taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F30D5FFFDCB148DE2AF9E1FE19748B.taxon	description	Ab Argyreia walshae Ooststr. foliis multo longioribus anguste ovatus (nec late ovatis vel ovatis) et subtus pilis brevibus adpressis rectis (nec crispatis) instructis differt. — Typus: Friedberg 257 a (holo LISC), East Timor, Abis, 1. vi. 1966. Etymology. The name Argyreia paivae is a tribute to Jorge Paiva, who has dedicated his life to the study of tropical flora and who gave a fundamental contribution to this project. Woody twiner. Stems with milky sap, sparsely pilose with short, appressed whitish hairs when young, later glabrescent and lenticellate. Leaves narrowly ovate, two or more times as long as wide, 6.5 – 12 cm long, 2 – 5 cm broad, rounded at the base, attenuate to acuminate at the apex, glabrous or nearly so above, sparsely to rather densely pilose beneath with short, appressed, straight hairs; midrib and 10 – 13 pairs of lateral nerves rather prominent beneath; petiole 2 – 5 cm long, appressed-pilose. Inflorescences axillary; 3 – 10 - flowered compound cymes; peduncles shorter or as long as the petiole, 2 – 5 cm long, densely appressed-pilose. Bracts oblong, 2 – 3 mm long, appressed-pilose outside, glabrous inside, caducous. Pedicels 3 – 6 mm, hairy like the peduncles, thickened towards the apex. Sepals subequal, the outer two ovate, the inner three broadly ovate, 5 – 6 mm long, apices obtuse, outside fulvous tomentose, inside glabrous and brown, three inner ones with a slightly scarious margin. Corolla whitish, tubular to funnel-shaped, c. 2 – 3 cm long, the limb shallowly lobed, midpetaline bands and upper portion of the tube sericeous. Stamens slightly exserted; filaments c. 20 mm long, inserted at c. 5 mm from the base of the corolla tube, hairy at the base; anthers sagitate, c. 3 mm long. Disc annular, c. 0.5 mm high. Ovary, 2 - celled, glabrous; style glabrous, exserted, 20 – 25 mm long, stigma globose. Fruit unknown. Distribution — Timor. Habitat & Ecology — Thick liana, growing over shrubs, collected at 700 m. Uses — The bark can be boiled and the resulting water is drunk for treating gonorrhoea. Vernacular name — Mau halé (Timor: unknown dialect). Other specimens examined. INDONESIA, West Timor, Nikiniki, 700 m, 1. iv. 1974, Kooy 905 (L!); Supul, c. 750 m, 25. iii. 1969, Kooy 706 (L!). Notes — We examined specimens of Argyreia from Timor and three of them stood out because they did not appear to match any of the species of Argyreia included in Flora Malesiana (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). After careful study, extensive comparison with the descriptions of species from other territories and comparison with herbarium material (especially from BM, K and L), it was found necessary to describe A. paivae as a new species. Specimens of A. paiva e share some characteristics with each of the other two Timorese endemic species: A. reinwardtiana and A. walshae. Like A. reinwardtiana this new species has the lower leaf surfaces sparsely to rather densely pilose with short, appressed, straight hairs, while in A. walshae the lower surface is densely pubescent to tomentose with short curled hairs. The inner and outer sepals are subequal and thus similar to those of A. walshae. In A. reinwardtiana, the outer sepals are distinctly larger than the inner ones, with peculiar undulate margins. The indumentum of the sepals is also like that of A. walshae, in that it is entirely densely sericeous outside. In A. reinwardtiana, the sepals are distinctly less sericeous towards the apex. A distinctive feature of A. paivae are the narrowly ovate leaves that are at least twice as long as they are wide. The other two Timor endemics have broadly ovate to ovate leaves, the length of which is less than two times the width. Given the distinctive leaf shape of A. paivae, the possibility that it is a hybrid between the two other Timorese species is unlikely. In the absence of fruit, and in order to confirm that these specimens should indeed be included in the genus Argyreia, we studied the pollen morphology of the three endemic Timor Argyreia (Fig. 2). The pollen of all three species is very similar, apolar, with radial symmetry, circular in optical section, pantoporate. In detail, they are characterised in the following way: diameter 83 – 100 µm; pori operculate, diameter of opercula 6 – 8 µm; opercula microreticulate-cristate; exine c. 16 µm thick under the spines, c. 9 µm between the spines; tectum echinate-microreticulate-cristate; spines 6.8 – 9.4 µm long (excluding the dilated exine bases), cylindrical, obtuse, psilate, with subglobose, microreticulatecristate bases. Considering that the fruit of A. reinwardtiana is known (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953) and that the pollen morphology is very similar in all three species, we can confirm that the complex belongs to Argyreia.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDEB148DD65F875FBE8706A.taxon	description	Argyreia reinwardtiana (Blume) Miq. (1857) 589. — Type: Reinwardt 1351 (holo L), Timor. Ipomoea reinwardtiana Blume (1826) 720. Argyreia guichenotii Choisy (1834) 423; Decne. (1834) 388; Span. (1841) 338; Miq. (1856) 589; Fawc. (1885) 511. Distribution — Timor (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — Creeper; found between chalkrocks; collected at 200 and c. 762 m.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDEB148DE2AFAFFFBCB75DD.taxon	description	Choisy (1834) clearly assumed the presence of such species in Timor but no specimens have been found to support such statement. Van Ooststroom (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953) has suggested that the specimen mentioned by Choisy might belong to A. reinwardtiana.