identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F55F24FFE2FF89FDF2FC8DCB4ACC57.text	03F55F24FFE2FF89FDF2FC8DCB4ACC57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus Brundin 1956	<div><p>Genus Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956</p><p>Type species</p><p>Chironomus effusus Walker, 1856, by original designation.</p><p>Rheocricotopus Thienemann &amp; Harnisch, 1932: 135 . Nomen nudum.</p><p>Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956: 118 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 558. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 296.</p><p>Emended diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Humeral pit on thorax small to large, occasionally absent ( R. (P.) valgus Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983). Wing vein R usually with setae, occasionally bare ( R. (P.) valgus). Superior volsella plate- or finger-like (the R. (s. str.) reduncus group); inferior volsella triangular, or digitate (the R. (P.) orientalis group). Gonostylus with apical, subapical, or median crista dorsalis ( R. (P.) chinogodavarius sp. nov., R. (P.) protuberans sp. nov. and species of the R. (P.) orientalis group); occasionally crista dorsalis reduced or seemingly absent.</p><p>Female</p><p>Spermathecal ducts curved, occasionally with loop ( R. (P.) nippobifasciatus sp. nov. and R. (P.) orientalis Wang, 1995).</p><p>Pupa</p><p>Frontal apotome usually without warts, except R. (P.) orientalis with low warts. Anteriorly directed spinules mostly present posterior to spine rows on tergites II–IV or II–V or on conjunctives II/III–IV/V or II/III–V/VI; occasionally these spinules absent ( R. (P.) albulus sp. nov. and R. (P.) orientalis). Segment VIII usually with 4–5 LS-setae, occasionally with 3 bristle-like L-setae and 1 LS-setae ( R. (P.) tirolus Lehman, 1969), or with 3 bristle-like L-setae only ( R. (P.) albulus sp. nov. and R. (P.) orientalis).</p><p>Larva</p><p>Chaetulae basales 2, simple or apically bifid. Seta interna with 5–7 branches.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Generic diagnoses have been given by Brundin (1956: 118), Lehmann (1969: 348), Saether (1969: 85; 1977: 97; 1986: 61) and Cranston et al. (1989: 234) for the adult; Lehmann (1969: 349), Coffman et al. (1986: 203) and Saether (1986: 62) for the pupa; and Cranston (1982: 130), Cranston et al. (1983: 195), Saether (1986: 63), Epler (2001: 7.134) and Andersen et al. (2013: 254) for the larva. Normally, the hairy eye, well-developed pulvilli, conventional anal point with lateral seta, obvious gonocoxite lobes and abdominal setation are still useful for separating Rheocricotopus from other Orthocladiinae; in addition, the acrostichals, antepronotals and wing vein setae are critical for the delimitation of the species, while the humeral pit, crista dorsalis and squamals vary both intraspecifically and interspecifically. In the pupa, the well-developed thoracic horn, posterior strong spine band and fringed anal lobe together with three strong macrosetae still work well for separating most of the Rheocricotopus from other orthoclads, but the lateral taeniate setation on T VII–VIII is found to vary greatly, also the anal fringe can be completely absent. In the larva, the well-developed ventromental plates with a round base and beard beneath are still useful in determining the Rheocricotopus larva, but the SI condition and length of body setae vary greatly.</p><p>Although R. (P.) orientalis has rather unusual features for the genus, the number of species in the R. (P.) orientalis group came to be known as higher in the genus. Therefore, we emend the generic diagnosis to accommodate this expanded species group, as well as the other Chinese and Japanese species treated here.</p><p>Key to the adult males of East Asian Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956</p><p>1. Abdomen with or without yellow bands or markings. Superior volsella usually thin, triangular or roundly protruded medially ............................................(subgenus Psilocricotopus Saether, 1986) 2</p><p>– Abdomen unicoloured. Superior volsella thick, horn- or finger-shaped, roundly or triangularly protruded ....................................................................(subgenus Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956) 31</p><p>2. Abdomen bicoloured, with distinct colour pattern (Figs 16A, 22A, 24A). Foretibia with or without pale band ........................................................................................................................................... 3</p><p>– Abdomen entirely brown, without distinct colour pattern. Fore tibia uniformly brown, without pale band ................................................................................................................................................. 20</p><p>3. Wing not cuneiform, anal lobe obtuse (Fig. 11D) ............................................................................ 4</p><p>– Wing cuneiform, anal lobe much reduced (Fig. 13C) ...................................................................... 