taxonID	type	description	language	source
0380A21BFF9AC1182368658DC141FAD5.taxon	description	(Figs 4 A; 5 A; 6 A, B; 7 A, B; 8 A, C) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6 A 71 B 871 - 850 B- 4 EB 4 - 993 D- 33295 DE 34830	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF9AC1182368658DC141FAD5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Spain • ♂; La Cañada de Los Ratones, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz; 36 ° 24 ’ 5 ” N, 5 ° 44 ’ 14 ” W; Alt.: 53 m; 9. X. 2019; MNCN 20.02 / 41854. Paratypes. Spain •, ♀; La Cañada de Los Ratones, Alcalá de los Gazules; Cádiz; 36 ° 24 ’ 5 ” N, 5 ° 44 ’ 14 ” W; Alt.: 53 m; 23. XI. 2019; UCO – 052 b • ♀; La Cañada de Los Ratones, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz; 36 ° 24 ’ 5 ” N, 5 ° 44 ’ 14 ” W; Alt.: 53 m; 30. IV. 2018; MNCN 20.02 / 41855 • ♀; La Cañada de Los Ratones, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz; 36 ° 24 ’ 5 ” N, 5 ° 44 ’ 14 ” W; Alt.: 53 m; 3. XI. 2018; UCO – 033 b • ♀; La Cañada de Los Ratones, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz; 36 ° 24 ’ 5 ” N, 5 ° 44 ’ 14 ” W; Alt.: 53 m; 20. IV. 2019; UCO – 075 d. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Spain • ♂; La Cañada de Los Ratones, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz; 36 ° 24 ’ 5 ” N, 5 ° 44 ’ 14 ” W; Alt.: 53 m; 23. IX. 2019; Coll. CPP- 0001 • ♀; La Cañada de Los Ratones, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz; 36 ° 24 ’ 5 ” N, 5 ° 44 ’ 14 ” W; Alt.: 53 m; 19. X. 2019; Coll. CPP- 0003 • ♀; La Cañada de Los Ratones, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz; 36 ° 24 ’ 5 ” N, 5 ° 44 ’ 14 ” W; Alt.: 53 m; 23. I. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0195 • ♀; Pinar del Rey, San Roque, Cádiz; 36 ° 15 ’ 0 ” N, 5 ° 23 ’ 39 ” W; Alt.: 54 m; XII. 2018; Coll. CPP- 0010 • ♀; Pinar del Rey, San Roque, Cádiz; 36 ° 15 ’ 0 ” N, 5 ° 23 ’ 39 ” W; Alt.: 54 m; 15. XII. 2019; Coll. CPP- 0006 • ♀; Pinar del Rey, San Roque, Cádiz; 36 ° 15 ’ 0 ” N, 5 ° 23 ’ 39 ” W; Alt.: 54 m; 15. XII. 2019; Coll. CPP- 0007 • ♀; Conil de la Frontera, Cádiz; 36 ° 16 ’ 10 ” N, 6 ° 0 ’ 45 ” W; Alt.: 111 m; 11. XII. 2021; Coll. CPP- 0193 • ♂; Aguadulce, Rota, Cádiz; 36 ° 40 ’ 3 ” N, 6 ° 24 ’ 11 ” W; Alt.: 7 m; 24. X. 2023; Coll. CPP- 0531.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF9AC1182368658DC141FAD5.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — “ eira ” is a noun in apposition and corresponds to the acronym formed by the initials of the full name of Ester Irene Reina Alfonso. This species is named in her honour, in recognition of her wholehearted companionship to the first author.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF9AC1182368658DC141FAD5.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — The palpal bulbs of males resemble those of N. shenlongi, although the tip is proportionally thinner and more elongated (Fig. 4 A). Females of N. eira n. sp. have larger spermathecal receptacles than those of N. shenlongi, with a narrower distance between the spermathecae (Fig. 5 A). The in vivo colour of females and immature specimens of N. eira n. sp. is yellowish orange, characterised by a distinctive dark mark between the posterior edge of carapace and the fovea (Fig. 6 A; 7 A). Males are orange to slightly greyish, displaying the same mark on the prosoma (Fig. 7 B). Additionally, the shape of sternal sigillae differs between these species: in N. shenlongi they are circular (Pertegal et al. 2022. Fig. 4 C), whereas in N. eira n. sp., they are ovoid (Fig. 6 B). The distinctive colouration and markings on the carapace are characteristic in N. eira n. sp., enabling its differentiation from both the previously described species and those presented below. Nemesia eira n. sp. shares its distribution in some areas with N. amicitia (Pertegal & Molero-Baltanás, 2022), which can be distinguished from the new species by its compact, spherical bulbs with a curved and narrowed embolus in males, and by the funnel-shaped spermathecae with slightly curved tubes in females. Nemesia amicitia is smaller and darker in colour than N. eira n. sp., and their trapdoor types also differ. Nemesia amicitia constructs a rigid, horizontal wafer-type trapdoor that rests against the inner edge of a curb made of particles and silk surrounding the entrance, whereas the trapdoor built by N. eira n. sp. consists of a thin and flexible lid.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF9AC1182368658DC141FAD5.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Holotype: MNCN 20.02 / 41854 Male General appearance. Brownish-orange prosoma with dark mark on the posterior area. Opisthosoma orange with slightly dark cardiac mark (Fig. 7 B). Prosoma. Dark clypeus with five bristles and white pubescence. POP black, connecting all eyes. Caput low. Crest zone orange with seven short bristles. Shallow fovea. Chelicerae dark brown with whitish pubescence. Cheliceral rastellum with six strong bristles (sometimes seven or eight). Fang ridge smooth. Cheliceral furrow teeth with six marginal denticles. Sternum yellowish with poorly visible ovoid sigillae; the first two pairs of sigillae marginal, the third pair submarginal. Maxillae yellowish with two to three spiny cuspules, but other males with four. Labium and coxae yellow. Palp and legs I-IV. Cymbium dorsal patch with 20 - 23 spines on the holotype. Bulb globular, embolus with elongated duckbill-shaped end (Fig. 3 A). Palp tibia ratio 2.33 ± 0.18. Apical dorsal patch of tibia of palp with nine spines. Clasper hook slightly curved. Clasper field with scopula. Metatarsus I slightly curved. Femora of palp and legs brownish, remaining segments yellow. Scopula from the distal zone of tibiae to tarsi on legs I and II and only on the tarsi on the posterior pair of legs. MTF 4 ratio: tibia> metatarsus> femur. Spines, Palp. Cy = 23: 20 (16 - 17: 18 - 19), Pach = 9: 9 (12 - 15: 10 - 13); prolateral side, Pa: 2: 2 (1: 1); Leg I: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 4: 3 (3: 3), Met = 3: 2 (1 - 3: 2 - 3); retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1, Ti = 3: 3, Met = 