5 times longer than wide, compact penial bulbs, and club-shaped spermathecae with separate bud-like glands surrounding the ectal pore (Table 2).</p><p>Description. Whitish transparent worms. Length of first 26–37 segments 4.6–9.5 mm (fixed, amputated specimens); first 15 segments (2.9)4.0– 4.2 mm long; width at clitellum (0.37) 0.51–0.52 mm. Chaetae straight or slightly sigmoid. Dorsolateral and ventral bundles with 2–3 chaetae anterior to clitellum, and 2 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Each worm’s longest measured chaetae 85–100 µm long, about 6 µm wide. Clitellum extending over XII–1/2XIII. Head pore at 0/1.</p><p>Coelomocytes numerous, about 20–35 µm long, oval or spindle-shaped, granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V and VI; each pair converging dorsally (Figure 11A). Dorsal vessel originating in XIV. Nephridia observed in 7/8–8/9, about 150–180 µm long. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel only. Postseptale oval, tapering into thin posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 11B). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 11C). Testes originating in XI, with some developing sperm seemingly held together by testis sacs, forming irregular lobes, other cysts of developing sperm floating free in XI. Sperm funnels in XI, 195–215 µm long, 60–65 µm wide, making them about 3–3.5 times longer than wide, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, vasa 6 µm wide. Penial bulbs compact, 85–95 µm in diameter. Two mature eggs observed.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figure 11D) in V, club-shaped, with ectal duct suddenly widening into ampulla. Ampulla round, with sperm arranged in a circle perpendicular to the duct. Ampulla connected to oesophagus via ental duct. Epithelium of duct with cylindrical cells, ampulla with cubical cells. Spermathecae 150–160 µm long, 30–35 µm wide at the ectal duct, 75–90 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line, surrounded by rosette of separate bud-like glands, entire arrangement of these glands about 65 µm wide. No midventral subneural glands observed.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. Only known from the type locality in Nordland, Northern Norway .</p><p>Remarks. This species can be distinguished from most other members of Paralumbricillus by the combination of compact penial bulbs and several preclitellar bundles with more than two chaetae. Among the species of Paralumbricillus that share these characters, P. eltoni (Stephenson, 1924) and P. muscicolus (Stephenson, 1924) have shorter sperm funnels than P. lofotensis sp. nov. The two species that most resemble P. lofotensis sp. nov. are P. eudioptus (von Bülow, 1955) and P. nielseni (Nurminen, 1965) . Unfortunately, the original description of P. nielseni is brief and without illustrations, but it seems that this species can be separated from P. lofotensis sp. nov. for never having more than 2 chaetae in preclitellar dorsolateral bundles. Paralumbricillus eudioptus can be distinguished from P. lofotensis sp. nov. by having postclitellar bundles with more than 2 chaetae and by the shape of its spermathecae, which have a strange internal structure (Table 2).</p><p>Paralumbricillus bicornis Klinth &amp; Rota sp. nov. Figure 12</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B0F118D1-C246-4677-AAEA- 9C7C09AB7FEF</p><p>Lumbricillus sp. H; Klinth et al. 2017a; Klinth et al. 2017b, figure 22.</p><p>Holotype. ZMBN 153402 (CE25014), Figs 12A–C, an amputated mature specimen stained in paracarmine and mounted on a slide. COI barcode: BOLD NOENC410-18.</p><p>Type locality. Holmsundsfjorden Bay, 2 km south of Kjellingbrua Bridge, Kjøpstad, Gildeskål, Nordland, Norway. Upper intertidal, rock pool, gravel and grey sand. Coll. C. Erséus &amp; E. Willassen, 11 September 2014.</p><p>Paratypes. ZMBN 107947 (CE24967) &amp; ZMBN 107948 (CE24968) two partially mature specimens from the type locality. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1.</p><p>Other material examined. ZMBN 107945 (CE 23136), ZMBN 129442 (CE 34247), ZMBN 153284 (CE 34248), ZMBN 129452 (CE 34308) four partially mature specimens from Norway. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1.</p><p>Etymology. Latin, from bi -, two, and cornu for horn, describing the horns extending from the penial bulb.