taxonID	type	description	language	source
038187E10C61FFC70A1A940EFAB2FA74.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — Six remains have been recovered: CP-VIII: left diaphysis fragment of a carpometacarpus, two sternum fragments, proximal femur, a left proximal ulna and a distal tibiotarsus.	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C61FFC40DA9972EFBAAFA40.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — CP-VIII: complete left tarsometatarsus and right distal tarsometatarsus (Fig. 2 A).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C61FFC40DA9972EFBAAFA40.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The two tarsometatarsus are the same size. The total length of the tarsometatarsus (38.6 mm) fits several representatives of the order Galliformes but allows to rule out the larger-sized taxa (Erbersdobler 1968). The proximal (7.5 mm) and distal length (8.2 mm for both remains) fits both Lagopus lagopus and Perdix perdix Linnaeus, 1758 (Kraft 1972). Morphologically, the tarsometatarsus recovered shows round epicondyles in trochlea metatarsi II; also, the trochleae are spread. That, along with the proportions of the smallest width of the shaft (3.6 mm) and the total length (Fig. 3), allows us to assign these remains to Lagopus lagopus (Kraft 1972).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C61FFC40DA9972EFBAAFA40.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The current European distribution of the willow grouse is limited to Scandinavia and Scotland (Juana et al. 2019); nevertheless, during the Pleistocene it expanded its habitat southwards, outranging its current distribution (Sánchez-Marco 2004; Holm & Svenning 2014). The contraction of their refuges during the Holocene explains the current distribution of the species (Lagerholm et al. 2017). Nowadays the distribution of the willow grouse is related to tundra areas and openings of boreal forests (Juana et al. 2019). In the Iberian Upper Pleistocene, the willow ptarmigan appears in Aitzbitarte IV (Elorza 1990), Ermittia (Elorza 1993), Urratxa III (Elorza 1997), Laminak II (HernándezCarrasquilla 1993), Abauntz (Altuna et al. 2002), Praileaitz 1 (Moreno-García 2017) and Santa Catalina (Elorza 2014; Laroulandie 2014).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C62FFC50DAA972EFE75FDDD.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — CP-VIII: complete right coracoid (Fig. 2 B).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C62FFC50DAA972EFE75FDDD.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The coracoid shows the morphology of Galliformes, the medial length of the coracoid (33.7 mm) fits the size of Tetrastes bonasia, Perdix perdix and Alectoris graeca Meisner 1804. The acrocoracoid shows a tuberculum craniale more laterodistally positioned than the tuberculum caudale. The foramen pneumaticum, is well developed, unlike in Alectoris Kaup, 1829 (which presents a hump in that position) and is located further from the articulation with the sternum than in Perdix Brisson 1760. Those characters allow the assignation of the bone to Tetrastes bonasia (Kraft 1972).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C62FFC50DAA972EFE75FDDD.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The hazel grouse breeds in mixed coniferous woodland with understory (Juana & Kirwan 2019). It currently inhabits forests and mountain systems in the northern areas of Europe (Bergman & Klaus 1994). In the Iberian Peninsula its presence is limited to sporadic observations (Catusse et al. 1992). In the north of the Iberian Peninsula the hazel grouse has been identified in the Holocene of the B- 8 cave (Núñez-Lahuerta et al. 2018 b).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C63FFC50F7B96CCFDAEF847.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — CP-VIII: right humerus.	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C63FFC50E91926AFCAFF980.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — CP-VIII: complete right ulna (Fig. 2 C); complete left distal ulna.	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C63FFC50E91926AFCAFF980.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Both ulnae present a similar size and the morphology of Columbiformes, with a prominent straight crista pectoralis in the proximal end, and a scar located more proximally than the proximal end of the condylus dorsalis in the distal end. The total length of the bone (51.4 mm) fits both Columba livia and Columba oenas (Fick 1974).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C63FFC50E91926AFCAFF980.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Both the rock and the stock doves can be found nowadays in the Iberian Peninsula. The rock dove breeds in caves and cliffs while the stock dove breeds mainly in open country and punctually in open woodland (Baptista et al. 2019 a, b). In the Upper Pleistocene of the northern Iberian Peninsula the remains attributed to Columba livia / oenas are very common. They are registered among others in the Abric Romani, Avenc del Gegant (Sánchez-Marco 2004), Brechas de la Cantera de l’Altissent, Cueto de la Mina, Valdegoba, Cueva del Toll (Sánchez-Marco 2005), and Praileaitz 1 (Moreno-García 2017).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C63FFC50A0C97CFFB97F846.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — 125 remains were analyzed: 11 from the G-VI, and 114 from CP-VIII (Table 2).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C63FFC50A0C97CFFB97F846.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The remains identified as Corvidae indet. are mostly long bones. The state of conservation, along with the similarities in the anatomy of corvids hampered the assignation of these remains to discrete taxa. It is of note that juvenile remains are also present (Fig. 5 B).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C63FFC50DD0942EFB53F9E1.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The family Corvidae is the best represented in Llonin MIS 3 MP levels. 