identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038A87EF7E60FFF71F9359B5B7A9F8B0.text	038A87EF7E60FFF71F9359B5B7A9F8B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyclopoliarus Fennah 1945	<div><p>Genus  Cyclopoliarus Fennah, 1945</p><p>Type species:  Cyclopoliarus biperforatus Fennah, 1945</p><p>Amended Diagnosis (updated from Fennah 1945b). Large pentastirine cixiids (generally 7mm +), often distinctly patterned and pale yellow in coloration. Head narrower than pronotum, somewhat anteriorly produced. Vertex relatively narrow and elongated (length nearly 2x width), disc concave, sometimes bearing a short median carina, anterior margin nearly truncate bearing transverse apical carina, lateral margins somewhat foliate, nearly straight (weakly diverging basad); posterior margin angulately incised (sometimes more broadly), subapical transverse carina meeting before head apex connecting with apical transverse carinae by a pair or longitudinal carina forming a median areolet (and lateral triangular areolet), median areolet contiguous with areolet formed by fork of median carina of frons. Frons relatively elongated (and often medially darkened with a pale outer margin), frons plus clypeus collectively forming an elongated diamond shape (both bearing a median carina); lateral margins foliate, expanding to below level of antennae then incurved; lower lateral part of frons bearing a variably defined fossa on each side. Frontoclypeal suture strongly bending to excise quadrate region from within frons. Median ocellus distinct above frontoclypeal suture, lateral ocelli near anteroventral margin of eyes. Eyes rounded, weakly emarginate near antennae. Antennae short (nearly hidden from frontal view by lateral margins of face), scape ring-like, pedicel bulbous bearing sensory plaques. Rostrum long, exceeding hind trochanters.</p><p>Pronotum short, median carina present, lateral carinae of each side following hind margin of eyes; posterior margin deeply excavate in obtuse angle. Mesonotum broader than long, often marked with three dark longitudinal stripes, with five carinae, intermediate carinae often less conspicuous. Legs slender and elongated, hind tibia with 3 (rarely 2) lateral teeth, apical ornamentation usually 6(3+3 or 5+1)/7/7. Tegmina transparent or weakly embrowned, veins strong and dark, setae-bearing tubercles inconspicuous; elongated, weakly spatulate; composite vein ScP+ R forming long stem before forking of ScP+RA from RP at level near proximal third (CuA forked just before fork of ScP+RA from RP), usual branching pattern RA 2-branched, RP 3-branched, MP 5-branched, CuA 2-branched.</p><p>Male terminalia with pygofer, in lateral view, broad (lateral margins of opening variably expanded in ventral view); in ventral view, medioventral lobe of pygofer triangular, about as tall as wide, lateral lobes of the pygofer elongate, often asymmetrical. Gonostyli elongated (exceeding lateral lobes of the pygofer), slender proximally, expanded and upcurved distally into a somewhat quadrate lobe (often with a triangular flange or a curved spine on inner face). Aedeagal complex (aedeagus plus periandrium) narrow, bearing several elongated processes in varied arrangements; periandrium bearing several elongated spines; from ventral view endosoma elongated (about as long as aedeagus) and partly sclerotized, curving left, to rest retrorsely, subapical region expanded, usually bearing one (or two) apical spine(s). Anal segment in dorsal view elongate ovate, usually asymmetrical and terminating in a pointed lobe; in lateral view apex elongated and pointed.</p><p>Etymology. The genus name is derived from ‘Cyclops’ (from Greek, meaning “round-eyed,” the one-eyed giant in Greek mythology), combined with the genus name  Oliarus . It is masculine in gender (Dmitriev 2022). Fennah (1945b) did not specify the derivation of the name or whether the name refers to any morphological features, but it might refer to the shape of the anal tube from dorsal view. It may also refer to the dark marking of the face.</p><p>Remarks. The large size, asymmetrically pointed anal tube of the male, and dark maculation of the frons separate  Cyclopoliarus from similar genera in the  Pentastirini . The small pits in the lateral portion near the lower margin of the frons appeared to be present in other members of the genus that we examined and might be a consistent (but not unique) feature. Most members of the genus appear to be relatively strongly-marked—unusual among most of the American  Pentastirini —bearing three longitudinal contrasting markings on the thorax and a laterally pale face. The Antillean members of this genus appear to differ extensively from the mainland taxa. The relationship between the mainland and Antillean  Cyclopoliarus deserves further review (Hendrix &amp; Bartlett, 2024a).