taxonID	type	description	language	source
038ACB051510FFC68C4CFEEF5FDAFE38.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Lophorina superba sphinx (Neumann, 1932), a subspecies widely accepted today (Mayr, 1962; Gilliard, 1969; Frith & Beehler, 1998; Beehler & Pratt, 2016), is of enigmatic identity and source. It is known from a single, unprovenanced specimen of questionable sex and is described as having a prevailingly black head with slender white superciliaries, rather reddish back, and an isabelline breast and belly, differing ventrally from minor as niedda does from inopinata. Mayr (1962) speculated that it was from the far southeast of the Papuan Peninsula. Pace Beehler & Pratt (2016: 427) who mis-cited Schodde (1978), this possibility is plausible (Table 2) if the specimen, distinguished as uniquely large by Frith & Beehler (1998) and Beehler & Pratt (2016), is in fact an immature male mis-sexed as a female (also Gilliard, 1969); Neumann (1932) quoted ‘ ♀ ad. oder ♂ juv. ’ in the original description, which is confirmed on one of the German labels on the type, no. 153639 in MCZ (J. Trimble scan). Neumann (1932) recorded getting the specimen through a dealer in Melbourne before World War I. Its only label of that origin is a hand-cut piece of thin cardboard with English print on the back and ‘ Lophorina minor female’ on the front, nothing more (J. Trimble scan). So, the specimen was probably collected in Papua, then an Australian territory of New Guinea, between 1885 when minor was described, and 1914. In Papua during that period, the only montane region explored ornithologically – and it was intense – was the Owen Stanley Range, particularly the region inland from Port Moresby (Gilliard, 1969: 416 – 461). This is consistent with the form of the type. Its scan (J. Trimble, personal communication) shows a slightly foxed, medium brown-backed individual with extensively rufous remiges, plain black crown and frons, long thin white post-ocular stripe just reaching the nape, dark black and white speckled malar area and creamy (not isabelline) ventrum. Pace Gilliard (1969: 168) and Frith & Beehler (1998: 349), these traits closely match many specimens of minor from the Owen Stanley Range inland from Port Moresby, in the likely terra typica of minor. Although considerably larger than females of any known population, its wing (137 mm) and tail (91 mm) fit eastern New Guinean males everywhere in size and proportions (data from Frith & Beehler, 1998). The dealer’s labelling of ‘ female’, moreover, without any indication of sexing by dissection, may have been assumed, as evidently suspected by Neumann (1932). Available data thus lead us to synonymize sphinx with minor (also Cracraft, 1992). The type of lehunti Rothschild is characterized by characters intergradient with L. superba addenda. The English name for this species is drawn from the distinctively rasped territorial and advertising call of the male. Although the call is shared with L. superba, no other bird-of-paradise utters such a hissed, rasping call in advertisement.	en	Irestedt, Martin, Batalha-Filho, Henrique, Ericson Fls, Per G. P., Christidis, Les, Schodde, Richard (2017): Phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird-of-paradise species complex, Lophorina-Ptiloris (Aves: Paradisaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 439-470
038ACB05151FFFC68FE6FCA95CE9FB44.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Specimens not examined, but subspecies recognized in niedda, fide Cracraft (1992) and Beehler & Pratt (2016), notwithstanding Hartert’s (1930) reservations. A close sister relationship between the forms niedda and inopinata is to be expected given the zoogeographic affinities of the montane avifauna of the Wandammen Peninsula, e. g. co-occurrence of Amblyornis inornatus, Melipotes gymnops and Parotia sefilata in the mountains of the Doberai and Wandammen Peninsulas. The English name for this species is drawn from the uniquely out-curling attenuate tips to the long feathers in the cape of males.	en	Irestedt, Martin, Batalha-Filho, Henrique, Ericson Fls, Per G. P., Christidis, Les, Schodde, Richard (2017): Phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird-of-paradise species complex, Lophorina-Ptiloris (Aves: Paradisaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 439-470
038ACB05151FFFC68FC9FB4A5B0FFC52.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: AMNH 294594, ♀ adult, collected on 13 May 1928, by Ernst Mayr no. 602 – type locality: Siwi, Arfak Mountains, Vogelkop, West Papua. Diagnosis: Female plumage dark-backed and black-headed with small, whitish post-ocular mark as in nominate niedda, but base tone to ventrum, under-wing coverts and axillars consistently pale greyish cream, without ochreish wash; male as in nominate niedda with narrow, curved attenuately tipped cape feathering and without black centre spots to central feather scales of breast shield; both sexes with moderately tapered tails, the central rectrices longest and usually> 10 mm longer than outermost in closed tail. Other diagnoses of this form are given by Mayr (1930), Gilliard (1969) and Cracraft (1992) under the name L. s. superba. Range: mountains of the Doberai Peninsula, Vogelkop, West Papua, c. 1200 – 2000 m a. s. l. Remarks: Because the type of Paradisea superba Pennant, 1781 is of the central cordillera and not Vogelkop species of Lophorina (see L. superba below), the Vogekop subspecies in the Doberai Peninsula lacks a name. Accordingly, we supply it with inopinata = unexpected, in accord with Articles 16.1, 16.4 and 72.