taxonID	type	description	language	source
038F6234FF9DFFA2FF6A35FA2DD9FB79.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica L. (1); Aquifoliaceae: Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxton (31), Ilex crenata Thunb. (1) *, Ilex sp. (10); Cycadaceae: “ sago palm ” (1); Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. (9) *, Elaeagnus sp. (2); Lamiaceae: Callicarpa americana L. (1) *, Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. (1) *; Meliaceae: Swietenia sp. (1) *; Passifloraceae: Passiflora suberosa L. (1) *; Phyllanthaceae: Bischofia javanica Blume (1) *; Rutaceae: Citrus × aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (3), Citrus × aurantium L. (38), Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck (7), Citrus medica L. (1), Citrus reticulata Blanco (7), Citrus sp. (61), Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (7), Murraya sp. (1); Santalaceae: Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M. C. Johnst. (1) *; Solanaceae: Solanum nigrum L. (1) *; Theaceae: Camellia sasanqua Thunb. (1) *. Notes. Lepidosaphes beckii is the most frequently encountered Lepidosaphes species in Florida. This species is highly polyphagous but most common on citrus. It may be confused with glover scale, Lepidosaphes gloverii, on citrus in the field. However, mature adult female L. gloverii are more elongate than L. beckii. Slide-mounted specimens differ (character states of L. gloverii are given in parentheses) by having: cicatrices (or bosses) on the dorsum (cicatrices absent) and the thorax unsclerotized in mature specimens (distinctly sclerotized thorax in mature specimens). On Ilex, L. beckii may be mistaken for L. camelliae. Again, the presence of dorsal cicatrices can differentiate L. beckii from L. camelliae, which does not have them. For a comparison of L. beckii with L. chinensis see the “ Notes ” section of the latter.	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF9EFFA2FF6A34A42CA6F9AF.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex cornuta (11), Ilex opaca Aiton (1) *, Ilex sp. (2); Pentaphylacaceae: Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Wight & Arn.) Bedd. (1) *, Ternstroemia sp. (1); Rosaceae: Raphiolepis sp. (1); Theaceae: Camellia japonica L. (23), Camellia sp. (8). Notes. This is a common species generally found on hollies and camellias. Lepidosaphes camelliae is similar to L. pallida by lacking cicatrices and lateral spurs, by having less than seven dorsal submedial ducts between the anal opening and L 2 (second pygidial lobe), and by having a small dorsal duct anterior to L 2. They differ (character states of L. pallida are given in parentheses) by having: the small dorsal duct anterior to L 2 conspicuously wider than the ducts in gland spines (the same width as the ducts in the gland spines) and by usually having four submedial dorsal ducts between the anal opening and L 2 (usually with two).	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF9EFFAEFF6A36F72FB4FEEF.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Asparagaceae: Dracaena braunii Engl. (5), Dracaena sanderiana Mast. (17), Dracaena sp. (1); Orchidaceae (1). Notes. This species is not established in Florida but is frequently intercepted on nursery stock of lucky bamboo (Dracaena sp.) (Stocks 2014). Lepidosaphes chinensis is similar to L. beckii in having cicatrices on the abdomen and a small dorsal duct anterior to L 2. They differ (characters of L. beckii are given in parentheses) in having: five pairs of cicatrices (three or four pairs of cicatrices) and one or two lateral spurs (without lateral spurs, rarely with one).	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF92FFAEFF6A31372CD1FCF2.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Celastraceae: Euonymus japonicus Thunb. (1), Euonymus sp. (1); Lauraceae: Tamala borbonia (L.) Raf. (1) *; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava L. (1); Polygonaceae: Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. (1) *; Rutaceae: Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle (1) *, Casimiroa edulis La Llave (1) *, × Citrofortunella sp. (1) *, Citrus × aurantifolia (12), Citrus × aurantium (29), Citrus × limon (3), Citrus × microcarpa Bunge (2) *, Citrus reticulata (8), Citrus sp. (33), Citrus trifoliata L. (1), Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (2) *, Clausena excavata Burm. f. (1) *, Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. (1) *. Notes. A species common in Florida, it is most frequently found on citrus. Lepidosaphes gloverii is similar to L. serrifrons by having a narrow body and by lacking cicatrices. They differ (character states of L. serrifrons are given in parentheses) by having: spiculae on the head absent (spiculae in the form of conspicuous, acute projections of the cuticle present on margin of head); lateral spurs on the anterior abdominal segments (lateral spurs lacking); and a small dorsal duct anterior to L 2 (without a small dorsal macroduct anterior to L 2). For a comparison of L. gloverii with L. laterochitinosa see the “ Notes ” section of the latter.	