</p><p>The monotypic  Oliarissa Fennah is the genus most morphologically similar to  Cyclopoliarus . It most readily differs in the form of the aedeagus (Fennah 1944, figs. 5-6; Fig. 7), the endosoma of which ventrally bears at least three, short broad processes. The form of the periandrium is very similar between the two genera. The anal tube of  Oliarissa (Fennah 1944, fig. 7; Fig. 6C) is elongated and bilobed apically, unlike the asymmetrical, ovate and pointed anal tube of  Cyclopoliarus . They are difficult to separate based on external morphology; the sole species of  Oliarissa —  Oliarissa armiger (Fennah) —lacks dark maculations on the frons (unlike most other  Cyclopoliarus from the mainland neotropics) and has a narrower face. The species otherwise share the generally yellow coloration and three dark longitudinal markings on the thorax.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87EF7E60FFF71F9359B5B7A9F8B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Barrantes Barrantes, Edwin A.;Zumbado Echavarria, Marco A.;Bartlett, Charles R.;Hendrix, Solomon V.;Helmick, Ericka E.;Bahder, Brian W.	Barrantes Barrantes, Edwin A., Zumbado Echavarria, Marco A., Bartlett, Charles R., Hendrix, Solomon V., Helmick, Ericka E., Bahder, Brian W. (2025): A new species of Cyclopoliarus (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from American oil palms (Elaeis oleifera) in Caño Negro, Costa Rica. Zootaxa 5584 (4): 523-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.4
038A87EF7E62FFFF1F935EA7B471FAC9.text	038A87EF7E62FFFF1F935EA7B471FAC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyclopoliarus nigelwatsoni Bahder, Bartlett & Hendrix 2025	<div><p>Cyclopoliarus nigelwatsoni Bahder, Bartlett &amp; Hendrix sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 3-8)</p><p>Type locality.  Caño Negro, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica.</p><p>Diagnosis. Yellow-orange body coloration with three distinct longitudinal stripes on mesonotum. Vertex fuscous, face predominately pale. Pygofer (lateral view) bilaterally asymmetrical, left side bearing large truncate lobe on lateral margin of pygofer opening. Aedeagus with elongated, apical process curved retrorsely to reach base of aedeagus and complex of three processes arising near aedeagal midlength on left side in ventral view.</p><p>Description. Color. Ground color yellow-orange (Fig. 3). Vertex dark fuscous, carinae pale. Frons yellow-orange except two dark fuscous patches at dorsal margin (either side of median carina) and pair of light fuscous patches adjacent to median ocellus; anteclypeus and labrum pale medially, dark laterally. Mesonotum bearing three longitudinal fuscous stripes (one at midline with two circular projections at anterior margin, and two laterad of lateral carinae). Abdomen with middorsal fuscous wash on middle segments.</p><p>Structure. Body length males (n = 4): 9.1–9.3 mm with wings; 5.3–5.6 mm without wings (Table 4). Head. In dorsal view, vertex narrow (Fig. 4A), about 2.25 times as long as wide, slightly constricted medially, wider at anterior and posterior margins, lateral carinae foliate (disc deeply concave), anterior margin slightly convex, bearing transverse apical carina, posterior margin strongly and broadly concave (with median notch), subapical transverse carinae originating from anterior margin of eye to meet subapically, connecting to apical transverse carina by pair of parallel ridges defining small areolet (visible from dorsoanterior view); lateral areolets subtriangular, reaching anterior margin of eyes; in lateral view (Fig. 4B), head in profile generally rounded (vertex convex, face more linear than vertex) with slight keel at fastigium (at apical transverse carina), head anteriorly projecting for distance about equal to width of antennae; in frontal view (Fig. 4C), face roughly rhomboid (strongly concave at dorsal margin), lateral carinae foliate; frons narrowest at dorsal margin, expanding approximately to level of antennae, then converging; lateroventral portion of each side bearing distinct fovae; median carina distinct, forked between eyes to form indistinct areolet. Frontoclypeal suture strongly curved to define large median quadrate region. Ocelli distinct, lateral ocelli at anterovetral margin of eye. Eyes rounded, emarginated above antenna. Antennae short, scape ring-like, pedicel bulbous (a little taller than wide), flagellum setaceous with bulbous base.