identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F15B34E151FF928DECF835FAB0B8EF.text	03F15B34E151FF928DECF835FAB0B8EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptopulvinaria Kanda 1960	<div><p>Leptopulvinaria Kanda, 1960</p><p>Type species:  Leptopulvinaria elaeocarpi Kanda, 1960</p><p>Generic diagnosis. Adult female with: (i) body elongate oval or ovate, broadest at thorax or anterior of abdomen; (ii) mature specimens with slight dorsal secretion of powdery or filamentous wax, and ovisac secreted only from ventral surface of abdomen; (iii) dorsal tubular ducts and dorsal microductules frequent, scattered; (iv) dorsal tubercles convex, usually present on submarginal areas but occasionally absent; (v) marginal setae spinose, each with a simple pointed apex and a well-developed basal-socket; (vi) stigmatic clefts each containing 1‒4 (usually 3) stigmatic spines; (vii) multilocular disc-pores each with 9‒11 loculi, present across venter of most abdominal segments; (viii) ventral microducts present; (ix) ventral tubular ducts of 2 types; (x) with 1 or 2 pairs of long ventral setae present medially on all abdominal and thoracic segments (occasionally lacking on thoracic segments); (xi) legs well developed, each with a well-developed tibio-tarsal articulation and an articulatory sclerosis, and claws each without a denticle; and (xii) antennae each with 8 or 9 segments (from Hodgson 1994 and Tanaka &amp; Amano 2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F15B34E151FF928DECF835FAB0B8EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Dubey, Anil Kumar;Gupta, Ankita;Sushil, Satya Nand	Joshi, Sunil, Dubey, Anil Kumar, Gupta, Ankita, Sushil, Satya Nand (2025): First reports of the soft scale insect genera Leptopulvinaria Kanda and Pulvinarisca Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from India, with descriptions of two new species and identification keys. Zootaxa 5618 (4): 571-583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6
03F15B34E152FF968DECFDE9FAFBBA22.text	03F15B34E152FF968DECFDE9FAFBBA22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptopulvinaria harishi Joshi 2025	<div><p>Leptopulvinaria harishi Joshi,  sp. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8DDF6689-36AA-4F33-8296-EF71D451878F</p><p>(Figs 1 and 2)</p><p>Material examined: 64 specimens mounted on 24 slides.</p><p>Holotype: adult ♀, encircled with a red permanent marker, on a slide together with one paratype adult ♀: INDIA, Karnataka, Kanakapura,  Ramnagara /  Litchi chinensis Sonn. / 01.VII.2020 / Harish, K. leg. / [ICAR/ NBAIR/COCCI/  Leptopulvinaria /070720].</p><p>Other   paratypes: all collected on  Litchi chinensis Sonn. from INDIA, Karnataka, Ramanagara district (12.5462° N, 77.4199° E) :   20 adult ♀♀ on 7 slides, Kanakapura, 11.VI.2018, Harish, K. leg. [ICAR/NBAIR/ COCCI/  Leptopulvinaria /110618–01–07] ;   8 adult ♀♀ on 2 slides, same data except 01.VII.2018 [ICAR/NBAIR/ COCCI/  Leptopulvinaria /040718–08–09] ;   10 adult ♀♀ on 5 slides, same data except 07.VII.2020 [ICAR/NBAIR/ COCCI/  Leptopulvinaria /070720–10–14] ;   5 adult ♀♀ on 3 slides, same data except 30.VII.2020 [ICAR/NBAIR/ COCCI/  Leptopulvinaria /300720–15–17];  and   19 adult ♀♀ on 7 slides, same data except 28.IV.2023 [ICAR/NBAIR/ COCCI/  Leptopulvinaria /280423–18–24]  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Unmounted material (Fig. 1). Adult female mostly flat but slightly convex in medial area; body outline ovate, with posterior half widest, extremities rounded (Fig. 1D); indentations at spiracular clefts distinct in earlier instars, with white woolly wax accumulation at the entrance of each cleft. Medial area and anal plate pale yellowish; submarginal and marginal areas covered with minute brown specks, these specks merging to  form transverse bars from marginal area to medial area on each side (Fig. 1H). Near medial area, the bars merge to  form larger spots around paler mid-dorsal line (Fig. 1C). Individual females overlap each other, often forming a dense infestation covering entire twig. As female grows, derm becomes leathery; just before oviposition the body turns pinkish completely, losing all brown specks (Fig. 1E) but after the onset of oviposition it turns brownish again. Ovisac secreted from under venter, but wax threads also develop on dorsum of ovipositing females (Fig. 1F). Eyes not seen. Eggs yellowish initially but turning pinkish as embryos develop. Males not observed in the field.