</p><p>Diagnosis. The tripartite penial bulbs, with a central round bulb and two horns or lobes extending one anteriorly and one posteriorly, distinguishes this species from other Paralumbricillus species.</p><p>Description. Length of first 29–33 segments 4.1–7.9 mm (fixed, amputated specimens); first 15 segments 2.1–3.0 mm long; width at clitellum 0.38–0.56 mm. Chaetae straight or slightly sigmoid. Dorsolateral and ventral bundles with 2–3 chaetae anterior to clitellum, and 2 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Each worm’s longest measured chaetae 70–95 µm long, about 5 µm wide. Clitellum extending over XII–1/2XIII. Head pore at 0/1.</p><p>Coelomocytes numerous, about 15–20 µm long, round, oval or spindle-shaped granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V and VI, third pair sometimes extending back into VII; each pair converging dorsally. Dorsal vessel originating in XIII. Nephridia observed in 7/8–8/9, and from 12/13 rearwards, about 100–145 µm long. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel only. Postseptale oval, tapering into thin posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 12A). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 12C). Testes originating in XI, with some developing sperm seemingly held together by testis sacs, forming irregular lobes, other cysts of developing sperm floating free in X–XI, sometimes XII. Sperm funnels in XI, 465–505 µm long, 40–65 µm wide, making them about 7–12 times longer than wide, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, vasa 10–20 µm wide. Penial bulbs tri-partite with round central mass, 65–105 µm in diameter, from which two smaller lobes extend, one anterior and one posterior, both lobes more ventromedial than the central lobe, vas entering central lobe (Figure 12D). No fully mature eggs observed.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figure 12B) in V, club-shaped, with long ectal duct suddenly widening into ampulla. Ampulla oval, entally connected to oesophagus. No sperm observed in it. Spermathecae 180–190 µm long, 25–35 µm wide at the ectal duct, 55–60 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line, surrounded by rosette of separate glands, glandular rosette up to 50–55 µm wide. Two midventral subneural glands in XV–XVI, 45–100 µm and 50–95 µm long, respectively.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. Only known from Nordland and Troms, Norway .</p><p>Remarks. The partially mature penial bulb observed by Klinth et al. (2017b, figure 22E) appeared bilobed, but with additional material the fully mature bulbs turned out to be actually tripartite, with a central round bulb and two horn-like lobes. This makes this new species less similar to P. westheidei (Kossmagk-Stephan, 1983), which was previously suggested as a possible candidate for our specimens (Klinth et al. 2017b). Paralumbricillus dubius (Stephenson, 1911) also has penial bulbs with two horn-like lobes, but unlike P. bicornis sp. nov. where the horns extend from a central bulb, the bulbs in P. dubius are divided in two lobes and each lobe extends into a horn. Our species tree (Figure 2) shows P. bicornis sp. nov. as genetically closest to P. lofotensis sp. nov., which has a similar chaetal pattern and spermathecal morphology, but the latter species has much shorter sperm funnels (only 3-3.5 times longer than wide) and compact penial bulbs (lacking horns).</p><p>Paralumbricillus sanguineus Klinth &amp; Rota sp. nov. Figure 13</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BAFB0A34-FC7D-4AD7-AFA3- 84486770406D</p><p>Holotype. ZMBN 129381 (CE33777), Fig 13C, an amputated mature specimen stained in paracarmine and mounted on a slide. COI barcode: BOLD NOENC418-18.</p><p>Type locality. Damsgård, Andenes, Andøya, Nordland, Norway. Mid-intertidal pebbles, sand and shells. Coll. C. Erséus &amp; M. Klinth, 6 September 2017 .</p><p>Paratype. ZMBN 129380 (CE33776) a partially mature specimen from the type locality. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1.</p><p>Other material examined. NTNU-VM 74055 (CE29066), NTNU-VM 74080 (CE29284), ZMBN 129189 (CE32243), ZMBN 153279 (CE32236), ZMBN 153280 (CE32279) &amp; ZMBN 153281 (CE32280) two partially mature and four immature specimens from Norway. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1 .</p><p>Etymology. From sanguis, Latin for blood, referring to the conspicuous dorsal and ventral blood vessels observed in this species.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other members of the genus by the combination of bilobed penial bulbs (with anterior and posterior lobes) and club-shaped spermathecae with very narrow ectal ducts. The conspicuous blood vessels may also help in the identification, but they are more apparent in immature specimens than in mature specimens. This is also one of the longest and most slender species in Paralumbricillus, with some specimens reaching more than 70 segments.</p><p>Description. Length of first 27–69 segments 5.1–16.7 mm (fixed, amputated specimens); first 15 segments 2.5–3.1 mm long; width at clitellum 0.24–0.29 mm. Chaetae straight or slightly sigmoid. Dorsolateral bundles with (2)3(4) chaetae anterior to clitellum, and 2(3) chaetae in postclitellar segments. Ventral bundles with (2)3 chaetae anterior to clitellum, and 2(3) chaetae in postclitellar segments. Each worm’s longest measured chaetae 65–75 µm long, about 5 µm wide. Clitellum extending over XII–1/2XIII. Head pore at 0/1.</p><p>Coelomocytes numerous, about 10–20 µm long, round or oval, granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V and VI; each pair converging dorsally (Figure 13A). Dorsal and ventral vessels conspicuous throughout, stained yellow in paracarmine; origin of dorsal vessel uncertain but seems posterior to XIV. Nephridia observed in 7/8–9/10 and in postclitellar segments, about 120–165 µm long. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel only. Postseptale oval, tapering into thick posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 13B). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 13C). Testes originating in XI, with developing sperm seemingly held together by testis sacs, forming large compact mass extending forwards into IX and backwards into XII, some cysts of developing sperm free floating in XI. Sperm funnels in XI, 110–155 µm long, 45–95 µm wide, making them about 1.5–2.5 times longer than wide, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, vasa 10 µm wide. Penial bulbs bilobed with anterior and posterior lobes, vasa entering where lobes fuse ventrally, each lobe about same width, their combined length about 65–80 µm. No mature eggs observed.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figure 13D) in V, club-shaped, with very thin ectal duct suddenly widening into round ampulla, reminiscent of some Fridericia Michaelsen, 1889 or Marionina species. Ampulla connected to oesophagus via ental duct. No sperm observed in it. Spermathecae 100–165 µm long, 10–15 µm wide at the ectal duct, 60 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line, surrounded by rosette of separate glands, rosette up to 35–60 µm wide. Two midventral subneural glands in XIII–XIV, 75 µm and 60 µm long, respectively.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. Only known from the middle of Norway (Møre og Romsdal, Trøndelag and Nordland) .</p><p>Remarks. This species is unusually long and slender compared to other species of Paralumbricillus or most Lumbricillus, and is in this way more alike the species of Grania and Randidrilus Coates &amp; Erséus, 1985 . Another striking feature are the conspicuous blood vessels, but the bilobed penial bulbs and thin spermathecal ducts also stand out. The lack of sperm in the spermathecae does suggest that the specimens were not fully mature and that the shape of the spermathecae was not fully developed but the well-developed male genitalia and clitellum contradict this. The bilobed penial bulbs are somewhat similar to those of P. westheidei, but that species can be separated by having much longer sperm funnels. In our species tree (Figure 2), P. sanguineus sp. nov. was found in a clade together with P. dubius and P. sp. “ Norway ” with maximum support, but with large genetic distance between the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B87E9FFAF510860CBD003FB5DFBA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klinth, Mårten J.;Rota, Emilia;Martinsson, Svante;Erséus, Christer	Klinth, Mårten J., Rota, Emilia, Martinsson, Svante, Erséus, Christer (2024): Paralumbricillus gen. nov. and other new marine enchytraeids from the North Atlantic. Fauna norvegica 43: 110-134, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v43i0.5886, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v43i0.5886