5</p><p>4. Tergites VIII–IX entirely yellow. Humeral pit absent. Costal extension much produced (Fig. 11D) ......................................................................................... R. (P.) valgus Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983</p><p>– Tergites VIII–IX brown. Humeral pit large, circular. Costal extension slight (Fig. 21C) ................... ................................................................................................................ R. (P.) monovittatus sp. nov.</p><p>5. Foretibia bicoloured (Fig. 2C–D) ..................................................................................................... 6</p><p>– Foretibia uniformly brown ................................................................................................................ 8</p><p>6. Gonostylus with crista dorsalis at middle (Fig. 17J) ...................... R. (P.) chinogodavarius sp. nov.</p><p>– Gonostylus with crista dorsalis at subapex (Fig. 6E–F) ................................................................... 7</p><p>7. Tergite II yellow (Fig. 2A–B). Hypopygial anal point slender, apically pointed; superior volsella relatively thick, triangular (Fig. 2H) ................................... R. (P.) bifasciatus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991</p><p>– Tergite II brown. Hypopygial anal point robust, apically blunt; superior volsella thin, roundly protruded medially (Fig. 14G) ........................................................................ R. (P.) albulus sp. nov.</p><p>8. Inferior volsella triangular (Fig. 18E) ............................................................................................... 9</p><p>– Inferior volsella digitate (Fig. 12A, E) ........................................................................................... 15</p><p>9. Crista dorsalis indistinct or absent (Wang &amp; Zheng 1991: 100 fig. 1c) .............................................. ................................................................................................... R. (P.) tibialis Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991</p><p>– Crista dorsalis distinct even if small (Fig. 19E) ............................................................................. 10</p><p>10. Tergites VI–VIII partly brown (Fig. 18A) ................................................ R. (P.) fasciolatus sp. nov.</p><p>– Tergites VI–VIII entirely brown ..................................................................................................... 11</p><p>11. Tergite II entirely brown (Fig. 16A–B) ....................................................... R. (P.) binotatus sp. nov.</p><p>– Tergite II entirely or partly yellow .................................................................................................. 12</p><p>12. Antepronotal setae divided into medial and lateral groups (Fig. 6E). Superior volsella thick, roundly protruded inwards ............................................................................... R. (P.) oiraprimus Sasa, 1991</p><p>– Antepronotal setae lateral only (Fig. 8A). Superior volsella thin, triangular (Fig. 19D) ............... 13</p><p>13. Tergite IV entirely brown (Fig. 19A) ...................................................... R. (P.) hanmiensis sp. nov.</p><p>– Tergite IV entirely yellow (Figs 22A, 24A) .................................................................................... 14</p><p>14. Tergite V entirely brown. Veins R 1 and R 4+5 bare (Fig. 24C) ................. R. (P.) yunnanensis sp. nov.</p><p>– Tergite V brown with transverse yellow band on anterior ¼–½. Veins R 1 and R 4+5 setiferous (Fig. 22A) ........................................................................................ R. (P.) nippobifasciatus sp. nov.</p><p>15. Inferior volsella short, apically lump-like (Fig. 12A) ...................... R. (P.) kongi Lin &amp; Wang, 2020</p><p>– Inferior volsella long, slender (Figs 12E, 13D) .............................................................................. 16</p><p>16. Tergite IX posterolaterally with setiferous lobes (Fig. 12E) ................ R. (P.) orientalis Wang, 1995</p><p>– Tergite IX posterolaterally without lobes (Fig. 13D) ...................................................................... 17</p><p>17. Hypopygial anal point constricted at middle (Yan &amp; Wang 2004: 561 fig. 3) .................................... ................................................................................................ R. (P.) constrictus Yan &amp; Wang, 2004</p><p>– Hypopygial anal point without middle constriction ....................................................................... 18</p><p>18. Tergite IX posterolaterally with setal tufts (Wang &amp; Saether 2001: 239 fig. 2d) ................................ ............................................................................................... R. (P.) villiculus Wang &amp; Saether, 2001</p><p>– Tergite IX without any setal tuft ..................................................................................................... 