</p><p>Slide-mounted adult female (Fig. 2) (n = 62). Body 3.8–4.2 mm long, 2.0– 2.5 mm wide, ovate (Fig. 2A), narrowing slightly anteriorly towards head, broadest across abdominal margins with slight indentation at each stigmatic cleft; anal cleft quite short, approximately 1/8 th to 1/9 th of body length.</p><p>Dorsum. Derm membranous. Older females with dermal areolations moderately developed in medial and marginal areas (Fig. 2B). Setae spiniform (Fig. 2C), each 7–10 µm long; frequent, scattered throughout dorsum. Preopercular pores present or absent, when present, small and difficult to detect, each 1.2–1.5 µm wide, situated in paler eye-shaped area (Fig. 2D); with a scattering of 12–16 present anterior to anal plates, reaching as far forward as abdominal segment II. Tubular ducts present, all of 1 type (Fig. 2E), each with short outer ductule, 4–5 µm long and 1–2 µm wide, and very fine inner ductule 1.5–2.0 µm long; frequent, scattered throughout. Microducts (Fig. 2F) frequent, scattered throughout. Dorsal tubercles convex (Fig. 2G), each 11–12 µm in diameter and of similar height, present submarginally, numbering 9‒11 between the anterior stigmatic clefts, and each side with 1 or 2 between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts, and 8‒16 between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft.Anal plates together quadrate (Fig. 2H), 130–137 µm long; each plate with posterior margin 90–93 µm long, slightly longer than slightly concave anterior margin, which is 85–88 µm long. Each anal plate 65–68 µm wide, with 3 fine apical setae each 17–20 µm long; also with 1 setal base on dorsal surface, just anterior to apical setae (Fig. 2H), indicating presence of a subapical seta (not measured because broken in all specimens); each plate with a well-developed supporting bar. Ano-genital fold (Fig. 2I) with 3 pairs of setae on anterior margin measuring 40–42 µm, 65–70 µm and 70–75 µm long respectively, and each lateral margin with 3 setae measuring 34–38 µm, 45–50 µm and 62–65 µm long respectively. Anal ring (Fig. 2J) with 2 or 3 rows of pores and bearing 4 pairs of setae.</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae spinose (Fig. 2K), mostly shorter than longest stigmatic spines, each seta 25–45 µm long, with simple pointed apex and well-developed basal-socket; on each side, numbering 18–22 between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts not deep but distinct, each containing 3 stigmatic spines, with middle spine in profile appearing knife-shaped (Fig. 2L), 55–62 µm long, 1.4‒1.5 times longer than a lateral spine (each 37‒40 µm long). Eyespots situated near margin, each 20–25 µm wide.</p><p>Venter. Derm membranous. Multilocular disc-pores (Fig. 2M) each with 10 or 11 loculi, present around genital opening and on medial and mediolateral areas of abdominal segments VI and V, and only on mediolateral areas of segments IV, III and II; also present on all thoracic segments near and between all coxae and extending laterally as far as spiracles, plus a few pores present anterior to mouthparts and near antennal bases. Spiracular disc-pores (Fig. 2N) each with 5‒7 (usually 5) loculi, present in a narrow band 1‒3 pores wide (usually in 2 rows) between each spiracle and margin; with 48–52 pores in each anterior band and 72–75 pores in each posterior band. Ventral microducts (Fig. 2O) present in a broad submarginal band and sparsely distributed elsewhere. With ventral tubular ducts of 2 types: type I ducts (Fig. 2P 1) each with outer ductule 9–10 µm long, inner ductule 20–22 µm long and a well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland, present submarginally on posterior segments, where they are mixed with type II ducts, a few ducts also present medially on abdominal segments; and type II ducts (Fig. 2P 2) each with outer ductule shorter than in type I (only 6–8 µm long), and filamentous inner ductule 4–5 µm long with flower-shaped terminal gland, present submarginally and mixed with type I ducts; a few ducts present medially on abdominal segments. Submarginal band of ducts complete, but ducts sparser on thorax and head. Ventral setae: with a pair of long preopercular setae on each of abdominal segments VII–IV. Pregenital seta lengths (in µm): on segment VII, 97–100; VI, 170–175; V &amp; IV, 230–240. Abdominal segments III and II without long setae, but each with 1 pair of medium-sized setae, each seta 140–150 µm long. Long setae, similar to pregenital setae, present on medial areas of all thoracic segments and on head, each 160–175 µm