identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03868797B67E3468FDF5AD86FC81F9A7.text	03868797B67E3468FDF5AD86FC81F9A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bourrellyodesmus amazonensis (Kurt Forster) G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Bourrellyodesmus amazonensis (Kurt Förster) G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, comb. nov. et stat. nov.</p><p>Basionym: Xanthidium tenuissimum var. amazonense Kurt Förster, Algological Studies / Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 28: 233. 1981.</p><p>Note: “ Xanthidium tenuissimum var. amazonense ” Kurt Förster (1974: 165, pl. 8: figs 15–16) was invalid as two collection localities were mentioned in the protologue (“ Poço II in nächster Nähe der Stadt Maués ” [26.1.1941] and “Rio Paracum” [14.11.1959], both in the State of Amazonas, northern Brazil), so the designation was not valid as it was not based on a single gathering (ICN Art. 40.2, Turland &amp; al. 2018). Also, a nomenclatural type was thus not designated at this time (Art. 40.1). Förster (1981: 233) validated the name by designating Förster (1974: pl. 8: fig. 16) as the holotype (“ikonotypus”) of the validated name.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67E3468FDF5AD86FC81F9A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67E3469FDF5AF55FECEFC7F.text	03868797B67E3469FDF5AF55FECEFC7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bourrellyodesmus constrictus (Kurt Forster) G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Bourrellyodesmus constrictus (Kurt Förster) G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, comb. nov. et stat. nov.</p><p>Basionym: Xanthidium tenuissimum var. constrictum Kurt Förster, Algological Studies / Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 28: 233. 1981.</p><p>Note: “ Xanthidium tenuissimum var. constrictum ” Kurt Förster (1974: 165, pl. 8: figs 13, 14) is invalid as two collection localities were mentioned in the protologue (“Rio Maués-mirim” [15.11.1959] and “Rio Maués-assú” [15.11.1959], both in the State of Amazonas, northern Brazil), the name is thus not based on a single gathering (Art. 40.2) and a nomenclatural type was not designated at that time (ICN Art. 40.1). Förster (1981: 233) validated the name by selecting Förster (1974: pl. 8: fig. 8) as the holotype (“ikonotypus”) of the validated name.</p><p>The second group comprises the Xanthidium taxa that have Cosmarium -like morphology. We do not consider them members of genus Xanthidium because the spines are not confined to the cell angles, instead developing two superimposed series on each side of the semicell rather than continually along the margins.</p><p>The Brazilian taxa of Xanthidium under discussion were proposed by Kurt Förster based on material gathered in the central (Förster 1964) and northern regions (Förster 1963). There are other species of Cosmarium like Xanthidium representatives such as C. horridum Borge (1899: 23), and C. paraguayense Borge (1903: 88), both of which are endemic to South America.</p><p>However, Xanthidium obsoletum var. brasiliense Grönblad (1945: 22, fig. 158), another taxon based on material gathered in northern Brazil, is clearly related to Cosmarium . Nevertheless, we do not consider the information from the original description sufficient to propose a new combination for this taxon, as it resembles underdeveloped forms of other species such as Cosmarium paraguayense O.Borge (Borge 1903: 88, pl. 2: fig. 16) or C. guatemalense W.R.Taylor (Taylor 1939: 117, fig. 1: 1–3). Further studies, preferably at a populational level, are recommended to investigate this taxon as Grönblad included only dimensions from a unique cell that was illustrated only in front view.</p><p>Additionally, there is a species originally proposed by Croasdale &amp; Grönblad in Scott &amp; al. (1965) from the Amazon basin, which was renamed subsequently by Croasdale (1971) as Xanthidium echinatum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67E3469FDF5AF55FECEFC7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67F3469FDF5AF39FECFF916.text	03868797B67F3469FDF5AF39FECFF916.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium eckertii (Kurt Forster) G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Cosmarium eckertii (Kurt Förster) G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, comb. nov. Basionym: Xanthidium eckertii Kurt Förster, Hydrobiologia 23: 410, pl. 26: figs 6–8, pl. 48: figs 8,</p><p>9. 