</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum very short (Fig. 4A); anterior margin bluntly convex, posterior margin broadly angulately incised, strongly carinate with lateral carinae extending from midline, foliate, arched laterally (following outline of head margin), extending laterally on to paradiscal region (Fig. 4B), reaching anterior margin of paradiscal region about level of antenna; paradiscal region broad, irregularly quadrate, ventral margin exceeding antennae. Mesonotum longer than broad bearing five carinae, intermediate carinae obscure, lateral carinae complete to posterior margin, median carina obsolete on scutellum. Hind leg with three lateral teeth, apical ornamentation 6-7/8-8.</p><p>Forewing transparent (Fig. 5), light amber, veins dark and distinct, setae-bearing tubercles inconspicuous; oblong, costal margin gently curved, apex rounded, posterior margin nearly linear, RA 2-branched, RP 3-branched, M 5-branched and CuA 2-branched.</p><p>Terminalia. Pygofer in left lateral view (Fig. 6A) narrowest dorsally, anterior margin concave and irregularly sinuate, posterior margin bearing large truncate projection on lateral margins of pygofer opening; in ventral view; medioventral process subtriangular (taller than wide), about a third as tall as lateral margins. Gonostyli elongated; in lateral view (Fig. 6A) proximally narrow, distally broadly expanded into broad upturned subquadrate region; distal apex rounded; in ventral view, slender basally, distally expanded laterally and cephalad from midpoint, then tapered to broadly rounded apex. Aedeagal complex with periandrium narrow, enclosing most of aedeagal shaft, bearing an elongated curved apical process (A1, apex reaching base of aedeagus) and a cluster of processes (A2a–e) arising from same base near midlength of aedeagus (on left, ventral view, Figs. 7B, 8B). The endosoma is curved left (ventral view, Figs 7B, 8B), and again near midlength, expanded subapically into irregular lobe, bearing a short, slender curved process (E1, Figs. 7B, 8A, B). Anal segment in dorsal view asymmetrical (Fig. 6C), elongated, apex pointed (apex to right of center from dorsal view); from lateral view, ventral margin nearly linear, apex pointed, projected caudad.</p><p>Plant associations.  Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés (American oil palm).</p><p>Distribution. Northern Costa Rica, Caño Negro.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is a patronym for Mr. Nigel Watson, a close friend of the senior author whose friendship during his undergraduate years was instrumental to his success.</p><p>Material examined.   Holotype male “ Costa Rica, Alajuela Pr. /  Caño Negro / 19.V.2019 / Coll.: B.W.Bahder // Holotype /  Cyclopoliarus nigelwatsoni ♂ ” (FLREC) ;  Paratypes 2 males, 5 females, same data as holotype (FSCA) .</p><p>Sequence Data. For the barcoding region of COI, a 529 bp product was generated, for 18S, a 1,367 bp product was generated and for the D9–D10 expansion region, a 771 bp product was generated. In all analyses, the  Pentastirini were monophyletic and closely related to the Oecleini. Within the  Pentastirini,  Cyclopoliarus nigelwatsoni sp. nov. was derived from within the genus  Melanoliarus . For both 18S and 28S (Fig. 9A, 9B) there is strong bootstrap support (100) for the placement of  C. nigelwatsoni sp. nov. adjacent to  Melanoliarus, and also in the concatenated data consensus tree (Fig. 9D) based on COI, 18S and 28S (Fig. 9) with strong bootstrap support (98). However, the relationship of  C. nigelwatsoni sp. nov. to congeners and  Melanoliarus cannot be properly assessed because there is no molecular data for other species of  Cyclopoliarus .  