identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F28797FFD3581807EF2BA42DDC23A4.text	03F28797FFD3581807EF2BA42DDC23A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephedrus Haliday 1833	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Ephedrus Haliday, 1833</p>
            <p> Type species:  Bracon plagiator Nees, 1811</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F28797FFD3581807EF2BA42DDC23A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Davidian, Elena M.;Manukyan, Andranik R.;Belokobylskij, Sergey A.	Davidian, Elena M., Manukyan, Andranik R., Belokobylskij, Sergey A. (2023): Third new fossil species of the genus Ephedrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from Baltic amber. Zootaxa 5389 (3): 386-392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.3.6, URL: https://mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.3.6/52524
03F28797FFD3581D07EF2A342D1E2778.text	03F28797FFD3581D07EF2A342D1E2778.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephedrus zaikai Davidian & Manukyan & Belokobylskij 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ephedrus zaikai Davidian ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 1, 2</p>
            <p>http://zoobank.org/ D01A4010-5A09-4206-9447-679B43FF88A5</p>
            <p> Type material. Holotype: female, BX 8760/1; sininclusion  Diptera ,  Sciaridae (in a separated piece 8760/2). </p>
            <p>  Type locality and horizon.  Baltic amber;  Late Eocene ,  Prussian Formation ,  Priabonian range (33.9–37.2 Ma). Southeast coast of the Baltic Sea, Primorskiy  quarry, Yantarnyi, Kaliningrad Province, Russia . </p>
            <p>Etymology. This species is named in honour of gemologist Mr Vadim Zaika (Kaliningrad, Russia), who provided valuable assistance during study of the amber examples.</p>
            <p>Description. Female. Body length 1.5 mm, fore wing length 1.4 mm, antenna length 0.8 mm.</p>
            <p>Head (Figs 1C–F) transverse (dorso-lateral view), wider than mesoscutum, covered by dense and short setae. Eye oval, convex, glabrous. Mandible bidentate. Clypeus convex, with 6–8 long setae, 2.0 × wider than its median height. Tentorial index = 0.4. Face entirely covered by setae; width of face 1.7 × its height.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Figs 1C–F) with 11 antennomeres, evenly widened towards apex started from F2, covered by dense and semi-erect setae, which are shorter than antennomere width. F1 subcylindrical, 4.6 × longer than its median width, rhinaria (multiparous plate-like sensillae) not visible, F1 1.8 × longer than F2. F2 weakly widened towards apex, with single rhinarium on its visible side, 2.5 × longer than its medial width. F3–F8 subequal, their length ~ 2.0 × larger than width, all with single rhinarium on visible side. F9 and F10 each with three rhinaria on visible side. Apical two antennomeres tightly connected with each other forming a structure similar to clava.</p>
            <p> Mesosoma (Figs 1C, D; 2C). Mesoscutum with notauli divided into three distinct lobes. Propodeum smooth, probably with narrow central areola delineated by weak carinae. </p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing (Figs 1A, B; 2A, B) with complete venation and with seven complete cells closed by veins: namely, radial (marginal), first and second radiomedial (submarginal), discoidal (discal), brachial (subdiscal), medial (basal), and submedial (subbasal) cells (see designation in Davidian et al. 2023; Fig. 2B). All veins well sclerotised and pigmented. Pterostigma triangular, 3.6 × longer than its maximum width. Radial vein (r) arising before middle of pterostigma. Third abscissa of radial vein (SR1) 3.0 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR) and 1.8 × longer than second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR); second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) 2.2 × longer than second radiomedial vein (r-m) and 1.6 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR). Distal margin of fore wing with distinct setae, which are longer than setae on wing membrane. Hind wing with closed medial (basal) cell.</p>
            <p>Legs (Figs 1A–C). Femora and tibiae of fore and middle legs almost similar length. Hind femur 7.0 × longer than its maximum width; hind tibia 9.5 × longer than its maximum width, 1.1 × longer than hind femur.</p>
            <p>Metasoma (Figs 1A–C; 2C). Metasoma elongate, lanceolate. All metasomal tergites clearly visible. Petiole distinctly convex, with two postero-lateral excavations, approximately 2.0 × longer than its width at level of spiracular tubercles situated in basal one-third. Ovipositor sheath straight, narrowed from base towards subapex and widened apically, ~ 4.6 × longer than its maximum width (Figs 2D, E).</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Head, antenna, legs, as well as entire body, covered by rather sparse setae.</p>