19</p><p>19. Tergite VII entirely brown (Wang &amp; Saether 2001: 239 fig. 1c). R 1 and R 4+5 setiferous (Wang &amp; Saether, 2001: 239 fig. 1b) ................................................... R. (P.) calviculus Wang &amp; Saether, 2001</p><p>– Tergite VII entirely yellow (Fig. 13A). R 1 and R 4+5 bare (Fig. 13C) ....... R. (P.) bannaensis sp. nov.</p><p>20. Acrostichal setae indistinct or absent (Fig. 3B) .............................................................................. 21</p><p>– Acrostichal setae distinct (Fig. 22B) .............................................................................................. 23</p><p>21. Gonostylus gently curved upwards at apex (Saether 1969: 89 fig. 44 as R. kenorensis Saether, 1969) ................................................................................................. R. (P.) robacki (Beck &amp; Beck, 1964)]</p><p>– Gonostylus sharply curved upwards at apex (Fig. 3G–H) .............................................................. 22</p><p>22. AR 0.9–1.5 ................................................................................ R. (P.) chalybeatus (Edwards, 1929)</p><p>– AR ca 0.5 ................................................. R. (P.) imperfectus Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005</p><p>23. Antepronotal setae divided in medial and lateral groups (Figs 6C, 23A) ...................................... 24</p><p>– Antepronotal setae usually lateral only (Fig. 8A) ........................................................................... 25</p><p>24. Costal extension well developed, ca 100 μm long .............................................................................. ....................................................................... R. (P.) insularis Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005</p><p>– Costal extension scarcely developed, 25–45 μm long (Fig. 23B) ......... R. (P.) protuberans sp. nov.</p><p>25. Wing cuneiform, anal lobe much reduced (Figs 1B, 15A) ............................................................. 26</p><p>– Wing anal lobe more or less developed, obtuse, right-angled or greater ........................................ 27</p><p>26. Costal extension 110–125 μm long, R 4+5 setiferous. Crista dorsalis low, broad (Fig. 1D–E) ............. .................................................................................................. R. (P.) amamipubescius (Sasa, 1990)</p><p>– Costal extension 60 μm long, R 4+5 bare. Crista dorsalis high, slender (Fig. 15C) .............................. ............................................................................................................... R. (P.) beibengensis sp. nov.</p><p>27. Wing anal lobe obtuse (Figs 7A, 8B) .............................................................................................. 28</p><p>– Wing anal lobe right-angled, or somewhat projected basally (Fig. 10B) ....................................... 29</p><p>28. Costal extension 45–65 μm long. Crista dorsalis low, broad (Fig. 8F) .............................................. ..................................................................................... R. (P.) togakuroasi (Sasa &amp; Okazawa, 1992)</p><p>– Costal extension 30–40 μm long. Crista dorsalis triangular (Fig. 7D) ............................................... .............................................................................................. R. (P.) serratus Liu, Lin &amp; Wang, 2014</p><p>29. Humeral pit triangular (Fig. 5A). Superior volsella relatively thick (Fig. 5C) ................................... .......................................................................................... R. (P.) hidakadeeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2001</p><p>– Humeral pit ovoid or quadrate (Fig. 10D). Superior volsella thin (Fig. 10H) ................................ 30</p><p>30. Tergites II–IV uniformly brown. costal extension 95 μm long (Fig. 10B) ......................................... .......................................................................................... R. (P.) tokarakeleus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 1995</p><p>– Tergites II–IV each with median dark I- or inverted T-shaped marking (Fig. 20A–C). Costal extension 65–80 μm long (Fig. 20E) ............................................................................. R. (P.) masarui sp. nov.</p><p>31. Humeral pit large, distinct, consisting of large hole and small hole (Fig. 27A, G) ........................ 32</p><p>– Humeral pit small, indistinct or absent (Figs 23A, 28A) ................................................................ 34</p><p>32. Antepronotal setae occasionally divided into medial and lateral groups. Superior volsella long, finger-like (Fig. 27D) .............................................................................. R. (s. str.) tatequintus Sasa, 1996</p><p>– Antepronotal setae lateral only. Superior volsella short, horn-like ................................................. 