identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F3025EFFB1FFED18637B217CB0FC7A.text	03F3025EFFB1FFED18637B217CB0FC7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochthonius celestialis Guimarães & Ferreira 2026	<div><p>Pseudochthonius celestialis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E8B7309E-A0F1-4015-937F-326F72169170</p><p>Figs 2A–B, 3–4</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pseudochthonius celestialis sp. nov. most closely resembles P. tuxeni Mahnert, 1979 based on the following combination of characters: presence of eyespots, rectangular-shaped carapace, number of teeth on the fixed chelal finger, and distance ratio ist–est/ist–esb = 2.00. It differs from P. tuxeni in the shape of the epistome, which is prominent and dentate (small in P. tuxeni); by having a more elongated chela, with a chelal length of 0.719 –0.725 mm and a movable finger length of 0.454 –0.458 mm (in P. tuxeni 0.41 mm and 0.31 mm, respectively); and in the number of teeth on the movable chelal finger 32–34 (24 in P. tuxeni).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet ' celestialis' is derived from the Latin and means 'heavenly'. It alludes to the Septem virtutes caelestes, a traditional group of Christian virtues that symbolize moral discipline and spiritual orientation toward God. These virtues (chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, patience, kindness, and humility) represent ideals of ethical conduct and inner refinement. The specific epithet is a Latin adjective.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Bahia State, Iuiú Municipality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.53638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.546859" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.53638/lat -14.546859)">Toca Fria Cave</a>; 14°32′48.69″ S, 43°32′10.97″ W; 23 Oct. 2021; R.L. Ferreira leg.; preserved in ethanol; ISLA 151529.</p><p>Paratypes BRAZIL • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; ISLA 151531 • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Bahia State, Iuiú Municipality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.53942&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.548681" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.53942/lat -14.548681)">Toca Urubu Jatobá Cave</a>; 14°32′55.25″ S, 43°32′21.92″ W; 23 Oct. 2021; R.L. Ferreira leg.; preserved in ethanol; ISLA 151530, ISLA 151532 – 151535 .</p><p>Description</p><p>PRESERVED SPECIMEN. Body yellowish beige, translucent; appendages a slightly darker shade of beige (Fig. 2A). Female paratype: body orange beige, translucent; appendages a slightly darker shade of orange (Fig. 2B). Some parts of the body scaly. Vestibular setae thin, pointed, and anteriorly project on prosoma and posteriorly on opisthosoma.</p><p>CARAPACE (Fig. 3B–C). 1.141 –1.158 times as long as wide, difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.054 –0.061 mm, rectangular-shaped; presence of eyespots; smooth anterior margin, except in the central portion (between the setae ame); epistome prominent and strongly serrated; posterior margin smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18).</p><p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 3J). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subbasal setae; galea present as a tubercle in both sexes. Fixed finger with 8 [♀ paratype 9] acute teeth, the two most proximal separated from the others; movable finger with 9 [♀ paratype 13] acute teeth, the last four smaller and the first distal one separated; rallum with 7 blades; exterior and interior serrula with 12–13 and 10 blades, respectively.</p><p>TERGITES. Undivided; smooth surface; chaetotaxy uniseriate: I–XI 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 2. Female paratype chaetotaxy I‒XI: 4: 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 4: 4: 6. Pleural membranes striated.</p><p>COXAE (Fig. 3A, F). Manducatory process with two apical setae; the palpal coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae bordered by 11(9) small spines. Pedal coxae: plumose coxal spines arranged in a single transverse row on coxae I (3) and II (4–5) (Fig. 3F); chaetotaxy: I 4, II 5, III 7, IV 8, [♀ paratype 5: 5: 7: 8]; intercoxal tubercle absent.</p><p>MALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 3E). Anterior genital operculum with 8 discal setae, 10 lateral genital setae, and 14 setae along the third sternite, with 4 microsetae in left side.</p><p>FEMALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 3G). Chaetotaxy: 8: 9 on sternites II and III, respectively. Genital opening not bifurcated.</p><p>STERNITES. Chaetotaxy IV‒XI: 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4: 4+2 sensory. Female paratype chaetotaxy IV‒XI: 10: 8: 8: 8: 6: 6: 4: 6+2 sensory. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae.</p><p>PALP (Fig. 3H, K). Trochanter 1.53–1.56 times as wide as long, patella 2.16–1.79 times as long as wide, femur 5.07–5.19 times as long as wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 4: 5: 3: 5: 1 [♀ paratype 4: 6: 5: 5: 2]. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located halfway on the hand portion, adjacent to each other, eb proximal to esb, ist distal to esb, it is slightly distal to est, et proximal to dx; ist is between esb and est, closer to esb than to est (ist-est/ist-esb distance ratio = 2.0 [♀ paratype 1.83]); chelal fixed finger with alternating heterodonty after the 7 th tooth, with 33–35 [♀ paratype 30] acute, triangular teeth, with those in the medial portion notably larger and two distal ones smaller and separated. Movable finger with 30–34 [♀ paratype 29] projected backwards teeth (Fig. 3K).</p><p>LEG IV (Fig. 3D). Arolia is slightly smaller than claws.</p><p>MEASUREMENTS HOLOTYPE, ♂. (length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parentheses calculated with three significant digits). Body length 1.101 –1.191. Carapace 0.363–0.381/0.318–0.329 (1.141 –1.158), palps: trochanter 0.155–0.154/0.101–0.099 (1.535 –1.556), femur 0.507–0.514/0.100–0.099 (5.070 – 5.192), patella 0.201–0.174/0.093–0.097 (2.161 –1.794), chela 0.719–0.725/0.112–0.115 (6.420 –6.304), movable finger length 0.454 –0.458. Leg I: trochanter 0.114–0.113/0.084–0.085 (1.357 –1.329), femur 0.260–0.277/0.057–0.058 (4.561 –4.776), patella 0.127–0.139/0.045–0.046 (2.822 –3.022), tibia 0.161– 0.166/0.036–0.035 (4.472 –4.743), tarsus 0.222–0.284/0.029–0.032 (7.655 –8.875). Leg IV: trochanter 0.148 / 0.092 (1.609), femur/patella 0.454 / 0.178 (2.550), tibia 0.276 / 0.067 (4.119), basitarsus 0.161 / 0.050 (3.220), telotarsus 0.311 / 0.029 (10.724).</p><p>MEASUREMENTS PARATYPE FROM URUBU JATOBÁ CAVE, ♂ (♀ in square brackets). Body length 1.231 [1.084]. Carapace 0.395 / 0.342 (1.15) [0.328 / 0.278 1.18], palps: trochanter 0.141 / 0.102 (1.38) [0.136 / 0.085 1.6], femur 0.491 / 0.103 (4.76) [0.376 / 0.080 4.7], patella 0.202 / 0.100 (2.02) [0.116 / 0.099 1.17], chela 0.722 / 0.121 (5.96) [0.555 / 0.093 5.97], movable finger length 0.459 [0.361]. Chelicera 0.318 / 0.140 (2.27), movable finger length 0.158. Leg I: trochanter 0.120 / 0.086 (1.39) [0.100 / 0.057 1.75], femur 0.247 / 0.051 (4.84) [0.190 / 0.050 3.8], patella 0.120 / 0.044 (2.73) [0.099 / 0.041 2.41], tibia 0.139 / 0.036 (3.86) [0.122 / 0.034 3.59], tarsus 0.265 / 0.032 (8.28) [0.217 / 0.030 7.23]. Leg IV: trochanter 0.110 / 0.125 (0.88) [0.093 / 0.044 2.11], femur/patella 0.454 / 0.167 (2.72) [0.343 / 0.111 3.09], tibia 0.279 / 0.065 (4.29) [0.208 / 0.054 3.85], basitarsus 0.152 / 0.045 (3.38) [0.108 / 0.041 2.63], telotarsus 0.271 / 0.030 (9.03) [0.214 / 0.027 7.92].</p><p>Ecological remarks</p><p>Specimens of Pseudochthonius celestialis sp. nov. were collected in the Toca Fria and Urubu-Jatobá caves, both situated within the Serrinha outcrop in the municipality of Iuiú, Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 4A). This carbonate outcrop, relatively small in size (2.4 km in length and 1.3 km in width), lies approximately 4 km from the main karstic massif of the region, the Serra de Iuiú.