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDEB148DE2AFC53FC3677D6.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Timor (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — Not common; collected at c. 800 m. Note — Van Ooststroom (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953) makes a note that this species is rather frequent in Timor. However, Mrs. Walsh’s collection notes on the type indicate the opposite.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDEB14FDE2AF7C0FD217B29.taxon	description	Cressa australis R. Br. (1810) 490. Cressa cretica auct. non L. (1753) 223; Ooststr. (1972) 937. Distribution — East Timor, Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Southern Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria) (Austin 2000). Habitat & Ecology — The only specimen known from Timor was collected at 100 m from the sea in a pure stand in the shade of the mangrove tree Avicennia marina. Note — Van Ooststroom (1972) recognised the specimen from Timor as the only known occurrence of this genus in Malesia. Although he noted several differences between Australasian and European material, he was unable to recognise specific differences and consequently treated the Timor material as Cressa cretica. Austin (2000) studied the morphological variation in the genus and came to conclude that the specimen from Timor would be better placed in Cressa australis.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD9B14EDE2AF873FD317042.taxon	description	Cuscuta campestris Yunck. (1932) 138. Distribution — Native of North America, recently introduced in several countries of the Old World (Liao et al. 2005). New record for Timor. Habitat & Ecology — Often on Medicago sativa, Trifolium and Satureja hortensis, but also on a great number of other herbaceous plants (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD8B14EDD65FCBBFDAE7641.taxon	description	Cuscuta cassytoides Nees ex Engelm. (1859) 513; Ooststr. (1958) 558.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD8B14EDD65FCBBFDAE7641.taxon	description	Cuscuta reflexa auct. non Roxb. (1799) 3, t. 104; Decne. (1834) 393; Span. (1841) 341; Fawc. (1885) 511. Distribution — East Africa to South Africa and South Malesia: East Java (Asem Bagus) and Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor, Wetar) (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — On Ficus glomerata Roxb. and other woody plants; apparently confined to regions with a very dry season (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). A specimen from Timor was found at 300 m. Vernacular name — Non-atois (Dawan).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD8B14EDE2AFCF3FCF377F7.taxon	description	Dinetus racemosus (Roxb.) Buch. - Ham. ex Sweet (1825) t. 127.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD8B14EDE2AFCF3FCF377F7.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Pakistan throughout North India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Southeast Asia to Malesia (Staples 2006). Habitat & Ecology — In open sites in forests, thickets, scrub, on hillsides and along watercourses on diverse soil types at (50 –) 1 000 – 2 000 (– 3 200) m elevation (Staples 2006). Uses — In China the whole plant is used for treating ‘ wind damage’ and dyspepsia; in Laos the young leaves are eaten with pepper, being edible both in fresh and dry state (Staples 2006).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD8B14DDE2AFAA0FE8F70AF.taxon	description	Erycibe timorensis Hallier f. ex Hoogl. (1953) 318; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 423. — Type: Spanoghe 43 (holo L; iso P), Timor. Distribution — Timor (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In the mountains (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Note — The specimens examined lack precise locality information. Spanoghe is known to have collected in several different localities in Timor but it is not clear where he collected each of the plants. Zippelius, who collected some other specimens of this species, is known to have collected in Kupang and surrounding areas.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDBB14DDD65FC10FEAE77BF.taxon	description	Note — Van Ooststroom (1934) has recognised 15 different varieties of Evolvulus alsinoides, the boundaries of which are far from clear-cut. The three varieties existing in Timor are not always easy to separate, and some transitional forms seem to occur, as Van Ooststroom himself observed (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDAB14CDD65FF61FF2D7105.taxon	description	Evolvulus alsinoides var. decumbens (R. Br.) Ooststr. (1934) 38; Fawc. (1885) 511; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 396. Evolvulus decumbens R. Br. (1810) 489. Evolvulus lanceaefolius Span. (1841) 341. Distribution — South China and Indo-China to Australia and the Pacific Islands, in Malesia: North Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali, Timor, Wetar), Southwest – Southeast Celebes, Moluccas, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao), New-Guinea (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — A specimen from Timor was found at 300 m.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDAB14CDD65FDFAFD0671F9.taxon	description	Evolvulus alsinoides var. javanicus (Blume) Ooststr. (1934) 39; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 398.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDAB14CDD65FDFAFD0671F9.