identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038251365471FFBFFF6BFA7FFD4AC79B.text	038251365471FFBFFF6BFA7FFD4AC79B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kalophrynus minusculus Iskandar 1998	<div><p>Kalophrynus minusculus Iskandar, 1998</p><p>(Figs. 4–7, 11B)</p><p>Kalophrynus pleurostigma interlineatus: Mertens (1957)</p><p>Holotype. Adult female, MZB Amph 367 (Fig. 4 A–E), from Cigeunteur or Tjigeunteur (now Cigenter), Ujung Kulon National Park, Ujung Jaya Village, Sumur District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia, collected by A.M.R. Wegner on 15 July 1955.</p><p>Paratypes (n=8). Total of seven paratypes from Ujung Kulon National Park, Ujung Jaya Village, Sumur District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia, collected by A.M.R. Wegner: One male (MZB Amph 365.2), one female (MZB Amph 365.1), and one juvenile (MZB Amph 365.3) [from the museum record this number (MZB Amph 365) is listed to have three specimens] collected on 4–9 February 1956 (from the museum record these specimens are only listed from Ujung Kulon) ; One male (MZB Amph 366) from Nyewaan collected on 15 June 1955 . One male (MZB Amph 371) [previously MZB Amph 375 in Iskandar (1998); however, from the museum record, the previous number (MZB Amph 375) is listed as Ingerophrynus biporcatus Gravenhorst] from Tjibunar (now Cibunar) collected on 27 July 1953 ; One male (MZB Amph 376) collected on 9 February 1956 (only listed from Ujung Kulon Island) . One female (MZB Amph 2924) from Cidaon was collected by Hellen Kurniati in August 1990 .</p><p>One male (MZB Amph 2339) from Gelugur, near Kramat, Way Sekampung, South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province (approx 50 m a.s.l) collected by Djoko T. Iskandar on 15 October 1976 .</p><p>Topotypes (n=7). Five males (MZB Amph 27229–33) and one female (MZB Amph 27234) from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.46143&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.828865" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.46143/lat -6.828865)">Laban</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.46143&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.828865" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.46143/lat -6.828865)">Ujung Jaya Village</a>, Sumur District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia (-6.828865, 105.461436, 29 m a.s.l) were collected by Sasi Kirono on 4 August 2019 . One male (MZB Amph 1116) from Tjidaon (now Cidaon), Ujung Jaya Village, Sumur District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia, collected by A.M.R Wegner on 4 December 1958 .</p><p>English common name. Small sticky frog.</p><p>Suggested Indonesian common name. Katak lengket kecil.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet ” minusculus ” in Latin means small, referring to the small size of the adults compared to the larger K. pleurostigma .</p><p>Diagnosis. The species is assigned to Kalophrynus based on molecular analyses and the following combination of morphological characters: absence of spine-like projection of skin at heel and elbow; fingers without greatly enlarged tubercles; snout less than twice diameter of eye; inner metatarsal tubercle low, not shovel-like; tympanum visible (Inger 1966).</p><p>The species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: small size (SVL 23.1–29.2 mm in adult males, 29.3–32.3 mm in adult females); inguinal spot usually present, without light border; fourth finger short but not nub-like; hand and foot with distinct subarticular tubercles; light-colored diagonal stripes on the body; webbing on fourth toe only reaches proximal subarticular tubercle; a pair of distinct dark bands from between the eyes to groin.