</p><p>The Toca Fria cave is labyrinthine, with a mapped extension of about 2500 m and multiple entrances, most located along the outcrop margins (Fig. 4A). It lacks perennial water bodies in most of its extent; however, during the rainy season several conduits become temporarily flooded, creating moist substrates that may persist for months after rainfall. At the end of the dry season, most substrates are desiccated, and residual moisture is restricted to small microhabitats beneath rocks in sheltered areas of the cave floor (Fig. 4B). Specimens of Pseudochthonius celestialis sp. nov. (Fig. 4D) were consistently found in such moist, secluded microhabitats, usually far from cave entrances.</p><p>The Gruta Urubu-Jatobá Cave is also labyrinthine, with more than 3000 m of mapped conduits, although ongoing exploration suggests that its total extension is likely greater. Most of its entrances are located on the upper portions of the outcrop. Similar to Toca Fria, the cave lacks perennial water bodies; however, seasonal rainfall temporarily floods some conduits, creating moist substrates that persist for a few months, while the majority of the cave passages remain dry throughout the year (Fig. 4C). Individuals of Pseudochthonius celestialis sp. nov. were likewise recorded under rocks in humid areas located deep inside the cave (Fig. 4E).</p><p>Given the proximity of the two caves and their complex internal networks, it is highly probable that Toca Fria and Gruta Urubu-Jatobá represent interconnected sectors of a single, larger cave system. Furthermore, although the species has so far been recorded only in these two caves, the presence of several other caves within the same outcrop suggests that additional populations may exist. Consequently, the distribution of Pseudochthonius celestialis sp. nov. likely extends across much of the subterranean habitat within the Serrinha outcrop.</p><p>Both caves receive only occasional visits by local residents, with human presence generally restricted to areas near the larger entrances (particularly in Toca Fria) because of the difficulty of traversing the irregular conduits. As a result, the innermost sectors remain relatively well preserved in both caves. In contrast, the external environment surrounding the Serrinha outcrop is severely degraded: most of the native vegetation has been replaced by pastures (Fig. 4A), and extensive patches of exposed soil are common. These alterations increase the risk of sediment input into the caves during rainy periods, which may not only modify internal microhabitats but also reduce the availability of organic matter reaching the subterranean ecosystem. Such external impacts pose potential threats to the persistence of specialized taxa such as Pseudochthonius celestialis sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3025EFFB1FFED18637B217CB0FC7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Guimarães, Lucas;Ferreira, Rodrigo L.	Guimarães, Lucas, Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2026): Remarkable micro-endemism and high congeneric richness: eight new cave-restricted species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the Brazilian semi-arid. European Journal of Taxonomy 1078: 1-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1078.3307, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3307/14548
03F3025EFFBBFFE818757ED97DB2F8A5.text	03F3025EFFBBFFE818757ED97DB2F8A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochthonius caritas Guimarães & Ferreira 2026	<div><p>Pseudochthonius caritas sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 44AE084A-E69C-45BE-A582-7ADCC4E02346</p><p>Figs 2C, 5–6</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pseudochthonius caritas sp. nov. most closely resembles P. cesarioensis Guimarães, Prado &amp; Ferreira, 2025 based on the following combination of characters: absence of ocular apparatus; carapace broad anteriorly, distinctly narrowed posteriorly; number of teeth on the movable chelal finger; and number of teeth on the fixed cheliceral finger. It differs from P. cesarioensis in the anterior margin of the carapace, which is serrated between the ame and al setae (in P. cesarioensis, serrated until the ame seta), in the shape of the epistome, which is prominent and dentate (small and highly dentate in P. cesarioensis), in the number of teeth on the fixed chelal finger, 34–35 (31 in P. cesarioensis), in the distance ratio ist–est/ ist–esb = 1.45 (3.09 in P. cesarioensis), and in the number of teeth on the movable cheliceral finger 14–15 (8 in P. cesarioensis).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet ' caritas ' is derived from the Latin and means 'charity', which denotes selfless love and benevolence in Christian theology. The name alludes to the concept of charitable love as a guiding moral virtue.The specific epithet is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Bahia State, Malhada Municipality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.686386&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.586836" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.686386/lat -14.586836)">Tabocas Cave</a>; 14°35′12.61″ S, 43°41′10.99″ W; 28 Jul. 2022; R.L. Ferreira leg.; preserved in ethanol; ISLA 151522.</p><p>Paratypes BRAZIL • 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; ISLA 151523 – 151525.</p><p>Description</p><p>PRESERVED SPECIMEN. Body and appendices orange beige, translucent (Fig. 2C) Some parts of the body scaly. Vestitural setae thin, sharp and anteriorly projected on prosoma and posteriorly projected on opisthosoma.</p><p>CARAPACE (Fig. 5B, D). 0.99 times as long as wide, broad anteriorly and distinctly narrowed posteriorly, with a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.149 mm [♀ paratype 0.155 mm]; anterior margin almost entirely serrate, extending between the ame and al setae; epistome strongly serrate, prominent with one apical and one medio basal tip (Fig. 5B); ocular apparatus absent; posterior margin of the carapace smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18).</p><p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 5I). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal setae; galea prominent as a tubercle in both sexes; fixed finger with 11 [♀ paratype 9] acute, regular and continuous teeth, the last one slightly shorter; movable finger with 14 [♀ paratype 13] acute teeth (six proximal shorter), including an isolated distal tooth; rallum with 7 blades; exterior and interior serrula with 12 and 16 blades, respectively.</p><p>TERGITES. Undivided; smooth surface; chaetotaxy uniseriate: I–XI 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 2. Pleural membranes striated.</p><p>COXAE (Fig. 5A, E). Manducatory process with two apical setae; the palpal coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae bordered by 11 small spines. Pedal coxae: plumose coxal spines arranged in a single transverse row on coxae I (3) and II (4) (Fig. 5E), chaetotaxy: I–IV 4: 5: 7: 8; intercoxal tubercle absent.</p><p>MALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 5F). Anterior genital operculum with 7–8 discal setae, 12 lateral genital setae, and 13 setae along the third sternite, with 1 lateral microsetae on each side.</p><p>FEMALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 5J). Chaetotaxy 8:10 on sternites II and III, respectively; genital opening not bifurcated.</p><p>STERNITES. Chaetotaxy IV‒XI 10: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 5: 2+2. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae.</p><p>PALP (Fig. 5H, K). Trochanter 1.34 times as wide as long, patella 2.16 times as long as wide, femur 5.11 times as long as wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 6: 1. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located halfway on the hand portion, isb slightly more distal than ib, eb proximal to esb, ist distal to esb, it distal to est, et proximal to dx; ist is halfway between esb and est, slightly closer to esb than est (ist -est / ist -esb distance ratio = 1.45 [♀ paratype 1.67]); chelal fixed finger with alternating heterodonty after the 4 th teeth, with 32–34 acute, regular and continuos tooth, absence of microdents in the distal portion; movable finger with 31 teeth projected upwards, regular, continuous and acute, except for the third proximal one, which is rounded, and the two distal ones smaller (Fig. 5K).</p><p>LEG IV (Fig. 5G). Arolia is slightly smaller than claws.