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Malesia: Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor, Wetar), Moluccas (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDAB14CDD65FB22FBCA72D2.taxon	description	Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh in Nicolson, Suresh & Manilal (1988) 88. Convolvulus malabaricus L. (1753) 155. Convolvulus sublobatus L. f. (1781) 135.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFDAB14CDD65FB22FBCA72D2.taxon	distribution	Distribution — North America (naturalized in Jamaica), Africa, Asia: Sri Lanka, India, China, Myanmar, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea; Pacific Islands (Fang & Staples 1995). Also in East Timor. Habitat & Ecology — In open grasslands, thickets, hedges, teak-forests, grassy dikes and waysides, waste places; both in regions with a feeble and with a pronounced dry season; at low and medium altitudes, from sea level to 1 400 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Specimens from Timor were found at 400 and c. 460 m.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD5B143DE2AFA2DFAF27476.taxon	description	Ipomoea aculeata Blume var. mollissima (Zoll.) Hallier f. ex. Ooststr. (1940) 574; Malm (1934) 286; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 486. Calonyction mollissimum Zoll. (1854) 128, 131. Distribution — In continental Asia: China, Myanmar and Thailand (Fang & Staples 1995). In Malesia: Middle and East Java, Madura, Lesser Sunda Islands (Lombok, Sumbawa, Timor, Alor) and Philippines (Luzon) (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In thickets and thin forests, from sea level to 700 m. Vernacular name — Lak-laku, non hau kase (Dawan). Uses — The leaves are used as purgative and as a substitute for soap (Heyne in Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD5B142DE2AF86DFDA37779.taxon	description	Ipomoea alba L. (1753) 161; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 480. Ipomoea bona­nox L. (1762) 228; Fawc. (1885) 511.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD5B142DE2AF86DFDA37779.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Circumtropical: originally in tropical America, in Malesia cultivated in gardens and run wild (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In thickets, hedges, along waysides and edges of forests; widely distributed in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes; cultivated and run wild (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Uses — The whole plant is used for treating snakebite (Fang & Staples 1995). The young leaves are eaten as a vegetable Heyne in Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953); the dried flowers are used in pies and in kimlo (Chinese vegetable soup) (Ochse in Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). It is often cultivated in gardens for its nocturnal, fragrant flowers.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD4B142DD65FB67FF78747E.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Circumtropical, throughout Malesia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In moist, marshy or inundated localities, in shallow pools, ditches, wet rice-fields, forming dense masses; also along waysides, from sea level to 1 000 m; wild and cultivated; the species is easily propagated by cuttings (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular names — Canco (Tetum?); kangkung (Indonesian). Uses — Used as a laxative, recommended for piles (Burkill, Read, Valkenburgh & Bunyapraphatsara in Austin 2007) and said to have a nerve-calming effect (Naples in Austin 2007), among other medicinal uses. It is also an excellent palatable vegetable, especially the young shoots and leaves (Burkill, Heyne in Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953), and it is very popular as an addition to other foods at meals (Cornelius et al. in Austin 2007). It is used for forage (Fang & Staples 1995), but in limited quantities, due to its laxative effect on the animals (Austin 2007).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD4B142DD65F860FC457733.taxon	description	Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (1792) 465; Span. (1841) 340; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 469. Convolvulus batatas L. (1753) 154. Distribution — Throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — Cultivated in gardens by the houses; occasionally wild, escaped from cultivation; at low and medium altitudes (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular name — Sekal dila (Timor: unknown dialect). Uses — Used for poulticing (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Widely cultivated for its edible tubers, which are an important source of starch (Fang & Staples 1995); the young shoots are also eaten as a salad (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). The stems and leaves can be used as livestock forage and the tubers are raw material for producing alcohol (Fang & Staples 1995).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD4B142DE2AFBB1FA1A75B6.taxon	description	Ipomoea biflora (L.) Pers. (1805) 183. Convolvulus biflorus L. (1753) 1668.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD4B142DE2AFBB1FA1A75B6.taxon	distribution	Distribution — East Africa, India, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), North Australia (Fang & Staples 1995). In Malesia: Java, Kangean, Lesser Sunda Islands (Lombok, Sumbawa, Timor), South Celebes, Philippines (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In grasslands, dry thickets, in regions subject to a pronounced dry season, from sea level to 600 m; rare (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Uses — The whole plant has several medicinal uses (Fang & Staples 1995). Note — Although Van Ooststroom (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953) preferred to use I. plebeia R. Br., Staples & Jarvis (2006) dealt satisfactorily with this nomenclature issue, proposing I. biflora (L.) Pers. as the correct name for this species.