3: 2 (1: 2); Leg II: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Tib = 4: 3, Met = 3: 3; retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1 (0: 0), Tib = 3: 3 (2: 3), Met = 3: 2 (3: 3); Leg III: prolateral side, Pat = 2: 2, Tib = 3: 4 (4: 3), Met = 3: 3; retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1, Tib = 3: 3, Met = 3: 3; Leg IV, prolateral side, Pa = 3: 3 (2: 2); Tib = 6.8 (5 - 6: 6 - 7); Met = 3.4 (4: 3); retrolateral side, Pat = 1: 1; Tib = 4.4; Met = 5.5 (4 - 6: 4). Opisthosoma. Epiandrous fusillae: 49; sub-pentagonal epiandric area: 0.82 mm 2; density: 59.76 epiandrous fusillae / mm 2. Other males, epiandrous fusillae: 45 ± 3; epiandric area: 0.65 ± 0.14 mm 2; density: 70.82 ± 9.83 epiandrous fusillae / mm 2. Spinnerets: PLS: proximal segment as long as middle and distal segments together. PMS cone-shaped. Measurements (n = 3). Bl = 16.85 (10.12 - 16.85); Prosoma. Ca = 4.47 (3.96 - 4.47); CL = 7.63 (6.8 - 7.63); CW = 5.91 (5.49 - 5.91); Ch = 1.99 (1.59 - 2.32); Th = 1.52 (1.23 - 2.2); Cly 2 = 0.21 (0.11 - 0.21); AER = 1.1 (1.05 - 1.13); PER = 1.18 (1.13 - 1.19); ALE = 0.32 (0.29 - 0.32); PLE = 0.29 (0.24 - 0.29); AME = 0.24 (0.2 - 0.33); PME = 0.24 (0.23 - 0.24); l = 0.58 (0.58 - 0.63); mal = 2.07 (2.07 - 2.11); maw = 1.09 (1.09 - 1.21); lal = 0.61 (0.57 - 0.61); law = 1.02 (0.81 - 1.02); stl = 3.6 (3.23 - 3.6); stw = 2.87 (2.57 - 2.87); Palp: E 1 = 0.6 (0.52 - 0.6); E 2 = 0.2 (0.17 - 0.2); E 3 = 0.51 (0.39 - 0.51); Bu = 1.68 (1.54 - 1.68); Em = 0.76 (0.76 - 0.83); Tiw = 1.37 (1.11 - 1.37); Cyl = 1.37 (1.28 - 1.42); Til = 2.93 (2.63 - 2.93); Pal = 1.81 (1.65 - 1.82); Fel = 3.64 (3.05 - 3.64); TOTAL = 9.75 (8.61 - 9.75); Leg I: Tal = 3.15 (3.15 - 3.32); Mel = 4.57 (4.07 - 4.57); Til = 4.21 (4.13 - 4.21); Pal = 3.79 (3.19 - 3.79); Fel = 6.33 (5.47 - 6.33); TOTAL = 22.05 (20.18 - 22.05); Leg II: Tal = 2.81 (2.78 - 2.81); Mel = 4.18 (4.01 - 4.18); Til = 3.78 (3.78 - 3.97); Pal = 3.36 (2.93 - 3.36); Fel = 5.92 (5.31 - 5.92); TOTAL = 20.05 (19.02 - 20.05); Leg III: Tal = 3.28 (2.95 - 3.28); Mel = 4.81 (4.76 - 4.97); Til = 3.76 (3.41 - 3.76); Pal = 2.72 (2.39 - 2.72); Fel = 5.16 (4.3 - 5.16); TOTAL = 19.73 (17.86 - 19.73); Leg IV: Tal = 3.31 (3.16 - 3.31); Mel = 7.02 (6.54 - 7.02); Til = 7.15 (6.66 - 7.15); Pal = 3.81 (3.21 - 3.81); Fel = 6.6 (5.78 - 6.6); TOTAL = 27.89 (25.46 - 27.89). Paratype: MNCN 20.02 / 41855 Female General appearance. Orange prosoma with dark mark between fovea and posterior area. Opisthosoma greyish-orange with slightly dark cardiac mark and four chevrons (Fig. 7 A). Prosoma. Dark clypeus with five bristles. POP in three groups covering lateral and middle eyes (Fig. 6 A). Caput slightly elevated. Crest zone orange with seven bristles. Shallow fovea. Chelicerae dark brown (Fig. 6 A). Cheliceral rastellum with six strong bristles (sometimes seven or eight). Fang ridge smooth. Cheliceral furrow teeth with seven to nine marginal denticles. Sternum yellowish with brown ovoid sigillae arranged as in holotype (Fig. 6 B). Maxillae yellowish with six finger-shaped cuspules, 7 - 12 in other specimens. Labium and coxae yellow (Fig. 6 B). Palp and legs I-IV. Yellow with tarsi and metatarsi darkened by scopulae. MTF 4 ratio: tibia> femur> metatarsus, usually tibia> metatarsus> femur. Spines, Palp. Prolateral side, Pat = 2: 2, Tib = 4: 3 (2: 2); retrolateral side, Tib = 1: 1 (2: 1); Leg I: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 3, Tib: 3: 3 (2: 2); Leg II: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Tib = 3: 3 (1 - 2: 2), Met = 1: 1 (2: 1); Leg III: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 1 (2: 1), Tib = 2: 2 (2: 3), Met = 3: 3 (2: 2); retrolateral side, Tib = 2: 4 (2 - 3: 2 - 3), Met = 3: 4 (3: 3); Leg IV: prolateral side, Met = 2: 2 (1: 2); retrolateral side, Tib = 2: 2 (2: 3), Met = 3: 3 (2: 3). Opisthosoma. Spinnerets: PLS: proximal segment as long as middle and distal segments together. Maculae absent. PMS: digitiform. Spermatheca: elongated, bag-shaped, with receptacles close together at their bases (Fig. 4 A). Measurements (n = 10). Bl = 19.58 (16.37 - 19.58); Prosoma. Ca = 5.59 (4.53 - 5.59); CL = 9.62 (7.19 - 9.62); CW = 7.11 (5.8 - 7.36); Ch = 3.45 (2.4 - 3.45); Th = 2.19 (1.19 - 2.2); Cly 2 = 0.26 (0.26 - 0.4); AER = 1.4 (1.17 - 1.53); PER = 1.54 (1.26 - 1.62); ALE = 0.36 (0 - 0.4); PLE = 0.39 (0.31 - 0.44); AME = 0.23 (0.18 - 0.23); PME = 0.24 (0.11 - 1.56); l = 0.66 (0.63 - 0.75); mal = 3.15 (2.62 - 3.19); maw = 1.81 (1.47 - 1.85); lal = 0.86 (0.73 - 1.02); law = 1.58 (1.29 - 1.7); stl = 4.77 (3.81 - 4.77); stw = 3.45 (0.53 - 4); Palp: Tal = 2.91 (2.49 - 3.09); Til = 2.93 (2.77 - 3.22); Pal = 2.53 (2.23 - 2.78); Fel = 4.66 (4.02 - 5.13); TOTAL = 13.03 (11.75 - 13.89); Leg I: Tal = 2.17 (1.77 - 2.47); Mel = 3.16 (2.97 - 3.74); Til = 3.84 (3.75 - 4.42); Pal = 4.12 (3.55 - 4.44); Fel = 6.67 (5.32 - 6.84); TOTAL = 19.96 (17.88 - 21.38); Leg II: Tal = 2.16 (1.69 - 2.16); Mel = 2.72 (2.52 - 3.67); Til = 3.64 (3.05 - 3.99); Pal = 3.52 (3.24 - 3.94); Fel = 5.73 (4.94 - 6.02); TOTAL = 17.77 (15.79 - 19.4); Leg III: Tal = 2.18 (1.77 - 2.59); Mel = 3.55 (2.81 - 3.71); Til = 2.95 (2.47 - 3.02); Pal = 3.1 (2.51 - 3.23); Fel = 4.75 (3.77 - 4.96); TOTAL = 16.53 (13.77 - 16.95); Leg IV: Tal = 2.98 (2.06 - 2.98); Mel = 5.28 (4.36 - 5.7); Til = 7.1 (6.28 - 7.25); Pal = 4.6 (3.61 - 4.75); Fel = 6.18 (5.53 - 6.42); TOTAL = 26.14 (22.79 - 26.52).	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF9AC1182368658DC141FAD5.taxon	discussion	INTRASPECIFIC VARIATIONS It is occasionally possible to find some specimens exhibiting a slightly pinkish or greyish hue, with a darker cardiac mark and some lines on opisthosoma.