</p><p>MEASUREMENTS HOLOTYPE, ♂. (Length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parentheses calculated with three significant digits). Body length 1.629. Carapace 0.497 / 0.501 (0.99), palps: trochanter 0.195 / 0.145 (1.34), femur 0.761 / 0.149 (5.11), patella 0.304 / 0.141 (2.16), chela 1.049 / 0.159 (6.6), movable finger length 0.676. Chelicera 0.470 / 0.217 (2.16), movable finger length 0.242. Leg I: trochanter 0.106 / 0.110 (0.96), femur 0.388 / 0.069 (5.62), patella 0.211 / 0.058 (3.64), tibia 0.214 / 0.046 (4.65), tarsus 0.334 / 0.041 (8.15). Leg IV: trochanter 0.184 / 0.121 (1.52), femur/patella 0.626 / 0.218 (2.87), tibia 0.408 / 0.087 (4.69), basitarsus 0.228 / 0.058 (3.93), telotarsus 0.424 / 0.041 (10.34).</p><p>MEASUREMENTS ♀ PARATYPE. Body length 1.647. Carapace 0.513 / 0.518 (0.990), palps: trochanter 0.204 / 0.152 (1.342), femur 0.775 / 0.148 (5.236), patella 0.290 / 0.148 (1.959), chela 1.099 / 0.165 (6.660), movable finger length 0.715. Chelicera 0.508 / 0.230 (2.209), movable finger length 0.272. Leg I: trochanter 0.148 / 0.117 (1.265), femur 0.416 / 0.071 (5.859), patella 0.215 / 0.060 (3.583), tibia 0.239 / 0.044 (5.432), tarsus 0.398 / 0.040 (9.950). Leg IV: trochanter 0.196 / 0.130 (1.508), femur/patella 0.640 / 0.231 (2.770), tibia 0.430 / 0.090 (4.778), basitarsus 0.224 / 0.071 (3.155), telotarsus 0.438 / 0.040 (10.950).</p><p>Ecological remarks</p><p>Pseudochthonius caritas sp. nov. was recorded exclusively in Tabocas Cave, situated in the southern sector of the Iuiú outcrop, municipality of Malhada, Bahia State, Brazil. The cave is formed by a single meandering conduit, with no lateral branches, that originates at the only entrance and extends for approximately 1.2 km, following the course of a vadose stream. Although the entrance lies in a topographic position that prevents the cave from functioning as a resurgence, part of the conduit is crossed by an intermittent autogenic stream (Fig. 6C). This stream emerges in the deepest portion of the cave, traverses part of the main gallery and disappears into a siphon located in the midsection. Beyond this point, the conduit exhibits increased habitat complexity, with abundant speleothems (Fig. 6E). The considerable length of the main conduit, combined with the presence of a single entrance, confers high humidity and thermal stability throughout the cave.</p><p>Specimens of Pseudochthonius caritas sp. nov. were recorded throughout most of the first half of the cave, indicating a relatively broad distribution within this portion of the system. The species was absent only from areas near the entrance and from sectors located beyond a constriction situated approximately 600 m from the entrance. Beyond this constriction, the cave habitat undergoes a marked transition, becoming more structurally complex and markedly more oligotrophic, as organic resources were rarely observed. The species exhibited variability in microhabitat use, with some individuals observed actively moving across highly moist, muddy substrates (Fig. 6F–G), whereas others were recorded beneath rocks on the cave floor.</p><p>Tabocas Cave also harbors the troglobitic pseudoscorpion Spelaeobochica iuiu Ratton, Mahnert &amp; Ferreira, 2012 as well as the congeneric species Pseudochthonius patientia sp. nov., which is also described herein. The coexistence of S. iuiu with species of Pseudochthonius has been documented in other caves within the region, suggesting that competitive exclusion between these two genera is unlikely. This apparent coexistence is probably facilitated by their pronounced differences in body size, which likely promotes differential prey selection and resource partitioning.</p><p>By contrast, Pseudochthonius caritas sp. nov. could potentially compete with P. patientia sp. nov., as both species are congeneric and may exhibit similar trophic requirements; however, the single specimen of P. patientia sp. nov. was collected from the innermost sector of Tabocas Cave, indicating that the two Pseudochthonius populations occurring in this cave may occupy distinct microhabitats and therefore may not be spatially overlapping. However, additional sampling efforts within the cave are necessary to accurately determine the spatial distribution and degree of overlap between the two Pseudochthonius species occurring there.</p><p>Prior to the present survey, Tabocas Cave had never been visited. Its substrates were pristine, with no evidence of human disturbance, and the interior remains in an excellent state of preservation. The surrounding area is also relatively well conserved, being largely covered by native arboreal vegetation (Fig. 6A), although some nearby areas have been converted to pasture.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3025EFFBBFFE818757ED97DB2F8A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Guimarães, Lucas;Ferreira, Rodrigo L.	Guimarães, Lucas, Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2026): Remarkable micro-endemism and high congeneric richness: eight new cave-restricted species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the Brazilian semi-arid. European Journal of Taxonomy 1078: 1-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1078.3307, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3307/14548
03F3025EFFBCFFF4186D7C0C7D6BFB49.text	03F3025EFFBCFFF4186D7C0C7D6BFB49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochthonius patientia Guimarães & Ferreira 2026	<div><p>Pseudochthonius patientia sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3CC0B946-5472-4538-B2D5-3089B06D9DB0</p><p>Figs 6A–E, 7</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pseudochthonius patientia sp. nov. most closely resembles P. biseriatus Mahnert, 2001 based on the following combination of characters: absence of ocular apparatus, carapace broad anteriorly and distinctly narrowed posteriorly, and number of chelal teeth. It differs from P. biseriatus in the anterior margin of the carapace, serrated before the ame seta (in P. biseriatus, serrated until the ame seta), in the shape of the epistome, which bears a single larger apical projection (in P. biseriatus, three apical projections of nearly equal size), in the number of teeth on the movable cheliceral finger, 14 (8–10 in P. biseriatus), in the rallum with 7 blades (9 in P. biseriatus), and in the chaetotaxy of the male genital operculum, with 8 discal and 12 lateral setae (6 discal and 12 lateral in P. biseriatus).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet ' patientia ' is derived from the Latin and means 'patience', referring to the virtue of endurance and perseverance in the face of adversity. The name alludes to patience as a moral ideal associated with restraint and resilience. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Bahia State, Malhada Municipality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.686386&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.586836" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.686386/lat -14.586836)">Tabocas Cave</a>; 14°35′12.61″ S, 43°41′10.99″ W; 28 Jul. 2022; R.L. Ferreira leg.; preserved in ethanol; ISLA 151540.</p><p>Description</p><p>PRESERVED SPECIMEN. Body beige-brown orange, translucent; appendages and carapace in a slightly darker shade of orange. Vestibular setae thin, pointed and anteriorly project on prosoma and posteriorly on opisthosoma.</p><p>CARAPACE (Figs 7B–C). 0.10 times as long as wide, with a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.098 mm; broad anteriorly and distinctly narrowed posteriorly; absence of ocular apparatus; smooth anterior margin, except in the central portion (between the setae ame); epistome prominent with one apical tips (Fig. 7B); posterior margin smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18).</p><p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 7I). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subproximal setae; galea absent. Fixed finger with 10 acute and uniform teeth, The first most distally separated; movable finger with 14 acute and irregular teeth, the first most distal one is separate, and the seven more proximal ones are smaller; rallum with 7 blades; exterior and interior serrula with 19–18 and 13 blades, respectively.</p><p>TERGITES. Undivided; smooth surface and with central spots between 2–4 segments of the tergite; chaetotaxy uniseriate: I–XI 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 3–4: 4. Pleural membranes striated.</p><p>COXAE (Fig. 7A, H). Manducatory process with two apical setae; the palpal coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae bordered by 16 small spines. Pedal coxae: plumose coxal spines arranged in a single transverse row on coxae I 4–5 and II 4–5 (Fig. 7H); chaetotaxy: I 4, II 5, III 7, IV 8; intercoxal tubercle absent.