33</p><p>33. Wing anal lobe right-angled. Large hole of humeral pit long, oval (Lehmann 1969: 372 fig. 13a) ... ....................................................................................................... R. (s. str.) effusus (Walker, 1856)</p><p>– Wing anal lobe obtuse. Large hole of humeral pit triangular or quadrate (Fig. 25A–D) ................... ................................................................................................. R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis Sasa, 1981</p><p>34. Humeral pit indistinct, absent, or small when recognizable. Superior volsella finger-like (Fig. 27D) ......................................................................................................................................................... 35</p><p>– Humeral pit small, consisting of fused several small holes (Fig. 28A). Superior volsella triangularly or roundly protruded (Fig. 28C, D) ................................................................................................ 36</p><p>35. Costal extension 35–60 μm long. Gonostylus curved, slightly narrowed in apical ⅓ (Saether &amp; Schnell 1988: 67 fig. 1d) ..................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................... R. (s. str.) reduncus Saether &amp; Schnell, 1988</p><p>– Costal extension 75–80 μm long. Gonostylus curved, expanded in apical ⅓ (Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko 2005: 133 fig. 22) ........ R. (s. str.) tshernovskii Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005</p><p>36. AR 0.60–0.85. Foreleg ratio 0.60–0.75. Superior volsella triangular at apex (Saether 1971: 1250 fig. 8d) ........................................................................................... R. (s. str.) pauciseta Saether, 1969</p><p>– AR 0.90–1.20. Foreleg ratio 0.75–0.80. Superior volsella rounded at apex (Fig. 28D) ..................... ............................................................................... R. (s. str.) togapeniculus Sasa &amp; Okazawa, 1992</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFE2FF89FDF2FC8DCB4ACC57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFE6FF86FDF8FD38CD06CD07.text	03F55F24FFE6FF86FDF8FD38CD06CD07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) Saether 1986	<div><p>Subgenus Psilocricotopus Saether, 1986</p><p>Psilocricotopus Saether, 1986: 72 .</p><p>Psilocricotopus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 559. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 296.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Cricotopus atripes Kieffer, 1913 by original designation.</p><p>Emended diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Gonocoxite with superior volsella triangular or rounded, thin to relatively thick, never with digitate or horn-like projections; inferior volsella triangular, often double-layered apically, or digitate (the orientalis group). Crista dorsalis usually triangular and small at subapex of gonostylus; occasionally low and broad ( R. (P.) togakuroasi (Sasa &amp; Okazawa, 1992)), or indistinct ( R. (P.) amamipubescius (Sasa, 1990) and R. (P.) tibialis Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991), or large ( R. (P.) binotatus sp. nov., R. (P.) chinogodavarius sp. nov., R. (P.) fasciolatus sp. nov., R. (P.) protuberans sp. nov. and the orientalis group).</p><p>Female</p><p>Spermathecal ducts usually curved, occasionally looped.</p><p>Pupa</p><p>Frontal apotome usually smooth, occasionally with low warts ( R. (P.) orientalis Wang, 1995). Abdominal tergites III–VI usually without median patch of spines or spinules, occasionally with distinct median cluster of several spines ( R. (P.) togakuroasi).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Subgeneric diagnoses were given by Saether (1986: 72) and Cranston et al. (1989: 234, in key) for the adult; Coffman et al. (1986: 204, in key) and Saether (1986: 72) for the pupa; and Saether (1986: 72) and Andersen et al. (2013: 254, in key) for the larva. Here, emendations for adult male and pupal diagnoses are given mainly based on newly collected specimens from China and Japan.</p><p>The superior volsella, the inferior volsella and the crista dorsalis, as well as the abdominal colouration are more or less diverse in the male morphology. In addition, the presence of the pupa having median spine patches on the pupal tergites IV–VI may obscure the boundary between the subgenera Psilocricotopus Saether, 1986 and Rheocricotopus s. str. Brundin, 1956.