1964.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67F3469FDF5AF39FECFF916	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67F3469FDF5AD34FECDFA7B.text	03868797B67F3469FDF5AD34FECDFA7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium multispinosum G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Cosmarium multispinosum G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, nom. nov.</p><p>Replaced name: Xanthidium multispinosum Grönblad &amp; Croasdale (in Scott et al.), Acta Botanica Fennica 69: 47, figs 143–144. 1965, nom. illeg., non Xanthidium multispinosum Möbius (1887: 124) .</p><p>Synonym: Xanthidium echinatum Croasdale (in Grönblad &amp; Croasdale), Acta Botanica Fennica 93: 40. 1971.</p><p>Note: Grönblad in Scott &amp; al. (1965) was at first uncertain about the identification of X. multispinosum and suggested the possibility of it being a Cosmarium or an Euastrum . The rectangular semicells with margins bearing very small spines, largest in the upper lateral corners, as well as the 4 irregular vertical rows of 3 or 4 spines across the face are morphological features most related to Cosmarium than Xanthidium . Xanthidium multispinosum Grönblad &amp; Croasdale while illegitimate when treated as a Xanthidium is a valid name and becomes available within Cosmarium (Art. 58.1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67F3469FDF5AD34FECDFA7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67F3469FDF5AFAEFE2EF830.text	03868797B67F3469FDF5AFAEFE2EF830.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium roraimense G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Cosmarium roraimense G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, nom. nov.</p><p>Replaced name: Xanthidium luetzelburgii Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert in Förster, Revue Algologique N.S., 7: 77, pl. 6: fig. 1, pl. 9: fig. 5. 1963, nom. illeg.</p><p>Note: This taxon requires a new name as the epithet “ luetzelburgii ” is already occupied by Cosmarium luetzelburgii Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert in Förster (1964: 395, pl. 23: fig. 2; pl. 42: fig. 17). The new epithet is coined for Roraima State, northern Brazil, from where the species was originally described.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67F3469FDF5AFAEFE2EF830	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67F346AFDF5AEF7FCC4FE2B.text	03868797B67F346AFDF5AEF7FCC4FE2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium cerradense G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Cosmarium cerradense G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, nom. nov.</p><p>Replaced name: Xanthidium multituberculatum Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert in Förster, Hydrobiologia 23: 411, pl. 25: fig. 14, pl. 48: fig. 7. 1964, nom. illeg.</p><p>Note: This species requires a new name as the epithet “ multituberculatum ” was already used by Cosmarium multituberculatum F.E.Fritsch &amp; M.F.Rich (Fritsch &amp; Rich 1937: 189, fig. 18 A–O). The new epithet refers to the Cerrado biome, the largest savanna-like region in South America, from where the species was originally described.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67F346AFDF5AEF7FCC4FE2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67C346AFDF5AA35FD85FB50.text	03868797B67C346AFDF5AA35FD85FB50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium decedens var. scrobiculatum (Kurt Forster & Eckert) G. J. P. Ramos & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Cosmarium decedens var. scrobiculatum (Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert) G.J.P.Ramos &amp; C.W.N.Moura, comb. nov. et stat. nov.</p><p>Basionym: Cosmarium sublobatum [ var. brasiliense] f. scrobiculatum Kurt Förster &amp; F.Eckert in Förster, Hydrobiologia 23: 405, pl. 20: fig. 9; pl. 46: fig. 9. 1964.</p><p>Note: Förster &amp; Eckert in Forster (1964) proposed Cosmarium sublobatum var. brasiliense f. scrobiculatum based on material collected from “Rio das Femmeas, Goyaz” (currently Tocantins State), central Brazil. Although Cosmarium sublobatum var. brasiliense is currently the basionym of Euastrum sublobatum var. brasiliense, the f. scrobiculatum has cells morphologically closer to Cosmarium decedens, particularly to var. sinuosum (P.Lundell) Raciborski. The main diagnostic feature of the Brazilian material is the presence of a scrobicule in the mid-region of each semicell. We thus propose to transfer this forma to Cosmarium decedens, but at the varietal level.