</p><p>MALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 7G). Anterior genital operculum with 8 discal setae, 12 lateral genital setae, and 14 setae along the third sternite, with 2 lateral microsetae.</p><p>STERNITES. Chaetotaxy IV‒XI 12: 8: 8: 8: 8: 6: 6: 4+2 sensory. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae.</p><p>PALP (Fig. 7F, J). Trochanter 1.65 times as wide as long, patella 2.4 times as long as wide, femur 6.8 times as long as wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 6: 3: 5: 5: 2. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located halfway on the hand portion, adjacent to each other, eb proximal to esb, ist distal to esb, it is slightly distal to est, et proximal to dx; ist is between esb and est, closer to esb than to est (ist-est/ist-esb distance ratio = 2.07); chelal fixed finger with alternating heterodonty after the 4 th tooth, with 40 acute, triangular teeth, with the three most distal ones smaller and separated. Movable finger with 35 acute, triangular teeth and slightly obliquely directed (Fig. 7J).</p><p>LEG IV (Fig. 7D). Arolia is slightly smaller than claws.</p><p>MEASUREMENTS HOLOTYPE, ♂. (length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parentheses calculated with three significant digits). Body length 1.713. Carapace 0.508 / 0.478 (1.063), palps: trochanter 0.248 / 0.150 (1.653), femur 0.865 / 0.127 (6.811), patella 0.344 / 0.136 (2.529), chela 1.196 / 0.161 (7.428), movable finger length 0.755. Chelicera 0.480 / 0.215 (2.232), movable finger length 0.258. Leg I: trochanter 0.171 / 0.128 (1.336), femur 0.473 / 0.069 (6.855), patella 0.252 / 0.064 (3.937), tibia 0.270 / 0.050 (5.400), tarsus 0.475 / 0.044 (10.795). Leg IV: trochanter 0.201 / 0.149 (1.35), femur/patella 0.745 / 0.247 (3.02), tibia 0.470 / 0.093 (5.05), basitarsus 0.260 / 0.071 (3.66), telotarsus 0.523 / 0.047 (11.13).</p><p>Ecological remarks</p><p>Pseudochthonius patientia sp. nov. was recorded exclusively from Tabocas Cave, municipality of Malhada, Bahia State, Brazil. A detailed description of the cave has been provided previously. The single known specimen of P. patientia sp. nov. was collected from a deeper sector of the cave, located beyond the constriction situated in the middle portion of the system. As discussed above, it is currently not possible to determine the full distribution of this species within the cave. The same limitation applies to P. caritas sp. nov., which was also recorded from Tabocas Cave but in a different sector, suggesting potential spatial segregation within the cave system.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3025EFFBCFFF4186D7C0C7D6BFB49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Guimarães, Lucas;Ferreira, Rodrigo L.	Guimarães, Lucas, Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2026): Remarkable micro-endemism and high congeneric richness: eight new cave-restricted species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the Brazilian semi-arid. European Journal of Taxonomy 1078: 1-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1078.3307, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3307/14548
03F3025EFFA2FFF0181579AF7B3EFD71.text	03F3025EFFA2FFF0181579AF7B3EFD71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochthonius temperantia Guimarães & Ferreira 2026	<div><p>Pseudochthonius temperantia sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B7137D4E-7C70-493B-9EE8-A42F67E4F12D</p><p>Figs 2D, 8–9</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pseudochthonius temperantia sp. nov. most closely resembles P. lubueno Assis, Schimonsky, Gallão &amp; Bichuette, 2023 based on the following combination of characters: absence of ocular apparatus; number and morphology of chelal teeth; and distance ratio ist–est/ist–esb = 1.8 (1.9 in P. lubueno). It differs from P. lubueno in the anterior margin of the carapace, which is serrated between the ame and al setae (in P. lubueno, serrated until the ame seta), in the number of teeth on the fixed and movable cheliceral fingers, 13 and 17, respectively (7–8 on the fixed finger and 8–9 on the movable finger in P. lubueno), and in the male genital chaetotaxy, with 8 discal, 12 lateral, and 12 scattered setae on the III segment (9 discal, 5 lateral, and 5 scattered setae in P. lubueno).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet ' temperantia ' is derived from the Latin and means 'temperance', referring to moderation, self-restraint, and balance in conduct. The name alludes to temperance as a moral virtue associated with control and equilibrium. The species name is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Bahia State, Iuiú Municipality, Imbé Cave; 14°29′26.22″ S, 43°39′11.06″ W; 24 Jul. 2022; R.L. Ferreira leg.; preserved in ethanol; ISLA 151527.</p><p>Description</p><p>PRESERVED SPECIMEN. Body yellowish beige, translucent; appendices in a dark beige tone (Fig. 2D) Some parts of the body scaly. Vestitural setae thin, sharp and anteriorly projected on prosoma and posteriorly projected on opisthosoma.</p><p>CARAPACE (Fig. 8B–C). 1.02 times as long as wide, broad anteriorly and slightly narrowed posteriorly, with a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.079 mm; margin almost entirely serrate, except at the edges, from the al setae; epistome strongly serrate, prominent with three bifurcated apical tips, extending slightly before the ame setae. (Fig. 8B); ocular apparatus absent; posterior margin smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18).</p><p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 8D). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal setae; galea present as a tubercle; fixed finger with 13 acute and uniform teeth, the first distal one separated; movable finger with 17 acute and irregular teeth, the first distal one separated; rallum with 7 blades; exterior and interior serrula with 17 and 15–16 blades, respectively.</p><p>TERGITES. Undivided; smooth surface; chaetotaxy uniseriate: I–XI 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Pleural membranes striated.</p><p>COXAE (Fig. 8A, E). Manducatory process with two apical setae; the palpal coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae bordered by 11 small spines. Pedal coxae: plumose coxal spines arranged in a single transverse row on coxae I (3–4) and II (5) (Fig. 8E), chaetotaxy: I–IV 4: 5(6): 7: 7(8); intercoxal tubercle absent.</p><p>MALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 8F). Anterior genital operculum with 8 discal setae, 12 lateral genital setae, and 10 setae along the third sternite, with 1 lateral microsetae on each side.</p><p>STERNITES. Chaetotaxy IV‒XI: 12: 8: 8: 8: 8: 6: 5: 4+2 sensory. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae.</p><p>PALP (Fig. 8I–J). Trochanter 1.75 times as wide as long, patella 2.3 times as long as wide, femur 5.48 times as long as wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 5: 5: 4: 6: 2. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located halfway on the hand portion, adjacent to each, eb proximal to esb, ist is distal to esb, it distal to est, et proximal to dx, ist is halfway between esb and est, closer to esb than est (ist -est / ist -esb distance ratio = 1.8); chelal fixed finger with alternating heterodonty after the 1 st tooth, with 36 acute and continuous teeth, the distal and proximal portions with smaller teeth; movable finger with 32 acute teeth projected upwards (Fig. 8J).</p><p>LEG IV (Fig. 8G). Arolia is slightly smaller than claws.</p><p>MEASUREMENTS ♂ HOLOTYPE. (length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parentheses calculated with three significant digits). Body length 1.725. Carapace 0.505 / 0.495 (1.020), palps: trochanter 0.234 / 0.134 (1.746), femur 0.745 / 0.136 (5.478), patella 0.326 / 0.143 (2.280), chela 1.161 / 0.152 (7.638), movable finger length 0.719. Chelicera 0.461 / 0.210 (2.195), movable finger length 0.252. Leg I: trochanter 0.185 / 0.131 (1.412), femur 0.434 / 0.076 (5.710), patella 0.220 / 0.064 (3.437), tibia 0.252 / 0.049 (5.143), tarsus 0.422 / 0.043 (9.814). Leg IV: trochanter 0.226 / 0.136 (1.662), femur/patella 0.616 / 0.223 (2.762), tibia 0.439 / 0.093 (4.720), basitarsus 0.253 / 0.070 (3.614), telotarsus 0.478 / 0.038 (12.579).