Melanoliarus is a large (~80 species), heterogeneous taxon and this result may be reflective of paraphyly in  Melanoliarus . Also, the outgroup taxa are members of different tribes (Oecleini and Bothriocerini), that may prove to not be closely related to the  Pentastirini .A recent phylogenetic study (Luo et al. 2024) shows Bothriocerini arising within a paraphyletic Oecleini, resolving adjacent to  Oecleus and most closely related to the Pentastrini. This relationship is generally confirmed by our analysis but non Oecleini/ Borthiocerini/Pentastrini taxa were not analyzed in this study so this larger scale relationship was not tested here. While this relationship is likely accurate, a critical issue is that Oecleini, as currently defined, is paraphyletic and, thus, the tribal classification needs revision. The data herein suggests that there is at least one (maybe two) lineages within the Oecleini that merit tribal status. In one scenario,  Myxia +  Haplaxius +  Nymphocixia (this study but including  Coframalaxius and  Trigonocranus when considering Luo et al. 2024). In the other  Myxia (with  Meenocixius and  Borbonomyndus from Luo et al. 2024) forms a distinct tribe relative to Haplxius +  Nymphocixia ( Coframalaxius +  T rigonocranus from Luo et al. 2024), which forms a separate tribe. These changes to the classification are beyond the scope of this study and will require further analysis with denser taxon sampling and, likely, additional molecular markers to resolve/confirm. Among the taxa analyzed, the pairwise comparison based on 18S,  C. nigelwatsoni sp. nov. differs from the subset of species for  Melanoliarus at a level consistent with intrageneric variability (an average of 0.5% different) and differs from other genera in the Oecleini and Bothriocerini by an average of 3.2%. Furthermore, intrageneric variability with the Oecleini and Bothriocerini is on average 0.5% and 0.6%, respectively (Table 5).</p><p>Remarks. Placement of  Cyclopoliarus nigelwatsoni sp. nov. in this genus is supported by the general habitus, large size and features of the terminalia, including the asymmetrically pointed anal tube. The general features of the terminalia are similar to other members of the genus (e.g., Fennah 1945a, figs. 27–36; Fennah 1945b, plate XI; Fennah 1971, figs. 99–105). The only other member of  Cyclopoliarus that has been described from the mainland is  C. omani (Metcalf, 1938), from Panama (Fig. 10). The general color pattern of the body of  C. omani is very similar to  C. nigelwatsoni sp. nov., differing in several details (most notably, the face of  C. omani is more extensively marked with fuscous). These taxa are also diagnosable by male terminalia. Regarding the terminalia, the pygofer of  C. omani is closer to symmetrical (Figs. 10B, C), the medioventral process of the pygofer is shorter and pentagonal in  C. omani (triangular and longer in  C. nigelwatsoni sp. nov.), and the anal tube is more strongly asymmetrical and pointed in  C. nigelwatsoni sp. n ov. (Fig. 6C), whereas it is weakly asymmetrical and apically bilobed in  C. omani . The aedeagus and periandrium of the two species are similar in overall structure, but differ in the position and arrangement of nearly all associated processes; including the prominent apical process (Figure 8, A 1) is absent in  C. omani, and the cluster of processes (Fig. 8, A 3a–d) arises more distad in  C. omani and is differently organized;  C. omani possesses a prominent elongated and sinuate process on (from ventral view) the left lateral side (the dextral process of Mead &amp; Kramer 1982), elongated processes on the dorsal midlength of the endosoma (both absent in  C. nigelwatsoni sp. nov.), and two similar slender processes on the apex of the endosoma.</p><p>Other type material examined.   Holotype  Oliarus omani Metcalf 1938 (USNM, male, Fig. 10) “TrinidadRiv / Pan Mar 2.11 / AugustBusck //  Oliarus omani / Det. Z.P.M. Met. / Holotype [red paper] / USNMENT 01145683 [2D barcode label]”  Paratype (2 males, USNM), same data as holotype, 2D barcodes AMNH _ IZC 00300536, UDCC _ TCN 00101741 .</p><p>Other material examined (male, USNM), same data as holotype (no paratype label), 2D barcode UDCC _ TCN 00101754 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87EF7E62FFFF1F935EA7B471FAC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Barrantes Barrantes, Edwin A.;Zumbado Echavarria, Marco A.;Bartlett, Charles R.;Hendrix, Solomon V.;Helmick, Ericka E.;Bahder, Brian W.	Barrantes Barrantes, Edwin A., Zumbado Echavarria, Marco A., Bartlett, Charles R., Hendrix, Solomon V., Helmick, Ericka E., Bahder, Brian W. (2025): A new species of Cyclopoliarus (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from American oil palms (Elaeis oleifera) in Caño Negro, Costa Rica. Zootaxa 5584 (4): 523-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5584.4.4