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67C346AFDF5AA35FD85FB50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67C346AFDF5AC17FAF0F8A5.text	03868797B67C346AFDF5AC17FAF0F8A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium spinulosum G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Cosmarium spinulosum G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, nom. nov.</p><p>Replaced name: Cosmarium aculeatum Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert (in Förster) Hydrobiologia 23: 386, pl. 22: fig. 25, pl. 45: fig. 14. 1964, nom. illeg., non Cosmarium aculeatum Wolle (Wolle 1883: 17, pl. XXVII: fig. 12).</p><p>Note: While Förster’s original description lacks an explicit designation of type, a single gathering was indicated “Rio das Femmeas bei Porta Azul (Goyaz)”, currently Tocantins State (ca. 13° S, ca. 48° W), which serves to validate the name (Art. 40.2). The new epithet derives from the spiny cell wall. It should also be noted that “ Cosmarium aculeatum Corda ” (Corda 1839: 218), is an invalid name as it cited “Euastr. Ehr. 1. c. fig. II.”, a clear reference to Ehrenberg ( Atlas 1838: legend to pl. XII [12], fig. II [2]) a lapsus calami for Euastrum apiculatum Ehrenberg, 1838 (see text p. 112) and is thus an invalid name. Additionally, “ Cosmarium aculeatum Brébisson ” [in Meneghini 1840: 218, based on “ Binatella aculeata Brébisson ” (Brébisson &amp; Godey 1835: 58, pl. VII pro parte; also invalid] is invalid as a pre-starting point name for the group even though it was provided with a description and an illustration. Both of the latter designations were validated as Micrasterias apiculata Meneghini ex Ralfs (1848: 209) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67C346AFDF5AC17FAF0F8A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67C346AFDF5A8C9FAE6FD7E.text	03868797B67C346AFDF5A8C9FAE6FD7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmarium subaculeatum (G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022) G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Cosmarium subaculeatum (Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert) G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, comb. nov.</p><p>Basionym: Xanthidium subaculeatum Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert in Förster, Hydrobiologia 23: 413, pl. 26: fig. 4. 1964.</p><p>Note: Cosmarium subaculeatum comprises also specimens described originally as “ Xanthidium subaculeatum Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert forma” (Förster 1964: 413, pl. 26: fig. 5, effectively a “ sensu ” and not intending to describe a forma)” differing from the typical form of the species by having a large wart above the isthmus in addition to 12 pairs of spines on the margins.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67C346AFDF5A8C9FAE6FD7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67C346BFDF5AE42FA6EFEE5.text	03868797B67C346BFDF5AE42FA6EFEE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euastrum cerradense G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Euastrum cerradense G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, nom. nov.</p><p>Replaced name: Euastrum rotundatum Kurt Förster &amp; Eckert (in Förster) Hydrobiologia 23: 368, pl. 7: fig. 9; pl. 41: fig. 15. 1964, nom. illeg., non Euastrum rotundatum F.Gay (Gay 1884: 58, pl. I: fig. 14).</p><p>Note: While Förster’s original description lacks an explicit designation of type, a single gathering was indicated “Rio das Femmeas bei Porta Azul (Goyaz)”, currently Tocantins State (ca. 13° S, ca. 48° W), which serves to validate the name (Art. 40.2). The new epithet refers to the Cerrado biome, the largest savanna-like region in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.0/lat -13.0)">South America</a>, from which the species was collected .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67C346BFDF5AE42FA6EFEE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67D346BFDF5A882FA88F9C0.text	03868797B67D346BFDF5A882FA88F9C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Closterium lunula var. nordstedtii G. J. P. Ramos, C. E. M. Bicudo & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Closterium lunula var. nordstedtii G.J.P.Ramos, C.E.M.Bicudo &amp; C.W.N.Moura, nom. nov.