</p><p>Description of topotype (MZB Amph 27229). Adult male (Fig. 4 F–J); small-sized (SVL 26.6 mm); habitus moderately stocky; head broader (HW 8.1 mm, 30.4 % SVL) than long (HL 7.4 mm, 27.9 % SVL); snout slightly rounded in lateral view, protruding beyond lower jaw; eye diameter (ED 3.0 mm, 11.4 % SVL) longer than snout length (SL 2.9 mm, 11.1 % SVL); pupil horizontal; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region vertical, slightly convex; nostril below canthus, nearer to tip of snout (SNL 0.9 mm, 3.2 % SVL) than to eye (NEL 2.0 mm, 7.5 % SVL); interorbital distance (IOD 3.4 mm, 12.7 % SVL) wider than internarial distance (IND 2.1 mm, 7.9 % SVL), the latter nearly equal to upper eyelid (UEW 2.2 mm, 8.1 % SVL); pineal spot absent; tympanum distinct, roughly rounded, diameter (TD 2.0 mm, 7.6 % SVL) about two-thirds of eye; upper jaw edentate; tongue smooth, without papillae; pair of long smooth vomerine fold, straight-edged flaps behind choanae, each extending from labial edge of mouth to near midline, separated by very short gap from its opposite fold; postorbital low, smooth; buccal fold distinct, higher than postorbital; vocal slit present, on both sides of mouth floor between base of tongue and angle of jaws; median subgular vocal sac.</p><p>Forelimb slender; finger webbing absent; tips blunt, rounded; finger length formula IV &lt;I &lt;II &lt;III, fourth finger (Fin4L 1.8 mm, 6.7 % SVL) slightly shorter than first (Fin1L 1.9 mm, 7.0 % SVL); portion of fourth finger projection from palm longer than terminal phalanx of third finger; subarticular tubercles on fingers and palmar tubercles well-developed, rounded, two on fingers I, II, and IV, three on III; outer palmar tubercle large, oval; humeral spine absent; nuptial pad absent.</p><p>Hindlimb slender, moderately long (HLL 39.5 mm, 148.6 % SVL); toe length formula I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; fifth toe projecting as far as third toe; foot (FL 10.1 mm, 38.1 % SVL) shorter than tibia (TBL 10.9 mm, 41.0 % SVL); tibio-tarsal articulation of adpressed limb reaching tympanum; toe tips blunt, rounded; toes webbing poorly developed, webbing formula I 1–2 II 1–3 III 2–4 IV 4–2 V; fifth toe projecting as far as the third toe; subarticular tubercles rounded, one on toes I and II, two on III, three on IV, and indistinct on V; inner metatarsal distinct, oval; outer metatarsal present, indistinct.</p><p>Dorsum skin finely granular, with many small whitish tubercles, scattered on dorsal of head, body, forelimb, and hindlimb; dorsolateral lined with small whitish tubercles, extended from anterior upper eyelid to groin; gland on side of head, behind tympanum, delimited by sinuous groove; supratympanic fold curved; abdomen, ventral thigh, and cloaca with large flattened glandules; pair of round, whitish, slightly elevated tubercles on pectoral region.</p><p>Coloration. In preservatives, dorsal body dark brownish, with a distinct pair of dark bands from between the eyes to groin; edge of the bands with whitish tubercles; several dark stripes near groin and side of the body; small dots and whitish tubercles formed distinct dorsolateral line from tip of snout to groin, forming boundary between dorsum and side of head and flank; dorsal limbs with dark cross bars; inguinal spot absent; chin with paired, dark, longitudinal bars; pectoral region yellowish, covered with dark dots; abdomen and ventral thigh yellowish.</p><p>Variation. The morphometric variations are listed in Table 2. Males had smaller than females in SVL, RHL, RHW, RSNL, RToe4L, and RToe 5L. The coloration of paratype specimens varies considerably, ranging from extremely faded dark brown to yellowish brown. A pair of dark bands on the dorsal skin of body were indistinct in three paratypes (MZB Amph 365.3, 371, 376); this might be due to long storage and color change of the specimens. All type and topotype specimens (excluding MZB Amph 27229, 27231) exhibited an inguinal spot without light border; the coloration of the inguinal spot in type specimens was indistinct. Among the topotype specimens, the coloration of the dorsal body ranged from dark brown (MZB Amph 27232, 27233) to light grayish (MZB Amph 27234, 27230) and light brown (MZB Amph 27231). A male paratype from South Lampung (MZB Amph 2339) exhibited a pointed snout in lateral view (Fig. 5E 3).