            <p>Colour (Figs 1A, B). Body mainly monochrome dark brown.</p>
            <p>Male. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Comparative diagnosis. According to our opinion, this new fossil species belongs to the subgenus  Ephedrus of the genus  Ephedrus Haliday, 1833 and to the species group  E. (E.) plagiator (Nees, 1811) . The members of this species group are characterised by the following features: antenna with 11 antennomeres (except the female of  E. (E.) antennalis Tomanović, 2020 having 12 antennomeres), venation of fore wing complete and with seven complete closed cells, second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR), ovipositor sheaths more or less distinctly elongate, straight or weakly upcurved and usually with sparse setae, although the sheaths are densely pubescent in  E. (E.) validus (Haliday, 1833) ,  E. (E.) carinatus Tomanović, 2020 and  E. (E.) rasnitsyni Davidian &amp; Kaliuzhna, 2021 (Davidian et al. 2021a). </p>
            <p> Ephedrus zaikai sp. nov. differs from the fossil  E. primordialis Brues described from Baltic amber by the following characters: F1 4.6 × longer than its medial width (only ~ 2.0 × in  E. primordialis ), the radial vein (r) of fore wing arising from the middle of pterostigma (behind middle in  E. primordialis ), the second abscissa of the radial vein (3-SR) 1.6 × longer than the first radiomedial vein (2-SR) (1.3 × in  E. primordialis ), and the ovipositor sheath weakly widened apically (not widened apically in  E. primordialis ). </p>
            <p> The new species differs from the fossil  E. mirabilis Timon-David by the following characters: the second abscissa of the radial vein (3-SR) 1.6 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR) (2.7 × in  E. mirabilis ), the pterostigma ~ 3.6 × longer than its width (3.0 × in  E. mirabilis ), the ovipositor sheath narrowed from the base to subapex and widened apically, 4.6 × longer than its maximum width (not widened apically and 4.0 × longer than its width in  E. mirabilis ). </p>
            <p> Also  E. zaikai sp. nov. differs from  E. rasnitsyni Davidian &amp; Kaliuzhna from Sakhalinian amber in having F1 4.6 × longer than its medial width (2.5 × in  E. rasnitsyni ), ovipositor sheath narrowed from base to subapex and then widened apically, 4.6 × longer than its maximum width (ovipositor sheath subtriangular, narrowed and widely rounded apically, 3.0 × longer than its maximum width in  E. rasnitsyni ). </p>
            <p> Finally, the new species differs from the fossil  E. carsteni Davidian, 2023 , also described from Baltic amber, by the radial vein (r) of fore wing arising from the middle of pterostigma (distinctly before middle in Е.  carsteni ), the second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) 1.6 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR) (2.0 × longer in Е.  carsteni ), petiole 2.0 × longer than width at level of spiracular tubercles (1.2 × longer in Е.  carsteni ), and the ovipositor sheath 4.6 × longer than its maximum width (2.4 × longer in Е.  carsteni ). </p>
            <p> Among the extant species of  Ephedrus the fossil  E. zaikai sp. nov. is most similar to the shape of the ovipositor sheaths of  E. niger Gautier, Bonnamour &amp; Gaumont, 1929 and  E. chaitophori Gӓrdenfors, 1986 . However it differs from both species by the following characters: F1 4.6 × longer than its medial width and F2 2.5 × longer than its medial width; F1 1.8 × longer than F2, F1 without rhinaria and F2 with only one rhinarium; the second abscissa of the radial vein (3-SR) 1.6 × longer than the first radiomedial vein (2-SR); petiole 2.0 × longer than its width at level of spiracular tubercles; the ovipositor sheath 4.6 × longer than its maximum width. In  E. niger F1 4.1–4.8 × longer than its medial width and F2 3.0 × longer than its medial width; F1 1.2–1.4 × longer than F2, F1 and F2 with 4–6 and 5–10 rhinaria correspondingly; the second abscissa of the radial vein (3-SR) approximately equal to the first radiomedial vein (2-SR); petiole 2.2–2.6 × longer than its width at level of spiracular tubercles; the ovipositor sheath 4.0 × longer than its maximum width. In turn, in  E. chaitophori , F1 3.6–4.0 × longer than its medial width and F2 2.7 × longer than its medial width; F1 1.4 × longer than F2, F1 and F2 with 0–1 and 1–3 rhinaria correspondingly; the second abscissa of the radial vein (3-SR) 0.6 × the first radiomedial vein (2-SR); the petiole ~1.7 × longer than its width at level of spiracular tubercles. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F28797FFD3581D07EF2A342D1E2778	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Davidian, Elena M.;Manukyan, Andranik R.;Belokobylskij, Sergey A.	Davidian, Elena M., Manukyan, Andranik R., Belokobylskij, Sergey A. (2023): Third new fossil species of the genus Ephedrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from Baltic amber. Zootaxa 5389 (3): 386-392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.3.6, URL: https://mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.3.6/52524