</p><p>Replaced name: Closterium lunula var. giganteum (Nordstedt) A.J.Brook &amp; D.B.Williamson, nom. illeg., A monograph on some British desmids… (2010: 267), non Closterium lunula var. giganteum (C.Bernard) Playfair (1908: 605) .</p><p>Synonyms: Closterium turgidum subsp. giganteum Nordstedt (in Wittrock &amp; Nordstedt 1880: 120), Closterium turgidum var. giganteum (Nordstedt) De Toni (1889: 828) .</p><p>Note: The epithet is named for Carl Fredrik Otto Nordstedt (1838–1924), who originally described this material under the name Closterium turgidum subsp. giganteum Nordstedt (in Wittrock &amp; Nordstedt 1880: 120, no fig.) based on material collected in a stream near Pirassununga, São Paulo State, Brazil.</p><p>Coesel &amp; Meesters (2013: 117) transferred Staurastrum pseudosebaldi Wille to Staurastrum manfeldtii var. pseudosebaldi (Wille) Coesel &amp; Meesters, implying a revaluation of taxonomic position of other varieties of Staurastrum pseudosebaldi . In Brazil, there are three varieties of Staurastrum pseudosebaldi reported in the literature: Staurastrum pseudosebaldi var. planctonicum Teiling (Förster 1969, 1974), Staurastrum pseudosebaldi var. compactum A.M.Scott &amp; Grönblad (Ramos &amp; al. 2018), and Staurastrum pseudosebaldi var. unguiculatum Borge (Borge 1925, Grönblad 1945, Oliveira &amp; al. 2017).</p><p>We consider that Staurastrum pseudosebaldi var. planctonicum Teiling as depicted by Förster (1969, 1974) is a misapplied name, and should be considered representative of Staurastrum johnsonii West &amp; G.S.West. Coesel &amp; Meesters (2013) studied representatives of the latter species from Europe and found specimens with 2(–3)-radiate semicells in apical view, with either an elliptic to fusiform or a triangular semicell. The Brazilian specimens correspond to the 3-radiate form of Staurastrum johnsonii .</p><p>On the other hand, the varieties compactum and unguiculatum are quite different from Staurastrum manfeldtii, particularly in apical view. The var. compactum has a triangular apical view with almost straight sides furnished with numerous bifid verrucae, and similar verrucae forming semicircles within the margins. Additionally, this variety has shorter processes (cell breadth with processes 45– 54 µm) than Staurastrum manfeldtii (cell breadth with processes 60–100 µm), and the isthmus is much wider with no basal inflation. Therefore, we consider these features sufficiently different to separate this variety from S. manfeldtii and consequently raise it to the species level, as follows:</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67D346BFDF5A882FA88F9C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67D346BFDF5AF67FC7FF817.text	03868797B67D346BFDF5AF67FC7FF817.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurastrum mississippiense G. J. P. Ramos & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Staurastrum mississippiense G.J.P.Ramos &amp; C.W.N.Moura, nom. nov. et stat. nov.</p><p>Replaced name: Staurastrum pseudosebaldi var. compactum A.M.Scott &amp; Grönblad, Acta Societatis Scientarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2(8): 44, pl. XXV: figs 1, 2. 1957.</p><p>Note: Staurastrum mississippiense is a rare species known only from a pond on old road, 6 miles east of Pearlington, Mississippi (Scott &amp; Grönblad 1957: 8, 44) and from Bahia, north-eastern Brazil (Ramos et al. 2018). As the epithet “ compactum ” is already occupied at the species level by Staurastrum compactum Whelden (Whelden 1947: 99, pl. VI: fig. 7), we chose “ mississippiense ” to replace it based on the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67D346BFDF5AF67FC7FF817	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67A346CFDF5A9CAFAD4FCC4.text	03868797B67A346CFDF5A9CAFAD4FCC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurastrum cyrtocerum var. unguiculatum (Borge) G. J. P. Ramos & C. W. N. Moura 2022	<div><p>Staurastrum cyrtocerum var. unguiculatum (Borge) G.J.P.Ramos &amp; C.W.N.Moura, comb. nov.</p><p>Basionym: Staurastrum pseudosebaldi var. unguiculatum Borge, Arkiv for Botanik 19(17): 41, pl. 3: figs 19 a–d [“forma” fig. 20]. 1925.</p><p>Note: The variety unguiculatum was described by Borge (1925) based on samples collected in the São Luiz de Cáceres region, western Brazil. The main characteristic of this variety is the presence of convergent processes, which are much curved and like a helix in apical view. We consider, nevertheless, that the diagnostic features of this variety are more related to those of Staurastrum cyrtocerum Brébisson than Staurastrum manfeldtii Delponte, so a new combination is proposed here.