taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FCEE69FFC4FFABFF6EF98DF0BF9ACB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Cephalaria cameliensis is closely allied to C. saldaensis, C. dirmilensis, and C. lycica, but can be readily distinguished from each by a combination of stable morphological characters. It differs from C. lycica in having an erect or ascending and completely glabrous stem (not procumbent, glabrous or minutely puberulent), lyrate basal leaves with only 1 – 2 segments (not 4 – 6), and linear to lanceolate simple cauline leaves (3 – 7 × 0.2 – 1.4 cm vs. oblanceolate – obovate, 2.5 – 4.5 × 0.4 – 0.7 cm); receptacular bracts oblanceolate (not oblong-spatulate); involucel is 3 – 5 mm (not 4 – 6 mm). From C. dirmilensis, it differs by the completely glabrous stem (not entirely minutely puberulent), basal lyrate leaves with 1 – 2 segments (not 2 – 4), oblanceolate receptacular bracts (not lanceolatecuneate), fewer flowers per capitulum (8 – 20 vs. 12 – 28), and a shorter involucel (3 – 5 mm vs. 6 – 8 mm). It is separated from C. saldaensis by its completely glabrous stem (not lower and middle parts minutely puberulent), smaller capitula (8 – 20 - flowered vs. 15 – 25 - flowered), and a shorter involucel (3 – 5 mm vs. 5 – 8 mm) bearing shorter teeth (up to 1 mm vs. 1.8 – 2.2 mm) (Table 1).	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC4FFABFF6EF98DF0BF9ACB.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: — TÜRKİYE. Denizli: Çameli, Gürsu, Kargın Plateau, steppe, 36 ° 54 ’ 21.6 ’’ N, 29 ° 18 ’ 14.0 ’’ E, 1790 m a. s. l., 12 August 2025, R. Özdemir & H. Yıldırım 11544 (holotype AKDU!, isotypes GAZI!, EGE!, ANK!, HUB!).	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC4FFABFF6EF98DF0BF9ACB.taxon	description	Description: — Slender, erect, or ascending perennial herbs. Stem up to 1 m tall, simple, longitudinally striate, completely glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, reticulate rugose, minute puberulent; lower leaves simple or lyrate; simple leaves narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5 − 15 × 0.7 − 2 cm, entire or denticulate, acute at apex; lyrate leaves lanceolate or broadly lanceolate in outline, 3 − 20 × 0.5 − 3 cm, with 1 - 2 segments, lateral segments oblong or linear-lanceolate, 0.2 − 1.5 × 0.4 − 0.9 cm, terminal segments larger than lateral ones, lanceolate or ovate, 3 − 10 × 1 − 2.5 cm; cauline leaves simple or lyrate; simple leaves linear or lanceolate, 3 − 7 × 0.2 − 1.4 cm; lyrate leaves lanceolate in outline 2 − 10 × 0.3 − 2 cm with 1 - 3 segments, lateral segments linear or linear-lanceolate, 0.7 − 1.5 × 0.1 − 0.5 cm, terminal segments larger than lateral ones, lanceolate, 2 − 6 × 0.5 − 1 cm; upper leaves simple, sessile, linear, 0.2 − 4 × 0.1 cm. Capitula ovoid, 8 − 20 - flowered, 1 − 1.6 cm in diameter in flower, 0.4 − 1 cm in diameter in fruit. Involucral bracts orbicular or ovate-orbicular, 3 − 5 × 2 − 5 mm, pale purple to violet or straw color, pilose, margins ciliate, obtuse at apex; receptacular bracts oblanceolate, 6 − 10 × 2 − 4 mm, straw coloured at the base, purple-brown to violet in dorsal and at apex, pilose, margin ciliate, pilose at apex, acute at apex. Calyx cupuliform, 1 mm in diameter, with irregular teeth. Corolla pale blue, pinkish-purple or white, 8 − 11 mm long, densely adpressed pilose outside. Involucel 4 - angled, 3 − 5 mm long in fruit, pilose, 4 long and 4 short teeth at apex; long teeth up to 1 mm long, short teeth up to 0.5 mm long.	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC4FFABFF6EF98DF0BF9ACB.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology: — Cephalaria cameliensis is endemic to southwestern Anatolia, Denizli, and Muğla Provinces in Türkiye (Fig. 2). It is distributed in steppes ranging between 1350 – 1850 m a. s. l. It is associated with other many endemic plants as Echinops emiliae O. Schwarz ex P. H. Davis (1956: 69), Alkanna pamphylica Hub. - Mor. & Reese (1943: 50), Muscarimia muscari (L.) Losinsk. (1935: 411), Ajuga bombycina Boiss. (1879: 803), Salvia potentillifolia Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth. (1848: 270), Verbascum trapifolium var. flabellifolium (Hub. - Mor.) Karavel. & Aytaç (2008: 17), Asyneuma michauxioides (Boiss.) Damboldt (1976: 49), Anthemis rosea Sm. subsp. subsp. carnea (Boiss.) Grierson (1974: 217), Arenaria tmolea Boiss. (1843: 50), Hypericum albiflorum (Hub. - Mor.) N. Robson (2010: 45), Verbascum bellum Hub. - Mor. (1939; 170), Ptilostemon afer subsp. eburneus Greuter (1973: 97), Centaurea drabifolia subsp. austro-occidentalis Wagenitz (1963: 160) and other non-endemic plants as Aethionema cordatum (Desf.) Boiss. (1867: 350), Euphorbia kotschyana Fenzl (1842: 7), Berberis crataegina DC. (1821: 9), Chaloupkaea chrysantha (Boiss. & Heldr.) Niederle (2016: 17), Acantholimon ulicinum (Willd. ex Schult.) Boiss. (1848: 627), Morina persica L. (1753: 28), Digitalis cariensis Boiss. ex Jaub. & Spach 409 (1853: 409), Chondrilla juncea L. (1753: 796), Sideritis libanotica subsp. linearis (Benth.) Bornm. (1932: 40), Satureja cuneifolia Ten. (1812: 33).	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC4FFABFF6EF98DF0BF9ACB.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from June to August. Fruiting from August to September.	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC4FFABFF6EF98DF0BF9ACB.taxon	conservation	Proposed conservation status: — Cephalaria cameliensis is currently known from four adjacent localities with small subpopulations in Denizli (Çameli district) and Muğla (Fethiye district). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the new species is estimated at 16 km ², and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 120 km ². Based on these values and its restricted distribution, the species is proposed to be assigned to the IUCN threat category “ Endangered EN [B 1 + B 2 a, b (i, ii) + C 2 a (i)] ” (IUCN 2024). The global population size is estimated to comprise 200 – 350 mature individuals per subpopulation. Furthermore, its population size, extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy are likely to decline in the near future due to intense grazing pressure, localized livestock grazing observed in some populations, and other anthropogenic impacts. Therefore, is necessary to evaluate specific actions to be undertaken for in situ and ex situ conservation, as already done for other taxa in similar ecologically condition (Wagensommer et al. 2020, Perrino et al. 2022)	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC4FFABFF6EF98DF0BF9ACB.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet is derived from the type locality.	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC4FFABFF6EF98DF0BF9ACB.taxon	materials_examined	Paratypes: — TÜRKİYE. Denizli: Çameli, Yaylacık Mountain, open slopes and roadside, 36 ° 58 ’ 20.71 ’’ N, 29 ° 18 ’ 20.3 ’’ E, 1845 m a. s. l., 05 October 2022, T. Özdöl & H. Yıldırım 10001 (EGE! — 7 sheets); Muğla: Fethiye, Karabayır, Karanfilli Plateau, Boncuk Mountains, on disturbed ground, open Pinus nigra forest, 36 ° 53 ’ 20.5 ’’ N, 29 ° 11 ’ 41.2 ’’ E, 1350 m a. s. l., 20 July 2024, R. Özdemir s. n. (AKDU! — 10 sheets, EGE! — 4 sheets); Muğla: Fethiye, Nif Neighborhood, Nif Plateau, east of Çal Mountain, on disturbed ground, open Pinus nigra forest, 36 ° 51 ’ 28.2 ’’ N, 29 ° 10 ’ 47.8 ’’ E, 1380 m a. s. l., 20 July 2024, R. Özdemir s. n. (AKDU! — 5 sheets, EGE! — 6 sheets).	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Cephalaria dumanii is related to C. paphlagonica. It differs from C. paphlagonica, mainly by leaves herbaceous (not coriaceous); lower leaves distinctly crowded (not crowded), 2 – 4 × 0.2 – 1 cm (not 2 – 16 × 0.5 – 2 cm), obtuse (not acute); cauline leaves with 1 – 3 segments (not with 2 – 8 segments); involucral bracts 3 – 5 mm wide (not 2 – 3 mm wide); involucel 2 – 4 mm long (not 5 – 7 mm long) (Table 2).	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: — TÜRKİYE. Ankara: Keçiören, north of Sarıbeyler village, marly-gypsum steppes, 40 ° 08 ’ 14.0 ’’ N, 32 ° 46 ’ 11.0 ’’ E, 1200 m a. s. l., 6 August 2024, E. Hamzaoğlu 8207 (holotype AKDU!, isotypes GAZI!, EGE!, ANK!, HUB!).	