taxonID	type	description	language	source
038687F4FF93FFAFFF7E72EB339BFE63.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — [MALAYSIA. Penang State: Penang Island,] flowered in the Botanical Gardens of Florence from the seeds originated from Penang and donated by Prof. Paolo Mantegazza in 1901, February 1904, s. coll., s. n. (holotype FI FI-HCI- 00046054!).	en	Nuraliev, Maxim S., V. Averyanov, Leonid, Romanov, Mikhail S., Drokina, Victoria G., Kroupsky, Ivan A. (2025): A revision of Peliosanthes mantegazziana (Asparagaceae), including its new synonym, P. graminea. Phytotaxa 720 (2): 121-130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2
038687F4FF93FFAFFF7E72EB339BFE63.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — [THAILAND.] Tongkah [Phuket Province]: [Phuket Island], abundant on Gunong Toxai [possibly, Ton Sai in Khao Phra Thaeo Wildlife Sanctuary] which is close to the town of Phuket, s. d., C. Curtis s. n. (holotype SING SING 0055481!).	en	Nuraliev, Maxim S., V. Averyanov, Leonid, Romanov, Mikhail S., Drokina, Victoria G., Kroupsky, Ivan A. (2025): A revision of Peliosanthes mantegazziana (Asparagaceae), including its new synonym, P. graminea. Phytotaxa 720 (2): 121-130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2
038687F4FF93FFAFFF7E72EB339BFE63.taxon	description	Description: — Plant herbaceous, terrestrial, perennial, rhizomatous, evergreen, entirely glabrous (except for roots). Rhizome prostrate and often slightly elevated above ground by roots, with short internodes, abundantly branched, up to 6 cm long, up to 12 mm in diameter, brown, bearing roots, cataphylls, foliage leaves and 1 – 8 inflorescences. Roots numerous, poorly branched, ca. 1 – 2 (4) mm in diameter, rigid, brown to yellowish white, densely covered with root hairs when young. Cataphylls chartaceous, lanceolate to elliptic, up to 6 cm long, ca. 1 – 1.5 cm wide at base, light brown, soon becoming dry, with green and rigid median portion 2 – 5 mm wide. Foliage leaves suberect, simple, stiff. Petiole adaxially flattened, (5) 10 – 20 cm long, ca. 1 – 2 mm in diameter at middle. Leaf blade entire, linear to narrowly lanceolate (or ensiform), 18 – 35.5 cm long, 6.5 – 20 (28) mm wide, 13 – 30 times as long as wide, light to dark green; base narrowly cuneate to decurrent onto petiole; apex attenuate; margin entire; longitudinal veins 3 – 5 (9) (including midvein, showing basal perfect acrodromous venation), parallel, raised on both sides; transversal veinlets numerous, faintly visible, sub-perpendicular to longitudinal veins. Inflorescence a thyrse, with 1 – 5 - flowered cyme in axil of each primary bract, erect to ascending, up to ca. 30 cm long, distinctly shorter than leaves. Peduncle erect, ca. 10 cm long, ca. 1.5 – 2.8 mm in diameter, usually longitudinally ribbed, green, bearing 2 – 4 sterile bracts. Sterile bracts lanceolate, navicular, appressed to peduncle or spreading, 13 – 20 mm long, 1.7 – 5.3 mm wide at base, light green, scarious along margin, indistinctly unicostate. Rachis straight or slightly flexuose, (13) 15 – 23 cm long, usually moderately ribbed longitudinally, light green, bearing up to 100 flowers. Primary bracts of thyrse lanceolate, arcuate, slightly navicular, more or less erect, light green, scarious along margin, indistinctly unicostate, proximal ones 11 – 13 mm long, up to 4.5 mm wide at base, gradually becoming smaller towards inflorescence apex; bracts within cymes similar to primary bracts but up to 3 mm long. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, facing more or less upwards and becoming horizontal at late anthesis. Pedicel ascending, straight, 3 – 6 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, with articulation at middle, light green. Perianth widely opening, rotate, homochlamydeous, ca. 6.5 – 9.5 mm in diameter; tepals 6, apparently free, arranged apparently in two whorls with imbricate-alternate aestivation (in bud), at anthesis basally overlapping by their margins, subequal, broadly triangular-ovate, with more or less rounded or obtuse apex, ca. 2 – 3 mm long, 1.4 – 3.5 mm wide, with entire margin, horizontally spreading, light green. Stamens 6; filaments united forming fleshy coronalike structure (so-called corona); corona broadly attached at the level of junction of ovary and tepals, ca. 0.3 – 0.7 mm high, 3 – 4 mm in diameter, protruding horizontally towards centre and hanging over the ovary roof, slightly elevated above the tepal bases, with upper surface flat or indistinctly convex, obscurely hexagonal in outline, entirely light green, or green with blue or purple tint (ranging from slight to prevailing one), tint mostly in form of radial streaks; orifice of corona rounded triangular (with angles in the radii of outer tepals), ca. 1 