identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FFAC37FFC59F65FF70FC92FB90F78A.text	03FFAC37FFC59F65FF70FC92FB90F78A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Climacodon sanguineus (Beeli 1926) Maas Geesteranus 1971	<div><p>Climacodon sanguineus (Beeli) Maas Geesteranus (1971: 131)</p> <p>≡ Hydnum sanguineum Beeli (1926: 210)</p> <p>≡ Donkia sanguinea (Beeli) Maas Geesteranus (1967: 101)</p> <p>The type specimen is kept in a sheet with two envelopes glued on it. Both have the same herbarium no: Mme. Goossens 416 (Fig. 2a). The first envelope contains a single basidioma and a label that reads M. Beeli 1353, while the second envelope has two fragmented basidiomata (Fig. 2b). The detailed observations by Maas Geesteranus (1967) on these specimens are very similar to ours (Fig 2c–j): monomitic structure, presence of scattered clamps on context hyphae, presence of cylindrical thin-walled hyphal endings (gloeocystidia according to Maas Geesteranus, 1967) in spine apices, double-walled cystidia, and small non-amyloid spores. In addition, we have observed that clamp connections have a short outgrowth on the opposite side of the septum, reminiscent of a double clamp. Scattered clamp connections were also observed on the hyphae of the core of the spines.</p> <p>A more complete description, including observations on specimen JD 560 in BR (Fig. 2m), is provided below. This specimen is optimally preserved and has abundant spores.</p> <p>Basidiomata (Fig. 2m) stipitate, gregarious or forming small groups (2–3). Pileus up to 40 mm diam., bright coral red to blood red bands that alternate with paler bands, funnel-shaped. Margin lobulate-crenate, concentrically zonate, with slightly villose (lens!) bands that alternate with glabrous bands. Stipe 30–35 × 3–5 mm, cylindrical to slightly tapering towards the base (up to 6 mm diam.), central, solid, pinkish red, paler than the pileus, smooth to villose at the base (lens!). Pileus context up to 1 mm thick, pinkish white. Stipe context of the same colour or sligthly paler than the pileus. Hymenophore hydnoid. Spines cylindrical, with acute apices, subulate, up to 3 × 0.1 mm broad, dense, not fused, decurrent, coral red, with paler apices.</p> <p>Hyphal system monomitic, generative hyphae septate, with scattered clamps in the pileus context and the core of the spines. Clamp connections simple, some with a short outgrowth on the opposite side of the septum and hence reminiscent of a double-clamp.Generative hyphae 5–9μm broad and often entangled with“connectives et sarmenteuses” hyphae as noted by Maas Geesteranus (1967). These hyphae are short, sinuous, thin-walled and sometimes arise from generative hyphae, but do not constitute binding hyphae. This type of hyphae is absent from the hymenophore context as Maas Geesteranus observed (1967). Spine apices composed of cylindrical thin-walled terminations. Cystidia (Fig. 2k–l) rather abundant, scattered on the spine surface, long and cylindrical, thick-walled, with walls of unequal thickness (up to 2 μm thick), forming a discontinuous lumen, sometimes crystalliferous at the apex. Basidia 20–25 × 4–5 μm, cylindrical to clavate, 4-spored, clampless. Basidiospores 4–5 × 2–2.5(–3) μm, ellipsoid, hyaline, without iodine reactions (Fig. 2j).</p> <p>Specimens examined:—CONGO. Kalo: Ubangi, grupés sur tronc mort dans la forêt sèche, 1924, V. Goossens- Fontana 416 (holotype; herb. M. Beeli 1353 in BR). GABON. Ogooué-Ivindo: station d´Ipossa-Makokou, in secondary forest, on the ground, along a rivulet, 26 March 2008, J. Degreef 560 (BR5020180728797).</p> <p>Remarks:— Climacodon sanguineus is morphologically recognized by its entirely bright red stipitate basidiomata with a hydnoid hymenophore. Microscopically, the monomitic hyphal system, the simple clamp connections, the characteristic cylindrical thin walled hyphal terminations of the spine apices and the double-walled cystidia are diagnostic. We confirm here the placement of C. sanguineus in Climacodon using molecula data, since it groups with C. septentrionalis, the type species of Climacodon.