identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038387F2FFE2FFBFFF42F96DFD541BFF.text	038387F2FFE2FFBFFF42F96DFD541BFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyrsacanthus Moricand 1847	<div><p>Thyrsacanthus Moricand (1847: 165).</p> <p>Type:— Thyrsacanthus ramosissimus Moricand (1847: 165).</p> <p>Drejera Nees (1847a: 112). Type:— Drejera ramosa Nees(1847a: 112).</p> <p>Shrubs, subshrubs or perennial herbs, erect or ascending, in some cases deciduous during flowering, with quadrangular or cylindrical branches, longitudinally striate or sulcate, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, entire. Inflorescences of sessile flowers arranged in thyrses or spikes that are sometimes secund and grouped in clusters. Bracts and bracteoles opposite, frequently smaller than calyx, inconspicuous. Flowers nototribic. Calyx much shorter than the corolla tube, 5-parted, with apically acute, subequal segments, the posterior one sometimes smaller. Corolla red with a straight or curved tube that widens to the throat, or white, lilac or pale blue, with a straight narrow tube apically not ampliate; limb bilabiate, posterior lip narrow and entire or very slightly 2-lobed, internal in bud, and anterior lip 3-lobed with the lobes narrow and similar to the posterior lip, subequal, the middle one external in bud. Stamens 2, inserted on the supra-median portion of the corolla tube, slightly or completely exserted; anthers dorsifixed, with 2 thecae, the thecae parallel, narrowly oblong, equal, muticous, inserted at or nearly at the same height, with reduced connective; staminodes absent. Pollen 3-colporate, spherical to prolate, with colpi flanked by pseudocolpi. Disk annular or shortly cupular. Ovary with 2 ovules in each locule, style filiform, and stigma shortly 2-lobed. Fruit an obovoid capsule with the base markedly contracted into a solid stipe, apically apiculate. Seeds 4, suborbicular, laterally compressed, sparsely tuberculate to rugose or smooth or glochidiate; retinacula curved, pointed.</p> <p>A genus with at least six species distributed in Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina (Côrtes et al. 2010). Thyrsacanthus is morphologically very similar to Anisacanthus Nees (1842: 307) of North America, with which it has been confused until recently (e.g. Wasshausen &amp; Wood 2004), especially due to its red ornitophilous flowers, probably associated with pollination by hummingbirds (Côrtes et al. 2010). However, these genera can be distinguished by the position of the stamens and the direction of anther dehiscence. In Thyrsacanthus, the flowers are nototribic, with the stamens close to the upper lip of the corolla and the anthers dehiscing toward the lower lip. In contrast, Anisacanthus has sternotribic flowers with the stamens situated near the lower lip and the anthers dehiscing toward the upper lip. Based on molecular phylogenetic results, Daniel et al. (2008) showed that these genera pertain to different clades of the Tetramerium. lineage.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387F2FFE2FFBFFF42F96DFD541BFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ezcurra, Cecilia;Côrtes, Ana Luiza A.;Daniel, Thomas F.	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
038387F2FFE3FFBFFF42FCFFFA141A58.text	038387F2FFE3FFBFFF42FCFFFA141A58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyrsacanthus Moricand 1847	<div><p>Key to the species of Thyrsacanthus in Argentina and Paraguay</p> <p>1. Large shrub or treelet to 3 m or more tall. Flowers red, 2.5–3.5 cm long,with a tube that widens to the throat........... T. boliviensis</p> <p>1’. Small perennial herb up to 0.3 (–0.5) m tall. Flowers white, lilac or pale blue, with a very narrow cylindrictube........... T. sulcatus</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387F2FFE3FFBFFF42FCFFFA141A58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ezcurra, Cecilia;Côrtes, Ana Luiza A.;Daniel, Thomas F.	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