</p><p>Based on the adult morphology, Wang &amp; Saether (2001: 240) wrote: “However, the striking coloration, peculiar genitalia, complete absence of humeral pit and the crista dorsalis which do not conform to any of the subgenera lead us to suggest that the orientalis group form the sister group of the subgenus Psilocricotopus or of the full genus and may deserve subgeneric or even generic rank.” However, our examinations of the males of this species group revealed that these adults actually do have humeral pits. Rheocricotopus (P.) protuberans sp. nov. and R. (P.) chinogodavarius sp. nov. possess large median crista dorsalis. The bicoloured abdomen and the third palpomere bearing many sensilla clavata, regarded by Wang &amp; Saether (2001: 240) as features peculiar to the orientalis group actually occur not only in the orientalis group, but also in the other species groups. Further, the pupa of R. (P.) orientalis resembles that of R. (P.) albulus sp. nov. in lacking frontal setae and any row of spinules posterior to spine rows on tergites III–V or on conjunctives III/IV–V/VI, and in having three pairs of L-setae on segments II–VIII and unfringed anal lobes. Certainly, the digitate inferior volsella is unique within Rheocricotopus, and separates the orientalis group from the other species groups in Psilocricotopus . On the other hand, pupal morphology appears to pull back the orientalis group into the subgenus Psilocricotopus .</p><p>The subgenus Psilocricotopus currently includes four species groups: the atripes group, the chalybeatus group, the godavarius group, and the orientalis group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFE6FF86FDF8FD38CD06CD07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFE9FF85FE25FCF2CF12CC57.text	03F55F24FFE9FF85FE25FCF2CF12CC57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) amamipubescius (Sasa 1990)	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) amamipubescius (Sasa, 1990)</p><p>Fig. 1, Table 1</p><p>Eukiefferiella amamipubescia Sasa, 1990: 127 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) nudisquamus Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2009: 122 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) amamipubescius – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 568. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) nudisquamus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 566.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) amamipubescius – Yamamoto et al. 2015: 108.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Eukiefferiella amamipubescius JAPAN – Kagoshima • ♂; Amami-oshima Island, Yakugachi River; 18 Mar. 1989; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 4690.</p><p>The type specimen of R. (P.) nudisquamus was not examined.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>CHINA – Fujian • 1 ♂; Nanping, Wuyishan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.666664/lat 27.75)">Mt Wuyi NNR</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.666664/lat 27.75)">Tongmu</a>; 27°45′ N, 117°40′ E; 850 m a.s.l.; 9 Aug. 2014; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 190130003 . – Guangdong • 1 ♂; Shaoguan, Ruyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.01667/lat 24.916666)">Nanling NNR</a>, “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.01667/lat 24.916666)">Mangshan</a> ” [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.01667/lat 24.916666)">Mt Mang</a>]; 24°55′ N, 113°01′ E; 1054 m a.s.l.; 25 Jul. 2020; Z. Li leg.; JNU, JNU 21081601 .</p><p>JAPAN – Shizuoka • 1 ♂; Shimizu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.45/lat 35.066666)">Ihara River</a>; 35°4′ N, 138°27′ E; 202 m a.s.l.; 25 Sep. 1990; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 4)</p><p>Total length 2.1 (2) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Body mostly brown. Thorax with Sct, Pn, Pe and 3 scutal vittae dark brown; pleural membrane yellow. Abdomen light brown, occasionally anterior few tergites somewhat paler. Legs brown; P 1 somewhat darker than P 2–3.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 3–4, 4. AR 0.31–0.46, 0.41 (3). Clypeus with 6–11, 9 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 34–37, 36 (3); 49–59, 56 (3); 111–143, 130 (3); 111–135, 123 (3); 221–285, 259 (3), respectively. Pm 4 / Pm 3 0.9–1.0, 1.0 (3); Pm 5 /Pm 4 2.0–2.2, 2.1 (3). Pm 3 with 9–13, 11 (3) SCl on 2–3, 2 (3) subapical oval depressions; Pm 4 without SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 5–6 (2). Ac 11–15 (2), and longest 8–11 (2) μm long; Dc 8 (2), including 2 (2) H; Pa 3 (2). Scts 4–5 (2), uniserial. Humeral pit (Fig. 1A) moderately large, oval.</p><p>WING (Fig. 1B). Length 1.5–2.1, 1.8 mm. C extended much beyond end of R 4+5; its extension 111–123, 119 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 4–10, 8 setae; R 1 with 0–5, 3 setae, and R 4+5 with 5–10, 8 setae. AnL much reduced, wing widest at around end of Cu 1. Squama with 0–1, 1 seta.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur, 30–44, 36 μm long. P 2 with 2 ti spurs, 12–17, 16 and 12–16, 14 μm long, respectively; P 3 with 2 ti spurs, 44–51, 46 and 15–21, 18 μm long, respectively. P 2 and P 3 without Sch; P 3 with ti comb of 12–14, 13 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 1C) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 6–18, 10 lateral setae. Gc 155–172, 165 μm long, 2.9–3.6, 3.2 × as long as broad at middle, with SVo somewhat thick, protruded roundly; and IVo triangular, double-layered, dorsally rounded at apex. Gs (Fig. 1D–E) 66–76, 71 μm long, roundly convex in outer margin; CD nearly triangular, relatively broad, occasionally very low or indistinct. HR 2.22–2.39, 2.32.