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, hereafter the Code (ICZN, 1999). The name furcata (Latham, 1 7 9 0), Index Ornithologicus 1: 196 (as Paradisea furcata) could apply to this form but was based on a wingless male described with a black head lacking the metallic crown scaling found in all males of Lophorina, a deeply swallow-tailed breast shield, and cape tufts ‘ somewhat like’ those of L. superba (see below). Its source locality was not recorded. Accordingly, furcata is treated here as both a nomen dubium and nomen oblitum. It does not appear to have been used as valid since the early decades of the 19 th century (see synonymies under L. superba in Sharpe, 1877, 1891 – 1898); and the type, originally in the Leverian Museum (Latham, 1782), was lost with the auction of that large early collection in 1806 (Donovan, 1806). It is missing from the only surviving bloc of Leverian avian material in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (Pelzeln, 1873).	en	Irestedt, Martin, Batalha-Filho, Henrique, Ericson Fls, Per G. P., Christidis, Les, Schodde, Richard (2017): Phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird-of-paradise species complex, Lophorina-Ptiloris (Aves: Paradisaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 439-470
038ACB05151FFFC48C5EFA4E5FFAFCEB.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Since Sharpe (1891 – 1898), the species name superba has been applied at regional level to populations of the Vogelkop (Arfak Mountains) on the assumption that its late 18 th century-type material came from the sector of New Guinea which had been most frequently visited by Moluccan and other traders. Its adult male type was brought to Europe in 1772 by Pierre Sonnerat and received into the Cabinet du Roi, Paris (Sonnerat, 1776: 157; Stresemann, 1975: 82). Sonnerat had obtained it as a trade skin from potentates in the Moluccas, New Guinean, origin unknown. He described and figured his ‘ le Superbe’ as he called it [Sonnerat, (1776: pl. 96)], as did Montbeillard in Buffon’s Histoire des Oiseaux (Montbeillard, 1774: 176 – 177, accompanying pl.) and later Buffon himself (1775: 231); Montbeillard’s figure, by Martinet, was reproduced as well on pl. 632 in Daubenton’s (1765 – 1781) Planches Enluminées that had been intended to illustrate Buffon’s work. No Linnaean binomina were applied to these descriptions or plates until Pennant in Forster’s Indische Zoologie (1781). There Pennant listed the species as Paradisea Superba and referred it to pl. 632 in Daubenton (1765 – 1781), thus making the name available (Article 12.2.7 of the Code) and identifying the figure in pl. 632 as representing its holotype (Article 73.1.2 of the Code). By the turn of 19 th century, however, Sonnerat’s type had disintegrated, destroyed by sulphur fumigation intended to rid the Cabinet du Roi of dermestid infestation (Levaillant, 1806: 46 – 47; Stresemann, 1975: 87). Subsequent descriptions and figures of ‘ le Superbe’ by the French ornithologists Audebert & Vieillot (1802: 25 – 25, pl. 7) and Levaillant (1806: 46 – 50, pls 14 – 15) are of fresh material brought to Europe through the burgeoning spice trade. Both are of the Vogelkop form, showing long out-curving and acuminately tipped outer cape plumes that extend to or beyond the wing tips in repose. Levaillant’s beautifully accurate figures, with central rectrices longest and central feather scales of the breast shield clearly lacking black centre spots, formed the basis for figured traits of the male Superb Bird-of-Paradise for decades to come (Shaw & Nodder, 1812; Gould & Sharpe, 1875 – 1888; Sharpe, 1891 – 1898). Together with associated black-headed females (Elliot, 1873; Gould & Sharpe, 1875 – 1888; Sharpe, 1877; Sharpe, 1891 – 1898) and Sonnerat’s similarly early specimen of the Vogelkop endemic, Parotia sefilata, they contributed to the 20 th century presumption that the type locality of L. superba was restricted to the mountains of the Doberai Peninsula, Vogelkop (Mayr, 1930, 1941, 1962). The figures and descriptions of Sonnerat’s type, however, match males of the central cordillera – Papuan Peninsula populations instead. Not only are the longest (mid-outer) cape plumes rather straight and distinctly shorter than the square-tipped tail in repose (Sonnerat, 1776: pl. 96), but the tips of the plumes are also squared-off, tending to spathulate (Daubenton, 1765 – 1781: pl. 632). There are discrepancies however. Although technical delineation is poor, the central breast shield feather scales show no sign of black centre spots. Thus, notwithstanding that cape and tail traits overtly identify Daubenton’s plate 632 with central cordillera – Papuan Peninsula forms, this minor discrepancy and the possibility that longer, out-curving and narrowly rounded outer cape feathers could have been in moult at the time introduce elements of doubt and grounds for dispute. In these circumstances, where the type is demonstrably lost (Levaillant, 