038387F2FFE3FFB8FF42FC59FBE61C3F.text	038387F2FFE3FFB8FF42FC59FBE61C3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyrsacanthus boliviensis (Nees) Cortes & Rapini	<div><p>1. Thyrsacanthus boliviensis (Nees) Côrtes &amp; Rapini in Côrtes et al. (2010: 967).(Fig. 1C)</p> <p>Basionym: DreJera boliviensis Nees (1847b: 334). Anisacanthus boliviensis (Nees) Wasshausen (1992: 149). Type:— BOLIVIA. Chiquitos, Orbigny 786 (lectotype G 00236118! designated by Wasshausen (1992); isolectotypes BR 0000013219215!, GZU 000249981!).</p> <p>Schaueria caduciflora Grisebach (1879: 261). Anisacanthus caduciflorus (Griseb.) Ariza (1983: 255). Type:— ARGENTINA. Salta: Orán, Gran Chaco, Laguna del Palmar, Lorentz &amp; Hieronymus 564 (lectotype designated here GOET 000003! –top right, isolectotypes CORD00006225! and CORD 00006226!)</p> <p>Jacobinia caducifolia Grisebach (1879: 261). Anisacanthus caducifolius (Griseb.) Lindau (1894: 18). Type:— ARGENTINA. Salta: Orán, Tabacal, Lorentz &amp;Hieronymus 926 (lectotype designated here GOET 000002!; isolectotypes B destr. photo F 8758!, CORD00006227!).</p> <p>Anisacanthus ruber Lindau (1895: 371).Type:— BRASIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: pr. Corumbá, Kuntze (holotype B destr. Fot. F 8761!, lectotype NY 00278884! designated by Côrtes et al. 2010).</p> <p>Anisacanthus malmei Lindau (1897: 662).Type:— PARAGUAY. Concepción: Colonia Risso, in silvula aprica solo sicco calcareo, Lindman A2123b (lectotype designated here S S09-9136!, isolectotype S S03-2312!)</p> <p>Shrubs or subshrubs up to 3 m tall (- 6 m fide De Marco &amp; Ruiz, 1976), generally deciduous during flowering; branches cylindrical, longitudinally striated, puberulous when young, glabrous at maturity. Leaves petiolate; petiole 1–2 cm long; lamina 2–6 cm long, 0.5–3 cm wide, ovate, rounded at the base, acute at apex, more or less pubescent, chartaceous, with the margin somewhat wavy. Inflorescence of secund flowers arranged in spikes grouped in simple or double clusters at end of branches. Bracts and bracteoles narrowly ovate, less than 2.5 mm long, more or less densely sericeous. Calyx about 4 mm long, glandulose. Corolla red, 2.5–3.5 cm long, with a narrow basal tube about 1 cm long, throat 1.5 cm long, widening to 5 mm diam. at the orifice, the upper lobe 1–1.5 cm long, 5–6 mm wide, the three lower lobes 1–1.5 cm long, 3–4 mm wide. Stamens 2, exserted; filaments 1.5 cm long; anthers 3–4 mm long. Ovary puberulous; style prolonged beyond the anthers. Capsule 1.5–2 cm long, puberulous. Seeds 2–4, aprox. 4–5 mm diam., tuberculate-rugose. Retinacula 2–3 mm long.</p> <p>Geographic distribution and habitat: —Southern Bolivia, southwestern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northern Argentina, in the provinces of Jujuy and Salta. It is found in the ecotone between the Chaqueña and Yungas phytogeographic provinces and in low mountainous areas of the Chaco region, from 300–1500 m, often growing on calcareous soil. It usually sheds its leaves in winter, during the dry season, and flowers mainly from August to November.</p> <p>Notes: —This species is characterized by its profuse red flowers that appear in the end of winter, and its pubescence is very variable.</p> <p>We have selected lectotypes for names of species first described by Grisebach in Plantae Lorenzianae (Grisebach, 1974) and Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam (Grisebach, 1979) because in these publications he did not indicate specific holotypes but only specified localities of material collected by P. G. Lorentz, G. Hieronymus and other collectors from Argentina that was sent to him for study in Goettingen, Germany (Hunziker, 1960).</p> <p>The protologue of Schaueria caduciflora Grisebach only mentions the locality “ Orán, Gran Chaco, in ripariis, Laguna del Palmar”. At GOET there is a sheet that bears multiple plants and labels with different collection numbers and slightly different locality information. One label bears Lorentz and Hieronymus’ number 564 (with locality information “Gran Chaco, Laguna del Palmar”) and another label bears their number 554 (with locality information “Ufer der Laguna del Palmar bei Bella Vista” and a date “21.VI.73”). All three labels bear Grisebach’s handwriting, and all plants on this sheet were likely used by him in composing the protologue. It is not entirely clear which label corresponds to which plant on the sheet. However, loose material consisting of a stem, leaves, flowers, and a fruit at the top right corner of the sheet (apparently in a packet) has a label with the number 564 and bears somewhat illegible writing in Grisebach’s hand that clearly ends with the word “Chaco”. This loose material, which undoubtedly corresponds to one of the nearly naked shoots on the sheet, is designated as the lectotype, because it consists of more complete material.