</p><p>Female, pupa and larvae</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The present species has been known from Palaearctic and Oriental Japan, Oriental China and the Russian Far East.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>A re-examination of the holotype of Eukiefferiella amamipubescia Sasa, 1990 revealed that the male is characterized by the somewhat large, oval humeral pit; the wing with a much-reduced anal lobe, and a long costal extension and no squamal seta; the legs with well-developed pulvilli; the roundly protruded superior volsella; and the triangular, broad, occasionally low, crista dorsalis. The species belongs to the genus Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956, rather than to Eukiefferiella Thienemann, 1926 . The low, broad crista dorsalis may suggest that it is a member of Rheocricotopus s. str. However, a male (JNU 190130003) newly collected from Fujian Province, China, has a triangular, high but broad crista dorsalis in the right gonostylus, but a low crista dorsalis in the left. The difference in the shape may occur from the mounting orientation. A cuneiform wing with squamal setae reduced in number is often found in the subgenus Psilocricotopus rather than in Rheocricotopus s. str. Although the immature stages are unknown, in fact, the species seems to be a member of subgenus Psilocricotopus .</p><p>This species was recorded subsequently under the name Eukiefferiella amamipubescia Sasa, 1990 from Toyama Prefecture, also in Palaearctic Japan by Sasa &amp; Okazawa (1992: 94). Furthermore, Sasa &amp; Suzuki (1993: 114) redescribed this species as a member of Eukiefferiella from Amami Island in Oriental Japan. Based on examinations of voucher specimens housed in NSMT; however, Yamamoto et al. (2015: 108) pointed out that the former species is R. (P.) oiraprimus Sasa, 1991 and the latter species should be treated as R. (P.) tokarakeleus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 1995 . The male of R. (P.) nudisquamus Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2009 does not differ significantly in morphology from this species. Without having examined the holotype, we regard the species to be a junior synonym of R. (P.) amamipubescius .</p><p>The male is similar to that of R. (P.) godavarius Lehmann, 1969 collected from Nepal in the low antennal ratio of 0.31–0.46, cuneiform wings with a very long costal extension and reduced number of squamal setae, and in the triangular inferior volsella with a rounded apex, but separable from it in the brown tergite IV, the somewhat large, oval humeral pit, and the relatively large, roundly protruded superior volsella.According to Lehmann (1969: 361–362, 370 fig. 9, 372 fig. 14b), the latter has a yellow tergite IV, small humeral pits consisting of fused several small holes, and relatively thin, triangular superior volsellae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFE9FF85FE25FCF2CF12CC57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFEAFF80FE14FD22CA16CC72.text	03F55F24FFEAFF80FE14FD22CA16CC72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bifasciatus Wang & Zheng 1991	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) bifasciatus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991</p><p>Fig. 2, Table 2</p><p>Rheocricotopus bifasciatus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991: 100 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brochus Liu, Lin &amp; Wang, 2014a: 20 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bifasciatus – Saether et al. 2000: 160. — Liu et al. 2014a: 18. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 560.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus bifasciatus CHINA – Sichuan • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.1/lat 29.0)">Mt Jinfo</a>; 29.0° N, 107.1° E; 1800 m a.s.l.; 9 May 1986; X. Wang and L. Zheng leg.; NKU.</p><p>Paratype of Rheocricotopus (P.) brochus CHINA – Zhejiang • ♂; Yueqing, Lingdi, Jiulong; 28°31’ N, 120°96’ E; 18 Apr. 2011; X.L. Lin leg.; NKU .</p><p>Photographs of the holotype of R. bifasciatus and a paratype of R. (P.) brochus provided by X. Lin (SHOU) were examined.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>CHINA – Guangdong • 1 ♂; Xinyi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.183334/lat 22.266666)">Mt Yunkai NNR</a>; 22°16′ N, 111°11′ E; 1130 m a.s.l.; 20 Feb. 2020; S.X. Luo leg.; JNU • 4 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 20 Apr. 2020 . – Anhui • 1 ♂; Huangshan, Tangkou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.13333/lat 30.083334)">Mt Huang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.13333/lat 30.083334)">Fu stream</a>; 30°05′ N, 118°08′ E; 570 m a.s.l.; 26 May 2012; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 6)</p><p>Total length 1.9–2.5, 2.2 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax mostly dark brown, with pale HP and pleural membrane; and indistinct scutal vittae. Abdomen (Fig. 2A–B) bicoloured; T I–II, IV entirely yellow; T