1806: 46 – 47) and taxonomic identity is potentially controversial, we resolve uncertainty by choosing a neotype to fix application of superba Pennant to the population of Lophorina that Daubenton’s (1765 – 1781) plate 632 most closely and most likely depicts: the western cordillera form. Accordingly, we designate as neotype AMNH 302387, ♂ adult, collected on 29 September 1931, by the Expedition Stein no. 2628 – type locality: Mt. Kunupi, Kobowre Mountains, West Papua, 1400 – 1700 m a. s. l. This action complies with the qualifying conditions for neotypification required by Article 75.3 of the Code by: (1) objectively establishing the taxonomic application of the species name superba Pennant, for reasons stated above (Article 75.3.1); (2) defining, in Table 2, the morphological characters by which the taxon superba Pennant is distinguished from nominal taxa in the Vogelkop; the neotype has those traits (Article 75.3.2); (3) providing, in the above neotypification, data and description sufficient to identify the specimen designated (Article 75.3.3); (4) giving reference to sources demonstrating that prior type material has perished (Article 75.3.4); (5) providing evidence, in the discussion above and in Table 2, that the neotype is consistent with the former name-bearing type in sex, life-stage and appearance (Article 75.3.5); (6) selecting the neotype from the mountain system (Kobowre Mountains) nearest to 18 th century trade routes to the Moluccas and Europe where spathulate feather-caped taxa of Lophorina are found (Article 75.3.6) and (7) recording the deposition of the neotype in a recognized scientific research institution, the American Museum of Natural History, New York (Article 75.3.7). In considering the nomenclatural impact of a shift in application of superba Pennant, we submit, given the splitting of species advocated here, that transferring superba to the most widespread and familiar segregate species serves stability better than keeping it for a localised endemic in the Vogelkop. Authorship of superba Pennant, together with the numerous other new specific names in Pennant’s ‘ Specimen Faunulae Indicae ’ (in Forster, 1781) that Dickinson & Remsen (2013) and Dickinson & Christidis (2014) transferred to J. R. Forster, must be corrected back to Pennant, as is conventional. Dickinson & Remsen (2013) and Dickinson & Christidis (2014) relied on Allen (1908) for the shift, but evidently misread Allen’s careful analysis of Forster’s (1781) work. That analysis was concerned with the authority for names of taxa described in the body of the work, mostly associated with figures, and not those in a separate name list of mammals and birds at the end of the work. The name list – Pennant’s ‘ Specimen ’ – is published under the stated authorship of Pennant. Allen dealt with the ‘ Specimen ’ in a separate paragraph, where he himself referred to it as Pennant’s. Because Pennant is published as the author of the ‘ Specimen ’ within Forster’s work, he must be accorded authority under Article 50.1.1 of the Code (ICZN, 1999) until indisputable proof to the contrary is forthcoming.	en	Irestedt, Martin, Batalha-Filho, Henrique, Ericson Fls, Per G. P., Christidis, Les, Schodde, Richard (2017): Phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird-of-paradise species complex, Lophorina-Ptiloris (Aves: Paradisaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 439-470
038ACB05151DFFC48FCCFCE65C1DFAFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The subspecific name addenda Iredale (1948) was previously synonymized under the subspecies superba (Mayr, 1962, as feminina) or latipennis (Cracraft, 1992; Beehler & Pratt, 2016).	en	Irestedt, Martin, Batalha-Filho, Henrique, Ericson Fls, Per G. P., Christidis, Les, Schodde, Richard (2017): Phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird-of-paradise species complex, Lophorina-Ptiloris (Aves: Paradisaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 439-470
038ACB05151CFFC58FD4FE545F6FFC35.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Vieillot specified no more precise locality than ‘ La Nouvelle-Guinée’ as the source of his material when describing this species, but his description ‘ les plumes du capistratum s’avancent un peu sur les narines’ points to the western species in New Guinea. Mayr (1941, 1962) restricted the type locality arbitrarily to Dorei = Manokwari, Vogelkop, without explanation, a practice not recognised by Article 76 of the Code (ICZN, 1999).	en	Irestedt, Martin, Batalha-Filho, Henrique, Ericson Fls, Per G. P., Christidis, Les, Schodde, Richard (2017): Phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird-of-paradise species complex, Lophorina-Ptiloris (Aves: Paradisaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 439-470
038ACB05151CFFC58FA1FBB55C4AFA22.taxon	description	Range: northern Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, south to Weipa on the west coast and McIlwraith Range on the east, 0 – 500 m a. s. l.	en	Irestedt, Martin, Batalha-Filho, Henrique, Ericson Fls, Per G. P., Christidis, Les, Schodde, Richard (2017): Phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird-of-paradise species complex, Lophorina-Ptiloris (Aves: Paradisaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 439-470