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD4B141DE2AF92DFF4A707F.taxon	description	Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet (1827) 287; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 478. Convolvulus cairicus L. (1759) 922. Distribution — South America, Africa, Southwest Asia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Pacific Islands, Japan (Ryukyu Islands) (Fang & Staples 1995). Also in East Timor. Habitat & Ecology — In thickets, roadsides, waste places, cultivated areas, sunny meadows in lowlands (Fang & Staples 1995). A specimen from East Timor was found at 400 m. Uses — The whole plant is used for treating external infections (Fang & Staples 1995). Compounds with antiviral activity (namely anti-HIV) can be extracted from this plant (Mathée et al. 1999).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD7B141DD65FC60FF2A7650.taxon	description	Hoogland 1953) 485. Distribution — North America, South America, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Pacific Islands, Japan (Ryukyu Islands) (Fang & Staples 1995). Also in East Timor. Habitat & Ecology — In hydric sites, particularly ditches, lake margins, marshes, river edges and ‘ mattorales’ in South America; also in Hawaii and the tropics of the Old World (Austin 1977).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD7B141DD65FA4DFF1A75F5.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Malesia: East Java, Madura, Southwest and Southeast Celebes (Buton Isl.), Lesser Sunda Islands (Lombok, Sumbawa, Timor) (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In thickets, hedges, waysides, apparently restricted to regions subject to a pronounced dry period, from sea level to 750 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular name — Daun tapahaik (Timor: unknown dialect).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD7B141DD65F8EAFCF3705D.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Africa, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, North Australia (Fang & Staples 1995). Habitat & Ecology — In open grasslands, grassy waysides, thickets, hedges, fields and occasionally in secondary forests; on periodically dry soil; in regions with a fairly pronounced dry season; from sea level to 1 300 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD7B141DE2AFC43FBF577FE.taxon	description	Ipomoea hederifolia L. (1759) 925; Ooststr. (1958) 563. Ipomoea angulata Lam. (1792) 464; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 481. Distribution — Native to tropical America, now circumtropical; in Malesia cultivated and run wild (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — Run wild in waste places, fields, grasslands, thickets and thin forests; up to 1 200 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Uses — Cultivated in gardens for ornamental purposes (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD7B141DE2AFADFFBB474C6.taxon	description	Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. (1791) 216; Ooststr. (1972) 941. Ipomoea paniculata R. Br. (1810) 486, auct. non Burm. f. (1768); Span. (1841) 340.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD7B141DE2AFADFFBB474C6.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, Pacific Islands, Japan (Ogasawara and Ryukyu Islands) (Fang & Staples 1995). Habitat & Ecology — In thickets on the beach, but also in the interior, in waste places, thickets, hedges, savannah-forests, teak-forests, alang-alang fields, and along waysides; also cultivated; from sea level to 700 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular name — Laluli (Timor: unknown dialect) (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Uses — The leaves and roots are used externally for treating tuberculosis, as well as external and breast infections (Fang & Staples 1995). The root alone is pounded and applied for swellings (Peninsular Malaysia); moreover it is said to be cathartic (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). The plant is also cultivated for ornamental purposes.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD6B140DD65FD2DFEF0751D.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Pantropical; native in America and introduced in Asia in the 16 th century (Austin 1986). Habitat & Ecology — In waysides, hedges, thickets and grasslands, from sea level to 1 300 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular name — Hiluk talin pana (unknown dialect). Uses — The seeds are said to be purgative. The plant is cultivated in gardens for ornamental purposes (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). In Timor, used as a remedy for wounds, and in the preparation of black paint (Friedberg 412). Note — A few specimens from Timor had been identified as I. hederacea Jacq., but were revised for this study and reidentified as I. nil. The two species can be told apart mainly by the shape of the sepals: in I. hederacea they constrict abruptly and then taper towards the tip, whereas in I. nil they taper gradually (Heine 1963, Acevedo-Rodriguez 2003, Hawthorne & Jongkind 2006). This is not always easily observed, especially in herbarium specimens, which has caused some confusion between the two species.