</p><p>Morphological comparison. Kalophrynus minusculus differs from K. pleurostigma by females having smaller body size, SVL 29.3–32.3 mm (vs. 34.5–43.5 mm), thinner dorsolateral line, Fig. 11B (vs. thicker, Fig. 11C, D), and fifth toe projecting as far as the third toe in females, Fig. 12B (vs. fifth toe not projecting as far as third, Fig. 12C). Kalophrynus minusculus differs from K. meizon by having a smaller body size, SVL 23.1–29.2 mm in males, 29.3–32.3 mm in females (vs. 37.0–50.0 mm in males, 35.0–60.0 mm in females), and absence of conical spines on the dorsal skin of the body of males [vs. present: Zug (2015)].</p><p>Kalophrynus minusculus is easily differentiated from the nubicola group ( K. nubicola, K. puncak, K. dringi) by having larger body size, SVL 23.1–29.2 mm in males, 29.3–32.3 mm in females (vs. ≤ 22.7 in males, ≤ 24.8 mm in females), distinct subarticular tubercles on hand and foot [vs. indistinct: Fukuyama et al. (2021)], distinct snout projection [vs. indistinct: Fukuyama et al. (2021)], and dorsolateral line present [vs. absent (except K. dringi): Fukuyama et al. (2021)].</p><p>Kalophrynus minusculus differs from K. barioensis Matsui &amp; Nishikawa, K. bunguranus (Günther), K. cryptophonus Vassilieva, Galoyan, Gogoleva &amp; Poyarkov, K. robinsoni Smith, K. subterrestris Inger, and K. tiomanensis by having a larger body size, SVL 23.1–29.2 mm in males, 29.3–32.3 mm in females [vs. ≤ 19.8 mm in males (except in males K. bunguranus, K. cryptophonus, K. subterrestris, and K. tiomanensis), ≤ 26.7 mm in females]. K. minusculus differs from K. anya Zug, K. baluensis Kiew, K. calciphilus Dehling, K. interlineatus (Blyth), K. intermedius Inger, K. kiewi, K. orangensis Dutta, Ahmed &amp; Das, K. palmatissimus, and K. sinensis by having a smaller body size, SVL 23.1–29.2 mm in males, 29.3–32.3 mm in females [vs. ≥ 31.2 mm in males (except in males K. calciphilus and K. intermedius), ≥ 34.4 mm in females (except in females K. palmatissimus)].</p><p>Kalophrynus minusculus has an overlapping body size with K. eok Das &amp; Haas and K. punctatus Peters, but can be differentiated from those species by the presence of inguinal spot in most specimens (vs. absent). Additionally, K. minusculus differs from K. eok and K. punctatus by having several dark stripes near groin and side of the body [vs. absent: Das &amp; Haas (2003), Inger (1966)].</p><p>Kalophrynus minusculus also has an overlapping body size with K. heterochirus Boulenger, K. honbaensis, K. limbooliati, and K. yongi Matsui. However, it can be differentiated from these species as follows: from K. heterochirus and K. limbooliati by a portion of the fourth finger projection from the palm longer than the terminal phalange of the third finger (vs. shorter); additionally, K. minusculus differs from K. heterochirus by the presence of a black inguinal spot (vs. white-bluish). K. minusculus differs from K. honbaensis by the absence of finger webbing [vs. present: Vassilieva et al. (2014)]; and from K. yongi by the absence of nuptial pad (vs. present).</p><p>Call characteristics. An adult male (unvouchered specimen) of Kalophrynus minusculus was captured in Kampung Cikawung, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.596" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.774/lat 34.596)">Ujung Jaya village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.596" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.774/lat 34.596)">Sumur district</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.596" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.774/lat 34.596)">Pandeglang Regency</a>, Banten Province (-6.800636, 