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF9AC1182368658DC141FAD5.taxon	biology_ecology	NATURAL HISTORY Nemesia eira n. sp. was found in two distinct humid lowlands areas of Cádiz province. The first is a mixed forest in Pinar del Rey, San Roque, comprising cork trees, wild olive trees, pines, and various shrub species growing on sandy soil. This habitat is shared with other mygalomorph spiders, such as N. amicitia, other Nemesia species, Iberesia Decae & Cardoso, 2006, Ummidia Thorell, 1875, Macrothele calpeina (Walckenaer, 1805) and Ischnocolus valentinus (Dufour, 1820). The second is a humid “ dehesa ” ecosystem, characterised by mastic trees, holm oaks, cork oaks, wild olive trees, and herbaceous cover on a mixed clay and sandstone soil. This habitat hosts all the aforementioned spider species except I. valentinus and N. amicitia. Burrows of N. eira n. sp. were found on flat or gently sloping soils, usually with a depth of 20 – 25 cm, although some burrows as deep as 40 cm were found. The spiders build a blind-ending branch approximately 4 cm from the entrance, with both the entrance and the branch covered with silk (Fig. 8 A, C). When disturbed, the spider collapses the entrance like an inverted sock by pulling on the silk covering the first section of the burrow. Mature males are active in October and leave their burrows before heavy rainfall in search of females for mating. Females make an egg sac and deposit it at the end of the burrow, where approximately 40 offspring hatch. Once the offsprings have grown sufficiently, they leave the protection of the mother after rainfall and dig their own burrow a few centimetres from the entrance of the maternal burrow. The population in Pinar del Rey was observed in the wild on multiple nights between summers of 2020 and 2021. These spiders can actively hunt during the deepest hour of the nights. Specimens have been seen running into their burrow with prey, only to reappear within one or two minutes, positioning themselves at the entrance, ready to catch more. This behaviour could suggest that the spiders hunt as much as possible during the night, accumulate their prey inside their burrows, and feed on what they have captured in the last night throughout the day. It also differs from that observed in N. amicitia specimens in Pinar del Rey, which capture a single prey and hide, after which they are not seen again for the remainder night.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF95C11C236F65CDC732F854.taxon	description	(Figs 4 B; 5 B; 6 C, D; 7 C, D; 8 D) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 5005 DA 12 - 6 D 4 A- 4 E 4 B- 808 C- 663824636 C 4 E	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF95C11C236F65CDC732F854.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Spain • ♂; Cortijo el Alcaide, Córdoba; 37 ° 51 ’ 9 ” N, 4 ° 49 ’ 26 ” W; Alt.: 78 m; 23. XI. 2022; MNCN 20.02 / 41856. Paratype. Spain • ♀; Cortijo el Alcaide, Córdoba; 37 ° 51 ’ 9 ” N, 4 ° 49 ’ 26 ” W; Alt.: 78 m; 22. XI. 2020; MNCN 20.02 / 41857. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Spain • ♀; Alcolea, Córdoba; 37.943846, - 4.693745; Alt.: 172 m; 27. III. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0208 • ♀; Alcolea, Córdoba; 37 ° 56 ’ 37 ” N, 4 ° 41 ’ 37 ” W; Alt.: 172 m; 27. III. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0293 • ♀; Cortijo el Alcaide, Córdoba; 37 ° 51 ’ 9 ” N, 4 ° 49 ’ 26 ” W; Alt.: 78 m; 5. IV. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0205 • ♀; Cortijo el Alcaide, Córdoba; 37 ° 51 ’ 9 ” N, 4 ° 49 ’ 26 ” W; Alt.: 78 m; 05. IV. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0302 • ♂; Cortijo el Alcaide, Córdoba; 37 ° 51 ’ 9 ” N, 4 ° 49 ’ 26 ” W; Alt.: 78 m; 19. XI. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0357 • ♂; Cortijo el Alcaide, Córdoba; 37 ° 51 ’ 9 ” N, 4 ° 49 ’ 26 ” W; Alt.: 78 m; 9. XI. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0356 • ♂; Cortijo el Alcaide, Córdoba; 37 ° 51 ’ 9 ” N, 4 ° 49 ’ 26 ” W; Alt.: 78 m; 19. XI. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0358.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF95C11C236F65CDC732F854.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The name of this species is in honour of Dr Miquel Gaju, Professor of Zoology in the University of Córdoba and mentor of both authors of the present work.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF95C11C236F65CDC732F854.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Bulb of N. gajui n. sp. is slightly wider than that of N. shenlongi and N. eira n. sp. The tip of the embolus differs among the three species: in N. gajui n. sp. it is wider and somewhat straight, with a small arrowhead-like tip (Fig. 4 B 1); in N. shenlongi, it has an intermediate width and is curved, resembling a curved nail at the tip (Fig. 1 C 1), whereas in N. eira n. sp, the end of the embolus is more elongated, with a blunt tip (Fig. 4 A 1). The spermathecae of N. gajui n. sp. resemble those of N. shenlongi, but the ends of the receptacles diverge in N. gajui n. sp. (Fig. 5 B). The third pair of sternum sigillae in N. gajui n. sp. are elongated and brown (Fig. 6 B), in contrast to those of N. eira n. sp, which are orange and ovoid.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF95C11C236F65CDC732F854.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Holotype: MNCN 20.02 / 41856 Male General appearance. Cream colour when alive with dark medal-shaped mark on middle of prosoma and dark dots on opisthosoma. In alcohol, brownish prosoma with whitish pubescence and opisthosoma brown with undefined dorsal cardiac mark and four to five chevrons (Fig. 7 C). Prosoma. Clypeus with transversal light brown line, five bristles, and white pubescence. POP black, covering all eyes. Caput low. Crest zone brownish with eight short bristles. Chelicerae dark brown with two dorsal stripes of whitish pubescence. Cheliceral rastellum with five strong bristles (sometimes four). Fang ridge smooth. Cheliceral furrow teeth with six marginal denticles. Sternum brown with elongated dark brown or black sigillae, first two pairs of sigillae marginal, and third pair submarginal. Maxillae same colour as sigillae with three to six cuspules other males with four to seven. Labium and coxae dark brown or black. Palp and legs I-IV. Cymbium dorsal patch with 14 - 17 spines. Bulb globular, embolus with wide duckbill-shaped end (Fig. 4 B). Palp tibia ratio 2.09 ± 0.14. Apical dorsal patch of tibia of palp with 12 - 15 spines. Clasper hook slightly curved. Clasper field with scopula. Metatarsus I curved. Femora of palp and