</p><p>Förster (1969: 44) applied the name Actinotaenium peniomorphum var. latius (A.M.Scott &amp; Prescott) Kurt Förster to material collected in the Amazon basin, Brazil. However, Actinotaenium peniomorphum is an illegitimate name as it is based upon Cosmarium peniomorphum A.M.Scott &amp; Prescott, an illegitimate replacement name for Penium variolatum West &amp; G.S.West (West &amp; West 1897: 77, pl. 368: fig. 23). Thus, Actinotaenium peniomorphum var. latius is also an illegitimate varietal name as it is included in an illegitimate species. Taxonomically, A. peniomorphum var. latius sensu Kurt Förster should is referable Actinotaenium crassiusculum (De Bary) Teiling.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67A346CFDF5A9CAFAD4FCC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
03868797B67A346EFDF5AA7CFACDFC36.text	03868797B67A346EFDF5AA7CFACDFC36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actinotaenium crassiusculum (De Bary) Teiling 1954	<div><p>Actinotaenium crassiusculum (De Bary) Teiling (1954: 406)</p><p>Basionym: Penium crassiusculum De Bary, Untersuch. Conjugaten: 73, pl. V: figs 5–7. 1858.</p><p>Synonym: Actinotaenium peniomorphum var. latius (A.M.Scott &amp; Prescott) Kurt Förster, Amazoniana 2(1–2): 44, pl. 11: figs 9–10. 1969, nom. illeg.</p><p>We are grateful to Michael D. Guiry and anonymous reviewer for their valuable suggestions and corrections leading to an improvement of the manuscript.</p><p>Borge, O. (1899). Ueber tropische und subtropische Süsswasser-Chlorophyceen. Bihang til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 24 (Afd. III, 12): 1–33.</p><p>Borge, O. (1903). Die Algen der ersten Regnellschel Expedition. 2. Dedsmidiaceen. Arkiv für Botanik 1: 71–138.</p><p>Borge, O. (1925) Die von Dr. F.C. Hoehne während der Expedition Roosevelt-Rondon gesammelten Süsswassernalgen. Arkiv for Botanik 19: 1–56.</p><p>Brébisson, L.A. de &amp; Godey, L.L. (1835 ‘1836’). Algues des environs de Falaise, décrites et dessinées par MM. De Brébisson et Godey. Mémoires de la Société Académique des Sciences, Artes et Belles-Lettres de Falaise 1835: 1 – 62, 256–269 [corrections].</p><p>Brook, A.J. &amp; Williamson, D.B. (2010). A monograph on some British desmids. Order Zygnematales Suborder Zygonemoidiineae Family Zygnemataceae Subfamily Mesotaenioideae (Saccoderm desmids) and Suborder Closteriineae Family Peniaceae and Family Closteriaceae. Edited by J.H. Price &amp; N.J. Evans. pp. [i–ii], iii–v [1–5], 6–364. London: The Ray Society.</p><p>Coesel, P.F.M. &amp; Meesters, K.J. (2013). European flora of the desmid genera Staurastrum and Staurodesmus. [1]–357. Zeist: KNNW Publishing.</p><p>Corda, A.J.C. (1839). Observations sur les Euastrées et les Cosmariées. Almanach de Carlsbad 9: 213–244.</p><p>De Bary, A. (1858). Untersuchungen über die Familie der Conjugaten (Zygnemeen und Desmidieen) Ein Beitrag zur physiologischen und beschreibenden Botanik. pp. [i]– vi, 1–91. A. Förstnersche Buchhandlung (Arthur Felix), Leipzig.</p><p>De Toni, G.B. (1889). Sylloge algarum omnium hucusque cognitarum. Vol. I. Chlorophyceae. pp. [3]–12, [i]–cxxxix, 1–1315. Patavii [Padua]: Sumptibus auctoris.</p><p>Ehrenberg, C.G. (1834). Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1833: 145–336</p><p>Förster, K. (1963). Desmidiaceen aus Brasilien. 1. Nord Brasilen. Revue Algologique Nouvelle Série 7: 38–92.</p><p>Förster, K. (1964). Desmidiaceen aus Brasilien, 2: Bahia, Goyaz, Piauhy und Nord-Brasilien. Hydrobiologia 23: 321–505.</p><p>Förster, K. (1969). Amazonische Desmidieen, 1: Areal Santarém. Amazoniana 2 (1– 2): 5–116</p><p>Förster, K. (1974). Amazonische Desmidieen, 2: Areal Maués-Abacaxis. Amazoniana 5: 135–242.</p><p>Fritsch, F.E. &amp; Rich, M.F. (1937). Contributions to our knowledge of the freshwater algae of Africa, 13: Algae from the Belfast Pan, Transvaal. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 25 (2): 153–228.</p><p>Gay, F. (1884). Note sur les Conjugées du Midi de la France. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 31: 331–342.</p><p>Grönblad, R. (1945). De algis Brasiliensibus, praecipue desmidiaceis in regione inferiore fluminis Amazonas a professore August Ginzberger (Wien) anno MCMXXVII collectis. Acta Societatis Scienctiarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2 (6): 1–44.