long. With 4 pairs of interantennal setae, measuring 190–200, 200–245, 170–175 and 195–200 µm long, respectively. Many small intermediate setae present between pregenital setae on abdomen and on thorax, each 65–75 µm long. Submarginal setae (Fig. 2Q) each 120–123 µm long, numbering about 8 or 9 between anterior and posterior spiracular clefts on each side. Other setae short and fine, each 12–15 µm long, sparsely distributed throughout venter. Spiracles (Fig. 2R) normal, without any distinctive features; both anterior and posterior peritremes each 50–60 µm wide. Legs well developed (Fig. 2S), each with a tibio-tarsal articulation and an articulatory sclerosis; claws each without a denticle; both tarsal and claw digitules knobbed; claw digitules rather slender but broader than tarsal digitules, and subequal to tarsal digitules in length. Measurements of metathorasic leg (in µm): coxa 135–140, trochanter 130–135, femur 200–215, tibia 290–295, tarsus 130–135, claw 35–40, tarsal digitule 50–52 and claw digitule 48–50. Antennae (Fig. 2T) each with 8 segments; total length 452–477 µm; segment measurements (in µm): I and II subequal, each 50–55; III longest, 115–120; IV &amp; V each 60–63; VI and VII each 35–38; and VIII slightly longer (45–48 µm) than segments VI and VII. Setal distribution on antennal segments: segment I with 3 setose setae; II with 3 setose; III and IV each with 1 setose; VI with 1 setose; VII with 1 fleshy and 1 setose; and segment VIII with 4 setose and 3 fleshy setae. Longest setae on antenna each 110–120 µm long, on segment VIII. Ventral derm adjacent to each scape (antennal segment I) with 2 or 3 egg-shaped discoidal pores (Fig. 2U), each with a granulated surface. Labium 70–75 µm long and 100–105 µm wide.</p><p>Comments.  Leptopulvinaria harishi resembles  L. sapinda in possessing numerous multilocular disc-pores on the abdomen, fairly numerous on the thorax and few on the head. The new species can be distinguished from  L. sapinda by having (character states of  L. sapinda given in parentheses, based on information in He et al. 2018): (i) body of mature adult female elongate ovate, narrowing anteriorly but with anterior end rounded (narrowing and becoming almost pointed anteriorly); (ii) dorsal tubular ducts, microducts and dorsal setae randomly scattered (arranged in a reticulate pattern); (iii) preopercular pores reaching as far forward as abdominal segment II (extending as far forward as prothorax); (iv) ano-genital fold with 3 setae along anterior margin and 3 setae on each lateral margin (each margin of fold bearing only 2 setae); and (v) ventral tubular ducts always present on head and thorax (only occasionally present).</p><p>Biological notes. The scale insect infestation was observed on  Litchi chinensis ( Sapindaceae) grown as homestead trees (Fig. 1A). The infestation was reported first in 2018 when the trees were 5–6 years old and again in 2020 when trees were 7–8 years old. In both cases, it was always recorded on border trees and on terminal young shoots of pencil thickness. Both collections were made in May and June, just before the onset of the monsoon. The scale insects could be easily detected because they were living under the silken thread webbing or inside the leaf nests of the ant  Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) ( Hymenoptera:  Formicidae) (Fig. 1B). Honeydew production by the scales was moderate; no sooty mold was observed on infested branches, possibly because all the honeydew had been collected by the ants. There were around 60 trees of  L. chinensis grown over an area of half an acre (= 0.202 ha), but the infestation was found only on four trees on both occasions. Although the trees are being grown in a completely organic manner, the scale insects do not reach dense populations, perhaps because naturally occurring parasitoids maintain them at low levels. The parasitized females showed dark brown to black colouration, indicating the presence of a developing parasitoid (Fig. 1H). Two species of hymenopteran parasitoids:  Encyrtus noyesi Singh ( Encyrtidae) (Fig. 1I) and  Coccophagus sudhiri Hayat ( Aphelinidae) (Fig. 1J) were found parasitizing  L. harishi in the field. In Assam, India,  E. noyesi has been recorded also parasitizing  Coccus sp. on  Mangifera indica L.,  Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz, and  Terminalia chebula Retz. (Singh 1997), whereas  C. sudhiri was found parasitizing an undetermined coccid (Hayat 1993). For both these parasitoids,  L. harishi is a new host-insect record and Karnataka is a new regional distribution record.  