identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038243601F25FFEEFFBA66EE499AFE92.text	038243601F25FFEEFFBA66EE499AFE92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripneustes gratilla	<div><p>3.2.1 | T. g. gratilla</p><p>In our region of interest, Eastern Australia and across the Tasman Sea, Tripneustes g. gratilla in museum collections demonstrated a largely tropical-to-temperate distribution. The distribution of this taxon ranged from Papua New Guinea (5°13′30″ S) to Jervis Bay (New South Wales, southeastern Australia, 35°7′12″S), encompassing ~30° of latitude. The midpoint of its geographic range in the region investigated was at 20°10′30″ S, around the Whitsundays in Queensland. The furthest east specimen of T. australiae in our region of interest was collected from subtropical Lord Howe Island (31°32′36.6″ S, 159°03′06.6″ E) in the Pacific Ocean (Tables SA2 and SA3). The long-term temperature range across this distribution is 16.3°C–29.97°C, a realised thermal width of 13.67°C. The realised upper and lower limits of T. g. gratilla are 14.7°C and 30.4°C, which represent the average yearly minima and maxima experienced by this taxon at its respective upper and lower range edges (from 2000 to 2020) (Figure 2, Table 1). We note that outside of our region of interest, the western-most collection location from the museum collections we examined was from Cocos (Keeling) Island (12°08′42.7″ S, 96°52′15.6″ E) in the Indian Ocean.</p><p>3.3 | Abundance and Distribution of Tripneustes in Australia</p><p>The RLS survey data for the two Tripneustes spp. were from 7 ecoregions, from the Torres Strait in the north to Cape Howe in the south, at 18 locations and 107 sites from 2003 to 2024. The density of Tripneustes spp. varied significantly among Australian ecoregions (χ 2 = 26.145, df = 6, p &lt;0.001). Peak densities of Tripneustes spp. were in the Lord Howe and Norfolk Island ecoregion, a subtropical ecoregion (Figure 3). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons showed that densities in the Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands bioregion were significantly higher (p&gt; 0.05) than densities in other ecoregions (Figure 3, Table SA6). Densities of Tripneustes spp. were higher in the Tweed-Moreton and Lord Howe and Norfolk Island ecoregions compared to other regions (Figure 3). Consistent with this, the frequency of observation of Tripneustes spp. was lower in the tropical regions of Australia (Figure 4).</p><p>3.4 | Model Performance and Habitat</p><p>Suitability Maps</p><p>3.4.2 | T. g. gratilla</p><p>The final habitat suitability model for T.g. gratilla (variables:MD and SST) had a high predictive capacity (AUC = 0.926 ± 0.022 SD), indicating the model prediction was reliable. Depth was the dominant predictor of T. g. gratilla habitat suitability (97.1%), and there was some influence of SST (2.9%). This suggests that future habitat suitability for T. g. gratilla will be primarily limited by the availability of habitat at a shallow depth, such as rocky reef or seagrass meadows (Figure 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038243601F25FFEEFFBA66EE499AFE92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McLaren, Emily;Sommer, Brigitte;Pine, Christopher;Miskelly, Ashley;Byrne, Maria	McLaren, Emily, Sommer, Brigitte, Pine, Christopher, Miskelly, Ashley, Byrne, Maria (2025): Searchin' for Urchins: Utilising Museum Collections and Citizen Science to Assess Species on the Move in the Genus Tripneustes. Journal of Biogeography (e 15092) 52 (5): 1-15, DOI: 10.1111/jbi.15092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.15092
038243601F26FFE1FFBA61854FCBFE39.text	038243601F26FFE1FFBA61854FCBFE39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripneustes australiae	<div><p>3.2.2 | T. australiae</p><p>Tripneustes australiae has a comparatively narrower subtropicalto-temperate distribution and thermal niche (Figures 1 and 2, Table 1). Tripneustes australiae has a latitudinal range of 8° from Julian Rocks (28°37′30″ S) in the north to Barunguba (Montague Island) (36°13′12″ S) in the south, with the mid-point at 32°25′30″ S near Forster in NSW (Figures 1 and 2, Table SA2). Tripneustes australiae is limited to the southwestern Pacific in the Australia-New Zealand region. The long-term temperature range across this distribution was 15.3°C–26°C, a realised thermal range of 10.7°C. The realised upper and lower limits of T. australiae are 26.6°C and 14.2°C, respectively (Figure 2, Table 1). Outside our region of interest, T. australiae extends to the Kermadec Islands, northern New Zealand in the Pacific (29°42 29.0″ S, 178°08′23.1″ W) (Table SA3).</p><p>The distributions of T. australiae and T. g. gratilla overlap in eastern Australia and the Tasman Sea from 35°03′ S to 28°37′ S and 150°13′48″ E to 159°19′1.2″ E (Figure 1). Based on the distribution dataset, T. g. gratilla has a thermal range of 16.3°C–29.97°C, while T. australiae has a range of 15.3°C–26°C. The thermal range of T. g. gratilla is 2.97°C wider than that of T.australiae, and its realised upper limit is 3.8°C higher than T.australiae ( T.australiae: 26.6°C; T. g. gratilla: 30.4°C, Table 1). However, despite the contrasting thermal range and upper thermal limits of the two taxa, their realised lower thermal limits are remarkably similar. The realised lower thermal limit of T. australiae and T. g. gratilla were 14.2°C and 14.7°C, respectively, just a 0.5°C difference (Table 1).</p><p>3.4.1 | T. australiae</p><p>The best habitat suitability model (variables: MD, SST, SWV, and pH) for T. australiae had a high predictive capacity (AUC = 0.996 ± 0.001 SD), indicating the model prediction was reliable. Depth was the best predictor of T. australiae habitat suitability (57.9%), followed by SST (39.7%), SWV (2.4%), and pH (0.1%). Tripneustes australiae habitat suitability was limited to the subtropical and temperate regions of Australia, including the offshore islands Lord Howe and Norfolk (Figure 5). This suggests that depth and temperature act to limit the distribution of T. australiae within these regions of Australia. When future habitat suitability was projected using SPP2-4.5 for the period 2090–2100, the latitudinal range of suitable habitat for T. australiae narrowed and shifted poleward (Figure 5). Suitable habitat also decreased on the offshore islands and increased in the northern part of New Zealand (Figure 5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038243601F26FFE1FFBA61854FCBFE39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McLaren, Emily;Sommer, Brigitte;Pine, Christopher;Miskelly, Ashley;Byrne, Maria	McLaren, Emily, Sommer, Brigitte, Pine, Christopher, Miskelly, Ashley, Byrne, Maria (2025): Searchin' for Urchins: Utilising Museum Collections and Citizen Science to Assess Species on the Move in the Genus Tripneustes. Journal of Biogeography (e 15092) 52 (5): 1-15, DOI: 10.1111/jbi.15092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.15092