legs dark brown, remaining segments brown. Retrolateral maculae on femora and patellae of anterior legs, prolateral side of femora of posterior legs. Scopula on all ventral sides of first two pairs of legs. MTF 4 ratio: tibia> femur> metatarsus, but in two specimens, tibia> metatarsus> femur. Spines, Palp. Cym = 14: 17 (12 - 18: 14 - 16 - 17), Patch = 12: 15 (11 - 13 - 17: 10 - 13 - 16); prolateral side, Pa = 1: 1, Ti = 0: 0 (1: 1); Leg I: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 3: 3 (4: 3), Met = 3: 3 (2: 2); retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1 (12), Ti = 3: 3, Met = 3: 2 (2: 2 - 3); Leg II: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 3: 3, Met = 3: 3; retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1 (0: 1), Ti = 3: 3, Met = 2: 2 (3: 3); Leg III: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 4: 4 (3: 3), Met = 3: 3; retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1 (2 - 3: 2), Ti = 3: 3 (4 - 6 - 7: 4 - 5 - 6 - 7), Met = 3: 3; Leg IV: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2 (1: 1), Ti = 6: 5 (5: 5), Met = 3: 3 retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1 (0: 1), Ti = 5: 5 (3 - 4: 3), Met = 3: 3. Opisthosoma. Epiandrous fusillae: 56 rectangular; epiandrous area: 0.77 mm 2; density: 75.61 epiandrous fusillae / mm 2. In remaining males, epiandrous fusillae: 50 ± 9; epiandrous area: 0.66 ± 0.09 mm 2; density: 75.61 ± 13.35 epiandrous fusillae / mm 2. Spinnerets: PLS: proximal segment as long as middle and distal segments together. PMS cone-shaped. Measurements (n = 4). Bl = 15.67 (12.91 - 16.29); Prosoma. Ca = 4 (3.73 - 4.22); CL = 6.89 (5.99 - 6.89); CW = 5.53 (5.36 - 5.84); Ch = 2.21 (1.93 - 2.47); Th = 1.84 (1.37 - 2.15); Cly = 0.2 (0.14 - 0.2); AER = 1.11 (1.11 - 1.2); PER = 1.27 (1.26 - 1.29); ALE = 0.28 (0.27 - 0.32); PLE = 0.27 (0.25 - 0.28); AME = 0.2 (0.19 - 0.22); PME = 0.19 (0.16 - 0.2); w = 0.62 (0.58 - 0.62); mal = 2.29 (2.15 - 2.38); maw = 1.25 (1.16 - 1.39); lal = 0.57 (0.57 - 0.71); law = 1.24 (1.1 - 1.26); stl = 3.33 (3.21 - 3.55); stw = 2.67 (2.52 - 2.71); Palp: E 1 = 0.57 (0.54 - 0.59); E 2 = 0.21 (0.2 - 0.23); E 3 = 0.47 (0.42 - 0.47); Bu = 1.44 (1.44 - 1.62); Em = 0.72 (0.72 - 0.81); Se = 2.21 (1.93 - 2.21); Tiw = 1.22 (1.22 - 1.5); Cyl = 1.31 (1.24 - 1.47); Til = 2.7 (2.7 - 2.92); Pal = 1.9 (1.78 - 2); Fel = 3.67 (3.52 - 3.75); TOTAL = 9.58 (9.51 - 9.99); Leg I: TiIw = 1.41 (1.24 - 1.52); Tal = 2.42 (2.42 - 2.69); Mel = 3.8 (3.4 - 3.94); Til = 3.93 (3.64 - 3.93); Pal = 3.09 (2.75 - 3.46); Fel = 5.18 (4.66 - 5.98); TOTAL = 18.42 (14.45 - 19.73); Leg II: Tal = 2.34 (2.32 - 2.42); Mel = 3.65 (3.47 - 3.88); Til = 3.58 (3.38 - 3.65); Pal = 2.83 (2.79 - 2.97); Fel = 5.13 (5.13 - 5.61); TOTAL = 17.53 (17.16 - 18.52); Leg III: Tal = 2.48 (2.48 - 2.81); Mel = 4.3 (4.18 - 4.54); Til = 3.16 (3.01 - 3.32); Pal = 2.34 (1.87 - 2.6); Fel = 4.43 (3.92 - 4.71); TOTAL = 16.71 (15.57 - 17.89); Leg IV: Tal = 2.77 (2.77 - 2.98); Mel = 5.5 (5.33 - 6.25); Til = 6.4 (6.29 - 6.8); Pal = 3.39 (3.08 - 3.72); Fel = 5.59 (5.28 - 6.25); TOTAL = 23.65 (22.96 - 25.55). Paratype: MNCN 20.02 / 41857 Female General appearance. Cream colour when alive with dark dots on opisthosoma. Brownish prosoma with central dark medal-shaped mark, covered by whitish pubescence. Opisthosoma brown with undefined dark drawn formed by dots (Fig. 7 B). Prosoma. Clypeus light brown with seven bristles. POP black, covering all eyes (Fig. 5 C). Caput slightly elevated. Crest zone light brown with nine bristles. Chelicerae as in holotype. Cheliceral rastellum with five strong bristles, sometimes six. Fang ridge smooth. Cheliceral furrow teeth with six promarginal denticles, five in some specimens. Sternum yellowish-brown with elongated dark brown sigillae, first two pairs of sigillae marginal, the third pair submarginal. Maxillae showing the same colour as sigillae with three to eight cuspules, but others with five to nine. Labium and coxae as for male (Fig. 5 D). Palp and legs I-IV. Dark brown in proximal segments and light brown in distal segments, with sides of tarsi and metatarsi darkened by scopulae. Maculae only on femora, on prolateral and retrolateral sides of all legs. MTF 4 ratio: tibia> femur> metatarsus. Spines, Palp. Prolateral side, Pa = 2: 3 (1 - 2 - 3: 1 - 2), Ti = 2: 2 (2: 3); retrolateral side, Ti = 1: 1; Leg I: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 3: 3; Leg II: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 3: 3, Met = 1.1 (0: 0); Leg III: prolateral side, Pa = 0: 0 (2: 2), Ti = 2: 1 (2: 2), Met = 2: 2; retrolateral side, Ti = 3: 2 (2: 2), Met = 3: 3; Leg IV: prolateral side, Met = 1: 0 (0 - 1: 0 - 1); retrolateral side, Ti = 2: 2, Met = 3: 2 (2: 3). Opisthosoma. Spinnerets: PLS: proximal segment as long as middle and distal segments together. PMS: digitiform. Spermathecae: short, mound-shaped with divergent ends of receptacles (Fig. 4 B). Measurements (n = 5). Bl = 19.96 (9.1 - 19.96); Prosoma. Ca = 4.89 (4.17 - 5.58); CL = 8.13 (6.69 - 9.01); CW = 6.86 (5.28 - 7.6); Ch = 3.93 (3 - 4.23); Th = 2.84 (2.19 - 3.03); Cly = 0.36 (0.13 - 0.36); AER = 1.42 (1.3 - 1.61); PER = 1.44 (1.39 - 1.68); ALE = 0.37 (0.33 - 0.42); PLE = 0.37 (0.32 - 0.4); AME = 0.17 (0.17 - 0.27); PME = 0.25 (0.22 - 0.25); w = 0.68 (0.65 - 0.76); mal = 3.25 (2.62 - 3.25); maw = 1.84 (1.46 - 2.06); lal = 0.85 (0.65 - 1.39); law = 1.45 (1.17 - 1.82); stl = 4.22 (3.63 - 5.1); stw = 3.27 (2.78 - 3.82); Palp: Tal = 2.64 (2.01 - 2.99); Til = 2.69 (2.18 - 3.54); Pal = 2.28 (1.78 - 2.56); Fel = 4.47 (3.68 - 4.77); TOTAL = 12.08 (10.1 - 13.36); Leg I: Tal = 1.99 (1.64 - 1.99); Mel = 3.39 (2.53 - 3.39); Til = 3.9 (3.02 - 4.09); Pal = 3.7 (3.01 - 3.99); Fel = 5.91 (4.9 - 6.48); TOTAL = 18.89 (15.57 - 19.39); Leg II: Tal = 1.7 (1.64 - 2.05); Mel = 3.05 (2.47 - 3.05); Til = 3.61 (2.63 - 3.62); Pal = 3.47 (2.77 - 3.84); Fel = 5.22 (4.45 - 5.63); TOTAL = 17.05 (14.21 - 18.13); Leg III: Tal = 2.43 (1.33 - 2.43); Mel = 2.99 (2.53 - 3.94); Til = 2.33 (2.08 - 2.8); Pal = 3.04 (2.32 - 3.08); Fel = 4.02 (3.51 - 4.55); TOTAL = 14.81 (12.06 - 16.47); Leg IV: Tal = 2.2 (1.71 - 2.47); Mel = 4.96 (3.78 - 5.32); Til = 7.08 (5.95 - 7.52); Pal = 4.12 (3.51 - 4.4); Fel = 5.68 (4.62 - 6.03); TOTAL = 24.04 (19.79 - 25.74). INTRASPECIFIC VARIATIONS The populations from El Patriarca and El Alcaide have darker marks on the prosoma and opisthosoma compared to the population from Alcolea. Additionally, the eye group seems to be wider in spiders from El Alcaide than in those from the other two locations.