Litchi chinensis is a new host-plant record for the genus  Leptopulvinaria .</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after Mr K. Harish (ICAR-NBAIR, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India), who collected the species, and in recognition of his help in processing coccids for me over the last decade.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F15B34E152FF968DECFDE9FAFBBA22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Dubey, Anil Kumar;Gupta, Ankita;Sushil, Satya Nand	Joshi, Sunil, Dubey, Anil Kumar, Gupta, Ankita, Sushil, Satya Nand (2025): First reports of the soft scale insect genera Leptopulvinaria Kanda and Pulvinarisca Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from India, with descriptions of two new species and identification keys. Zootaxa 5618 (4): 571-583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6
03F15B34E156FF968DECFC25FA6FBCB9.text	03F15B34E156FF968DECFC25FA6FBCB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptopulvinaria Kanda 1960	<div><p>Key to adult females of  Leptopulvinaria Kanda</p><p>(modified from Tanaka &amp; Amano (2008) and He et al. (2018))</p><p>1(0) Multilocular disc-pores absent from head.................................................................. 2</p><p>- Multilocular disc-pores present on head................................................................... 3</p><p>2(1) Body ovate, narrowing anteriorly. Multilocular disc-pores absent from laterad to coxae. Venter of head and thorax usually lacking tubular ducts medially, although rarely a few may be present.............................  L. elaeocarpi Kanda</p><p>- Body elongate oval, not narrowing anteriorly. Multilocular disc-pores always present laterad to each coxa. Venter of both head and thorax with tubular ducts medially, between legs and around mouthparts.................  L. kawaii Tanaka &amp; Amano</p><p>3(2) Venter of head and thorax occasionally with a few tubular ducts in submarginal areas but these not forming a submarginal band. Dorsum with tubular ducts, microducts and setae arranged in a reticulate pattern. Preopercular pores extending as far forward as prothorax. Ano-genital fold with 2 pairs of setae along anterior margin and 2 pairs on each lateral margin. Body ovate, narrowing anteriorly to rather pointed apex.............................................  L. sapinda He, Ha &amp; Wu</p><p>- Venter of head and thorax with tubular ducts present fairly frequent in submarginal areas, forming a submarginal band. Dorsum with tubular ducts, microducts and setae dispersed randomly over entire surface. Preopercular pores extending as far forward as abdominal segment II. Ano-genital fold with 3 pairs of setae along anterior margin and 3 setae on each lateral margin. Body normally elongate ovate, narrowing anteriorly but usually with apex rounded (although in some young specimens, anterior apex may be rather pointed)................................................................  L. harishi Joshi,  sp. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F15B34E156FF968DECFC25FA6FBCB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Dubey, Anil Kumar;Gupta, Ankita;Sushil, Satya Nand	Joshi, Sunil, Dubey, Anil Kumar, Gupta, Ankita, Sushil, Satya Nand (2025): First reports of the soft scale insect genera Leptopulvinaria Kanda and Pulvinarisca Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from India, with descriptions of two new species and identification keys. Zootaxa 5618 (4): 571-583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6
03F15B34E156FF968DECFA59FDBABEC5.text	03F15B34E156FF968DECFA59FDBABEC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pulvinarisca Borchsenius 1953	<div><p>Pulvinarisca Borchsenius, 1953</p><p>Type species:  Pulvinarisca serpentina Balachowsky, 1929 .