105.499069, 8.8 m a.s.l) on 08 April 2025 and brought to a room. Although the specimen was not preserved as a voucher, its identification was confirmed based on direct morphological examination. We recorded one call of one adult male (Fig. 7) at distances of approximately 1 m at an air temperature of 28.0° C. The call sounds to the human ear like “krek….krek…….krek” with a duration of call 1.14 s and dominant frequency 516–689 Hz (mean 617 ± SD 84.685). Note series consist of 3 notes, with two pulses, duration of note series 0.031 −0.048 s (mean 0.040 ± SD 0.008), pulse duration 0.007 −0.026 s (mean 0.015 ± SD 0.007), inter-pulse interval 0.001 −0.022 s (mean 0.010 ± SD 0.011), pulse period 0.023 −0.029 s (mean 0.026 ± SD 0.003), and pulse rate 34.596 −43.774 s (mean 38.380 ± SD 4.796).</p><p>Call comparisons. The call characteristics of 11 species of Kalophrynus have been described, analyzed, and recorded [ K. meizon: Matsui et al. (1996); K. baluensis: Malkmus &amp; Riede (1996), Inger et al. (2017); K. yongi: Matsui (2009); K. barioensis: Matsui &amp; Nishikawa (2011); K. calciphilus: Dehling (2011); K. cryptophonus: Vassilieva et al. (2014); K. interlineatus: Matsui et al. (1996), Ohler &amp; Grosjean (2005); K. limbooliati: Matsui et al. (2012); K. dringi, K. nubicola, K. puncak: Inger et al. (2017), Fukuyama et al. (2021)].</p><p>The call of Kalophrynus minusculus differs from K. baluensis, K. barioensis, K. limbooliati, K. meizon, and K. yongi by the well-pulsed note (vs. unpulsed note). The call of K. minusculus differs from K. cryptophonus, K. dringi, K. interlineatus, K. nubicola, and K. puncak by consisting of a series of notes (vs. a single note). Additionally, the call of K. minusculus differs from K. cryptophonus by having a lower dominant frequency, 516−689 Hz (vs. 900−1200 in K. cryptophonus). The call of K. minusculus differs from K. calciphilus by having two pulses (vs. consisting of only 7 or 8 pulses).</p><p>Tadpoles. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution and natural history. This species is known from lower elevations about 29–50 m a.s.l. on Peucang Island and the tip of mainland Java (Ujung Kulon National Park), and is also recorded from the southern part of Sumatra (Lampung). Females produce 30 to 50 eggs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038251365471FFBFFF6BFA7FFD4AC79B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gonggoli, Ade Damara;Fauzan, Muhammad Fakhri;Kaprawi, Fajar;Herlambang, Alamsyah Elang Nusa;Kirono, Sasi;Wiradarma, Huda;Alif, Haegal;Hamidy, Amir	Gonggoli, Ade Damara, Fauzan, Muhammad Fakhri, Kaprawi, Fajar, Herlambang, Alamsyah Elang Nusa, Kirono, Sasi, Wiradarma, Huda, Alif, Haegal, Hamidy, Amir (2025): Taxonomic assessment of Javanese Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838, with a description of a new species (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae). Zootaxa 5646 (4): 501-526, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.2
03825136547BFFA7FF6BFB8AFBFBC6B3.text	03825136547BFFA7FF6BFB8AFBFBC6B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri Gonggoli & Fauzan & Kaprawi & Herlambang & Kirono & Wiradarma & Alif & Hamidy 2025	<div><p>Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 8–10, 11A, 13)</p><p>K. pleurostigma: Iskandar (1998)</p><p>K. minusculus: Kurniawan et al. (2022), Kaprawi et al. (2022a, b)</p><p>Holotype. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.83872&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.700111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.83872/lat -7.700111)">Adult</a> male, MZB <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.83872&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.700111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.83872/lat -7.700111)">Amph</a> 32726, collected from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.83872&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.700111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.83872/lat -7.700111)">Sagara Village</a>, Cibalong District, Garut Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia (-7.700111, 107.838722, 14 m a.s.l), by Misbahul Munir, Ade Damara Gonggoli, Fajar Kaprawi, and Haegal Alif on 4 April 2022.