</p><p>Grönblad, R. &amp; Croasdale, H.T. (1971). Desmids from Namibia (SW Africa). Acta Botanica Fennica 93: 1–40.</p><p>Meneghini, G. (1840). Synopsis Desmidiearum hucusque cognitarum. Linnea 14: 201–240.</p><p>Möbius, K. (1887). Systematische Darstellung der Thiere des Plankton gewonnen in der westlichen Ostsee und auf einer Fahrt von Kiel in den Atlantischen Ocean bis jenseit der Hebriden. Kommission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere in Kiel für die Jahre 1882 bis 1886 5: 111–124.</p><p>Oliveira, I.B., Bicudo, C.E.M. &amp; Moura, C.W.N. (2017). O gênero Staurastrum Meyen ex Ralfs (Zygnemaphyceae, Desmidiaceae) da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Litoral Norte, Bahia, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Botânica 71 (3): 230–256.</p><p>Playfair, G.J. (1908). Some Sydney desmids. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 603–628.</p><p>Ralfs, J. (1848). The British Desmidieae The drawings by Edward Jenner, A.L.S. pp. [i]–xxii, [i], [1]–226, 35 pls. London: Reeve, Benham &amp; Reeve, King William Street, Strand.</p><p>Ramos, G.J.P., Bicudo, C.E.M. &amp; Moura, C.W.M. (2016). Cosmarium bahianum, sp. nov. (Desmidiaceae), a new desmid species from a phytotelm habitat in the Brazilian restinga. Phytotaxa 291 (1): 66–72.</p><p>Ramos, G.J.P., Bicudo, C.E.M. &amp; Moura, C.W.M. (2018). Some new, rare and interesting desmids from bromeliad phytotelmata in Brazil. Phytotaxa 36 (1): 59–77.</p><p>Ramos, G.J. P &amp; Moura, C.W.N. (2019 a). Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids, 1: Bambusina, Groenbladia, Hyalotheca and Sphaerozosma (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae). Notulae algarum 111: 1–3.</p><p>Ramos, G.J. P &amp; Moura, C.W.N. (2019 b). Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids, 2: Closterium, Haplotaenium, Planotaenium, and Xanthidium together with some nomenclatural corrections. Notulae algarum 118: 1–4.</p><p>Ramos, G.J. P &amp; Moura, C.W.N. (2020 a). Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids, 3: Cosmarium, Euastrum and Staurastrum (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae). Notulae Algarum 123: 1–4.</p><p>Ramos, G.J. P &amp; Moura, C.W.N. (2020 b). The taxonomic status of Xanthidium paraguayense Borge and Cosmarium paraguayense Borge (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae). Notulae Algarum 123: 1–4.</p><p>Scott, A.M. &amp; Grönblad, R. (1957). New and interesting desmids from the southeastern United States. Acta Societatis Scientarum Fennicae, Nova Series B, 2: 3–62.</p><p>Scott, A.M., Grönblad, R. &amp; Croasdale, H.T. (1965). Desmids from the Amazon Basin, Brazil, collected by Dr. H. Sioli. With an introduction by H. Sioli. Acta Botanica Fennica 69: 1–94.</p><p>Taylor, W.R. (1939). Fresh-water algae from the Petén District of Guatemala. Botaniska Notiser 1939: 112–124.</p><p>Teiling, E. (1954). Actinotaenium, genus Desmidiacearum resuscitatum. Botanisk Notiser 4: 376– 426.</p><p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. &amp; Smith, G.F., editors (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile, Vol. 159. pp. [i]– xxxviii, 1–253.</p><p>West, W. &amp; West, G.S. (1897). Welwitsch's African freshwater algae. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 35: 1 –7, 33–42, 77–89, 113–122, 172–183, 235–243, 264– 272, 297–304.</p><p>West, W. &amp; West, G.S. (1902). A contribution to the freshwater algae of Ceylon. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany, Series 2, 6: 123–215.</p><p>Whelden, R.M. (1947). Algae. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 97: 13–127.</p><p>Wittrock, V.B. &amp; Nordstedt, C.F.O. (1880). Algae aquae dulcis exsiccatae praecipue Scandinavicae quas adjectis algis marinis chlorophyllaceis et phycochromaceis. Lundae: O. L. Svanbäcks Boktryckeri Aktiebolac, fasc. 8, exsic. 351–400.</p><p>Wolle, F. (1883). Fresh-water algae, 7. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 10 (2): 13–21.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868797B67A346EFDF5AA7CFACDFC36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto	Ramos, Geraldo José Peixoto (2022): Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Brazilian desmids IV. Notulae Algarum 224: 1-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16652630