</p><p>Generic diagnosis. Adult female with: (i) body more-or-less elongate oval, widest at abdomen, with slight but distinct indentations in stigmatic areas; (ii) derm entirely membranous, lacking areolations; (iii) dorsal pores of several types, frequent, scattered throughout; (iv) dorsal tubercles and dorsal tubular ducts present or absent; (v) dorsal setae short, thick and bluntly pointed (except pointed in  P. serpentina); (vi) marginal setae spinose, each with simple pointed apex and well-developed basal-socket; (vii) stigmatic spines usually numbering more than 3 per spiracular cleft, clearly differentiated from marginal setae; (viii) multilocular disc-pores present around genital opening and on preceding abdominal segments; (ix) ventral tubular ducts of 2 or 3 types, with distributions variable; (x) anal plates together quadrate, dorsal surface with or without ridges; (xi) each anal plate with spinose, nonspatulate setae along inner margin, and (xii) each claw with a denticle on widest part (from Hodgson 1968, as  Macropulvinaria; and Hodgson 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F15B34E156FF968DECFA59FDBABEC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Dubey, Anil Kumar;Gupta, Ankita;Sushil, Satya Nand	Joshi, Sunil, Dubey, Anil Kumar, Gupta, Ankita, Sushil, Satya Nand (2025): First reports of the soft scale insect genera Leptopulvinaria Kanda and Pulvinarisca Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from India, with descriptions of two new species and identification keys. Zootaxa 5618 (4): 571-583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6
03F15B34E157FF9B8DECFF38FD27B807.text	03F15B34E157FF9B8DECFF38FD27B807.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pulvinarisca greeni Joshi & Dubey 2025	<div><p>Pulvinarisca greeni Joshi &amp; Dubey,  sp. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A1AB1463-8C8C-4D41-9F85-99F594670DAB</p><p>(Figs 3 and 4)</p><p>Material examined: 93 specimens on 45 slides.</p><p>Holotype: adult ♀ encircled with a red permanent marker, on a slide together with 1 paratype adult ♀: INDIA, Andaman and Nicobar, Port Blair /  Monoon longifolium Sonn. B. Xue &amp; R.M.K. Saunders / 17.II.2021 / Anil K. Dubey leg. / [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /170221].</p><p>Other   paratypes: all from INDIA, Andaman &amp; Nicobar: 9 adult ♀♀ on 3 slides, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.9048&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0076" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.9048/lat 7.0076)">Campbell Bay</a> (7.0076° N, 93.9048° E),  Bombax ceiba Burm.f., 18.IV.2016, Sunil Joshi leg. [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /180416– 01–03] ;   8 adult ♀♀ on 4 slides, same data except 16.V.2016 [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /160516–04–07] ;   5 adult ♀♀ on 3 slides, same data except 27.V.2016 [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /270516–08–10] ;   5 adult ♀♀ on 4 slides, Port Blair (11.6234° N, 92.7265° E),  Monoon longifolium Sonn. B. Xue &amp; R.M.K. Saunders, 17.II.2021, Anil Dubey leg. [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /170221–11–13] ;   8 adult ♀♀ on 3 slides, same data except 02.III.2021 [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /020321–14–16] ;   7 adult ♀♀ on 4 slides, same data except 03.III.2021 [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /030321–17–20] ;   10 adult ♀♀ on 3 slides, same data except 20.IV.2021 [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /200421–21–23] ;   7 adult ♀♀ on 7 slides, same data except 16.IV.2021 [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /160421–24–30] ;   6 adult ♀♀ on 2 slides, Sippighat (11.6057° N, 92.6959° E),  Areca catechu L. ( Arecaceae), 21.III.2024, Sunil Joshi leg. [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /210324–31–32] ;   7 adult ♀♀ on 2 slides, Sippighat (11.6057° N, 92.6959° E),  Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. ( Myrtaceae), 21.III.2024, Sunil Joshi leg. [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /210324–33–34] ;   9 adult ♀♀ on 3 slides, Sippighat (11.6057° N, 92.6959° E),  Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick &amp; Wilkin ( Dioscoreaceae), 21.III.2024, Sunil Joshi leg. [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /210324–35–37] ;   3 adult ♀♀ on 1 slide, Sippighat (11.6057° N, 92.6959° E),  Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões &amp; Staples ( Convolvulaceae), 21.III.2024, Sunil Joshi leg. [ICAR/NBAIR/COCCI/  Pulvinarisca /210324–38]  .