taxonID	type	description	language	source
038387F2FFE2FFBFFF42F96DFD541BFF.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — Thyrsacanthus ramosissimus Moricand (1847: 165).	en	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
038387F2FFE2FFBFFF42F96DFD541BFF.taxon	description	A genus with at least six species distributed in Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina (Côrtes et al. 2010). Thyrsacanthus is morphologically very similar to Anisacanthus Nees (1842: 307) of North America, with which it has been confused until recently (e. g. Wasshausen & Wood 2004), especially due to its red ornitophilous flowers, probably associated with pollination by hummingbirds (Côrtes et al. 2010). However, these genera can be distinguished by the position of the stamens and the direction of anther dehiscence. In Thyrsacanthus, the flowers are nototribic, with the stamens close to the upper lip of the corolla and the anthers dehiscing toward the lower lip. In contrast, Anisacanthus has sternotribic flowers with the stamens situated near the lower lip and the anthers dehiscing toward the upper lip. Based on molecular phylogenetic results, Daniel et al. (2008) showed that these genera pertain to different clades of the Tetramerium. lineage.	en	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
038387F2FFE3FFB8FF42FC59FBE61C3F.taxon	description	Geographic distribution and habitat: — Southern Bolivia, southwestern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northern Argentina, in the provinces of Jujuy and Salta. It is found in the ecotone between the Chaqueña and Yungas phytogeographic provinces and in low mountainous areas of the Chaco region, from 300 – 1500 m, often growing on calcareous soil. It usually sheds its leaves in winter, during the dry season, and flowers mainly from August to November. Notes: — This species is characterized by its profuse red flowers that appear in the end of winter, and its pubescence is very variable. We have selected lectotypes for names of species first described by Grisebach in Plantae Lorenzianae (Grisebach, 1974) and Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam (Grisebach, 1979) because in these publications he did not indicate specific holotypes but only specified localities of material collected by P. G. Lorentz, G. Hieronymus and other collectors from Argentina that was sent to him for study in Goettingen, Germany (Hunziker, 1960). The protologue of Schaueria caduciflora Grisebach only mentions the locality “ Orán, Gran Chaco, in ripariis, Laguna del Palmar ”. At GOET there is a sheet that bears multiple plants and labels with different collection numbers and slightly different locality information. One label bears Lorentz and Hieronymus’ number 564 (with locality information “ Gran Chaco, Laguna del Palmar ”) and another label bears their number 554 (with locality information “ Ufer der Laguna del Palmar bei Bella Vista ” and a date “ 21. VI. 73 ”). All three labels bear Grisebach’s handwriting, and all plants on this sheet were likely used by him in composing the protologue. It is not entirely clear which label corresponds to which plant on the sheet. However, loose material consisting of a stem, leaves, flowers, and a fruit at the top right corner of the sheet (apparently in a packet) has a label with the number 564 and bears somewhat illegible writing in Grisebach’s hand that clearly ends with the word “ Chaco ”. This loose material, which undoubtedly corresponds to one of the nearly naked shoots on the sheet, is designated as the lectotype, because it consists of more complete material. The protologue of Jacobinia caducifolia Grisebach only mentions the locality “ Orán, in sylvis Tabacal ”. In this case we designate the Lorentz & Hieronymus 926 specimen GOET 000002 as lectotype of Jacobinia caducifolia because it is the only one in which the species name is written in Grisebach’s handwriting, and it agrees well with the protologue in all other aspects. This specimen was treated as the holotype by Wasshasuen & Wood (1992). Grisebach’s handwriting is not present in the duplicate in B (now destroyed, but photographed in the F negatives collection of European types), or in the one in CORD. Also, from the syntypes mentioned in the protologue of Anisacanthus malmei Lindau (Lindman A 2123 b and Lindman A 2123, plus Malme 1075), we designate Lindman A 2123 b (S S 09 - 9136) from Colonia Risso, Paraguay, as lectotype, because it is a complete specimen that has flowers and fruits, both of which are described in the protologue. In addition, a duplicate of this specimen, now destroyed, was studied by Lindau at B, on which “ Anisacanthus malmei Lindau n. sp. ” is written in Lindau’s handwriting (as evident from F photo 8759).	en	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