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF95C11C236F65CDC732F854.taxon	biology_ecology	NATURAL HISTORY Two of the three areas where the species was found – Alcolea and El Patriarca, within the municipality of Córdoba – can be described as open “ dehesa ” with holm oaks, mastics, and wild olive trees, featuring a dense yet low-growing herbaceous layer on loamy soil. The third location – El Alcaide – is a soil accumulation at the abutment of the railway bridge that crosses the Guadalquivir River, situated in a neighbourhood on the outskirts of Córdoba. The burrow of this species is a simple gallery 20 - 25 cm deep. Two juveniles were captured and kept in captivity to obtain mature males; the first died, while the second, excavated on 1 November 2023, had reached adulthood. The other males were captured using traps at the end of November after a heavy rain. Apart from the burrow structure and the absence of active hunting behaviour, all other aspects of biology of this species are similar to those of N. eira n. sp.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF91C101248160A9C70AFB8C.taxon	description	(Figs 4 C; 5 C; 6 E, F; 7 E, F; 8 B, E) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 34031 BC 0 - 3 CD 9 - 4 EE 6 - A 1 A 6 - BC 79 ADEAF 58 B	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF91C101248160A9C70AFB8C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Spain • ♂; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 37 ° 44 ’ 2 ” N, 4 ° 57 ’ 32 ” W; Alt.: 170 m, 12. III. 2022; MNCN 20.02 / 41858. Paratype. Spain • ♀; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 37 ° 44 ’ 2 ” N, 4 ° 57 ’ 32 ” W; Alt.: 170 m; 27. VI. 2021; MNCN 20.02 / 41859. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Spain • ♀; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 2. V. 2021; Coll. CPP- 0122 • ♀; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 37 ° 44 ’ 2 ” N, 4 ° 57 ’ 32 ” W; Alt.: 170 m; 27. VI. 2021; Coll. CPP- 0129 • ♀; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 37 ° 44 ’ 2 ” N, 4 ° 57 ’ 32 ” W; Alt.: 170 m; 2. V. 2021; Coll. CPP- 0141 • ♀; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 37 ° 44 ’ 2 ” N, 4 ° 57 ’ 32 ” W; Alt.: 170 m; 12. III. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0291 • ♂; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 37 ° 44 ’ 2 ” N, 4 ° 57 ’ 32 ” W; Alt.: 170 m; 18. X. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0333 • ♂; Guadalcázar, 12. III. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0386 • ♂; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 37 ° 44 ’ 2 ” N, 4 ° 57 ’ 32 ” W; Alt.: 170 m; 12. III. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0387 • ♂; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 37 ° 44 ’ 2 ” N, 4 ° 57 ’ 32 ” W; Alt.: 170 m; 12. III. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0388 • ♂; Guadalcázar, Córdoba; 37 ° 44 ’ 2 ” N, 4 ° 57 ’ 32 ” W; Alt.: 170 m; 12. III. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0390.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF91C101248160A9C70AFB8C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The word “ socohina ” is a name in apposition that comes from the abbreviation of “ Sociedad Cordobesa de Historia Natural ”. This species was found in the course of a bioblitz carried out in Guadalcázar (Córdoba province), with the intention of promoting the natural value of this area and preventing the construction of a thermosolar plant.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF91C101248160A9C70AFB8C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Males of N. socohina n. sp. bear bulbs that resemble those of N. eira n. sp., but with a longer distal part (Fig. 4 D 1), as well as being narrower and more conical (Fig. 4 D 2) in comparison to the bulbs of N. gajui n. sp. Females of N. socohina n. sp. have large spermathecae, similar to those of N. eira n. sp., but with notable differences. These include the presence of a division between the medial and distal part of receptacles and the distribution of soft tissue, which covers the whole receptacle in N. socohina n. sp. but not the interior area of the proximal and medial part in N. eira n. sp. In addition, the general distribution of patellar spines in females is different to that observed in other species: N. socohina n. sp. lacks spines on patellae III, which are present in all the related species treated herein. Other differences between N. socohina n. sp. and N. eira n. sp. include overall colouration – dark brown or black in N. sochohina n. sp. and yellowish in N. eira n. sp. – as well as burrow structure. Straight vertical entrance with a wide bottom fitted burrow with a long and skinny side blind-ending branch (Fig. 8 B, E), whereas N. eira n. sp. digs a typical branched burrow (Fig. 8 A, C).	