319 corvid remains have been analyzed, 26 from G-VI, and 292 from CP-VIII (Table 2), representing 59 % and 56.8 % of the assemblages respectively.	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C63FFC50F4C97EFFE9BF8B3.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — 36 remains have been recovered: five from G-VI and 31 from CP-VIII.	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6CFFCA0F16922BFDF0FA60.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — CP-VIII: right carpometacarpus.	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6CFFCA0F16922BFDF0FA60.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION A complete carpometacarpus with a cranial length of 22.6 mm with Corvidae morphology. The size, along with the slender shape of the processus extensorius and the straight ventral edge of the trochlea carpalis allows the assignation of the bone to G. glandarius (Tomek & Bochenski 2000).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6CFFCA0F16922BFDF0FA60.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The Eurasian jay is currently present in the Iberian Peninsula; it inhabits woodlands and forests (Madge et al. 2019). It is common in the Upper Pleistocene sites of the Iberian Peninsula, as in El Castillo (Sánchez-Marco 2018), L’Arbreda, Reclau Viver (García i Petit 2002), La Riera (Sánchez-Marco 2005) and El Esquilleu (Baena et al. 2005).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6CFFCA0D87926AFBD5F881.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — 123 remains were analyzed: eight from G-VI and 115 from CP-VIII (Figs 2 D-I; 4; Table 2).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6CFFCA0D87926AFBD5F881.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION All the remains have the morphology of a medium sized Corvidae, with osteological features that fit with several species, as Pyrrhocorax spp. and Corvus monedula. Several characters allow the assignation of the remains to the genus Pyrrhocorax, such as the lack of a depression at the base of the acrocoraoid, and the shape of the bony crest in the coracoid, or the presence of two openings in the plantar surface of the tarsometatarsus. The size of the bones also allowed the assignation of the remains to the genus Pyrrhocorax, specifically to P. pyrrhocorax, which is in general slightly bigger than the sister species P. graculus Linnaeus, 1766 (Tomek & Bochenski 2000) (Fig. 4).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6CFFCA0D87926AFBD5F881.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The red billed chough appears in the south of Europe, and it breeds in cliffs and high mountain pastures with rocky areas (Madge 2019 a). It is one of the most common species in the Upper Pleistocene of Europe (Tyrberg 2007), and P. pyrrhocorax underwent expansions in both cold and warm pulses during the last part of the Pleistocene (Holm & Svenning 2014). It has been found among others in Aitzbitarte, Ermittia, Urtiaga (Elorza 1990), Abauntz (Altuna et al. 2002) Praileaitz 1 (Moreno-García 2017), B- 8 cave (Núñez-Lahuerta et al. 2018 b), Artazu VII (Suárez-Bilbao et al. 2020) and Axlor (Gómez-Olivencia et al. 2018).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6CFFCB0DB3962EFD3BF8E1.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — 27 remains were analyzed, three from G-VI and 26 from CP-VIII (Table 2; Figs 2 J-L; 4).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6CFFCB0DB3962EFD3BF8E1.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The remains have the morphology of a medium sized Corvidae. As with the remains assigned to P. pyrrhocorax, the various bones show features that allow their assignation to the genus Pyrrhocorax. The size of the remains allows their assignation to P. graculus, which are generally smaller than those of P. pyrrhocorax (Tomek & Bochenski 2000) (Fig. 4).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6CFFCB0DB3962EFD3BF8E1.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The yellow billed chough appears nowadays in the south of Europe, as does its sister species P. pyrrhocorax, but it is confined to high mountain areas with rocky crags (Madge 2019 b). For this reason, it has been used as a cold climate indicator; nevertheless, as it happens with the red billed chough, P. graculus is practically a cosmopolitan species, and its use as climate indicator must be done taking into account the other taxa present in the associations (Núñez-Lahuerta et al. 2018 a). It has been recorded among others in Olha, Aitzbitarte (Elorza 1990), Praileaitz 1 (Moreno-García 2017), B- 8 cave, D- 2 cave, Los Batanes (Núñez-Lahuerta et al. 2018 b) and Artazu VII (Suárez-Bilbao et al. 2020).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6DFFCB0F3196CCFBD5F901.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL. — Three remains were analyzed from CP-VIII (Table 2).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6DFFCB0F3196CCFBD5F901.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION The remains show the features of a large-sized Corvidae. The species Corvus corax is the largest species of the genus Corvus in the Palearctic, and the size of the two ulnae and the tarsometatarsus fits this species (Tomek & Bochenski 2000).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
038187E10C6DFFCB0F3196CCFBD5F901.taxon	discussion	REMARKS the raven is the biggest passerine bird. It appears thorough all the Iberian Peninsula, and is a generalist bird. It can appear in a wide range of habitats, generally in more open habitats (Marzluff 2019). It appears among other sites in the Iberian Upper Pleistocene sites of Urtiaga, Aitzbitarte, Santimamiñe (Elorza 1990), Amalda (Eastham 1989) El Castillo (Sánchez-Marco 2018), Praileaitz 1 (Moreno-García 2017) and Axlor (Gómez-Olivencia et al. 2018).	en	Núñez-Lahuerta, Carmen, Sauqué, Víctor, Sanchis, Alfred, Duarte, Elsa, Rasilla, Marco de la (2021): Bird remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels (MIS 3) of Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (30): 627-640, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a30