III entirely brown, or yellow with posteromedial brown marking; remaining tergites dark brown. P 1 (Fig. 2C) largely brown to dark brown with basal tip of fe, apical ⅔– 4 / 5 of ti, and all of ta 1–3 whitish; occasionally ta 2–5 brown. P 2–3 (Fig. 2D) brown to dark brown, with basal tip of fe, apical ⅓–⅔ of ti and all of ta 1–4 whitish; occasionally ta 2–5 brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 4–8, 6 (5). Antennae broken off. Clypeus trapezoid with 8–10, 9 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 30–37, 34; 49–57, 52; 98–123, 114; 118–135, 127 (5); 209–258, 233 (3), respectively. Pm 4 / Pm 3 1.0–1.2, 1.1 (5); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.7–2.0, 1.9 (3). Pm 3 with 5–7, 6 (3) SCl in 2 groups; Pm 4 without SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 1–4, 3 (4). Ac 10–16,13 (4); minute, longest 10–12, 10 (4) μm long; Dc 5–7, 6, including 1–2, 2 H, uniserial; Pa 3; Scts 4–7, 5. HP (Fig. 2E) oval, moderately large.</p><p>WING (Fig. 2F). Length 1.4–1.7, 1.6 mm. C extension moderately long, 62–76, 67 μm. VR 1.0–1.1, 1.1 (5). R with 4–8, 6 setae; R 1 and R 4+5 bare. AnL much reduced. Sq with 1–3, 2 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 39–42, 41 (5) μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs both 15–17, 16 and 15 (5) μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 34–44, 40 (5) and 15–17, 17 (5) μm long. P 2 without Sch. P 3 with ti comb consisting of 10–12, 11 (5) bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 2.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 2G). Tergal setae irregularly arranged. Hypopygium (Fig. 2H) with AnP sharply pointed at apex, bearing 6–8, 7 (5) lateral setae. Gc 153–165, 157 μm long, 3.1–3.5, 3.2 × as long as broad at middle, with SVo (Fig. 2H) plate-like triangular, relatively thick, apically rounded; IVo triangular double-layered, dorsally with blunt apex. Gs (Fig. 1I) 62–69, 66 μm long, with minute, subapical CD. HR 2.3–2.5, 2.4.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species has been known from Oriental and Palaearctic China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Only males of this species have been reported from Oriental and Palaearctic China. According to the original description (Wang &amp; Zheng 1991: 100 fig. 2), the male possesses the following features: abdomen dark brown with yellow tergites I–II, and IV; humeral pit distinct, ovoid; antennal ratio ca 0.9; wing with a much-reduced anal lobe and a long costal extension; inferior volsella large, sub-rectangular; crista dorsalis small, preapical. Further, according to W. Liu (pers. comm. 2024), the males collected from Sichuan, Hunan, Ningxia and Gansu provinces in China have an antennal ratio of 0.93, 0.80, 0.80–0.87, and 0.86, respectively. The photographs of the holotype taken by X. Lin (pers. comm. 2022) show that the male has bicoloured legs (tibia dark brown apically with a broad white band), and superior volsella roundly protruded from the base of gonocoxite. The newly collected males from Oriental China are consistent with that of this species in the morphological features except the antenna, all of which were all lost in collecting. This collection includes an interesting and broad colour variation as in Fig. 2B.</p><p>In the original description of R. (P.) brochus Liu, Lin &amp; Wang, 2014 collected from Oriental China, the authors (Liu et al. 2014a: 22) wrote that the male resembles that of R. (P.) bifasciatus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991 . A significant difference between them is colouration on the tergite III, which is largely yellow and medially brown in the former, whereas entirely brown in the latter. However, the photograph of a paratype of R. (P.) brochus taken by X. Lin (pers. comm. 2022) has a brown posteromedial mark on the yellow tergite III, which also occurs in R. (P.) bifasciatus as an individual variation. Rheocricotopus (P.) brochus is a junior synonym of R. (P.) bifasciatus .</p><p>The male somewhat resembles that of R. (P.) godavarius from Nepal in the abdomen with white tergites I and IV, and the wing with a much-reduced anal lobe and a distinct costal extension, but differs from it in the entirely yellow tergite II, the higher antennal ratio (AR ca 0.9), and the large distinct humeral pit. According to the original description (Lehmann 1969: 361; 372 fig. 14b), in the latter the tergite II is brown, the antennal ratio is 0.3, and the humeral pit is small and indistinct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFEAFF80FE14FD22CA16CC72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFEFFF98FE3AFD06CA4DCD78.text	03F55F24FFEFFF98FE3AFD06CA4DCD78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus (Edwards 1929)	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) chalybeatus (Edwards, 1929)</p><p>Figs 3–4, Table 3</p><p>Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) chalybeata Edwards, 1929: 331 .</p><p>Eukiefferiella urbana Goetghebuer, 1932: 101 .</p><p>Trichocladius leruthi Goetghebuer, 1939: 2 .