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD6B140DE2AFD2DFC1B7649.taxon	distribution	Distribution — East tropical Africa, Mascarene Islands, tropical Asia, throughout Malesia to North Australia and Fiji (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In grasslands, thickets, hedges, thin forests, waysides, waste ground; occasionally on sandy soil near the sea; from sea level to 1 300 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Specimens from Timor were collected at 750 – 760 m. Uses — Leaves, together with those of Argyreia mollis (Burm. f.) Choisy, are used against sores (Heynes in Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Watt (1890) noted that in India, the leaves when toasted, powdered and boiled with a certain portion of ghí were considered a valuable application in aphthous infections.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD6B147DE2AFABFFEAF70AC.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Tropical Africa, in Malesia: Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor, Alor), North Borneo; New Caledonia (Van Ooststroom 1958). Habitat & Ecology — In Timor on rocks near the sea (Van Ooststroom 1958).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD1B147DD65FB4DFEAE759A.taxon	description	Convolvulus brasiliensis L. (1753) 159. Distribution — Circumtropical, the most common subspecies throughout Malesia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — On and immediately behind seashores, occasionally in the interior, along waysides, ditches and canals, from sea level up to 600 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular name — Tai ilaça (Timor: unknown dialect). Uses — The seeds are said to be a good remedy for stomachache and cramp; in East Malaysia the leaves are made into poultices, which are used to ripen boils and applied to swellings, wounds, ulcers and such. The juice of the stems is known to be used in the Island of Nusa Kembagan (South Java) as a medicine against bites and stings of fishes. The species may be useful as a sand-binder (Burkill, Heyne in Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD1B147DD65FC11FD077753.taxon	description	Ipomoea pes­caprae (L.) R. Br. (1816) 477; Miq. (1856) 602; Fawc. (1885) 511; Kalkman (1955) 216. Convolvulus pes­caprae L. (1753) 159. Ipomoea maritima (Desr.) R. Br. (1810) 486; Span. (1841) 339.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD1B147DD65F904FF2A74F4.taxon	distribution	Distribution — East tropical Africa, Mascarene Islands, continental tropical Asia, throughout Malesia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In grasslands, waste places, fields, thickets, occasionally in teak-forest, also on sandy soil near the sea; from sea level to 1 000 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD1B147DE2AFCD6FCF377D6.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Ethiopia, India (?), Indo-China, and Taiwan to Northeast Australia, in Malesia: East Java, Madura, Lesser Sunda Islands (Sumba, Flores, Timor), Philippines (Luzon), Northeast New Guinea and Thursday Island (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In grasslands, grassy waysides, fields, sandy plains, dunes; in the lower parts of the islands with a strong dry monsoon; on hard or stony soil, in sunny localities, from sea level to c. 100 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD1B147DE2AFAC8FB507513.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, China, Indonesia, Philippines; native to North and South America, introduced and naturalized worldwide (Fang & Staples 1995). Habitat & Ecology — Waysides, hedges, fields; from sea level to 2 800 m (Fang & Staples 1995).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD1B147DE2AF98CFBA874B4.taxon	description	Ipomoea quamoclit L. (1753) 159; Span. (1841) 339; Fawc. (1885) 511; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 482; Kalkman (1955) 216. Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy (1834) 434. Distribution — Circumtropical, in Malesia cultivated and run wild throughout the region (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — Run wild in waste places, hedges, thickets, thin forests and along edges of cane and rice-fields, up to 1 200 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). It is quite common all around Timor, where it has been found in mountain slopes and along roads.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD1B146DE2AF826FD3B72F1.taxon	description	Ipomoea sagittifolia Burm. f. (1768) 50, t. 18, f. 2. Convolvulus marginatus Desr. (1792) 438.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD1B146DE2AF826FD3B72F1.taxon	description	Ipomoea maxima auct. non (L. f.) Sweet (1830) 372. Distribution — Africa, Sri Lanka,? Pakistan, India, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, North Australia, Pacific Islands (Fang & Staples 1995). Also in East Timor. Habitat & Ecology — In coastal or saline soils, grasslands, fields and waste areas (Fang & Staples 1995). In Malesia not found on the beaches bordering the Indian Ocean, but apparently mostly confined to the clays of muddy seas (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). In Timor, up to c. 760 m.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD0B146DD65FDEEFE0870ED.taxon	description	Ipomoea repanda auct. non Jacq., Fawc. (1885) 511. Distribution — Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia (Fang & Staples 1995). Habitat & Ecology — In thickets, roadsides, forest margins, 100 – 900 m (Fang & Staples 1995). Note — Fawcett (1885) reported I. repanda Jacq. from Timor, citing a specimen by Wiles & Smith from the BM herbarium. The specimen was examined for this study and matches I. sumatrana, as Van Ooststroom (1940, Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953) suspected.