038B87E9FFB551026094D1A3FB64F908.text	038B87E9FFB551026094D1A3FB64F908.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Claparedrilus Klinth, Rota & Erseus 2017	<div><p>Claparedrilus Klinth, Rota &amp; Erséus, 2017b</p><p>Type species. Claparedrilus semifuscoides Klinth, Rota &amp; Erséus, 2017b .</p><p>Other species. Claparedrilus semifuscus (Claparède, 1861) .</p><p>Claparedrilus torquatus Klinth &amp; Rota sp. nov. Figure 16</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F346D5D2-E051-43FE-B089- A7D26FC7AE82</p><p>Holotype. ZMBN 110970 (CE23134), Figs 16A,C–E, an amputated mature specimen stained in paracarmine and mounted on a slide. COI barcode: BOLD NOENC418-18.</p><p>Type locality. Rotsundselv, Nordreisa, Troms, Norway. In sand at the upper intertidal. Coll. C. Erséus, 14 August 2014 .</p><p>Paratype. ZMBN 110972 (CE23153) one immature specimen from the type locality. For details on collection site and GenBank accession numbers see Table S1.</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the large ectal glands forming a collar at the ectal end of the spermathecae (Latin torquatus, meaning collar-bearing).</p><p>Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from C. semifuscus (Claparède, 1861) which has huge penial bulbs, much larger than the sperm funnels, whereas the penial bulbs of C. torquatus sp. nov. are about as large as the sperm funnels. It can be distinguished from C. semifuscoides by having an ectal spermathecal gland mass that is larger than the spermathecal ampulla, whereas C. semifuscoides has a gland mass that is about the same size or smaller than the ampulla.</p><p>Description. Length of first 30–35 segments 4.0–5.0 mm (fixed, amputated specimens); first 15 segments 2.0– 2.2 mm long; width at clitellum 0.44–0.54 mm. Chaetae sigmoid. Dorsolateral bundles with 3–5 chaetae anterior to clitellum, and 3–6 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Ventral bundles with 4–6 chaetae anterior to clitellum, and 4–7 chaetae in postclitellar segments. Each worm’s longest measured chaetae 75–80 µm long, about 5 µm wide. Clitellum extending over XII–1/2XIII. Head pore at 0/1.</p><p>Coelomocytes numerous, about 15–20 µm long, round or oval, granulated with distinct nucleus. Paired pharyngeal glands present in IV, V, VI and VII; dorsal connection uncertain (Figure 16A). Dorsal vessel originating in XIII. Nephridia observed in 7/8–8/9 and postclitellar segments, about 135 µm long in segment VIII. Anteseptale small, consisting of funnel and a thin neck. Postseptale oval, tapering into thin posteroventral efferent duct (Figure 16B). Brain with posterior incision.</p><p>Male genitalia paired (Figure 16C). Testes originating in XI, with some developing sperm seemingly held together by testis sacs, forming irregular lobes in IX–XI, other cysts of developing sperm floating free in VIII–XI. Sperm funnels in XI, 145 µm long, 90 µm wide, making them about 1.5 times longer than wide, funnels tapering towards vasa deferentia. Large parts of vasa irregularly coiled around ovaries in XII, vasa 10 µm wide. Penial bulbs compact, 140 µm in diameter. No fully mature eggs observed.</p><p>Spermathecae (Figures 16D–E) in V, club-shaped, with ectal duct suddenly widening into ampulla. Ectal duct lined by layer of musculature. Ampulla round, connected to oesophagus via tapering ental duct. Sperm filling lumen of ectal duct and ampulla. Spermathecae 120 µm long, 35 µm wide at the ectal duct, 55 µm wide at widest part of ampulla. Ectal pore at lateral line, surrounded by gland cells forming a large collar-like, somewhat lobed compact mass, up to 115 µm wide. No midventral subneural glands observed.</p><p>Geographical distribution including BOLD data. Only known from the type locality in Northern Norway (Troms) .