</p><p>Ecological remarks</p><p>Pseudochthonius temperantia sp. nov. was recorded in Toca do Imbé Cave, situated at approximately 850 m a.s.l. in the central upper sector of the Serra de Iuiú limestone massif (Fig. 9A). The cave extends for about 300 m and displays a labyrinthine morphology, with multiple entrances (Fig. 9B, D) giving access to interconnected conduits. Its interior is predominantly dry, although seasonal infiltration occurs during the rainy season, when water percolates through fractures, creating localized moist areas. Organic input into the cave is mainly derived from bat guano deposits, roots penetrating from the surface vegetation (Fig. 9C), and plant debris carried by wind, the latter more frequently accumulating near entrances.</p><p>A single specimen of Pseudochthonius temperantia sp. nov. (Fig. 9D) was collected in a deeper aphotic and moistened sector of the cave. Despite extensive surveys in other caves of the region, no additional specimens were found, even in nearby systems. Given its clear troglomorphic features, the species likely maintains populations across a broader subterranean environment, including mesocaverns, although its true distribution remains unknown. The limestone outcrops where Toca do Imbé is located still retain native vegetation; however, surrounding areas have been cleared and converted into pastures. The cave is only occasionally visited by local residents, and most of its inner sectors remain in a well-preserved state.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3025EFFA2FFF0181579AF7B3EFD71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Guimarães, Lucas;Ferreira, Rodrigo L.	Guimarães, Lucas, Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2026): Remarkable micro-endemism and high congeneric richness: eight new cave-restricted species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the Brazilian semi-arid. European Journal of Taxonomy 1078: 1-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1078.3307, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3307/14548
03F3025EFFA6FFF218657FD87C23F82E.text	03F3025EFFA6FFF218657FD87C23F82E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochthonius diligentia Guimarães & Ferreira 2026	<div><p>Pseudochthonius diligentia sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F88EB328-CD27-46B8-A339-8D41FC7FFCFC</p><p>Figs 2E, 10–11</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pseudochthonius diligentia sp. nov. most closely resembles P. biseriatus based on the following combination of characters: absence of ocular apparatus; carapace broad anteriorly and distinctly narrowed posteriorly; distance ratio ist–est/ist–esb = 1.81 (1.78–2.10 in P. biseriatus); number and morphology of chelal teeth. It differs from P. biseriatus in the number of teeth on the movable cheliceral finger, 15 (8–10 in P. biseriatus); in the number of blades in the rallum, 7 (9 in P. biseriatus); in the chaetotaxy of coxae I–IV 4:4–5:6–7:8–7 (I–IV 5:5:7–8: 8 in P. biseriatus).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet ' diligentia ' is derived from the Latin and means 'diligence' referring to carefulness, persistence, and attentive effort. The name alludes to diligence as a moral virtue associated with sustained effort and conscientious conduct. The species name is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♀; Bahia State, Iuiú Municipality, Olho d’Água do Aylton Cave; 14°27′4.08″ S, 43°34′31.45″ W; 26 Jul. 2022; R.L. Ferreira leg.; preserved in ethanol; ISLA 151528.</p><p>Description</p><p>PRESERVED SPECIMEN. Body dark orange-beige, translucent; appendages in a darker shade. (Fig. 2E) Some parts of the body scaly. Vestitural setae thin, sharp and anteriorly projected on prosoma and posteriorly projected on opisthosoma.</p><p>CARAPACE (Fig. 10B–C). 1.05 times as long as wide broad anteriorly and distinctly narrowed posteriorly, with a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.097 mm; smooth anterior margin, except in the central portion; epistome prominent and serrated with five apical tips, slightly extending beyond the ame seta. (Fig. 10B); ocular apparatus absence; posterior margin smooth. Chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18).</p><p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 10H). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal setae; galea present, prominent, as a large tubercle; fixed finger with 10 acute teeth, the 7 proximal teeth are smaller, the first distal one separated; movable finger with 15 acute teeth, except for the two last proximal teeth, which are rounded; the first distal one is separated; rallum with 7 blades; exterior and interior serrula with 20 and 15 blades, respectively.</p><p>TERGITES. Undivided; smooth surface; chaetotaxy uniseriate: I–XI 4: 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4: 4. Pleural membranes striated.</p><p>COXAE (Fig. 10A, E). Manducatory process with two apical setae; the palpal coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae bordered by 19 small spines. Pedal coxae: plumose coxal spines arranged in a single transverse row on coxae I (4–5) and II (3–4) (Fig. 10E). Chaetotaxy: I–IV 4: 4(5): 6(7): 8(7). Intercoxal tubercle absent.</p><p>FEMALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 10G). Chaetotaxy 8:10 on sternites II and III, respectively. Genital opening not bifurcated.</p><p>STERNITES. Chaetotaxy IV‒XI 6: 6: 6: 8: 8: 8: 6: 6: 4+2 sensory. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae.</p><p>PALP (Fig. 10F, J). Trochanter 1.61 times as wide as long, patella 2.44 times as long as wide, femur 5.64 times as long as wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 5: 6: 6: 5: 2. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located halfway on the hand portion, adjacent to each other and slightly displaced towards the paraxial face of the chela, eb proximal to esb, ist is slightly distal to esb, it distal to est, et proximal to dx; ist is halfway between esb and est, closer to esb than est (ist -est / ist -esb distance ratio = 1.81); Chelal fixed finger with alternating heterodonty after the 2 nd tooth, with 39 acute teeth, the two distal teeth are separated. Movable finger with 33 acute teeth projected upwards.</p><p>LEG IV (Fig. 10D). Arolia is slightly smaller than claws.</p><p>MEASUREMENTS HOLOTYPE, ♀. (length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parentheses calculated with three significant digits). Body length 1.880. Carapace 0.558 / 0.532 (1.049), palps: trochanter 0.268 / 0.166 (1.614), femur 0.885 / 0.157 (5.637), patella 0.378 / 0.155 (2.439), chela 1.252 / 0.180 (6.956), movable finger length 0.799. Chelicera 0.533 / 0.236 (2.258), movable finger length 0.284. Leg I: trochanter 0.186 / 0.132 (1.409), femur 0.474 / 0.078 (6.077), patella 0.233 / 0.070 (3.328), tibia 0.270 / 0.052 (5.192), tarsus 0.471 / 0.048 (9.812). Leg IV: trochanter 0.191 / 0.147 (1.299), femur/patella 0.766 / 0.247 (3.101), tibia 0.469 / 0.095 (4.937), basitarsus 0.262 / 0.072 (3.634), telotarsus 0.498 / 0.044 (11.318).</p><p>Ecological remarks</p><p>Pseudochthonius diligentia sp. nov. was recorded exclusively in Olho d’água do Aylton Cave, municipality of Iuiú, Bahia State, Brazil. The cave has a single small entrance that leads into a short conduit, crossed by a drainage that originates from a resurgence in the innermost sector (Fig. 11B) and flows toward the entrance. The entire system is relatively small, extending approximately 40 m from the entrance to the deepest portion. Because the drainage occupies most of the cave floor, suitable terrestrial habitats are restricted to sediment banks along the stream and to some elevated areas, often associated with speleothem formations. P. diligentia sp. nov. was collected beneath a rock in an elevated sector rich in speleothems, located in the innermost portion of the cave.</p><p>Due to its narrow entrance, the cave is not visited, even by local residents, and the interior remains in a highly preserved condition. In contrast, the external environment is severely degraded, with extensive deforestation and large areas of exposed soil (Fig. 11A). Only a few neighboring caves have been surveyed, and no additional specimens of P. diligentia sp. nov. were recorded. It is noteworthy that most caves in the surrounding area are markedly dry. As P. diligentia sp. nov. is troglobitic, the presence of a perennial drainage in Gruta do Aylton may be critical for its persistence, suggesting that the species could be endemic to this particular habitat.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3025EFFA6FFF218657FD87C23F82E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Guimarães, Lucas;Ferreira, Rodrigo L.	Guimarães, Lucas, Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2026): Remarkable micro-endemism and high congeneric richness: eight new cave-restricted species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the Brazilian semi-arid. European Journal of Taxonomy 1078: 1-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1078.3307, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3307/14548