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	description	Description: — Slender, erect, rhizomatous perennial herbs. Stem simple or branched from base, up to 50 cm, glabrous. Leaves herbaceous, simple and pinnatisect, with entire margin, completely sparsely setose or glabrous, setose at margin; lower leaves simple or pinnatisect, simple leaves distinctly crowded, lanceolate to spathulate, petiolate, 2 – 4 × 0.2 – 1 cm, obtuse; pinnatisect leaves lanceolate in outline, 3 – 6 × 0.5 – 2 cm, with 2 – 6 segments, lateral segments linear, 2 – 6 mm long, terminal segment distinctly larger than laterals, narrowly lanceolate, 1.5 – 4 × 0.2 – 0.5 cm, acute; cauline leaves pinnatisect, lanceolate in outline, 1.4 – 4 × 0.3 – 1 cm, with 1 – 3 segments, lateral segments linear, 1 – 2 mm long, terminal segment distinctly larger than laterals, narrowly lanceolate 1 – 3 × 0.1 – 0.4 cm, acute; upper leaves simple, linear, sessile, 1 – 3 × 0.1 – 0.2 cm. Capitula subglobose, 1 – 2.5 cm in diameter in flower, 1 – 2 cm in diameter in fruit. All bracts straw-colored, rarely purple-brownish at apex, margin ciliate; involucral bracts broadly ovate to suborbicular 3 – 7 × 3 – 5 mm, pubescent and sparsely pilose, obtuse at apex; receptacular bracts ovate-oblong, 5 – 9 × 2 – 3 mm, pubescent and sparsely pilose, acute at apex. Calyx cupuliform, 1 – 2 mm in diameter, with irregular dentate. Corolla 8 – 15 mm long, pale yellow or cream, adpressed pilose outside. Involucel 2 – 4 mm long in fruit, 4 - angled, pilose, with 8 minute teeth at apex.	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology: — Cephalaria dumanii is endemic to Central Anatolia, Ankara Province in Türkiye (Fig. 4). It is distributed in marly-gypsum stony slopes and scrub ranging between 1200 – 1250 m a. s. l. It is associated with other endemic plants such as Achillea gypsicola Hub. - Mor. (208 (1974: 208), Campanula damboldtiana P. H. Davis & Sorger (1979: 265), and non-endemic plants such as Bromus tomentellus Boiss. (1846: 126), Euphorbia herniariifolia Willd. (1799: 902) var. herniariifolia, Fumana aciphylla Boiss. (1867: 449), Galium incanum Sm. (1806: 91) subsp. elatius (Boiss.) Ehrend. (1951: 454), Globularia orientalis L. (1753: 97), Helianthemum canum (L.) Hornem. (1815: 496), Juniperus oxycedrus L. (1753: 1038) subsp. oxycedrus, Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. 345 (1824: 345), Pseudopodospermum szowitzii (DC.) Kuth. (1978: 92), Scutellaria orientalis L. (1753: 598) subsp. pinnatifida J. R. Edm. (1980: 54), Thymus sipyleus Boiss. (1844: 16).	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from July to August. Fruiting from August to September.	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	conservation	Proposed conservation status: — Cephalaria dumanii is known only from five adjacent localities with small subpopulations between Orhaniye and Sarıbeyler Villages (Kazan and Keçiören District, Ankara Province). It is suggested that this new species should be placed under the IUCN threat category “ Critically Endangered (CR) ” (IUCN 2024), because the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 20 km 2, extent of occurence (EOO) is 12 km 2, and only known five location, the population size of the new species is estimated to be less than 50 mature individuals in each subpopulation [CR B 2 ab (ii, iii, v) + C 2 a (i)]. The population size of the new species may decrease in the near future due to building new settlements (hobby gardens) and intense grazing pressure.	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The new species is named in honor of Prof. Dr. Hayri Duman (Gazi University, Ankara), one of the collectors of the new species.	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed Turkish name for the new species: — Duman pelemiri	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	materials_examined	Paratypes: — TÜRKİYE. Ankara: Kazan, north of Orhaniye village, stony steppe, 1200 – 1250 m a. s. l., 24 July 1993, H. Duman 5227 (AKDU! — 1 sheet); ibid., 1150 – 1200 m a. s. l., Orhan 1207 (GAZI! — 1 sheet); ibid., Memlik road, 1160 m a. s. l., 9 September 1993, N. Adıgüzel 1391 (GAZI! — 1 sheet); ibid., 27 July 1995, R. S. Göktürk 3447 (AKDU! — 2 sheets); Keçiören, north of Sarıbeyler village, marly-gypsum steppes, 40 ° 08 ’ 14.0 ’’ N, 32 ° 46 ’ 11.0 ’’ E, 1200 m a. s. l., 24 August 2024, E. Hamzaoğlu 8209 (AKDU! — 4 sheets, GAZI! — 10 sheets).	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