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF91C101248160A9C70AFB8C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Holotype: MNCN 20.02 / 41858 Male General appearance. Live specimens beige with a poorly visible dark medal-shaped mark on middle of prosoma (Fig. 7 f). Preserved specimens with brownish prosoma covered by whitish pubescence and central mark more visible. Opisthosoma pale brown with dorsal cardiac mark and four chevrons. Prosoma. Clypeus black with white pubescence and six bristles. POP black, covering whole eye group. Caput low. Crest zone brown with three bristles. Chelicerae dark brown with two dorsal stripes of whitish pubescence. Cheliceral rastellum with four strong bristles (sometimes five). Fang keel smooth. Cheliceral furrow with six promarginal denticles. Sternum brown with ovoid dark brown or black sigillae, arranged as described for previous species. Maxillae, labium and coxae dark brown or black. Palp and legs I-IV. Cymbium dorsal patch with 23 - 25 spines. Bulb globular, embolus slim and elongated with a duckbill-shaped end (Fig. 4 C). Palp tibia ratio 2.14 ± 0.17. Apical dorsal patch with 7 - 11 spines. Clasper hook slightly curved. Clasper field with scopula. Metatarsus I straight. Femora of palp and legs dark, dark brown to grey, with white pubescence, and distal segments brownish yellow. Prolateral side of femora of anterior legs and retrolateral side of femora of posterior legs with maculae. Scopula on metatarsi and tarsi of first two pairs of legs. MTF 4 ratio: tibia> metatarsus> femur, but in some specimens, tibia> metatarsus> femur. Spines, Palp. Cym = 23: 25 (18 - 23 - 26 - 27 - 30 - 33: 21 - 23 - 25 - 30 - 35), Patch = 11: 7 (8 - 9 - 10 - 11: 7 - 8 - 9 - 11 - 19); prolateral side, Pa = 1: 1 (1: 2); Leg I: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 3: 2 (1 - 2: 2), Met = 0: 1 (1 - 2: 1); retrolateral side Pa = 1: 1 (0 - 1: 0 - 2), Ti = 1: 2 (2 - 3: 1 - 3), Met = 0: 1 (0: 0); Leg II: prolateral side, P = 2: 2 (1: 1), Ti = 3: 3 (2: 2), Met = 3: 1 (1 - 2: 1); retrolateral side, Ti = 3: 3 (1 - 2: 1 - 2), Met = 1: 1 (0 - 2: 1); Leg III: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 3: 3 (3: 2 - 4), Met = 4: 3 (3 - 4: 2 - 3 - 4), Ta = 0: 0 (1: 0); retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1, Ti = 3: 3 (2: 2), Met = 3: 3; Leg IV: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2 (1: 2), Ti = 6: 6 (4 - 5 - 7: 4 - 5 - 7), Met = 3: 3 (4: 3); retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 3 (1: 1), Ti = 4: 4 (3: 3), Met = 3: 3. Opisthosoma. Epiandrous fusillae: 38 trapezoidal; epiandrous area of 0.5 mm 2; density: 76 epiandrous fusillae / mm 2. In other males, epiandrous fusillae: 41 ± 4; epiandrous area: 0.51 ± 0.09 mm 2; density: 81.17 ± 11.45 epiandrous fusillae / mm 2. Spinnerets: PLS: proximal segment as long as middle and distal segments together. PMS cone-shaped. Measurements (n = 6). Bl = 12.39 (10.6 - 12.87); Prosoma. Ca = 3.52 (3.23 - 3.67); CL = 6.13 (5.45 - 6.31); CW = 4.85 (4.46 - 5.01); Ch = 1.66 (1.62 - 2.05); Th = 1.4 (1.29 - 1.89); Cly = 0.11 (0.11 - 0.17); AER = 1.06 (1.05 - 1.12); PER = 1.09 (1.09 - 1.17); ALE = 0.33 (0.32 - 0.36); PLE = 0.26 (0.23 - 0.29); AME = 0.18 (0.13 - 0.2); PME = 0.2 (0.18 - 0.25); w = 0.59 (0.53 - 0.62); mal = 1.79 (1.72 - 1.91); maw = 1.02 (0.9 - 1.08); lal = 0.37 (0.35 - 0.49); law = 0.98 (0.87 - 1); stl = 2.93 (2.8 - 3.1); stw = 2.26 (2.2 - 2.47); Palp: E 1 = 0.48 (0.36 - 0.49); E 2 = 0.17 (0.15 - 0.19); E 3 = 0.33 (0.3 - 0.38); Bu = 1.3 (1.28 - 1.45); Em = 0.7 (0.62 - 0.7) M Tiw = 1.08 (1.04 - 1.21); Cyl = 1.1 (0.98 - 1.33); Til = 2.33 (2.11 - 2.62); Pal = 1.66 (1.47 - 1.76); Fel = 2.87 (2.79 - 3.19); TOTAL = 7.96 (7.42 - 8.9); Leg I: TiIw = (0 - 0); Tal = 2.32 (2.18 - 2.6); Mel = 3.38 (3.12 - 3.55); Til = 3.46 (2.1 - 3.6); Pal = 2.99 (2.67 - 3.06); Fel = 5.01 (4.43 - 5.35); TOTAL = 17.16 (14.5 - 17.97); Leg II: Tal = 2.13 (2.1 - 2.39); Mel = 3.33 (2.84 - 3.35); Til = 3.07 (3 - 3.35); Pal = 2.65 (2.3 - 2.82); Fel = 4.77 (4.06 - 4.8); TOTAL = 15.95 (14.31 - 16.58); Leg III: Tal = 2.24 (2.24 - 2.56); Mel = 4.11 (3.6 - 4.17); Til = 3.23 (2.7 - 3.32); Pal = 2.04 (1.82 - 2.35); Fel = 4.04 (3.8 - 4.38); TOTAL = 15.66 (14.37 - 16.49); Leg IV: Tal = 2.79 (2.56 - 2.96); Mel = 5.28 (4.88 - 5.35); Til = 5.39 (5.14 - 5.8); Pal = 2.89 (2.52 - 3.14); Fel = 5.2 (4.81 - 5.44); TOTAL = 21.55 (19.91 - 22.54). Paratype: MNCN 20.02 / 41859 Female General appearance. Live specimens dark brown or grey with dark medal-shaped mark on prosoma and a brown opisthosoma with indistinguishable dark dorsal pattern (Fig. 7 E). Dark pattern on body more visible when preserved in alcohol. Prosoma. Clypeus brown with six bristles. POP in three dots over lateral and middle eyes. Caput elevated. Crest zone dark brown with seven bristles. Chelicerae dark brown with two stripes of sparse white pilosity. Cheliceral rastellum with six strong bristles (four in another specimen). Fang ridge smooth. Cheliceral furrow teeth with six promarginal denticles, five in some specimens. Sternum yellowish-brown with ovoid dark brown sigillae, arranged as described before. Maxillae yellowish-brown bearing three and four cuspules, two to five in other specimens. Labium and coxae yellowish-brown (Fig. 6 D). Palp and legs I-IV. Brown and ventrally covered by scopulae. MTF 4 ratio: tibia> femur> metatarsus. Spines. Palp: prolateral side, Pa = 1: 2 (2: 1), Ti = 2: 1 (2: 2); Leg I: prolateral side, Pa = 1: 1, Ti = 0: 0 (1 - 2: 1 - 2); Leg II: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 1 (2: 2), Ti = 1: 2 (2: 2); Leg III: prolateral side, Met = 3: 2 (2: 2 - 3); retrolateral side, Ti = 2: 2, Met = 3: 3 (0: 0); Leg IV: prolateral side, Met = 0: 1 (1 - 2: 1 - 2); retrolateral side, Ti = 2: 2, Met = 3: 3. Opisthosoma. Spinnerets: PLS: proximal segment as long as middle and distal segments together. PMS: digitiform. Spermatheca: elongated, bag-shaped with a middle division. (Fig. 5 C). Measurements (n = 5). Bl = 22 (16.7 - 22); Prosoma. Ca = 4.65 (4.56 - 5.01); CL = 7.98 (7.6 - 8.08); CW = 6.24 (5.88 - 6.85); Ch = 2.86 (2.68 - 3.24); Th = 1.78 (1.4 - 2.16); Cly = 0.27 (0.23 - 0.38); AER = 1.45 (1.31 - 1.45); PER = 1.46 (1.34 - 1.49); ALE = 0.41 (0.36 - 0.41); PLE = 0.34 (0.3 - 0.4); AME = 0.21 (0.19 - 0.24); PME = 0.25 (0.22 - 0.27); w = 0.76 (0.67 - 0.77); mal = 2.86 (2.64 - 3.05); maw = 1.73 (1.65 - 1.73); lal = 0.84 (0.76 - 0.89); law = 1.42 (1.36 - 1.56); stl = 4.37 (4.23 - 4.58); stw = 3.39 (3.16 - 3.39); Tal = 2.58 (2.47 - 2.75); Palp: Til = 2.53 (2.4 - 2.75); Pal = 2.41 (2.21 - 2.41); Fel = 4.17 (3.42 - 4.17); TOTAL = 11.69 (10.5 - 11.71); Leg I: Tal = 1.73 (1.63 - 1.93); Mel = 2.86 (2.75 - 3.09); Til = 3.62 (2.64 - 3.65); Pal = 3.73 (3.41 - 3.73); Fel = 5.48 (4.9 - 5.71); TOTAL = 17.42 (15.92 - 17.9); Leg II: Tal = 1.74 (1.66 - 2.02); Mel = 2.76 (2.36 - 2.92); Til = 2.92 (2.92 - 3.26); Pal = 3.43 (2.96 - 3.43); Fel = 4.92 (4.25 - 5.19); TOTAL = 15.77 (14.62 - 16.2); Leg III: Tal = 1.94 (1.8 - 1.94); Mel = 2.7 (2.7 - 3.23); Til = 2.29 (2.28 - 2.64); Pal = 3.14 (2.76 - 3.14); Fel = 4.35 (3.81 - 4.35); TOTAL = 14.42 (13.62 - 14.91); Leg IV: Tal = 2.12 (2.09 - 2.33); Mel = 4.84 (4.39 - 4.86); Til = 5.77 (5.36 - 5.97); Pal = 3.57 (3.57 - 4.23); Fel = 5.4 (4.84 - 5.56); TOTAL = 21.7 (20.49 - 22.34).	