</p><p>Non-type material: (Fig. 5):   INDIA,  Write Myo, South Andaman, 19.ix.1988, on wild plant, M. Yousuf leg., 7 adult ♀♀ on 6 slides  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Unmounted material (Fig. 3). Body elongate oval, fairly convex, rounded posteriorly and slightly tapered anteriorly (Fig. 3B); brownish green in early instars but turning darker green with age. As nymph grows, a dark brown submedial line develops on each side, arising from the paler anal plates; these lines diverge anteriorly and then converge toward head, enclosing a pale yellowish lanceolate spinal area on dorsum (Fig. 3A). As female matures further, dorsal derm, except for lanceolate middle area, becomes covered with mealy wax, giving a snowy white appearance (Fig. 3B). During oviposition, venter of female secretes a long white ovisac, up to 1.2–1.3 times as long as body or more (Fig. 3C); ovisac with a prominent median ridge and 5 or 6 obscure ridges on each side (Fig. 3D). Eggs shiny pale yellow initially, later turning pinkish as embryos develop (Fig. 3E). Male pupal test elongate, narrow, with submargin transparent and medial raised area opaque white (Fig. 3B).</p><p>Slide-mounted adult female (Fig. 4) (n = 86). Body elongate oval, 5.8–6.6 mm long, 4.2–5.3 mm wide (Fig. 4A), widest at abdomen, with slight but distinct indentation in each stigmatic area; anal cleft fairly short, about 1/6 th –1/7 th of body length.</p><p>Dorsum. Derm entirely membranous, with well-defined areolations throughout (Fig. 4B). Setae quite small (Fig. 4C), each 2–3 µm long, stoutly and sharply spinose, with broad basal-socket; sparse throughout but rather more numerous on posterior abdominal segments. With dorsal pores of 3 types: (i) a circular, heavily sclerotized, slightly sunken pore, sparsely present throughout, but largest and most frequent medially on 3 abdominal segments just anterior to anal plates (these are probably preopercular pores (Fig. 4D)); (ii) a bilocular pore of similar size (Fig. 4E) present singly in center of each areolation, abundant throughout except absent from dorsal medial area between anal plates and level of mouthparts; and (iii) a small, moderately sclerotized, simple pore (Fig. 4F) sparsely scattered throughout. Microducts (Fig. 4G), each with sclerotized outer pore and a clearly visible inner ductule, distributed evenly throughout. Dorsal tubular ducts and tubercles absent. Anal plates together quadrate (Fig. 4H), each plate 200–215 µm long and 70–80 µm wide, with posterolateral margin 120–140 µm long, slightly longer than anterolateral margin (100–120 µm long); inner margin 170–180 µm long. Anterior margins of both plates together generate a gap between plates that is connected by a triangular moderately sclerotized yoke, 35–40 µm long. Dorsal surface of each plate with ridges occupying 44–45% of area. Each anal plate with a single long stout apical seta, 130–140 µm long, with blunt apex; also with 3 stout setae with blunt apices along inner margin, each 80–130 µm long, the middle seta of which is situated slightly laterad to inner margin, giving it the appearance of a long discal seta (Fig. 4H). Ano-genital fold (Fig. 4I) anterior margin with 2 pairs of unequal curved flagellate setae, smaller setae each 55–62 µm long, longer setae each 90–100 µm long; and each lateral margin with 3 pairs of setae, each 50–125 µm long. Anal ring with 2 rows of pores and bearing 3 pairs of setae (Fig. 4J).</p><p>Margin. Marginal setae each stoutly spinose, with distal part slightly curved and apex pointed (Fig. 4K); each seta 70–90 µm long, with basal-socket well developed and quite deep, and with 1‒5 circular to oblong pores, each in a sclerotized rim (Fig. 4 L). Marginal setae numbering 160–190 between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, with 44–55 setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts and 83–94 setae between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft. Each stigmatic cleft containing 7 or 8 spines (Fig. 4 M), with longest seta central. Stigmatic spines stouter than marginal setae; generally, they can be categorized into small, medium and long spines: small spines each 15–25 µm long, medium 35–47 µm long and longest spines each 66–75 µm long; longest stigmatic spines a little longer than shortest marginal setae. Eyespots situated near margin, prominent, each lens 28–32 µm wide.