03FCEE69FFC3FFA5FF6EFC04F7EC98D4.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — In Türkiye, the genus Cephalaria is represented by 47 species (Göktürk et al. 2014, Semiz et al. 2024, Duran & Dündar 2025). With the addition of C. cameliensis and C. dumanii, the total number of species reached 49. Morphological comparisons of the two new species and related species are given in Table 1 and 2. As a result of visualizing the PCR products performed with the six selected primers on agarose gel, a total of 93 band profiles with sizes ranging from 250 bp to 3100 bp were obtained (Fig. 5). In the dendrogram constructed with UPGMA (Fig. 6), by creating similarity / distance matrices as a result of 1 / 0 scoring based on the monomorphic and polymorphic features of these displayed band profiles according to individuals of C. cameliensis, C. dirmilensis, C. saldaensis, and C. lycica, it was observed that there was a distinction at the species level between these individuals. Similarly, for C. dumanii, C. paphlagonica, and C. kutahyaensis, four selected primers produced 53 polymorphic band profiles ranging from 110 bp to 2800 bp (Fig. 7). The UPGMA dendrogram constructed for this group (Fig. 8) revealed that C. dumanii was distinctly separated at the species level from the other two taxa. Morphological and anatomical evaluations further supported the molecular findings, indicating that the studied taxa belong to two distinct groups within the genus Cephalaria. C. cameliensis, C. dirmilensis, C. saldaensis, and C. lycica share common morphological characteristics and habitat, differentiating them collectively from the other group. On the other hand, C. dumanii, C. paphlagonica, and C. kutahyaensis exhibit a distinct combination of features, particularly in terms of morphological characteristics, that justify their placement in a separate identification key. Thus, molecular and classical taxonomic data consistently demonstrate that these groups represent separate lineages within the genus (Yılmaz et al. 2015, Yang et al. 2018). When the phylogenetic dendrogram and distance matrix were analyzed, it was clearly seen that individuals belonging to each taxon clustered within themselves and separated from individuals belonging to other taxa. It is also observed that the highest differences between the taxa are between C. dirmilensis and C. saldaensis and C. cameliensis, respectively, with distance indices of 0.409 to 0.676 and 0.321 to 0.656 (Fig. 6, Table 3). This distance index, which is determined to be close to 1, supports that individuals belonging to these four populations of Cephalaria taxa, which we consider to be morphologically different species, can be separated from each other at the species level. When the phylogenetic dendrogram and genetic distance matrix of the second group were analyzed, it was clearly observed that individuals belonging to each taxon (C. dumanii, C. paphlagonica, and C. kutahyaensis clustered within themselves and formed distinct groups from one another (Fig. 8, Table 4). The lowest intra-taxon distance was observed between C. paphlagonica individuals, with values ranging from 0.054 to 0.303, indicating high genetic similarity within the species. In contrast, C. dumanii individuals showed greater variation among themselves (0.120 to 0.340), but still formed a consistent cluster distinct from other taxa. The highest interspecific genetic distance was recorded between C. dumanii and C. kutahyaensis (0.589 to 0.629), followed by the distances between C. dumanii and C. paphlagonica (ranging from 0.471 to 0.583). These relatively high values, approaching 0.6, suggest a clear molecular distinction of C. dumanii from C. paphlagonica and C. kutahyaensis, supporting its separation at the species level. The single sample of C. kutahyaensis also clustered independently, reinforcing its distinctiveness despite limited sampling.	en	Göktürk, Ramazan Süleyman, Hamzaoğlu, Ergin, Yildirim, Hasan, Kaya, Ergun, Galatali, Selin, Çiçek, Sedat, Özdöl, Tuğkan, Özdemir, Rifat (2025): Two new species of genus Cephalaria from Anatolia (Türkiye). Phytotaxa 730 (1): 45-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.3