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF91C101248160A9C70AFB8C.taxon	biology_ecology	NATURAL HISTORY The species was found on the slopes of a private property in Guadalcázar (Córdoba province), with a habitat similar to that of the two new species described above. In this environment, these spiders dig a distinctive burrow that, to date, had not been described for any species of Nemesia. The burrow consists of two interconnected galleries that meet at the deepest point in a spacious chamber. One gallery extends to the surface, forming the entrance, while the other is a blind-ending branch that gradually narrows towards its end. This chamber serves as a site for the spider to accumulate prey remains and moulting. This species blocks the entrance of its burrow using the trapdoor and the silk covering of the initial section of the burrow, similar to N. eira n. sp. and N. gajui n. sp. Seven sub-adult specimens and one adult female were kept in captivity. Of these, five sub-adults matured in October of 2022, after which the female was sacrificed. The remaining two specimens were kept in captivity for further studies. In addition, pitfall traps were placed in the area where the spiders were found, resulting in the capture of three additional specimens. Two were subsequently released, and the third was used for this study. In total, six mature males were examined. This species begins its mating season with the first rainfall in October, at which point mature males emerge from their burrows and roam in search of females. The adult female kept in captivity produced two egg sacs: the first in March, shortly after its capture, and the second within the terrarium at the end of summer.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF8CC100263D6404C17EFC17.taxon	description	(Figs 4 D; 5 D; 6 G, H; 7 G, H; 8 C) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 9 E 3 F 746 - DF 16 - 4098 - 97 AE- 9 B 94 FBE 902 FF	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF8CC100263D6404C17EFC17.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Spain • ♂; Parque Arroyo, Cártama, Málaga; 36 ° 42 ’ 13 ” N, 4 ° 42 ’ 29 ” W; Alt.: 126 m; 21. XI. 2022; MNCN 20.02 / 41860. Paratype. Spain • ♀; Parque Arroyo, Cártama, Málaga; 36 ° 42 ’ 13 ” N, 4 ° 42 ’ 29 ” W; Alt.: 126 m; 3. XII. 2022; MNCN 20.02 / 41861.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF8CC100263D6404C17EFC17.taxon	description	ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Spain • ♂; Parque Arroyo, Cártama, Málaga; 36 ° 42 ’ 13 ” N, 4 ° 42 ’ 29 ” W; Alt.: 126 m; 25. XI. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0407 • ♂; Parque Arroyo, Cártama, Málaga; 36 ° 42 ’ 13 ” N, 4 ° 42 ’ 29 ” W; Alt.: 126 m; 3. XII. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0403 • ♀; Parque Arroyo, Cártama, Málaga; 36 ° 42 ’ 13 ” N, 4 ° 42 ’ 29 ” W; Alt.: 126 m; 3. XII. 2022; Coll. CPP- 0408.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF8CC100263D6404C17EFC17.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species epithet is a patronym for Javier Ripoll who discovered and collected the mature male specimens of this species with pitfalls in his private property.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF8CC100263D6404C17EFC17.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — The distal section of the embolus in N. ripolli n. sp. closely resembles that of N. gajui n. sp. although it is slightly more slender and narrower. The spermathecae of N. ripolli n. sp. are similar to those of N. uncinata (Bacelar, 1933), when observed exclusively in ventral view (Fig. 5 D), however, the spermathecae of this new species has the end curved (Fig. 5 E). The burrow of N. ripolli n. sp. is very similar to that of N. eira n. sp., but specimens of these two species are easily distinguishable. Morphologically, the bulb of N. ripolli n. sp. is wider and shorter in the distal section of the embolus compared to N. eira n. sp., and its middle section is more conical, whereas in N. eira n. sp, it is more cylindrical. The spermathecae also differ: in N. eira n. sp. the receptacles are wider, longer and flat with a rounded tip, while in N. ripolli n. sp., they are bent with more acutely end. The live colouration is usually grey in N. ripolli n. sp. and usually yellowish or orange in N. eira n. sp.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF8CC100263D6404C17EFC17.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Holotype: MNCN 20.02 / 41860 Male General appearance. Live specimen grey with dark medal-shaped mark on prosoma opisthosoma cream-coloured with brown cardiac mark and six chevrons (Fig. 7 G). In alcohol, brownish-orange with dark marking in central area of prosoma and whitish pubescence. Opisthosoma brownish-yellow. Prosoma. Clypeus black with light orange line, five bristles, and white pubescence. POP compact. Caput slightly elevated. Crest zone brownish with seven bristles. Chelicerae dark brown, covered by white pubescence distributed in three stripes. Cheliceral rastellum with five strong bristles (other specimens have four or six bristles). Fang ridge smooth. Cheliceral furrow with six promarginal denticles. Sternum yellow with oval brown sigillae. Maxillae dark brown with three spine-shaped cuspules. Labium and coxae dark brown. Palp and legs I-IV. Cymbium dorsal patch with 14 - 13 spines. Bulb globular with slender, short, duckbill-shaped embolus (Fig. 4 D). Palp tibia ratio 2.27 ± 0.03. Apical dorsal patch of tibia of palp with 15 - 16 spines. Clasper hook slightly curved. Clasper field with scopula. Metatarsus I slightly curved. Palp dark brown on femora and brown on remaining segments. Legs dark brown on femora and brown on rest of segments, with scopulae on ventral area of all segments, retrolateral maculae on patellae and femora I and II, ventrally almost black, more conspicuous on tibiae III and IV. MTF 4 ratio: tibia> metatarsus> femur. Spines, Palp. Cym = 14: 13 (19 - 21: 16 - 19), Patch = 15: 16 (12 - 13: 13 - 14); prolateral side Pa = 1: 1 (2: 2), Ti = 1: 1; Leg I: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 4: 4 (3: 3), Met = 3: 3 (2 - 3: 3); retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1 (2: 1), Ti = 3: 4 (3: 3), Met = 3: 3 (2: 3 - 4); Leg II: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 3: 3, Met = 3: 3; retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1, Ti = 3: 3, Met = 3: 3 (2: 2); Leg III: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 3: 3, Met = 3: 3; retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1 (1: 2), Ti = 3: 5 (3: 3 - 4), Met = 3: 3; Leg IV: prolateral side, Pa = 4: 4 (2 - 3: 2 - 3), Ti = 7: 6 (3 - 4: 3 - 4), Met = 5: 4 (3: 3); retrolateral side, Pa = 1: 1, Ti = 4: 4, Met = 5: 4 (3: 3). Opisthosoma. Epiandrous fusillae: 43 triangular; epiandric area: 0.38 mm 2; density: 113 epiandrous fusillae / mm 2. In remaining males, epiandrous fusillae: 40 ± 3; epiandric area: 0.39 ± 0.01 mm 2; density: 101.13 ± 11.49 epiandrous fusillae / mm 2. Spinnerets: PLS: proximal segment as long as middle and distal segments together. PMS cone-shaped. Measurements (n = 3). Bl = 11.07 (11.01 - 12.41); Prosoma. Ca = 3.56 (3.56 - 3.61); CL = 5.77 (5.7 - 5.97); CW = 4.78 (4.68 - 4.78); Ch = 1.82 (1.82 - 1.95); Th = 1.49 (1.49 - 1.66); Cly = 0.15 (0.15 - 0.19); AER = 0.95 (0.89 - 1.03); PER = 0.97 (0.92 - 1.12); ALE = 0.25 (0.23 - 0.28); PLE = 0.19 (0.19 - 0.23); AME = 0.21 (0.2 - 0.21); PME = 0.17 (0.17 - 0.19); w = 0.52 (0.47 - 0.58); mal = 1.78 (1.78 - 1.88); maw = 1.12 (0.97 - 1.12); lal = 0.4 (0.4 - 0.51); law = 0.91 (0.91 - 0.98); stl = 2.85 (2.8 - 2.98); stw = 2.22 (2.22 - 2.24); Palp: E 1 = 0.41 (0.41 - 0.47); E 2 = 0.14 (0.14 - 0.16); E 3 = 0.39 (0.36 - 0.43); Bu = 1.41 (1.27 - 1.41); Em = 0.72 (0.64 - 0.72); Tiw = 1.06 (1.06 - 1.13); Cyl = 1.1 (1.06 - 1.23); Til = 2.41 (2.41 - 2.61); Pal = 1.57 (1.45 - 1.66); Fel = 2.96 (2.96 - 3.11); TOTAL = 8.04 (7.99 - 8.61); Leg I: Tal = 2.44 (2.44 - 2.66); Mel = 3.64 (3.63 - 3.98); Til = 3.79 (3.74 - 3.82); Pal = 2.87 (2.82 - 3.17); Fel = 5.07 (5.07 - 5.29); TOTAL = 17.81 (17.81 - 18.92); Leg II: Tal = 2.34 (2.3 - 2.44); Mel = 3.62 (3.62 - 4.01); Til = 3.54 (3.54 - 3.67); Pal = 2.64 (2.41 - 2.64); Fel = 4.88 (4.66 - 4.92); TOTAL = 17.02 (16.74 - 17.56); Leg III: Tal = 2.55 (2.55 - 2.85); Mel = 4.35 (3.92 - 4.35); Til = 3.24 (3.24 - 3.38); Pal = 2.4 (2.05 - 2.4); Fel = 4.29 (3.87 - 4.3); TOTAL = 16.83 (16.07 - 16.83); Leg IV: Tal = 2.66 (2.66 - 2.74); Mel = 5.47 (5.46 - 5.95); Til = 5.63 (5.63 - 6.12); Pal = 3.02 (3.02 - 3.22); Fel = 5.46 (5.32 - 5.46); TOTAL = 22.24 (22.24 - 23.26). Paratype: MNCN 20.02 / 41861 Female General appearance. Grey due to white pubescence on prosoma, with poorly visible dorsal dark median shape mark opisthosoma cream-coloured with dark cardiac mark and five chevrons (Fig. 7 G). Preserved specimens brownish with more visible dark areas, including edge of prosoma (Fig. 6 G). Prosoma. Clypeus brown with seven bristles. POP covering whole eye group (Fig. 6 G). Caput slightly elevated. Crest zone brown with nine bristles. Chelicerae black and covered by two stripes of low-density white pubescence. Cheliceral rastellum with five strong bristles. Fang ridge smooth. Cheliceral furrow teeth with six marginal denticles, five in some specimens. Sternum yellow, sigillae oval and brown. Maxillae brown with 7 - 12 cuspules in two irregular rows. Labium and coxae brown (Fig. 6 H). Palp and legs, I-IV. Palp dark brown femora and brown on other segments, and dark brown legs femora and remaining segments brown. Scopulae from tarsi to femora. Retrolateral maculae on patellae and femora I and II, and prolateral maculae on patellae and femora III and IV. Dark ventral area, more conspicuous on tibiae IV. MTF 4 ratio: tibia> femur> metatarsus. Spines. Palp: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 1: 2 (2: 2); retrolateral side, Ti = 1: 2 (1: 1); Leg I: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 2: 2; Leg II: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 2: 3, Met = 1: 1; Leg III: prolateral side, Pa = 2: 2, Ti = 2: 2, Met = 3: 3; retrolateral side, Ti = 2: 2, Met = 3: 3; Leg IV: prolateral side, Met = 2: 1 (2: 2); retrolateral side, Ti = 2: 2, Met = 4: 3 (3: 3). Opisthosoma. Spinnerets: PLS: proximal segment as long as middle and distal segments together. PMS: digitiform. Spermatheca: short, mound-shaped with a division in middle and bent end (Fig. 4 D, E). Measurements (n = 2). Bl = 18.83 (17.59); Prosoma. Ca = 4.74 (4.4); CL = 7.8 (7.07); CW = 6.01 (5.8); Ch = 3.25 (2.98); Th = 2.04 (2.18); Cly = 0.2 (0.22); AER = 1.34 (1.22); PER = 1.32 (1.24); ALE = 0.33 (0.33); PLE = 0.32 (0.3); AME = 0.2 (0.2); PME = 0.25 (0.19); w = 0.7 (0.62); mal = 2.95 (2.77); maw = 1.65 (1.56); lal = 0.78 (0.68); law = 1.52 (1.44); stl = 4.03 (3.72); stw = 3.22 (3.00); Palp: Tal = 2.68 (2.32); Til = 2.69 (2.45); Pal = 2.32 (1.97); Fel = 4.15 (3.23); TOTAL = 11.84 (9.97); Leg I: Tal = 2.09 (1.84); Mel = 3.15 (2.67); Til = 4.01 (3.45); Pal = 3.59 (3.22); Fel = 5.44 (4.98); TOTAL = 18.28 (16.16); Leg II: Tal = 1.96 (1.88); Mel = 3.08 (2.38); Til = 3.52 (3.19); Pal = 3.54 (2.81); Fel = 5.17 (4.18); Leg III: TOTAL = 17.27 (14.44); Tal = 2.23 (2.09); Mel = 3.38 (2.97); Til = 2.58 (2.34); Pal = 2.85 (3.37); Fel = 4.13 (3.7); TOTAL = 15.17 (14.47); Leg IV: Tal = 2.37 (1.97); Mel = 2.98 (4.25); Til = 6.47 (5.86); Pal = 3.91 (3.57); Fel = 5.62 (4.93); TOTAL = 21.35 (20.58).	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
0380A21BFF8CC100263D6404C17EFC17.taxon	biology_ecology	NATURAL HISTORY Specimens of this species were collected from a private property known as “ Parque Arroyo ” in Cártama (Málaga province). The burrow follows the same structure described for N. eira n. sp. Males were captured from the end of November to the beginning of December.	en	Rafael, Cristian Pertegal, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2026): Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain). Zoosystema 48 (3): 55-73, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a3