</p><p>Paratypes (n=11). Three males (MZB Amph 32720, 32724–25) and three females (MZB Amph 32721–23) were collected together with the holotype . One male (MZB Amph 32695) and two females (MZB Amph 32693–94) from Sagara Village, Cibalong District, Garut Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia, collected by Umar Fadli Kennedi, Mohammad Ali Ridha, Dzikri Ibnul Qayyim, and Rizky Rafsazan in April 2017 . One male (MZB Amph 504) from Nusa Kambangan Island, Cilacap Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia, collected by S.S. Liem on 8 November 1962 . One male (MZB <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.8149&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.728713" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.8149/lat -7.728713)">Amph</a> 31927) from Tambakreja, Nusa Kambangan Island, South Cilacap District, Cilacap Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia (-7.728713, 108.8149, 96 m a.s.l) collected by Wahyu Sigit, Frendi Irawan, Diagal Wisnu, Hening Triandika Rachman, Nanang Kamaludin, and Nukman, on 15 September 2020 .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “misbahulmuniri ” is an eponym dedicated to the late Misbahul Munir, who contributed significantly to the taxonomy and conservation of Indonesian herpetofauna and was one of the type specimen collectors.</p><p>Suggested English common name. Misbahul Munir’s Sticky Frog.</p><p>Suggested Indonesian common name. Katak lengket Misbahul Munir.</p><p>Diagnosis. The new species is assigned to Kalophrynus based on molecular analyses and the following combination of morphological characters: absence of spine-like projection of skin at heel and elbow; fingers without greatly enlarged tubercles; snout less than twice the diameter of the eye; inner metatarsal tubercle low, not shovel-like; tympanum visible (Inger 1966).</p><p>The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: medium size (SVL 26.9–31.8 mm in adult males, 32.8–38.5 mm in adult females); inguinal spot usually present, with light border; hand and foot with distinct subarticular tubercles; hindlimb moderate length; outer palmar tubercle large; webbing on fourth toe reaches middle subarticular tubercle or slightly less; thin dorsolateral line; absence faint hourglass mark and conical spines on the dorsal skin of the body.</p><p>Description of holotype. Adult male (Fig. 8A–E, 10A); medium-sized (SVL 31.8 mm); habitus stocky; head broader (HW 10.2 mm, 32.0 % SVL) than long (HL 8.9 mm, 28.1 % SVL); snout sharply pointed in lateral view, protruding beyond lower jaw; eye diameter (ED 3.9 mm, 12.1 % SVL) longer than snout length (SL 3.5 mm, 10.9 % SVL); pupil horizontal; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region vertical, slightly convex; nostril below canthus, nearer to tip of snout (SNL 1.0 mm, 3.0 % SVL) than to eye (NEL 2.4 mm, 7.6 % SVL); interorbital distance (IOD 4.2 mm, 13.2 % SVL) wider than internarial distance (IND 2.0 mm, 6.1 % SVL), the latter nearly equal to upper eyelid (UEW 2.1 mm, 6.6 % SVL); pineal spot absent; tympanum distinct, roughly rounded, diameter (TD 2.6 mm, 8.3 % SVL) about two-thirds of eye; upper jaw edentate; tongue smooth, without papillae; vomerine fold smooth, straight-edged flaps behind choanae, each extending from labial edge of mouth to near midline, separated by short gap from its opposite fold; postorbital low, smooth; buccal fold distinct, higher than postorbital; vocal slit present, on both side of mouth floor between base of tongue and angle of jaws; median subgular vocal sac.