</p><p>Venter. Derm entirely membranous. Multilocular disc-pores each with 10 loculi (Fig. 4N), abundant around genital opening and in medial areas of abdominal segments VI and V, and forming transverse single rows on posterior margins of segments VII, VI and V. Preceding segments with disc-pores only on mediolateral areas; pores also occasionally present laterad to each metacoxa (Fig. 4). Spiracular disc-pores mostly each with 5–7 loculi (Fig. 4O), forming band mostly 1 pore wide between each spiracle and margin; a few more present around each spiracle orifice and by each stigmatic cleft; with 40–55 disc-pores in each anterior band and 56–67 in each posterior band. Ventral microducts (Fig. 4P) mainly present in submarginal area, rather less frequent medially, probably absent medially from most posterior abdominal segments. With tubular ducts of 2 types: (i) a duct with outer ductule rather thin and 15–17 µm long, a cup-shaped invagination and inner ductule fairly long (14–15 µm), ending with a well-developed terminal gland (Fig. 4Q 1), present medially on all abdominal and thoracic segments but absent medially from head; and (ii) a duct similar to (i) but with outer ductule shorter, 11–12 µm long, inner ductule 10–11 µm long and a well-developed terminal gland (Fig. 4Q 2), forming a dense submarginal band on abdomen, a less dense submarginal band between spiracular disc-pore bands, and sparser on head and prothorax. Ventral setae: a single pair of long pregenital setae, each 110–160 µm long, present on each of 4 pregenital segments; medial areas of anterior abdominal and all thoracic segments each with 3 or 4 pairs of moderate-sized setae; inter-antennal setae numbering 4 pairs, measuring 25–30, 30–45, 80–90 and 100–125 µm respectively; with 2 pairs of setae, 100–125 and 50–60 µm long respectively, just anterior to each meso- and metathoracic coxa, and 4 pairs (measuring 30–40, 55–60, 87–102 and 135–142 µm long respectively) just anterior to mesocoxae. Submarginal setae each 25–27 µm long (Fig. 4R), numbering about 7–12 on each side between anterior and posterior spiracular clefts. Spiracles (Fig. 4S) normally developed; peritreme widths: anterior 74–84 µm, posterior 90–102 µm. Legs well developed, each with a tibio-tarsal articulation and large articulatory sclerosis (Fig. 4T); each claw with a distinct denticle on broadest basal part; claw digitules both broad, shorter than slender knobbed tarsal digitules. Measurements of metathoracic leg (in µm): coxa 118–128, trochanter 75–95, femur 100–115, tibia 189–195, tarsus 100–105, tarsal digitules each 80–90, and claw digitules each 58–60. Antenna (Fig. 4U) with 8 segments; total length 395–450 µm. Segment lengths (in µm): segment I, 45–50; II, 62–70; III longest, 110–115; IV, 58–65; V, 50–55; VI, 30–35; VII shortest, 20–25; and segment VIII, 30–35 long. Setal distribution on antennal segments: segment I with 3 setose setae; II with 2 setose; III with 2 setose; IV with 2 setose; V with 2 setose; VI with 1 fleshy seta; VII with 1 fleshy; and VIII with 3 fleshy and 4 setose setae. Longest seta on antenna 200‒220 µm long, situated on segment II. Labium 30–35 µm long and 60–65 µm wide.</p><p>Comments.  The non-type material from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, examined during this study consists of seven females mounted on six slides (Fig. 5) labelled with the manuscript name “  Pulvinaria singularis ” by M. Yousuf and S.A. Shafee in 1988, but they never described it or made any type designation (note that citation of this name here is not intended for nomenclatural purposes). The species on these slides appears to be  P. greeni, described as new above.</p><p>Pulvinarisca greeni is similar to  P. serpentina in possessing strongly spinose marginal setae; but  P. greeni can be distinguished (characters of  P. serpentina given in parentheses) by having: (i) each spiracular cleft containing 7 or 8 stigmatic spines (3–6); (ii) preopercular pores few, arranged irregularly in a medial group (abundant, arranged in two divergent lines); (iii) multilocular disc-pores each with 10 loculi (7 or 8 loculi); (iv) with 2 types of ventral tubular ducts (3 types); (v) anal plate with one apical seta (3 apical setae), 2 inner margin setae (1), and 1 seta situated near inner margin of anal plate (absent); and (vi) anogenital fold with 2 setae on anterior margin (absent) and three setae (5–8) on each lateral margin.  Pulvinarisca greeni can be easily separated from all other species of  Pulvinarisca by possession of exceptionally long anal plate setae.</p><p>Biological notes.  Pulvinarisca greeni was first collected from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in September 1988, infesting an undetermined wild plant, by Yousuf and Shafee but they did not describe the species. It was collected again in 2016, on  Bombax ceiba; in 2021, it was found on  M. longifolium; and in 2024, it was collected on  Areca catechu (arecanut),  Syzygium cumini (jamun),  Dioscorea communis and  Camonea umbellata . This suggests that  P. greeni has been present in these islands for more than 35 years and is now spreading and infesting a variety of host-plants. Arecanut and jamun are grown extensively in various parts of India but the scale insect has not been found in any of the states surveyed during the last 15 years, suggesting that  P. greeni is restricted to the islands and has not reached mainland India yet.  