03F3025EFFAAFFFE18717C0C7CBAF81A.text	03F3025EFFAAFFFE18717C0C7CBAF81A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochthonius castitas Guimarães & Ferreira 2026	<div><p>Pseudochthonius castitas sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 17931ACD-1C5C-459D-8413-495388B75D73</p><p>Figs 2F, 12–13</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pseudochthonius castitas sp. nov. most closely resembles P. aware Prado &amp; Ferreira, 2024 based on the following combination of characters: absence of ocular apparatus; anterior margin of the carapace serrated; number of teeth on the fixed (40) and movable (43) chelal fingers (with slight variation in P. aware, fixed finger with 35–38 teeth and movable finger with 36–40 teeth); and dentition of the fixed cheliceral finger. It differs from P. aware in having a carapace with a rectangular aspect (ocular–posterior width difference = 0.062 mm) (in P. aware, carapace broad anteriorly and distinctly narrowed posteriorly, difference = 0.12–0.13 mm); with heterodonty in the fixed chelal finger starting from the 6 th tooth (in P. aware, heterodonty present from the 10 th tooth); movable chelal finger more strongly curved (less curved in P. aware); in the distance ratio ist–est/ist–esb = 2.8 (2.34–2.61 in P. aware), and in the female genital operculum.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet ' castitas ' is derived from the Latin and means 'chastity' referring to purity, restraint, and moral integrity. The name alludes to chastity as a moral virtue associated with self-control and discipline. The species name is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♀; Bahia State, Iuiú Municipality, Baixão Cave; 14°26′8.46″ S, 43°37′27.66″ W; 8 Jun. 2010; R.L. Ferreira leg.; preserved in ethanol; ISLA 151539.</p><p>Description</p><p>PRESERVED SPECIMEN. Body and appendices opaque beige, translucent (Fig. 2F). Some parts of the body scaly. Vestitural setae thin, sharp and anteriorly projected on prosoma and posteriorly projected on opisthosoma.</p><p>CARAPACE (Fig. 12B–C). 1.12 times as long as wide, posteriorly constricted, showing a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.062 mm, resulting in a rectangular-shaped; anterior margin completely serrated; prominent epistome with 1 bifurcated tip (Fig. 12B); ocular apparatus absent; posterior margin of the carapace smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18).</p><p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 12H). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal setae; galea present as a tubercle; fixed finger with 11 teeth, the four proximal teeth are rounded and the seven distal ones acute, the sixth tooth considerably smaller. Movable finger with 9 acute and uniform teeth, the first tooth in distal portion is slightly separated, and the five proximal ones are smaller; rallum with 7 blades; exterior and interior serrula with 14–15 and 12–13 blades, respectively.</p><p>TERGITES. Undivided; smooth surface; chaetotaxy uniseriate: I–XI 4: 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6(7): 6: 4. Pleural membranes striated.</p><p>COXAE (Fig. 12A, D). Manducatory process with two apical setae; the palpal coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae bordered by 10 small spines. Pedal coxae: plumose coxal spines arranged in a single transverse row on coxae I (4) and II (5) (Fig. 12D). Chaetotaxy: I–IV 5: 5: 6(7): 8; intercoxal tubercle absent.</p><p>FEMALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 12E). Chaetotaxy: 8:12 on sternites II and III, respectively. Genital opening not bifurcated.</p><p>STERNITES. Chaetotaxy IV‒XI 14: 8: 9(10): 9(10): 8: 6: 6: 4+2 sensory. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae.</p><p>PALP (Fig. 12I–J). Trochanter 1.39 times as wide as long, patella 2.22 times as long as wide, femur 5.76 times as long as wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 6: 1. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located halfway on the hand portion, adjacent to each other, eb proximal to esb, ist is slightly distal to esb, it distal to est, et proximal to dx; ist is halfway between esb and est, closer to esb than est (ist -est / ist -esb distance ratio = 2.8); chelal fixed finger with alternating heterodonty after the 6 th tooth, with 40 acute teeth, the five proximal teeth are rounded, the two distal ones separated and smaller. except in the medial portion, where they are directed upwards. Movable finger with 43 acute teeth projected upwards, teeth smaller in the proximal portion.</p><p>LEG IV (Fig. 12G). Arolia is slightly smaller than claws.</p><p>MEASUREMENTS HOLOTYPE, ♀. (Length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parentheses calculated with three significant digits). Body length 1.475. Carapace 0.527 / 0.470 (1.12), palps: trochanter 0.143 / 0.103 (1.39), femur 0.726 / 0.126 (5.76), patella 0.300 / 0.135 (2.22), chela 1.016 / 0.159 (6.39), movable finger length 0.646. Chelicera 0.453 / 0.208 (2.18), movable finger length 0.255. Leg I: trochanter 0.132 / 0.088 (1.5), femur 0.359 / 0.070 (5.13), patella 0.185 / 0.052 (3.56), tibia 0.207 / 0.042 (4.93), tarsus 0.335 / 0.036 (9.31). Leg IV: trochanter 0.199 / 0.119 (1.67), femur/patella 0.551 / 0.208 (2.65), tibia 0.342 / 0.080 (4.275), basitarsus 0.188 / 0.058 (3.24), telotarsus 0.308 / 0.034 (9.06).</p><p>Ecological remarks</p><p>Pseudochthonius castitas sp. nov. was recorded exclusively in Lapa do Baixão Cave, located on the northern portion of the main outcrop of the Serra do Iuiú, municipality of Iuiú, Bahia State, Brazil. The cave has a single entrance (Fig. 13B) leading to a labyrinthine sector, from which a narrow passage provide access to the innermost conduit. This deeper section remains humid throughout the year and constitutes the primary microhabitat where the species was observed.</p><p>The cave is subject to seasonal groundwater fluctuations, as indicated by water stains of varying heights on the walls. During heavy rainfall, the entire system may become flooded, preventing access except by diving. This hydrological regime imposes strong seasonal variation in available habitats, with large conduits remaining submerged for extended periods. Despite these conditions, Pseudochthonius castitas sp. nov. was observed walking on muddy substrates in the innermost humid zones during dry period, on the cave floor, where shelters are scarce. Its persistence in such unstable conditions suggests an ability to migrate vertically to upper subterranean habitats during floods, indicating a potential distribution broader than the limits of Lapa do Baixão itself. However, the presence of several other Pseudochthonius species in the region may eventually constrain its colonization of adjacent caves.</p><p>Abundant plant roots penetrate the cave (Fig. 13C) and provide a major source of organic input for the hypogean fauna. Although some deforestation occurs in the surroundings, the hill where the entrance is located remains relatively well preserved (Fig. 13A), ensuring the maintenance of root mats as a key trophic resource.</p><p>Lapa do Baixão Cave is also the type locality of several other cave-restricted taxa, including Iuiuniscus iuiuensis (Souza et al. 2015), Spelaeobochica iuiu (Ratton et al. 2012), Iuiuia caeca (Hoch &amp; Ferreira 2016), and Troglorhopalurus iuiu (Carvalho et al. 2025) . The discovery of Pseudochthonius castitas sp. nov. further highlights the exceptional biological importance of this cave and its role as a hotspot of subterranean diversity in the Serra do Iuiú karst.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3025EFFAAFFFE18717C0C7CBAF81A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Guimarães, Lucas;Ferreira, Rodrigo L.	Guimarães, Lucas, Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2026): Remarkable micro-endemism and high congeneric richness: eight new cave-restricted species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the Brazilian semi-arid. European Journal of Taxonomy 1078: 1-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1078.3307, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3307/14548