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF92FFAEFF6A33132A16FBAA.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Araceae: Aglaonema sp. (1), Epipremnum pinnatum (20); Asparagaceae: Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl. (4), Dracaena reflexa (1) *, Dracaena sp. (2); Phyllanthaceae: Breynia disticha (2) *. Notes. Lepidosaphes laterochitinosa is similar to L. gloverii by having a narrow body shape, lateral spurs on the anterior abdominal segments, distinct sclerotization on mature adult females, and a small dorsal duct anterior to L 2. They differ (character states of L. gloverii are given in parentheses) by having: fewer than seven dorsal ducts between the anal opening and L 2 (with more than seven) and small spiculae on the head present (absent).	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF92FFAEFF6A34F42C3AFA7C.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Orchidaceae (3): Dendrobium sp. (1) Notes. This is an uncommonly encountered species only known on orchids. Lepidosaphes mackieana is similar to L. tokionis by lacking cicatrices, lateral spurs, and the small dorsal duct anterior to L 2. They differ (character states of L. tokionis are given in parentheses) by having: the medial margin of the median lobe shorter than the lateral margin (about equal); cephalic lobes small or absent (conspicuous); and a row of ventral ducts between the posterior spiracles (without a row of ventral ducts between the posterior spiracles). For a comparison of L. mackieana with L. punicae see the “ Notes ” section of the latter.	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF92FFAEFF6A35A12AD3F84A.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Cupressaceae: Callitris sp. (1) *, Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L. f.) D. Don (1), Cupressus sempervirens L. (8) *, Cupressus sp. (3) *, × Hesperotropsis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Garland & Gerry Moore (1) *, Juniperus barbadensis L. (1) *, Juniperus bermudiana L. (1), Juniperus chinensis L. (22), Juniperus communis L. (1), Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (2) *, Juniperus horizontalis Moench (3) *, Juniperus sabina L. (1) *, Juniperus sp. (35), Juniperus rigida var. conferta (Parl.) Patschke (5), Juniperus virginiana L. (7) *, Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (5) *, Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (1) *, Thuja sp. (4) *; Pinaceae: Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don (1) *, Cedrus sp. (3) *; Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet (1), Podocarpus sp. (2); Taxaceae: Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex J. Forbes) K. Koch (2), Taxus sp. (1). Notes. This species generally prefers coniferous trees. It has been commonly collected in Florida in the past but in recent years it is rarely seen. For a comparison of L. pallida with L. camelliae see the “ Notes ” section of the latter.	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF97FFABFF6A309E2D77FDD3.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Orchidaceae (3): Cymbidium sp. (7). Notes. An uncommonly encountered species that has only been collected on orchids in Florida, though it can be a polyphagous pest elsewhere (Miller and Davidson 2005; García Morales et al. 2016). Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis is similar to L. ulmi by having numerous small submedial dorsal ducts between the anal opening and L 2. They differ (character states of L. ulmi are given in parentheses) by having: the eye represented by sclerotized spur (eye absent or dome shaped); lateral abdominal spurs absent (present); and one small dorsal duct anterior to L 2 (two small dorsal ducts anterior to L 2).	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF97FFABFF6A323C2E63FC0F.