</p> <p>The protologue of Jacobinia caducifolia Grisebach only mentions the locality “ Orán, in sylvis Tabacal”. In this case we designate the Lorentz &amp; Hieronymus 926 specimen GOET 000002 as lectotype of Jacobinia caducifolia because it is the only one in which the species name is written in Grisebach’s handwriting, and it agrees well with the protologue in all other aspects.This specimen was treated as the holotype by Wasshasuen &amp; Wood (1992). Grisebach’s handwriting is not present in the duplicate in B (now destroyed, but photographed in the F negatives collection of European types), or in the one in CORD.</p> <p>Also, from the syntypes mentioned in the protologue of Anisacanthus malmei Lindau (Lindman A2123b and Lindman A2123, plus Malme 1075), we designate Lindman A2123b (S S09-9136) from Colonia Risso, Paraguay, as lectotype, because it is a complete specimen that has flowers and fruits, both of which are described in the protologue. In addition, a duplicate of this specimen, now destroyed, was studied by Lindau at B, on which “ Anisacanthus malmei Lindau n. sp. ” is written in Lindau’s handwriting (as evident from F photo 8759).</p> <p>Representative specimens examined:— ARGENTINA. Jujuy: San Pedro, cerros de San Pedro, Venturi 5026 (LP, LIL, SI). Salta: Orán, Laguna del Palmar bei Bella Vista, Lorentz &amp; Hieronymus 554 (GOET). PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Fuerte Olimpo y alrededores, Mereles 4076 (FCQ); Collina Yaté, 170 m alta, ca 80 km ad meridiem Fuerte Olimpo, Bernardi 20459 (G, MO, NY). Chaco: Cerro León, 60º 15’W, 2Oº 26’S, Schinini &amp; Bordas 17792 (G, MO, US). Concepción: Puerto Risso, zw Río Apa und Río Aquidabán, Fiebrig 4203 (G, K). Nueva Asunción: Piste de Mariscal Estigarribia vers cerro León, pk 141, Billiet &amp; Jadin 3266 (BM, G, MO, NY).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387F2FFE3FFB8FF42FC59FBE61C3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ezcurra, Cecilia;Côrtes, Ana Luiza A.;Daniel, Thomas F.	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
038387F2FFE4FFB9FF42FABFFB201C13.text	038387F2FFE4FFB9FF42FABFFB201C13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyrsanthus sulcatus (Nees) C. Ezcurra & A. L. A. Cortes 2019	<div><p>2. Thyrsanthus sulcatus (Nees) C. Ezcurra &amp; A.L.A.Côrtes, comb. nov. (Fig. 1A, 1B.)</p> <p>Basionym: Jacobinia sulcata Nees (1847b: 333). Siphonoglossa sulcata (Nees) Lindau (1894: 19). Carlowrightia sulcata (Nees) C. Ezcurra (1993a: 319). Type:— ARGENTINA. “Rio Parana”, Tweedie s.n. (holotype, K 000529400!).</p> <p>Dianthera sulcata Griseb. (1874: 224). Type:— ARGENTINA. Córdoba, Im Camp suedl. von Cordoba, Sommer 1871, Lorentz 116 (lectotype designated here GOET 000057!; isolectotypes B destr. Fot. F 8798!,K000529401!); In campis ab urbe meridionalibus, “1872”, Lorentz s.n. (possibly isolectotype, SI 000706!).</p> <p>Siphonoglossa gentianifolia Lindau (1905: 370). Type:— PARAGUAY. Gran Chaco, Santa Elisa, lat.S 23 o 20’, ad marginem silvarum, Rojas 2841 in herb. Hassler (holotype B destr. photo F 8795!, lectotype designated here G 00102014!).</p> <p>Perennial herb 10–30 (–50) cm tall, branches subcylindric, octocostate, sulcate between the ribs, puberulous or glabrous. Leaves sessile; lamina 3–5 cm long, 0.4–1(–2) cm wide, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, cuneate to rounded at the base and acute at the apex, coriaceous, generally glabrous. Inflorescence of sessile flowers in dense terminal spikes 1–7 (–12) cm long. Bracts lanceolate, similar to the leaves but smaller and narrower; bracteoles lanceolate, somewhat longer than the calyx, glandular-puberulous. Calyx 0.6–1 cm long. Corolla white to pale blue or lilac, 1.5–2 cm long, with a long narrow tube 1–1.3 cm long and less than 2 mm diam.at the orifice, throat very short and slightly widening in the orifice, upper lobe erect, emarginate, 5 mm long, 2 mm wide, and the three divergent lower lobes 5 mm long, 3 mm wide, patent. Stamens 2, very shortly exserted; filaments 2–2.5 mm long; anthers 1.5 mm long. Ovary puberulous; style thin and prolonged beyond the anthers. Capsule 1.5–2 cm long, puberulous. Seeds 4 or less, ca. 4 mm diam, minutely tuberculate-rugose. Retincula ca. 2 mm long.