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD0B146DD65FBD2FE337650.taxon	description	Calonyction capillatum Miq. (1856) 598. Distribution — Malesia: Java, Celebes (Salajar and Buton Isl.), Lesser Sunda Islands (Sumbawa, Timor, Alor) (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In thickets, hedges and thin forests; near the beach and in the interior; from sea level to 400 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD0B146DD65FA4EFA0B7269.taxon	description	Ipomoea tricolor Cav. (1795) 5, t. 208; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 478. Distribution — Mexico, Central America, West Indies, tropical South America, elsewhere cultivated and perhaps occasionally escaped, in Malesia only known from the Peninsular Malaysia (as a garden escape), and Timor, where it is locally frequent in the North Central portion of the island, at 400 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — Small plant, found in roadsides and said to be very frequent in some localities of Timor. Vernacular name — Non luli (Timor: unknown dialect).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD0B146DE2AFE56FCE171E0.taxon	description	Ipomoea triloba L. (1753) 161; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 468. Distribution — Native to tropical America, now a circumtropical weed; throughout Malesia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In grasslands, thickets, hedges, waste places, waysides, fields, also in savannah-forests and occasionally on sandy sea-shores, from sea level to 750 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular names — Fehuc-fuic (Tetum), naubia-talin (Manbae).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD0B146DE2AFCDDFA0D77BA.taxon	description	Ipomoea violacea L. (1753) 161. Calonyction muticum Decne. (1834) 390; Span. (1841) 338; Miq. (1856) 597.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD0B146DE2AFCDDFA0D77BA.taxon	distribution	Distribution — North America, South America, Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, North Australia, Pacific Islands, Japan (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — Beaches, seaside thickets, edges of brackish rivers and lagoons, near sea level to 100 m (Fang & Staples 1995). Note — A specimen from Timor was found at c. 275 m.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD3B145DD65FF19FE1672FF.taxon	description	Ipomoea aculeata var. mollissima is known to exist in Timor, but whether I. muricata could actually have been found in the island is yet to be confirmed.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD3B145DE2AFF61FB5D73F7.taxon	description	Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm. f.) Hallier f. (1893 a) 541. Ipomoea paniculata Burm. f. (1768) 50, pl. 21, f. 3.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD3B145DE2AFC47FABC77B4.taxon	description	Jacquemontia paniculata var. tomentosa (Warb.) Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 432. Convolvulus parviflorus Vahl var. tomentosus Warb. (1894) 207. Distribution — North Australia and Queensland, in Malesia: Lesser Sunda Islands (Sumba, Timor), East New Guinea, Philippines (Apo Island in Mindoro Strait) (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In grass-fields, on rocks; from sea level to c. 1 200 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD2B144DD65FDC9FD657181.taxon	description	Jacquemontia zollingeri var. jonkeri Ooststr. (1939) 276; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 433. — Type: Jonker 285 (U), Timor. Distribution — Timor (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFD2B144DE2AFC78FB7C76E6.taxon	description	Merremia emarginata (Burm. f.) Hallier f. (1893 a) 552; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 444; Kalkman (1955) 216. Evolvulus emarginatus Burm. f. (1768) 77. Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (1834) 446; Decne. (1834) 396; Span. (1841) 338; Fawc. (1885) 511. Lepistemon reniformis (Roxb.) Hassk. (1848) 524; Miq. (1856) 629. Distribution — Tropical Africa, tropical Asia, in Malesia: Java, Southeast Borneo, Celebes (Donggala, Pasui), Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor, Sumbawa), and Philippines (Luzon) (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — On rather heavy soils, in fields and open grasslands, along railroads and in waste places; restricted to regions with a rather strong to very strong dry season; from sea level to 200 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Uses — In the Philippines the leaves and tops in decoction are sometimes used as a diuretic and in Java for coughs (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular name — Naof luken (Dawan).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCDB15BDD65FF61FF2D72FF.taxon	description	Merremia gemella (Burm. f.) Hallier f. (1893 a) 552; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 441. Convolvulus gemellus Burm. f. (1768) 46. Distribution — Southeast Asia to tropical Australia, throughout Malesia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In thickets, on hedges, in grasslands, in teak-forests, along railroads, on dikes of rice-fields, often on moist soil, from sea level to 250 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). The specimen seen from East Timor was collected at 400 m.