03F3025EFFAEFFC418627C0C7F98FE40.text	03F3025EFFAEFFC418627C0C7F98FE40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochthonius humilitas Guimarães & Ferreira 2026	<div><p>Pseudochthonius humilitas sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F899CD39-16A1-4D32-9020-2112A2D25518</p><p>Figs 2G, 14–15</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pseudochthonius humilitas sp. nov. most closely resembles P. gracilimanus Mahnert, 2001 based on the number and morphology of cheliceral teeth. It differs from P. gracilimanus by the absence of the ocular apparatus (two weak eyes present in P. gracilimanus), by the anterior margin of the carapace serrated between the ame and al setae (in P. gracilimanus, serrated only between the ame setae), and by the shape of the epistome, which is prominent (smaller in P. gracilimanus). Additionally, P. humilitas also resembles P. caritas sp. nov., from which it differs in the number of teeth on the fixed chelal finger, 29 (34–35 in P. caritas), in the femoro-palpal chaetotaxy, 6–3–6–5–1 (4–6–4–6– 1 in P. caritas), in the number of teeth on the fixed cheliceral finger, 8 (11–12 in P. caritas), in the absence of the galea in the male (present in both sexes in P. caritas), in the male genital opening, which is wider (narrower in P. caritas), and in the chaetotaxy of the male genital operculum, with 8 discal, 10 lateral, and 10 scattered setae on the segment (7 discal, 12 lateral, and 13 scattered setae in P. caritas).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet ' humilitas ' is derived from the Latin and means 'humility' referring to modesty, restraint, and the absence of pride. The name alludes to humility as a moral virtue associated with simplicity and self-effacement. The species name is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Bahia State, Malhada Municipality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.682667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.516623" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.682667/lat -14.516623)">Tapera d’Água Cave</a>; 14°30′59.84″ S, 43°40′57.60″ W; 18 Oct. 2021; R.L. Ferreira leg.; preserved in ethanol; ISLA 151536.</p><p>Paratype BRAZIL • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; ISLA 151537 .</p><p>Description</p><p>PRESERVED SPECIMEN. Body and appendages yellowish beige, translucent (Fig. 2G). Some parts of the body scaly. Vestitural setae thin, sharp and anteriorly projected on prosoma and posteriorly projected on opisthosoma.</p><p>CARAPACE (Fig. 14B–C). 0.97 times as long as wide, broad anteriorly and distinctly narrowed posteriorly, with a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.103 mm; smooth anterior margin, except in the central portion; epistome strongly toothed, prominent with two apical tips, extending beyond the ame setae (Fig. 14B); ocular apparatus absent; posterior margin smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18).</p><p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 14H). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal setae; galea absent; fixed finger with 8 acute and continuous teeth, the two proximal smaller; movable finger with 13 irregular and rounded teeth at the apex; in the distal portion, the first tooth is separated; rallum with 7 blades; exterior and interior serrula with 16 and 10 blades, respectively.</p><p>TERGITES. Undivided; smooth surface; chaetotaxy uniseriate: I-XI 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4: 4. Pleural membranes striated.</p><p>COXAE (Fig. 14A, I). Manducatory process with two apical setae; the palpal coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae bordered by 10 small spines. Pedal coxae: plumose coxal spines arranged in a single transverse row on coxae I 3–4 and II 5 (Fig. 14I), chaetotaxy: I–IV 4: 5: 6–7: 8; intercoxal tubercle absent.</p><p>MALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 14E). Anterior genital operculum with 8 discal setae, 10 lateral genital setae, and 10 setae along the third sternite.</p><p>STERNITES. Chaetotaxy IV–XI 8: 10: 8: 10: 6: 6: 6: 4+2 sensory. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae.</p><p>PALP (Fig. 14F, J). Trochanter 1.56 times as wide as long, patella 1.56 times as long as wide, femur 5.39 times as long as wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 6: 3: 6: 5: 1. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located halfway on the hand portion, isb slightly distal to ib, eb proximal to esb, ist is distal to esb, it slightly distal to est, et proximal to dx; ist is halfway between esb and est, closer to esb than est (ist -est / ist -esb distance ratio = 1.46). Chelal fixed finger with alternating heterodonty after the 3 rd tooth, with 29 acute and continuous teeth; movable finger with 28 acute and projecting upwards teeth.</p><p>LEG IV (Fig. 14G). Arolia is slightly smaller than claws.</p><p>MEASUREMENTS HOLOTYPE, ♂. (length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parentheses calculated with three significant digits). Body length 1.220 –1.250. Carapace 0.394–0.339/0.406–0.345 (0.970 –0.983), palps: trochanter 0.190–0.152/0.122–0.097 (1.557 –1.567), femur 0.588–0.505/0.109–0.102 (5.394 –4.951), patella 0.190–0.179/0.122–0.100 (1.557 –1.790), chela 0.842–0.716/0.123–0.114 (6.845 –6.281), movable finger length 0.551 –0.481. Chelicera 0.376–0.295/0.174–0.146 (2.161 –2.020), movable finger length 0.204 –0.158. Leg I: trochanter 0.128 / 0.081 (1.580), femur 0.327–0.273/0.060–0.051 (5.450 –5.353), patella 0.164–0.129/0.049–0.044 (3.347 –2.932), tibia 0.151–0.164/0.042–0.039 (3.595 –4.205), tarsus 0.271–0.277/0.033–0.032 (8.212 –8.656). Leg IV: trochanter 0.155–0.148/0.106–0.107 (1.462 –1.383), femur/patella 0.401–0.451/0.196–0.189 (2.046 –2.386), tibia 0.285–0.295/0.071–0.069 (4.014 –4.275), basitarsus 0.184–0.165/0.050–0.048 (3.680 –3.437), telotarsus 0.294–0.278/0.032–0.031 (9.187 –8.968).</p><p>Ecological remarks</p><p>Pseudochthonius humilitas sp. nov. was recorded exclusively in Tapera D’Água Cave, Malhada Municipality, Bahia State, Brazil. The cave has a single entrance (Fig. 15A) that leads to an initial chamber crossed by a small underground stream. This drainage originates from a resurgence at the end of the chamber and flows toward the entrance, disappearing into a nearby sinkhole without becoming epigean. From this chamber, an upper conduit provides access to the innermost sectors of the cave. Passage through this conduit is marked by a noticeable shift in microclimatic conditions, with the cave interior becoming warmer and more humid, although temperature and humidity were not quantitatively measured.</p><p>A second chamber (Fig. 15B) is reached through this conduit, and it is at this point that Pseudochthonius humilitas sp. nov. was observed (Fig. 15D). The specimen was associated with moist substrates, freely walking on the floor. Although some dry areas exist in elevated portions of the inner cave (Fig. 15C), no individuals were recorded there. During the rainy season, the water level of the drainage rose considerably, submerging most of the moist substrates where the specimen had been found during the dry season. This fact suggests that the population may migrate to upper sectors of the cave, possibly inaccessible to human collectors, during flooding events.</p><p>Tapera D’Água Cave also harbors Spelaeobochica iuiu, another cave-restricted pseudoscorpion. Given the pronounced difference in body size, direct competition between the two pseudoscorpions is unlikely, as they presumably prey upon invertebrates of different sizes. Other troglobitic species known from this cave include the spider Loxosceles troglobia Souza &amp; Ferreira, 2018, and the planthopper Iuiuia caeca Hoch &amp; Ferreira, 2016.</p><p>Although the surroundings of the cave have experienced past human use, including logging and water extraction, these activities ceased decades ago. Today, only remnants of unpaved roads are visible, and the difficult access prevents visitation even by local residents. As a result, the cave remains in good conservation condition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3025EFFAEFFC418627C0C7F98FE40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Guimarães, Lucas;Ferreira, Rodrigo L.	Guimarães, Lucas, Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2026): Remarkable micro-endemism and high congeneric richness: eight new cave-restricted species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the Brazilian semi-arid. European Journal of Taxonomy 1078: 1-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1078.3307, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3307/14548