mm in diameter; anthers in the radii of tepals, attached to the inner surface of corona just below orifice, dorsifixed, introrse, sessile, broadly ovate (with thecae diverging at base), ca. 0.3 mm long and wide, light yellow, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary inferior, broadly obconical, with roof weakly to pronouncedly concave, ca. 2.5 mm high, ca. 3 (– 4) mm wide in upper part, light green, 3 - locular, each locule containing 2 – 4 ovules; style slightly conical (almost cylindrical), with prominent furrows along borders between carpels, ca. 0.7 – 0.9 mm high, ca. 0.6 – 0.8 mm wide at base, reaching the level of anthers, light green; stigmas 3, indistinct, minute, carinal, occupying apical surface of style. Fruit with shriveled pericarp exposing azure blue seeds.	en	Nuraliev, Maxim S., V. Averyanov, Leonid, Romanov, Mikhail S., Drokina, Victoria G., Kroupsky, Ivan A. (2025): A revision of Peliosanthes mantegazziana (Asparagaceae), including its new synonym, P. graminea. Phytotaxa 720 (2): 121-130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2
038687F4FF93FFAFFF7E72EB339BFE63.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The species is named after Prof. Paolo Mantegazza, who provided the seeds (collected by his son) from which the material used for the protologue preparation was grown.	en	Nuraliev, Maxim S., V. Averyanov, Leonid, Romanov, Mikhail S., Drokina, Victoria G., Kroupsky, Ivan A. (2025): A revision of Peliosanthes mantegazziana (Asparagaceae), including its new synonym, P. graminea. Phytotaxa 720 (2): 121-130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2
038687F4FF93FFAFFF7E72EB339BFE63.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: — THAILAND. Phuket Province: under the forest canopy, 2012, Shirokov 1201, the herbarium specimen prepared from the living cultivated plant (garden number: 2016.11401) on 6 March 2025, I. A. Kroupsky, M. S. Romanov & V. G. Drokina KRO 114 (MW MW 1048029); Phuket Province: Rang Yai Island, lowland evergreen broad-leaved forest near sea coast, 22 December 2015, L. M. Osinovetz s. n., the herbarium specimen prepared from the living cultivated plant (garden number: 1649) in March 2016, L. M. Osinovetz & L. V. Averyanov s. n. (LE LE 01048474, photos LE 01058031) with additional alcohol-preserved specimen prepared in October 2020, L. V. Averyanov, D. D. Sokoloff & M. S. Nuraliev s. n. (photos LE LE 01058031); same gathering, the herbarium specimen prepared from the living cultivated plant (garden number: 2019.14669) on 6 March 2025, I. A. Kroupsky, M. S. Romanov & V. G. Drokina KRO 115 (MW MW 1048030); Krabi Province: Mueang Krabi District, vicinities of Railay Beach, in the forest near trail in Princess Lagoon, 8.005461 ° N 98.841560 ° E, likely January or February 2017, A. Volkov s. n., the herbarium specimen prepared from the living cultivated plant (garden number: 2017.14108) on 6 March 2025, I. A. Kroupsky, M. S. Romanov & V. G. Drokina KRO 116 (MW MW 1048031).	en	Nuraliev, Maxim S., V. Averyanov, Leonid, Romanov, Mikhail S., Drokina, Victoria G., Kroupsky, Ivan A. (2025): A revision of Peliosanthes mantegazziana (Asparagaceae), including its new synonym, P. graminea. Phytotaxa 720 (2): 121-130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2
038687F4FF93FFAFFF7E72EB339BFE63.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — The time of flowering in the natural habitats is unknown: the only flowering record made for Peliosanthes mantegazziana in situ is the type collection of P. graminea, for which the collection date has not been preserved. Under the greenhouse conditions, the flowering was documented from September to March.	en	Nuraliev, Maxim S., V. Averyanov, Leonid, Romanov, Mikhail S., Drokina, Victoria G., Kroupsky, Ivan A. (2025): A revision of Peliosanthes mantegazziana (Asparagaceae), including its new synonym, P. graminea. Phytotaxa 720 (2): 121-130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2
038687F4FF93FFAFFF7E72EB339BFE63.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Peliosanthes mantegazziana is endemic to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. It is known from Thailand (Phuket Province: Phuket Island and Rang Yai Island, Krabi Province: Railay Peninsula) and Malaysia (Penang State: Penang Island). The species inhabits evergreen broad-leaved forests at elevations below 850 m a. s. l.	en	Nuraliev, Maxim S., V. Averyanov, Leonid, Romanov, Mikhail S., Drokina, Victoria G., Kroupsky, Ivan A. (2025): A revision of Peliosanthes mantegazziana (Asparagaceae), including its new synonym, P. graminea. Phytotaxa 720 (2): 121-130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2