</p><p>Forelimb slender; finger webbing absent; fingertips blunt, rounded; finger length formula IV &lt;I &lt;II &lt;III, fourth finger (Fin4L 1.8 mm, 5.8 % SVL) slightly shorter than first (Fin1L 2.0 mm, 6.3 % SVL); portion of fourth finger projection from palm longer than terminal phalanx of third finger; subarticular tubercles on fingers and palmar tubercles well-developed, rounded, two on fingers I, II, and IV, three on III; outer palmar tubercle large, oval; humeral spine absent; nuptial pad absent.</p><p>Hindlimb slender, moderately long (HLL 47.6 mm, 149.8 % SVL); toe length formula I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; fifth toe projecting as far as third toe; foot (FL 12.2 mm, 38.2 % SVL) shorter than tibia (TBL 12.9 mm, 40.6 % SVL); tibio-tarsal articulation of adpressed limb reaching behind tympanum; toe tips blunt, rounded; toes webbing poorly developed, webbing formula I 1–1 II 1–2 III 1–3 IV 3.5–1 V; fifth toe projecting slightly below the third toe; subarticular tubercles rounded, one on toes I and II, two on III and V, three on IV; inner metatarsal distinct, oval; outer metatarsal present, indistinct.</p><p>Dorsum skin finely granular, with few small whitish tubercles, scattered from snout to vent; dorsolateral lined with small whitish tubercles, extended from tip of snout to groin; gland on side of head, behind tympanum, delimited by sinuous groove; supratympanic fold curved; abdomen, ventral thigh, and cloaca with large flattened glandules; pair of round, whitish, slightly elevated tubercles on pectoral region.</p><p>Coloration. In life, dorsum yellowish brown, with a very indistinct pair of dark bands from between the eyes to the groin; whitish tubercles formed a thin dorsolateral line from the anterior upper eyelid to the groin, forming the boundary between lighter dorsum and darker side of head and flank; dorsal limbs with dark cross bars; inguinal region with rounded black spot, with whitish tubercle edges; chin and pectoral region brownish; abdomen and ventral thigh cream. In preservatives, body coloration fades to dark brown, and the side of the body to blackness; chin and pectoral region fade to dark gray; ventral of the thigh and abdomen fades to cream.</p><p>Variation. Morphometric variations among the specimens show that males have larger in RHW, RICD, RIOD, Rfin2L, Rfin3L, RFML, and RToe5L than females, while females have larger in SVL, RSNL, RUEW, RToe1L, and RToe2L than males (Table 2). In life, dorsal body coloration varies from light peach (Fig.9B, D, E, F) to burnt orange (Fig. 9C). A female paratype (MZB Amph 32722) exhibited light peach coloration in life (Fig. 9E), which changed to dark brown after euthanasia (Fig. 10B 1). The dorsal skin of a male paratype (MZB Amph 31927) was light grayish with scattered black spots and several dark stripes near the groin (Fig. 10E 1, E 3). A male paratype (MZB Amph 32720) has a deformed right foot (Fig. 10A 2). Among the specimens, an indistinct pair of dark bands on the dorsal skin of the body was observed in one female (MZB Amph 32723). The inguinal spot was absent in one female (MZB Amph 32693). In most paratype specimens, the proximal subarticular tubercle on the fifth toe was indistinct. Three female paratypes had a variation in toe webbing: one female (MZB Amph 32693) was a little bit dried and showed poorly developed webbing on the fourth toe, webbing formula: I 1–2 II 1.5–3 III 1.5–3.5 IV 3.5–1.5 V, while two females (MZB Amph 32721, 32723) had webbing formula: I 1–2 II 1–3 III 1.5–3.25 IV 3.5–1.5 V. Fourth toe of all females projecting as far as third.</p><p>Morphological comparison. Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. is easily distinguished from K. minusculus by more developed toe webbing, I 1–1 II 1–2 III 1–3 IV 3–1 V (vs. I 1–2 II 1–3 III 2–4 IV 4–2 V); a pair of black bands and stripes on dorsal skin of body absent and indistinct (vs. present and distinct); snout sharply pointed (vs. rounded); larger body size in mean values of adult males, SVL 26.9–31.8 mm, mean 29.6 ± SD 1.6 (vs. 23.1–29.2 mm, mean 26.0 ± SD 1.7), and adult females, SVL 32.8–38.5 mm, mean 36.1 ± SD 2.4 (vs. 29.3–32.3 mm, mean 30.8 ± SD 1.5).