03F28797FFD6581C07EF2F542ADB22D2.text	03F28797FFD6581C07EF2F542ADB22D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephedrus Haliday 1833	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to known fossil species of the genus  Ephedrus</p>
            <p>1. Ovipositor sheath long, 4.0 × and more longer than its maximum width.......................................... 2</p>
            <p>– Ovipositor sheath short, distinctly less than 4.0 × longer than its maximum width.................................. 3</p>
            <p> 2. Ovipositor sheath upcurved and narrowed towards apex, 4.0 × longer than its maximum width. Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) 2.7 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR)....................................  E. mirabilis Timon-David</p>
            <p> – Ovipositor sheath straight, narrowed from base to subapex and widened apically, 4.6 × longer than its maximum width. Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) 1.6 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR). – F1 4.6 × longer than its medial width, F2 2.5 × longer than its medial width, F1 1.8 × longer than F2. F1 without rhinaria and F2 with one rhinarium. Petiole with two postero-lateral excavations, ~1.7 × longer than its width at level of spiracles. Ovipositor sheath 4.6 × longer than its maximum width......................................................................................  E. zaikai sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 3. Ovipositor shorter, its sheath approximately as long as F1. – F1 2.0 × longer than its medial width. Radial vein (r) of fore wing arising behind middle of pterostigma. Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) 1.3 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR).  E. primordialis Brues</p>
            <p>– Ovipositor longer, its sheath distinctly longer than F1......................................................... 4</p>
            <p> 4. Ovipositor sheath widely rounded at apex, 3.0 × longer than its width. Petiole long, 2.0 × longer than its width at level of spiracles................................................................  E. rasnitsyni Davidian &amp; Kaliuzhna</p>
            <p> – Ovipositor sheath narrowly rounded at apex, 2.4 × longer than its maximum width. Petiole short, 1.2 × longer than its width at level of spiracles......................................................................  E. carsteni Davidian</p>
            <p> Key to new fossil and similar extant  Ephedrus species</p>
            <p> 1. Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) shorter than first radiomedial vein (2-SR). Petiole without postero-lateral excavations, approximately 1.7 × longer than its width at level of spiracles. – Ovipositor sheath 4.6 × longer than its maximum width...................................................................................  E. chaitophori Gӓrdenfors</p>
            <p>– Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) equal to or longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR). Petiole with postero-lateral excavations, 2.0–2.6 × longer than its width at level of spiracles...................................................... 2</p>
            <p> 2. Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) equal to first radiomedial vein (2-SR). F2 3.0 × longer than its medial width. F1 and F2 with 4–6 and 5–10 rhinaria correspondingly. Petiole 2.2–2.6 × longer than its width at level of spiracles. Ovipositor sheath 4.0 × longer than its maximum width........................................  E. niger Gautier, Bonnamour &amp; Gaumont</p>
            <p> – Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR). F2 2.5 × longer than its medial width. F1 without rhinaria, F2 with single rhinarium. Petiole 2.0 × longer than its width at level of spiracles. Ovipositor sheath 4.6 × longer than its maximum width...................................................................  E. zaikai sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F28797FFD6581C07EF2F542ADB22D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Davidian, Elena M.;Manukyan, Andranik R.;Belokobylskij, Sergey A.	Davidian, Elena M., Manukyan, Andranik R., Belokobylskij, Sergey A. (2023): Third new fossil species of the genus Ephedrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from Baltic amber. Zootaxa 5389 (3): 386-392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.3.6, URL: https://mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.3.6/52524