038387F2FFE3FFB8FF42FC59FBE61C3F.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens examined: — ARGENTINA. Jujuy: San Pedro, cerros de San Pedro, Venturi 5026 (LP, LIL, SI). Salta: Orán, Laguna del Palmar bei Bella Vista, Lorentz & Hieronymus 554 (GOET). PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Fuerte Olimpo y alrededores, Mereles 4076 (FCQ); Collina Yaté, 170 m alta, ca 80 km ad meridiem Fuerte Olimpo, Bernardi 20459 (G, MO, NY). Chaco: Cerro León, 60 º 15 ’ W, 2 Oº 26 ’ S, Schinini & Bordas 17792 (G, MO, US). Concepción: Puerto Risso, zw Río Apa und Río Aquidabán, Fiebrig 4203 (G, K). Nueva Asunción: Piste de Mariscal Estigarribia vers cerro León, pk 141, Billiet & Jadin 3266 (BM, G, MO, NY).	en	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
038387F2FFE4FFB9FF42FABFFB201C13.taxon	description	Geographic distribution and habitat: — Paraguay and northern and central Argentina. It has also been reported and photographed from northern Uruguay by Andrés Gonzalez (pers. comm., Fig. 1 A), but without herbarium voucher. A heliophilous species, it lives in pastures and fields subjected to periodic fires, from 0 to 1500 m, especially in the Chaco region. It flowers in spring, mainly from October to December. Notes: — Thyrsacanthus sulcatus is a small herb of open habitats, characterized by its furrowed stems, coriaceous leaves, and pale flowers in terminal spikes. Its flowers are very similar to those of North American Yeatesia Small (1896: 410), especially of Yeatesia platystegia (Torrey 1859: 126) Hilsenbeck (1989: 435), as can be seen in Kiel et al. (2014). This similarity is probably the result of parallel evolution in relation to selection for pollination by butterflies (psychophilly), as species of Yeatesia fall in a different clade from Thyrsacanthus (Kiel et al. 2014, Côrtes et al. 2015). Thyrsacanthus sulcatus can be distinguished morphologically from species of Yeatesia by its placentae that do not separate from the capsule at maturity (Ezcurra 1994). It is interesting to note that a species described as Yeatesia does belong to the Thyrsacanthus clade (e. g. Y. mabryi Hilsenbeck, 1989: 436; see Kiel et al. 2014, Côrtes et al. 2015), thus rejecting monophyly of Yeatesia. Regarding types of Grisebach’s names, the protologue of Dianthera sulcata only mentions the locality “ Córdoba, in campis at urbe meridionalibus ”. Therefore a specimen collected south from the city of Córdoba, Lorentz 116, GOET 000057, is selected as the lectotype of the name Dianthera sulcata, because it is an abundant specimen that coincides well with the protologue in all aspects, and has the species’ name in Grisebach’s handwriting on the label. A duplicate of this specimen was destroyed at B, and another is at K. An additional specimen from the southern part of the city of Córdoba (“ Córdoba in campis ab urbe meridionalibus ”) that was collected by Lorentz but without collection number and with a different year of collection is at SI. We consider it is possibly a duplicate in which the locality has been directly transcribed from the protologue in Latin, and the year miscopied. As the holotype of Siphonoglossa gentianifolia Lindau at B was destroyed, we here select the isotype G 00102014 as lectotype. This latter specimen matches the destroyed holotype from B of which a photo is extant (F photo negative 8795), and meets the characteristics described in the protologue.	en	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
038387F2FFE4FFB9FF42FABFFB201C13.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens examined: — ARGENTINA. Chaco: Dpto. General Güemes, Camino de Fuerte Esperanza a Taco Pozo, Schinini et al. 24919 (CTES). Córdoba: Dpto. Totoral, Ruta Nacional 9, ca. 1 km. al S de Las Peñas, Pozner 297 (SI, CTES). Corrientes: Dpto. Ituzaingó, Rápidos de Apipé, Schinini 14772 (CTES). Entre Ríos: Dpto. La Paz, ruta 12, Arroyo Barranca Colorada, Bacigalupo 615 (SI). Formosa: Dpto. Patiño: Ruta 95, 1 km al N de Porteño Nuevo, Palacios 355 (SI). Jujuy: Dpto. Capital, camino a El Cadillal, Cabrera 29949 (SI). Salta: Dpto. Capital, La Lagunilla, 5 – 6 km al E del cerro San Bernardo, 1000 m, Novara 8157 (MCNS). Santiago del Estero: Dpto. Rivadavia, Ruta Nacional 34 entre Selva y Palo Negro, Hunziker 17790 (CORD). Santa Fe: Sin Dpto., Chaco Santafecino, Lynch s. n., BA 3767 (SI). Tucumán: Dpto. Leales, Chañar Pozo, Venturi 537 (SI). Also reported from Catamarca and San Luis (De Marco & Ruiz, 1976). PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Reserva Tatí Yupí, sabana, campo bajo, Itaipú Binacional, s. col. 608 (MO). Chaco: Agua Dulce, 20 º 14 ’ S, 60 º 07 W, Schinini & Bordas 18098 (MO, SI). Presidente Hayes: Gran Chaco, Santa Elisa, 23 º 10 ’ S, ad marg. silv., IV. 1903, Rojas 2841 (G).	en	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