</p><p>Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. differs from K. pleurostigma by females having smaller body size in mean values, SVL 32.8–38.5 mm, mean 36.1 mm ± SD 2.4 (vs. 34.5–43.5 mm, mean 40.9 mm ± SD 3.2), thinner dorsolateral line, Fig. 11A (vs. thicker, Fig. 11C, D), fifth toe projecting as far as the third toe in females, Fig. 12A (vs. fifth toe not projecting as far as third, Fig. 12C), and absence of hourglass marking on dorsal skin (vs. present in some specimens). The new species differs from K. meizon by having a smaller body size, SVL 26.9–31.8 mm in males, 32.8–38.5 mm in females (vs. 37.0–50.0 mm in males, 35.0–60.0 mm in females), and absence of conical spines on the dorsal skin of the body of males [vs. present: Zug (2015)].</p><p>Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. is easily differentiated from the nubicola group ( K. nubicola, K. puncak, K. dringi) by having larger body size, SVL 26.9–31.8 mm in males, 32.8–38.5 mm in females (vs. ≤ 22.7 mm in males, ≤ 24.8 mm in females), distinct subarticular tubercles on hand and foot [vs. indistinct: Fukuyama et al. (2021)], distinct snout projection [vs. indistinct: Fukuyama et al. (2021)], and dorsolateral line present [vs. absent (except K. dringi): Fukuyama et al. (2021)].</p><p>Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. differs from K. barioensis, K. bunguranus, K. cryptophonus, K. eok, K. robinsoni, K. subterrestris, and K. tiomanensis by having a larger body size, SVL 26.9–31.8 mm in males, 32.8–38.5 mm in females [vs. ≤ 26.3 mm in males, ≤ 27.0 mm in females (except in females K. cryptophonus)]. The new species differs from K. anya, K. baluensis, K. interlineatus, K. kiewi, K. orangensis, and K. sinensis by having a smaller body size, SVL 26.9–31.8 mm in males, 32.8–38.5 mm in females [vs. ≥ 33.7 mm in males, ≥ 39.4 mm in females (except in females K. anya, K. interlineatus, K. kiewi, and K. orangensis)].</p><p>Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. has an overlapping body size with K. calciphilus, K. intermedius, K. palmatissimus, and K. punctatus, but can be differentiated from those species by the presence of inguinal spot in most specimens (vs. absent).Additionally, the new species differs from K. calciphilus by having smaller subarticular tubercles on the hand and foot [vs. larger: Dehling (2011)]. From K. intermedius, the new species differs by the fifth toe projecting as far as the third toe in females (vs. fifth toe not projecting as far as third). From K. palmatissimus and K. punctatus, the new species differs from those species by webbing on the fourth toe usually reaching the middle subarticular tubercle or slightly less (vs. webbing on the fourth toe webbed to the distal subarticular tubercle in K. palmatissimus and below the proximal subarticular tubercle in K. punctatus).</p><p>The new species also has an overlapping body size with K. heterochirus, K. honbaensis, K. limbooliati, and K. yongi, but, respectively, the new species can be differentiated from these species as follows: from K. heterochirus by the presence of black inguinal spot (vs. white-bluish) and portion of fourth finger projection from palm longer than terminal phalange of third finger (vs. shorter); from K. limbooliati by the portion of fourth finger projection from palm longer than terminal phalange of third finger (vs. shorter); from K. yongi by the absence of nuptial pad (vs. present); and from K. honbaensis by the absence of finger webbing (vs. present).