038687F4FF95FFAFFF7E736B361DFB7D.taxon	discussion	Both Peliosanthes graminea and P. mantegazziana were originally described from the western coastal areas of the Malay Peninsula, with their type localities distanced ca. 350 km from each other. Each of the two species was highlighted in the protologue to be distinct due to the unusually narrow leaves and green flowers. Despite the obvious morphological similarity, Ridley (1911) did not mention P. mantegazziana in his discussion of the affinities of P. graminea. Given also that P. mantegazziana was not listed in Ridley’s (1924) treatment of Peliosanthes for the Malay Peninsula (excluding most of Peninsular Thailand), it is apparent that P. mantegazziana remained unknown to Ridley during his entire work with the genus. The essential similarity of Peliosanthes graminea and P. mantegazziana is further evident from the comparison of the entire information provided in their protologues (Table 1). Indeed, the majority of the characters available for the comparison either coincide or overlap significantly. The descriptions appear to differ only in the length of the leaf blade (30.5 – 35.5 cm vs. 22 – 26 cm) and perianth diameter (6.5 mm vs. 9 mm). However, in the additional specimens studied here (all from Phuket Island and its vicinities including Krabi Province) these characters vary independently from each other, and often over a broad range. For example, in the gathering obtained in nature by L. M. Osinovetz, the leaf blade is up to 33 cm long, whereas the perianth diameter is ca. 6.5 – 8.3 mm in the part of the clone kept under the garden number 1649 and ca. 9.5 mm in the part distributed under the garden number 2017.14108. We therefore propose P. graminea as a new synonym of P. mantegazziana, the latter name having priority as it was published earlier.	en	Nuraliev, Maxim S., V. Averyanov, Leonid, Romanov, Mikhail S., Drokina, Victoria G., Kroupsky, Ivan A. (2025): A revision of Peliosanthes mantegazziana (Asparagaceae), including its new synonym, P. graminea. Phytotaxa 720 (2): 121-130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2
038687F4FF95FFA0FF7E76003634FCEF.taxon	discussion	It is remarkable that Peliosanthes mantegazziana was initially described as a variety of P. teta (Pampanini 1904), and P. graminea was in a similar manner diagnosed by Ridley (1911) from P. teta var. angustifolia Ridley (1911: 207). Furthermore, the type of P. mantegazziana originates from the same area as one of the syntypes of P. teta var. angustifolia. Ridley (1911) considered Peliosanthes graminea to differ from P. teta var. angustifolia in usually shorter raceme, in shape and size of the leaves, flower colouration, obtuse tepals, and the androecium completely adnate to the tepals. Notably, he assigned all the material of P. teta from the Malay Peninsula to P. teta var. angustifolia, and assumed P. teta var. teta to be an Indian endemic (see Ridley 1924). As it follows from the morphological variation of P. mantegazziana outlined above and the available data on P. teta (Andrews 1810, Ker Gawler 1810, Redouté 1812 – 1813, Kunth 1850, Baker 1879, Hooker 1892, Ridley 1898, 1911, 1924, partly summarised by Kroupsky et al. 2023), P. mantegazziana differs from P. teta only in the width of the leaf blade (6.5 – 20 (28) mm vs. 25 – 66 (76) mm) and perianth colouration (entirely light green vs. violet to purple or blue, often with green, or even green tinged with violet / blue). The treatment of P. teta by Rodriguez (1934) is also in agreement with this assumption, although Rodriguez considered P. teta to include P. violacea Wall. ex Baker (1879: 504) as its synonym, whereas currently the latter species is accepted as a distinct one (Tanaka 2018). One can argue that the delimitation of Peliosanthes mantegazziana and P. teta is not clear enough. Indeed, their widths of the leaf blade overlap (although this is only due to a single gathering by L. M. Osinovetz, and otherwise the width does not exceed 20 mm in the former species), and the perianth colouration appears to be quite similar. At the same time, our preliminary phylogenetic findings based on entire plastid genomes indicate that the two species are well-segregated and are even not closely related to each other (Nuraliev et al. 2024). This issue is to be further clarified through extension of the sampling in both morphological and molecular analyses. Given the existing morphological differences and the preliminary phylogenetic data, we currently recognise P. mantegazziana as a distinct species.	en	Nuraliev, Maxim S., V. Averyanov, Leonid, Romanov, Mikhail S., Drokina, Victoria G., Kroupsky, Ivan A. (2025): A revision of Peliosanthes mantegazziana (Asparagaceae), including its new synonym, P. graminea. Phytotaxa 720 (2): 121-130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.720.2.2