Pulvinarisca greeni was attended by the ant  O. smaragdina on all its hosts. No parasitoids or predators were found to be associated with the scale insect during the present study.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named in honor of Edward Earnest Green, an English entomologist who worked extensively on Sri Lankan and Indian scale insects.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F15B34E157FF9B8DECFF38FD27B807	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Dubey, Anil Kumar;Gupta, Ankita;Sushil, Satya Nand	Joshi, Sunil, Dubey, Anil Kumar, Gupta, Ankita, Sushil, Satya Nand (2025): First reports of the soft scale insect genera Leptopulvinaria Kanda and Pulvinarisca Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from India, with descriptions of two new species and identification keys. Zootaxa 5618 (4): 571-583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6
03F15B34E15BFF9B8DECFEC0FA6FBD00.text	03F15B34E15BFF9B8DECFEC0FA6FBD00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pulvinarisca Borchsenius 1953	<div><p>Key to adult females of  Pulvinarisca Borchsenius</p><p>(modified from Hodgson 1967 and 1968)</p><p>1(0) Marginal setae with bidentate apices...................................................................... 2</p><p>- Marginal setae strongly spinose, with undivided apices pointed or blunt.......................................... 6</p><p>2(1) Ventral tubular ducts of 1 type. Marginal setal sockets without associated granulated pores...........  P. crotonis (De Lotto)</p><p>- Ventral tubular ducts of 2 or more types. Marginal setal sockets with or without associated granulated pores............. 3</p><p>3(2) Preopercular pores numbering 30–80 in a group just anterior to anal plates........................  P. acaciae (Hodgson)</p><p>- Preopercular pores absent.............................................................................. 4</p><p>4(2) Each stigmatic cleft deep, containing 9–20 stigmatic spines arranged in a semicircle........... ..  P. filamentosa (Newstead)</p><p>- Each stigmatic cleft not very deep, containing only 5–9 stigmatic spines arranged irregularly......................... 5</p><p>5(4) Dorsum with granular quadrilocular disc-pores scattered throughout. Minute quadrilocular pores concentrated in 2 rows associated with marginal spines, numbering 2–4 pores per spine..............................  P. jacksoni (Newstead)</p><p>- Dorsum with granular disc-pores restricted to central area (between leg bases). Minute quadrilocular pores associated with marginal spines much less frequent, numbering fewer than 1 pore per spine........................  P. inopheron (Laing)</p><p>6(1) Each spiracular cleft containing 3–6 stigmatic spines. Preopercular pores abundant, distributed in 2 divergent lines. Multilocular disc-pores each with 7 or 8 loculi. Ventral tubular ducts of 3 types. Anal plates each with 3 apical setae and 1 inner margin seta. Anogenital fold with 0 setae on anterior margin and 5–8 setae on each lateral margin. Marginal setae each less than 50 µm long.........................................................................  P. serpentina (Balachowsky)</p><p>- Each spiracular cleft containing 7 or 8 stigmatic spines. Preopercular pores few, irregularly arranged in medial area anterior to anal plates. Multilocular disc-pores each with 10 loculi. Ventral tubular ducts of 2 types. Anal plates each with 1 apical seta, 2 inner margin setae, and 1 seta near inner margin. Anogenital fold with 2 pairs of setae on anterior margin and 3 setae on each lateral margin. Marginal setae each more than 70 µm long.............................  P. greeni Joshi &amp; Dubey,  sp. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F15B34E15BFF9B8DECFEC0FA6FBD00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Dubey, Anil Kumar;Gupta, Ankita;Sushil, Satya Nand	Joshi, Sunil, Dubey, Anil Kumar, Gupta, Ankita, Sushil, Satya Nand (2025): First reports of the soft scale insect genera Leptopulvinaria Kanda and Pulvinarisca Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from India, with descriptions of two new species and identification keys. Zootaxa 5618 (4): 571-583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.4.6