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica (1) *; Annonaceae: Annona sp. (1) *, Annona squamosa L. (1) *; Fabaceae: Erythrina sp. (1); Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (1) *; Ficus benjamina L. (1) *; Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan Lour. (3) *, Litchi chinensis Sonn. (7), Nephelium lappaceum L. (1) *. Notes. This species has been an issue for litchi orchards in Florida in past years (Miller and Davidson 2005), but it has only been submitted twice to FDACS-DPI for identification in the past 15 years. Lepidosaphes punicae is similar to L. mackieana by having the median lobes triangular, the posterior apex of the abdomen acute, and the median lobes with the medial margin shorter than the lateral margin. They differ (character states of L. mackieana are given in parentheses) by having: abdominal cicatrices (without cicatrices); L 2 with more than two projections (with two); and submedial dorsal ducts between the anal opening and L 2 more than ten (fewer than ten).	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF97FFABFF6A33972BACFACF.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum sp. (6), Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A. Juss. (3). Notes. This species was intercepted on Codiaeum nursery stock from Costa Rica at least nine times between 1989 – 1993 but has not been collected subsequently in Florida. Lepidosaphes serrifrons was also intercepted from Costa Rica by USDA-APHIS repeatedly between 1986 – 2006, but it has not been intercepted in recent years. Currently, this species is officially reported only from Italy (Leonardi 1898; García Morales et al. 2016). We include it in the key because of its history of interception but there is no evidence that this species is present in the Florida landscape. For a comparison of L. serrifrons with L. gloverii see the “ Notes ” section of the latter.	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF97FFABFF6A35572B36F8C1.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum sp. (6), Codiaeum variegatum (6), Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava (1) *. Notes. We include L. tokionis in the key because of its history of interception but there is not yet evidence that this species is established in Florida. In the course of the study, we found that Lepidosaphes tokionis was repeatedly misidentified as L. camelliae on Codiaeum variegatum from at least three separate nurseries in St. Lucie (1987), Seminole (1990), and Orange (1995) counties. Other specimens of L. tokionis were found in the FSCA collection which had been identified as Lepidosaphes sp. were intercepted again in Seminole county in 1996. In other years, nursery stock in Seminole County (1997) and import inspections via the Dominican Republic (1989) and Guatemala (2001) were correctly identified as L. tokionis. We have also identified a series of much older Florida slides from Key West (1950) and St. Lucie (1920) of L. tokionis that had been unidentified until now. Unfortunately, these older slides do not indicate whether plants were nursery stock or planted in the landscape. However, most slides from this time period in the FSCA were nursery or import inspections, not collections from natural areas. For a comparison of L. tokionis with L. mackieana see the “ Notes ” section of the latter.	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
038F6234FF8CFFB0FF6A309E2B09FDAE.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts in FSCA. Lauraceae: Camphora officinarum Boerh. ex Fabr. (1); Moraceae: Ficus carica L. (3); Paeoniaceae: Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (1) *; Oleaceae: Fraxinus sp. (1), Syringa sp. (1); Rosaceae (1): Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. (1), Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (1), Pyrus communis L. (1), Rosa spinosissima L. (1) *; Salicaceae: Populus tremuloides Michx. (1), Salix babylonica L. (1); Salix sp. (1); Sapindaceae: Acer negundo L. (1). Notes. Despite being one of the most ubiquitous species of Lepidosaphes in the United States, and across the world, L. ulmi has apparently not been collected in the Florida landscape since 1921 and more recent records of the species are all from interceptions of propagative material (Dekle 1965; FDACS-DPI database). When it was collected, it was apparently restricted to the northern panhandle in Baker and Duval counties (Dekle 1965). For a comparison of L. ulmi with L. pinnaeformis see the “ Notes ” section of the latter.	en	Evans, Erin C. Powell Mark Zenoble Douglass R. Miller Benjamin B. Normark Gregory A. (2024): A new invasive Lepidosaphes armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) for Florida: first records, natural enemies, and an identification key. Insecta Mundi 2024 (73): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662496