03F3025EFF92FFC6181F7CB77CA1F8FA.text	03F3025EFF92FFC6181F7CB77CA1F8FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochthonius benignitas Guimarães & Ferreira 2026	<div><p>Pseudochthonius benignitas sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4E830445-E87D-4FCA-9E54-200764ADE7C4</p><p>Figs 2H, 16–17</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pseudochthonius benignitas sp. nov. most closely resembles P. maquinensis Guimarães, Prado &amp; Ferreira, 2025 based on the carapace broad anteriorly and distinctly narrowed posteriorly, the anterior margin of the carapace serrated until the ame seta, and the number of chelal teeth. It differs from P. maquinensis by the presence of eyespots (absent in P. maquinensis), by the distance ratio ist–est/ist–esb = 0.6 (2.6 in P. maquinensis), and by the number of teeth on the fixed cheliceral finger, 7 (10–12 in P. maquinensis). Additionally, P. benignitas also resembles P. celestialis sp. nov., from which it differs in having a carapace broad anteriorly and slightly narrowed posteriorly (rectangular-shaped in P. celestialis), in the distance ratio ist–est/ist–esb = 0.6 (2.0 in P. celestialis), in the presence of a single isolated tooth in the distal region of the chela (two smaller, separated distal teeth in P. celestialis sp. nov.), in the male genital opening, which is wider (narrower in P. celestialis), and in the male genital chaetotaxy, with 8 discal, 12 lateral, and 5 scattered setae on the segment (8 discal, 10 lateral, and 10 scattered setae in P. celestialis).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet ' benignitas ' is derived from the Latin and means 'kindness' or 'goodness' referring to benevolence, gentleness, and goodwill. The name alludes to benignity as a moral virtue associated with compassionate and favorable disposition. The species name is a noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Bahia State, Iuiú Municipality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.651443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.468161" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.651443/lat -14.468161)">Toca do Belarmino Cave</a>; 14°28′5.38″ S, 43°39′5.19″ W; 20 Oct. 2021; R.L. Ferreira leg.; preserved in ethanol; ISLA 151538.</p><p>Description</p><p>PRESERVED SPECIMEN. Body opaque beige, translucent, appendages a slightly dark beige shade (Fig. 2H). Some parts of the body scaly. Vestitural setae thin, sharp and anteriorly projected on prosoma and posteriorly projected on opisthosoma.</p><p>CARAPACE (Fig. 16 B–C). 1.22 times as long as wide, broad anteriorly and slightly narrowed posteriorly, with a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.076 mm; smooth anterior margin, except in the central portion. Epistome strongly toothed, prominent with three apical tips, slightly extending beyond the ame setae (Fig. 16B); eyespots present; posterior margin smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18).</p><p>CHELICERAE (Fig. 16G). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal setae; galea present as a tubercle; fixed finger with 7 acute and continuous teeth, the two proximal smaller and rounded; movable finger with 9 irregular and rounded teeth at the apex; in the distal portion, the first tooth is separated; rallum with 7 blades; exterior and interior serrula with 17 and 13 blades, respectively.</p><p>TERGITES. Undivided; smooth surface; chaetotaxy uniseriate: I–XI 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4: 4: 4. Pleural membranes striated.</p><p>COXAE (Fig. 16A, E). Manducatory process with two apical setae; the palpal coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae bordered by 10 small spines. Pedal coxae: plumose coxal spines arranged in a single transverse row on coxae I (3) and II (4-5) (Fig. 16E), chaetotaxy: I–IV 5: 5: 6(7): 8; intercoxal tubercle absent.</p><p>MALE GENITAL OPERCULUM (Fig. 16F). Anterior genital operculum with 8 discal setae, 12 lateral genital setae, and 10 setae along the third sternite.</p><p>STERNITES. Chaetotaxy IV‒XI: 10: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 5: 4+2 sensory. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae.</p><p>PALP (Fig. 16I–J). Trochanter 1.32 times as wide as long, patella 1.97 times as long as wide, femur 5.06 times as long as wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 5: 3: 6: 5: 2. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located halfway on the hand portion, adjacent to each other, eb proximal to esb, ist is distal to esb, it slightly distal to est, et proximal to dx; ist is halfway between esb and est, closer to esb than est (ist -est / istesb distance ratio = 0.6); Chelal fixed finger with alternating heterodonty after the 6 th tooth, with 34 acute and continuous teeth, with the most distal separated; movable finger with 32 acute and projected backwards teeth.</p><p>LEG IV (Fig. 16H). Arolia is slightly smaller than claws.</p><p>MEASUREMENTS HOLOTYPE, ♂. (length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parentheses calculated with three significant digits). Body length 1.233. Carapace 0.414 / 0.339 (1.221), palps: trochanter 0.143 / 0.108 (1.324), femur 0.521 / 0.103 (5.058), patella 0.209 / 0.106 (1.972), chela 0.767 / 0.121 (6.339), movable finger length 0.479. Chelicera 0.326 / 0.148 (2.203), movable finger length 0.171. Leg I: trochanter 0.132 / 0.088 (1.500), femur 0.279 / 0.054 (5.167), patella 0.147 / 0.051 (2.882), tibia 0.160 / 0.038 (4.210), tarsus 0.287 / 0.034 (8.441). Leg IV: trochanter 0.163 / 0.112 (1.455), femur/patella 0.458 / 0.176 (2.602), tibia 0.297 / 0.067 (4.432), basitarsus 0.156 / 0.046 (3.391), telotarsus 0.246 / 0.029 (8.483).</p><p>Ecological remarks</p><p>Pseudochthonius benignitas sp. nov. was recorded exclusively in Gruta do Belarmino Cave, municipality of Iuiú, Bahia State, Brazil. The cave has a single entrance (Fig. 17B) leading into a conduit that terminates in a blockage formed by speleothems (Fig. 17C). This conduit receives sediment and organic input from surface runoff during heavy rains, which seasonally alters the cave floor. Most of the cave is illuminated by indirect light, and only a small aphotic sector occurs in the deepest portion, where speleothems obstruct the passage of light. The single known specimen of P. benignitas sp. nov. was collected beneath a rock on a sediment bank in this innermost aphotic zone.</p><p>Because the cave is strongly influenced by the external environment, with stable conditions (aphotic and moist) restricted to only a few meters at the end of the conduit, it is likely that the species’ distribution extends beyond this specific microhabitat. Since no other caves in the vicinity of Gruta do Belarmino have been sampled, further surveys are needed to better understand the distribution of this species.</p><p>The landscape surrounding the cave exhibits signs of anthropogenic disturbance, including selective logging and areas of exposed soil (Fig. 17A). Nevertheless, native forest remains largely intact near the cave entrance. However, as will be discussed further, large-scale threats (particularly mining) pose a serious risk to the integrity of the entire region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3025EFF92FFC6181F7CB77CA1F8FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Guimarães, Lucas;Ferreira, Rodrigo L.	Guimarães, Lucas, Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2026): Remarkable micro-endemism and high congeneric richness: eight new cave-restricted species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the Brazilian semi-arid. European Journal of Taxonomy 1078: 1-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1078.3307, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3307/14548