</p> <p>Geographic distribution and habitat: — Paraguay and northern and central Argentina. It has also been reported and photographed from northern Uruguay by Andrés Gonzalez (pers. comm., Fig. 1A), but without herbarium voucher. A heliophilous species, it lives in pastures and fields subjected to periodic fires,from 0 to 1500 m, especially in the Chaco region. It flowers in spring, mainly from October to December.</p> <p>Notes: — Thyrsacanthus sulcatus is a small herb of open habitats, characterized by its furrowed stems, coriaceous leaves, and pale flowers in terminal spikes. Its flowers are very similar to those of North American Yeatesia Small (1896: 410), especially of Yeatesia platystegia (Torrey1859: 126) Hilsenbeck(1989: 435), as can be seen in Kiel et al. (2014). This similarity is probably the result of parallel evolution in relation to selection for pollination by butterflies (psychophilly), as species of Yeatesia fall in a different clade from Thyrsacanthus (Kiel et al. 2014, Côrtes et al. 2015). Thyrsacanthus sulcatus can be distinguished morphologically from species of Yeatesia by its placentae that do not separate from the capsule at maturity (Ezcurra 1994). It is interesting to note that a species described as Yeatesia does belong to the Thyrsacanthus clade (e.g. Y. mabryi Hilsenbeck,1989:436; see Kiel et al. 2014, Côrtes et al. 2015), thus rejecting monophyly of Yeatesia.</p> <p>Regarding types of Grisebach’s names, the protologue of Dianthera sulcata only mentions the locality “ Córdoba, in campis at urbe meridionalibus”.Therefore a specimen collected south from the city of Córdoba, Lorentz 116, GOET 000057, is selected as the lectotype of the name Dianthera sulcata, because it is an abundant specimen that coincides well with the protologue in all aspects, and has the species’ name in Grisebach’s handwriting on the label. A duplicate of this specimen was destroyed at B, and another is at K. An additional specimen from the southern part of the city of Córdoba (“ Córdoba in campis ab urbe meridionalibus”) that was collected by Lorentz but without collection number and with a different year of collection is at SI.We consider it is possibly a duplicate in which the locality has been directly transcribed from the protologue in Latin, and the year miscopied.</p> <p>As the holotype of Siphonoglossa gentianifolia Lindau at B was destroyed, we here select the isotype G 00102014 as lectotype. This latter specimen matches the destroyed holotype from B of which a photo is extant (F photo negative 8795), and meets the characteristics described in the protologue.</p> <p>Representative specimens examined: — ARGENTINA. Chaco: Dpto. General Güemes, Camino de Fuerte Esperanza a Taco Pozo, Schinini et al. 24919 (CTES). Córdoba: Dpto. Totoral, Ruta Nacional 9, ca. 1 km. al S de Las Peñas, Pozner 297 (SI, CTES). Corrientes: Dpto. Ituzaingó, Rápidos de Apipé, Schinini 14772 (CTES). Entre Ríos: Dpto. La Paz, ruta 12, Arroyo Barranca Colorada, Bacigalupo 615 (SI). Formosa: Dpto. Patiño: Ruta 95, 1 km al N de Porteño Nuevo, Palacios 355 (SI). Jujuy: Dpto. Capital, camino a El Cadillal, Cabrera 29949 (SI). Salta: Dpto. Capital, La Lagunilla, 5–6 km al E del cerro San Bernardo, 1000 m, Novara 8157 (MCNS). Santiago del Estero: Dpto. Rivadavia, Ruta Nacional 34 entre Selva y Palo Negro, Hunziker 17790 (CORD). Santa Fe: Sin Dpto., Chaco Santafecino, Lynch s.n., BA 3767 (SI). Tucumán: Dpto. Leales, Chañar Pozo, Venturi 537 (SI). Also reported from Catamarca and San Luis (De Marco &amp; Ruiz, 1976). PARAGUAY. Alto Paraná: Reserva Tatí Yupí, sabana, campo bajo, Itaipú Binacional, s. col. 608 (MO). Chaco: Agua Dulce, 20º14’S, 60º07W, Schinini &amp; Bordas 18098 (MO, SI). Presidente Hayes: Gran Chaco, Santa Elisa, 23º10’S, ad marg. silv., IV.1903, Rojas 2841 (G).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387F2FFE4FFB9FF42FABFFB201C13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ezcurra, Cecilia;Côrtes, Ana Luiza A.;Daniel, Thomas F.	Ezcurra, Cecilia, Côrtes, Ana Luiza A., Daniel, Thomas F. (2019): A synopsis of Thyrsacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Argentina and Paraguay, with notes on generic delimitation, a new combination, and lectotypifications. Phytotaxa 395 (2): 81-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.2.4