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCDB15BDD65FDE0FD87775A.taxon	description	Merremia hederacea Hallier f. (1893 b) 118; Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 441; Kalkman (1955) 216. Evolvulus hederaceus Burm. f. (1768) 77. Ipomoea chryseides Ker Gawl. (1818) t. 270; Decne. (1834) 392; Span. (1841) 339; Miq. (1856) 616; Fawc. (1885) 511. Distribution — Tropical Africa, Mascarene Islands, tropical Asia from the Himalaya southwards to Sri Lanka and eastwards to Myanmar, Southern China, Indo-China, and Siam (Thailand), to Queensland, and the Carolines (Yap), throughout Malesia, also in Christmas Island (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — In thickets, in open grasslands, and on sand-banks, from sea level to 50 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Uses — Used for treating acute tonsillitis (Fang & Staples 1995); a poultice of the leaves, with turmeric and broken rice, is used upon chapped hands and feet. Animals eat the plant (Burkill in Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular name — Ai-talic (Tetum).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCDB15BDD65FB43FE837671.taxon	description	Merremia quinata (R. Br.) Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 447. Ipomoea quinata R. Br. (1810) 486. Distribution — Myanmar, Thailand, China, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, North Australia (Fang & Staples 1995). New record for Timor. Habitat & Ecology — In open mountain slopes (Fang & Staples 1995).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCDB15BDE2AFF61FB2B7222.taxon	description	Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. (1893 a) 552; Kalkman (1955) 216. Convolvulus umbellatus L. (1753) 155. Ipomoea cymosa Roem. & Schult. (1819) 241; Decne. (1834) 392; Miq. (1856) 613; Span. (1841) 339; Fawc. (1885) 511.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCDB15BDE2AFE8FFAE17041.taxon	description	Merremia umbellata subsp. orientalis (Hallier f.) Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 449. Merremia umbellata var. orientalis Hallier f. (1895) 132. Distribution — Tropical East Africa, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, China, Bangladesh (?), Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, East Timor, New Guinea, Philippines and North Australia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953, Fang & Staples 1995). Habitat & Ecology — In thickets, along edges of forests, in grasslands, along fields, along waysides, from sea level to c. 1 100 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Uses — Used in China (Guangxi) for treating infections (Fang & Staples 1995); the pounded leaves may be used as a poultice for burns and scalds or for sores, as in the Moluccas; the young leaves may be mixed with vegetables and eaten (Burkill, Heyne in Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCDB15BDE2AFCBFFCE376C1.taxon	distribution	Distribution — India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia; throughout Malesia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953, Fang & Staples 1995). Habitat & Ecology — In open grasslands, thickets, hedges, along fields, in teak-forests, along edges of secondary forests, on river-banks and waysides; both in regions with a feeble and rather strong dry season; from sea level to c. 900 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Not very frequent in Timor. Uses — Used for treating bladder infections, stomach aches (Fang & Staples 1995), for poulticing and for treating high fever, for which an infusion of the plant is drunk (Burkill in Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular name — Tcha-tchumaco (Timor: unknown dialect).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCCB159DE2AFCC5FE6F7201.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Tropical East Africa, Mascarenes, Seychelles; South and Southeast Asia to tropical Australia and Polynesia; throughout Malesia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Introduced and naturalized in the West Indies (Staples & Austin 1981). Habitat & Ecology — In thin forests, thickets, teak-forests, hedges, along fields, waysides, waste places, occasionally in sugar-plantations; restricted to regions with a medium or strong east monsoon; from sea level to c. 1 300 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Not very common in Timor. Uses — Extracts of O. turpethum are used for two main purposes: as a purgative to reduce or balance humours and to reduce fevers. Also, intestinal worms of various kinds are expelled by the laxative effects of the medicine made from this plant (Austin 1982). The active principles of the medicine are apparently concentrated in the bark of the roots, of which two types might be produced: white roots that are mild, and black roots that give drastic, often poisonous effects (Watt in Austin Polymeria pusilla R. Br. 1982). Also, the stems have been reported to be used for tying in the Philippines (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular names — Lak-laku (Dawan); non-loli (Timor: unknown dialect); tali anduk (Tetum).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCFB159DD65FEB6FE1A705D.taxon	description	Polymeria pusilla R. Br. (1810) 488; Ooststr. (1958) 559. Distribution — Australia (Queensland), New Caledonia; Timor (Van Ooststroom 1958). Habitat & Ecology — In pyrogenous grassland on the Fuiloro plateau, at 400 m (Van Ooststroom 1958). Note — This small prostrate plant shows an interesting pattern of distribution. Although sometimes taken for an Australian endemic (Stefanovic et al. 2003), it was actually collected in Timor as well, and in a rather remote location. It might be that the species occurs in Timor due to the proximity with the Australian coast, and is yet restricted to this rather small distribution range. However, the species may be more widespread: as Heine (1984) suggested, its small habit means that it is not easily recognized in the field.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCFB159DD65FC7AFE8B754C.