</p> <p>Climacodon roseomaculatus (Henn. &amp; E. Nyman in Hennings 1900: 10) Jülich (1982: 400) is a closely related species sharing with C. sanguineus a similar colour, hymenophore configuration and spores. Nevertheless, C. roseomaculatus lacks a well-developed stipe and has thin to thick-walled gloeocystidia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFAC37FFC59F65FF70FC92FB90F78A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Gabriel;Blanco, M. Natividad;Platas, Gonzalo;Checa, Julia;Olariaga, Ibai	Moreno, Gabriel, Blanco, M. Natividad, Platas, Gonzalo, Checa, Julia, Olariaga, Ibai (2017): Reappraisal of Climacodon (Basidiomycota, Meruliaceae) and reinstatement of Donkia (Phanerochaetaceae) using multigene data. Phytotaxa 291 (3): 171-182, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.1
03FFAC37FFC79F6BFF70F9A0FBCDF8A5.text	03FFAC37FFC79F6BFF70F9A0FBCDF8A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Donkia pulcherrima (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Pilat 1937	<div><p>Donkia pulcherrima (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) Pilát (1937: 328)</p> <p>≡ Hydnum pulcherrimum Berkeley &amp; Curtis (1849: 235)</p> <p>≡ Steccherinum pulcherrimum (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) Banker (1906: 129)</p> <p>≡ Creolophus pulcherrimus (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) Banker (1913: 294)</p> <p>≡ Dryodon pulcherrimus (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) Pilát (1934: 315) [as ‚ pulcherrimum ‘], ≡ Climacodon pulcherrimus (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) Nikolajeva (1961: 194)</p> <p>= Hydnum gilvum Berkeley (1851: 168)</p> <p>= Hydnum uleanum Hennings (1897: 198)</p> <p>= Hydnum kauffmanii Peck (1907: 348) [as ‚ kauffmani ‘]</p> <p>= Hydnum australe Lloyd (1919: 11)</p> <p>= Hydnum duriusculum Lloyd (1922: 1107)</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Paraíba State: Mamamguape Municipality, Reserva Biológica Guaribas, Mata Cabeça de Boi, on dead hardwood, March 2002, T. B. Gibertoni 22 (pers. herb. Ryvarden 17620). MALAYSIA. Pahang, Sungei Cheka, 12 June 1931, E.J.H. Corner, (L 0628154). Johore, Mawai, 2 September 1934, E.J.H. Corner (L 0628156). MOROCCO. Chefchaouen, woody residues of Quercus suber, 16 November 2010, J.M.A. Sanz, J. Álvarez, P. Alvarado &amp; J.L. Manjón (AH 39127). PAKISTAN. Swat: Sharhan, on decayed wood, 24 August 1959, S. Ahmad (L 0628151). SINGAPORE. Botanical Gardens, in clusters of horizontal branchlets, 01 September1913, Burkill 88, Lloyd 4923 (BPI US0324672, holotype Hydnum duriusculum Lloyd; isotype L 0628153). Botanical Gardens, Straits Settlements, at base of living Hevea brasiliensis, 15 June 1914, Burkill 345, Lloyd 4865 (BPI US0324671). Pahang, Tembeling, 07 November 1930, E.J.H. Corner (L 0628155); 17 November 1930, (L 0628157). Botanical Gardens, 16 February 1932, E.J.H. Corner (L 0628152). SPAIN. Bizkaia: Barrutia, Gernika, fallen trunk of Quercus robur, 16 September 2005, R. Picón &amp; I. Salcedo (BIO-Fungi 10896). Cádiz: Los Barrios, trunk of Quercus suber, 21 November 2009, A. Capilla (AH 45800). Alcalá de los Gazules, trunk of Quercus suber, 21 November 2009, A. Capilla (AH 45801). El Cuartón, Tarifa, woody residues of Quercus suber, 02 January 1995, J.R. Sogorb (AH 37734). Jimena de la Frontera, dead branches of Quercus suber, 02 November 2003, M. Madrid (AH 31379). Jimena de la Frontera, dead branches of Quercus suber, 27 November 2004, F. Prieto &amp; M.A. González (AH 31805). Idem, (AH 31973). Gipuzkoa: Hernani, Ugaldetxo, fallen trunk of Quercus rubra, 02 July 2002, J.M. Lekuona (ARAN-Fungi A0000412). Navarre: Goizueta, Exkax, woody residues of Fagus sylvatica, 08 August 2000, J.M. Lekuona (ARAN-Fungi L0002309). Idem (ARAN-Fungi A0000403 duplo in AH 31971).Arano,Abaño, dead trunk of Quercus rubra, 27 June 2002, J.M. Lekuona (ARAN-Fungi A0000403). Goizueta, Artikutza, Elama, 450 m, woody residues of Corylus avellana, 24 August 2004, J.M. Lekuona, J. Huarte, P.M. Pasaban, J.L. Albisu, A. Iñiguez &amp; I. Olariaga (ARAN-Fungi 5011101A, duplicate in AH 31972). Málaga: Ronda, pinar Arroyo del Águila, National Park of Grazalema, trunk of Quercus ilex, 04 December 2003, F. Prieto &amp; M.A. González (AH 31738 duplicate in ARAN-Fungi). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. South Carolina: Santee River, H.W. Ravenel 1648 (ex herb. Berkeley; holotype K 135348). Florida: Seminole lo., Altamonte springs, on decaying oak log, 25 October 1961, Paul O. Schallot (UPS).</p> <p>Remarks:— Donkia pulcherrima is macroscopically characterized by its dimidiate basidiomata with a hydnoid hymenophore, a cream to white colour, and sometimes having orange tones (Fig. 3a–c). Microscopically, the main diagnostic character is the presence the septa with multiple clamps (2–4) on the context hyphae. The abundant vacuolar contents in the core of the spines (Fig. 3d–e), the absence of cystidia, and the small, hyaline, ellipsoid to allantoid spores (4–5 × 1.5–2 μm, Moreno et al. 2007) are also helpful for species identification.</p> <p>Donkia pulcherrima was described in detail by Moreno et al. (2007) as Climacodon pulcherrimus. This broadly distributed and variable species has been treated under many different names (Maas Gesteranus 1971). Pilát (1937) described leptocystidia for Climacodon pulcherrinus, and did not mention multiple clamp connections in his description. Gibertoni et al. (2004) noted the presence of gloeocystidia, but did not observe multiple clamp connections either. Salcedo et al. (2006) and Moreno et al. (2007), described and photographed multiple clamps at septa. The placement of C. pulcherrimus in Climacodon was questioned by Moreno et al. (2007), who suggested Donkia or Phanerochaete to be more appropriate genera for it. Molecular studies by Larsson (2007) and Papp et al. (2014) showed D. pulcherrima is distantly related to C. septentrionalis, type of Climacodon, and hence, it should be accomodated in the monospecific genus Donkia.</p> <p>Hydnum pulcherrimum has been combined in, Creolophus, Donkia, Dryodon and Steccherinum, but never in Phanerochaete, albeit the presence of multiple clamps on context hyphae (Nakasone, 1990). Phanerochaete calotricha (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. &amp; Ryvarden, P. sanguinea (Fr.) Pouzar and P. laevis (Fr.) J. Erikss. &amp; Ryvarden, for instance, possess septa with 2–3 clamps (Erikson et al. 1978). Burdsall (1985) cited this feature for 13 species of Phanerochaete.</p> <p>Donkia pulcherrima has a mainly tropical to subtropical distribution. It has been reported from Japan, Java, Pakistan, Peninsula Malaysia, Philippines, Sikkim, Singapore and Thailand in Asia (Pilát, 1937; Maas Gesteranus, 1971), from France (Candoussau, 1981), Russia (Pilát, 1933; 1937), Spain (Salcedo et al. 2006; Moreno et al. 2007) and Hungary (Papp et al. 2014) in Europe. In America, Bononi (1979) and Gibertoni et al. (2004) cited it from Brazil, while Nakasone (1990) and Gilbertson et al. (1975) found it in North America. In the present work, Donkia pulcherrima is cited from North Africa (Morocco; AH 39127) for the first time.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFAC37FFC79F6BFF70F9A0FBCDF8A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Gabriel;Blanco, M. Natividad;Platas, Gonzalo;Checa, Julia;Olariaga, Ibai	Moreno, Gabriel, Blanco, M. Natividad, Platas, Gonzalo, Checa, Julia, Olariaga, Ibai (2017): Reappraisal of Climacodon (Basidiomycota, Meruliaceae) and reinstatement of Donkia (Phanerochaetaceae) using multigene data. Phytotaxa 291 (3): 171-182, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.1