</p><p>Remarks. This species is supported as a member of Claparedrilus both genetically (Figure 2) and morphologically by the following characters: four pairs of pharyngeal glands, irregularly lobed testis sacs, and a thin anteseptale neck on the nephridium. It is similar to both C. semifuscus and C. semifuscoides in chaetal pattern and size, but has smaller penial bulbs than the former and larger spermathecal ectal glands than the latter. The quality of the original description of C. semifuscus was questioned by Klinth et al. (2017b) and its relationship to both C. semifuscoides and C. torquatus sp. nov. may be revaluated after future sampling. DISCUSSION</p><p>come from the combined collecting effort of many years with</p><p>This paper is the culmination of work started in 2017 (Klinth et different sources of funding, mainly from the Norwegian and Swedish al. 2017a; 2017b) that became the basis for a revision of Lumbricillus, Taxonomy Initiatives, and the Swedish Environmental Protection with a focus on the North East Atlantic species. The addition of Agency.</p><p>specimens from the Southern Hemisphere, which also included material of what we consider to be Marionina s. str., provided another important piece of the puzzle (Klinth et al. 2022). Now, with the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION</p><p>establishment of Paralumbricillus gen. nov., we can finally exclude the arenarius group from Lumbricillus . This has led to a more clearly Figure S1. Majority-rule consensus tree for 16S estimated with defined Lumbricillus in which most species have the characteristic Bayesian inference. Specimens marked in green are new to this study. lobed testis sacs arranged in a fan shape. Exceptions remain in the Support values are posterior probabilities. Scale bar represents the buelowi group, which constitutes the sister clade to the remaining estimated number of substitutions per site.</p><p>Lumbricillus species, where the included species have testes with only a single lobe. The members of the buelowi group resemble those of Figure S2. Majority-rule consensus tree for ITS2 estimated with Paralumbricillus gen. nov. in having only 2 or 3 chaetae per bundle Bayesian inference. Specimens marked in green are new to this study. and club-shaped spermathecae but have short sperm funnels (unlike Support values are posterior probabilities. Scale bar represents the most Paralumbricillus gen. nov.) and the testis sac is not irregularly estimated number of substitutions per site.</p><p>lobed or budding off into free floating cysts. There remains some dubious species in Lumbricillus with irregularly lobed testis sacs Figure S3. Majority-rule consensus tree for H3 estimated with that should most probably be transferred to another genus, perhaps Bayesian inference. Specimens marked in green are new to this study. even Paralumbricillus gen. nov. (Table 1), but we believe that better Support values are posterior probabilities. Scale bar represents the descriptions in combination with genetic information are needed before estimated number of substitutions per site.</p><p>making such changes. Another future aspect concerning Lumbricillus is the re-evaluation of the numerous species still with incomplete Table S1. List of specimens used in this study, with specimen descriptions, including the unnamed ones treated in this study and in identification number, collection data, GPS coordinates (in decimal Klinth et al. (2017b). Of course, there are most likely a high number degrees, WGS84), GenBank accession numbers for seven different of unknown species yet to be discovered around the world. So far we markers (bold numbers are new sequences generated in this study) have focused mainly on the Scandinavian coasts and even here not all and voucher numbers. Letters for Lumbricillus pagenstecheri refer species have been identified. to barcoding clusters (see Klinth et al. 2017a). Country codes: In previous papers (Klinth et al. 2017b; 2022), the arenarius group AU= Australia, DK= Denmark, ES= Spain, FR= France, GL= Greenland, was discussed in relation to Enchytraeoides Roule, 1888 (see Rota et NL= Netherlands, NO= Norway, SE= Sweden and UK =United al. 2008). 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Plazi	Klinth, Mårten J.;Rota, Emilia;Martinsson, Svante;Erséus, Christer	Klinth, Mårten J., Rota, Emilia, Martinsson, Svante, Erséus, Christer (2024): Paralumbricillus gen. nov. and other new marine enchytraeids from the North Atlantic. Fauna norvegica 43: 110-134, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v43i0.5886, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v43i0.5886