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Southern India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, East Timor and the Philippines (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953, Staples 2006). Habitat & Ecology — Thickets, edges of forests, teak forests, from sea level to c. 200 m, sometimes higher. In Timor, up to 750 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular names — Cidani (Tetum); nuit (or nüif) (Timor: unknown dialect). Uses — A decoction of the plant is used in stimulating the afterbirth (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Both leaves and flowers are edible; the leaves can be eaten to remove an unpleasant taste from the mouth. The plant is cultivated in the gardens for ornamental purposes (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953); the flowers are appreciated for their delicate fragrance (Staples 2006).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCFB159DE2AFF61FAEC71FB.taxon	description	Note — There seems to be a remarkable incidence of species from the genus Stictocardia in the Lesser Sunda Islands. Out of the 11 species known to occur in tropical Africa and Asia (Austin & Eich 2001), four occur in Malesia (S. cordatosepala, S. discolor, S. neglecta, S. tiliifolia), and apart from the widespread S. tiliifolia, all are exclusive to the Lesser Sunda Islands, while one species is endemic to Timor (S. discolor) (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Also, there is a Northeastern Australian endemic – S. queenslandica (Domin) R. W. Johnson, which apparently is rather similar to S. discolor. Both species differ from S. tiliifolia by their shorter sepals and corollas. However, S. discolor apparently has more slender peduncles and pedicels than the Australian endemic, and S. queenslandica does not have the extraordinary red colouration on the abaxial surface of the leaves that always occurs in S. discolor (and occasionally in S. neglecta) (Johnson 2004). Overall, it seems that the Australasian region is an important centre of species richness of Stictocardia, which would be interesting to investigate in the context of the evolution of the genus.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCEB158DD65FD36FE5777B9.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Malesia: Southwest Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor, Wetar) (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — Creeper. In thickets up to c. 900 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). According to Walsh (specimen Walsh 373, BM), the plant was common throughout Timor at the date of collection, 1929; sadly, more recent reliable data are not available to inform on the present abundance of the species in the island. Vernacular names — Lololi; non laku; non loli (Timor: unknown dialect); sekal zon (Bunaq).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCEB158DD65FB27FD4A7543.taxon	description	Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f. (1893 b) 159 (‘ tiliaefolia ’); Ooststr. (in Ooststr. & Hoogland 1953) 491. Convolvulus tiliifolius Desr. (1792) 544. Ipomoea grandiflora (L. f.) Lam. (1792) 467; Fawc. (1885) 511.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCEB158DD65FB27FD4A7543.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Circumtropical, throughout Malesia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Habitat & Ecology — On and behind seashore, sometimes also in the interior; in thickets, hedges and secondary forests; up to c. 900 m (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Vernacular name — Faif foro (Timor: unknown dialect).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCEB158DD65F974FA107668.taxon	description	Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D. F. Austin & Staples (1980) 533. Convolvulus tridentatus L. (1753) 157. Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq. (1788) 367; Fawc. (1885) 511. Convolvulus hastatus Desr. in Lam. (1792) 542.	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
03F30D5FFFCEB158DD65F974FA107668.taxon	description	Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) Ooststr. (1939) 323. Distribution — Bangladesh (?), Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, North Australia (Fang & Staples 1995). Also in East Timor. Habitat & Ecology — Winding in grass; in sandy places near the coast (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Uses — The leaf is made into poultice and applied to the head in cases of jungle-fever in Peninsular Malaysia (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953). Note — Van Ooststroom (Van Ooststroom & Hoogland 1953) proposed several subspecies within Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. Because of the obvious intergradation between the characters, our view is that there are no adequate differences to recognise the three subspecies and they should be treated as one single taxon (Xenostegia tridentata). It is notable that the specimens we have seen from Timor all seem to fit the description of Merremia tridentata subsp. hastata, which agrees with Van Ooststroom’s notes on the distribution of the subspecies. Van Ooststroom does not report subsp. tridentata from Timor, and no distribution notes are indicated for subsp. angustifolia, but synonyms of subsp. angustifolia (Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq., Ipomoea filicaulis Blume) have been reported to occur in Timor (Decaisne 1834, Spanoghe 1841, Fawcett 1885).	en	Simões, A. R., Silva, H., Silveira, P. (2011): The Convolvulaceae of Timor with special reference to East Timor. Blumea 56 (1): 49-72, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X573002, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x573002