</p><p>Call characteristics. A male paratype (MZB Amph 32720) was collected from the field and brought to a room. Six calls of the specimen were recorded at distances of approximately 0.5–1 m at an air temperature of 24.0°C on 22 April 2022. Call consists of two types of pulsed note series (Fig. 13A), sounding to the human ear like “krek…. krek….krek... krek..krek..krek..krek..krek” with duration of call 1.56− 13.89 s (mean 5.066 ± SD 4.645), inter call interval 0.920 –1.681 s (mean 1.262 ± SD 0.386), and dominant frequency 1378–2756 Hz (mean 1600 ± SD 322.402). The interval between the two types of note series was 0.753 –12.663 s (mean 3.600 ± SD 5.120).</p><p>Note series I (Fig. 13B) consist of 1–3 notes, with 2–6 pulses, duration of note series 0.023 −1.998 s (mean 0.471 ± SD 0.773), pulse duration 0.005 −0.038 s (mean 0.017 ± SD 0.008), inter-pulse interval 0.000 −0.018 s (mean 0.002 ± SD 0.005), pulse period 0.010 −0.026 s (mean 0.016 ± SD 0.004), pulse rate 39.141 −103.041 s (mean 67.886 ± SD 16.452), and dominant frequency 1378.125−2239.453 Hz (mean 1531.25 ± SD 138.29).</p><p>Note series II (Fig. 13C) consists of 3−9 notes, with 2–7 pulses, duration of note series 0.377 −2.541 s (mean 1.37 ± SD 0.937), pulse duration 0.004 −0.037 s (mean 0.015 ± SD 0.007), inter-pulse interval 0.000 −0.017 s (mean 0.002 ± SD 0.004), pulse period 0.008 −0.026 s (mean 0.015 ±SD 0.003), pulse rate 38.458 −119.357 s (mean 68.538 ± SD 15.133), and dominant frequency 1378.125−2756.250 Hz (mean 1618.764 ±SD 364.146).</p><p>Call comparisons. The call of Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. differs from K. baluensis, K. barioensis, K. limbooliati, K. meizon, and K. yongi by the well-pulsed note (vs. unpulsed note). The call of new species differs from K. minusculus by consisting of 2−7 pulses (vs. only two pulses), and a higher dominant frequency, 1378−2239 Hz (vs. 516–689 Hz). The call of new species differs from K. cryptophonus, K. dringi, K. interlineatus, K. nubicola, and K. puncak by consisting of a series of notes (vs. a single note). Additionally, the call of new species differs from K. cryptophonus and K. interlineatus by having a higher dominant frequency, 1378−2239 Hz (vs. 900−1200 in K. cryptophonus, 660−820 Hz in K. interlineatus). The call of new species differs from K. calciphilus by having two types of note series (vs. a single type of note series) and consists of 2−7 pulses (vs. only consisting of 7 or 8 pulses).</p><p>Tadpoles. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution and natural history. Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. is known only from Sagara and Nusa Kambangan Island at a low elevation between 14−19 m a.s.l. Holotype and paratypes from Sagara were found on leaf litter in secondary forests at low elevations near coastal areas (Fig. 14). This new species was also recorded in Leuweung Sancang (Kaprawi et al. 2022a, b). The tadpole is unknown. The anuran species had been found sympatrically with the new species: Chirixalus pantaiselatan Munir, Hamidy, Kusrini, Kennedi, Ridha, Qayyim, Rafsanzani &amp; Nishikawa, Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst), Hylarana nicobariensis Stoliczka, Kaloula baleata (Müller), Limnonectes macrodon (Duméril &amp; Bibron), Limnonectes microdiscus (Boettger), Microhyla achatina Tschudi, Microhyla palmipes Boulenger, and Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03825136547BFFA7FF6BFB8AFBFBC6B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gonggoli, Ade Damara;Fauzan, Muhammad Fakhri;Kaprawi, Fajar;Herlambang, Alamsyah Elang Nusa;Kirono, Sasi;Wiradarma, Huda;Alif, Haegal;Hamidy, Amir	Gonggoli, Ade Damara, Fauzan, Muhammad Fakhri, Kaprawi, Fajar, Herlambang, Alamsyah Elang Nusa, Kirono, Sasi, Wiradarma, Huda, Alif, Haegal, Hamidy, Amir (2025): Taxonomic assessment of Javanese Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838, with a description of a new species (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae). Zootaxa 5646 (4): 501-526, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.2