</p><p>? Rheocricotopus nemoacrostichalis Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983: 401 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus chalybeatus bicoloratus Caspers &amp; Reiss, 1989: 135 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) emeiensis Wang &amp; Zheng, 1989: 311 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) nigrus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1989: 311 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus okifoveatus Sasa, 1990: 129 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Paratrichocladius yamasiroprimus Sasa, 1994: 30 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus tedorisecundus Sasa, 1994: 51 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus shofukutertius Sasa, 1998: 31 .</p><p>Eukiefferiella toneefea Sasa &amp; Tanaka, 2000: 3 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus isigadeeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2000a: 7 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus yakulemeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2000b: 69 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus fukuabeus Sasa &amp; Tanaka, 2001: 54 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus inaquereus Sasa, Kitami &amp; Suzuki, 2001: 19 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus inaxeyeus Sasa, Kitami &amp; Suzuki, 2001: 19 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus taiwanensis Wang, Yan &amp; Maa, 2004: 239 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) heterochros Liu, Song &amp; Wang, 2014b: 102 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) chalybeata – Tokunaga 1938: 319.</p><p>Rheocricotopus chalybeatus – Lehmann 1969: 354. — Sasa &amp; Kawai 1987a: 36; 1987b: 43. — Sasa &amp; Hasegawa 1988: 239. — Sasa et al. 1988: 47. — Sasa 1989: 67. — Sasa &amp; Okazawa 1992: 103. — Sasa &amp; Suzuki 1993: 114; 2000a: 6; 2001c: 21. — Ree 2013: 219.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus – Saether 1986: 82. — Saether et al. 2000: 160. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 561. — Liu et al. 2014a: 22. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 296.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) emeiensis – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 563.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) nigrus – Saether et al. 2000: 161 — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 566.</p><p>Rheocricotopus okifoveatus – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 566. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297; 2018: 518.</p><p>Rheocricotopus tedorisecundus – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 572. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 298. — Fu et al. 2016: 272.</p><p>Eukiefferiella toneefea – Yamamoto 2004: 92.</p><p>Paratrichocladius yamasiroprimus – Yamamoto 2004: 92.</p><p>Rheocricotopus shofukutertius – Yamamoto 2004: 92.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chalybeatus bicoloratus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 561.</p><p>Rheocricotopus isigadeeus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 565. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297. — Fu et al. 2016: 263.</p><p>Rheocricotopus yakulemeus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 573. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 298. — Fu et al. 2016: 274.</p><p>? Rheocricotopus nemoacrostichalis – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 566.</p><p>Rheocricotopus taiwanensis – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 567.</p><p>Rheocricotopus inaquereus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 571. — Fu et al. 2016: 267.</p><p>Rheocricotopus inaxeyeus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 571. — Fu et al. 2016: 268.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Paratrichocladius yamasiroprimus [mislabeled as Paratrichocladius yamasiroensis] JAPAN – Ishikawa • ♂; Yamashiro, Hot Spring Town; 11 Jul. 1991; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 4860 .</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus tedorisecundus JAPAN – Ishikawa • ♂; Shiramine, Lake Tedori; 5 Aug. 1994; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 4959.</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus shofukutertius JAPAN – Toyama • ♂; Kurobe, Ikuji; 29 Aug. 1996; m. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 5099.</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus isigadeeus JAPAN – Okinawa • ♂; Ishigaki Island, Nagura River; 30 Jun. 1999; H. Suzuki leg.; NSMT, NSMT-IDip 5287.</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus yakulemeus JAPAN – Kagoshima • ♂; Yaku Island, Nagata; 23 Mar. 1999; H. Suzuki leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 5250.</p><p>Holotype of Eukiefferiella toneefea JAPAN – Gumma • ♂; Maebashi, Tone River; 1 Jul. 1999; N. Tanaka leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 5327.</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus inaquereus JAPAN – Fukushima • ♂; Lake Inawashiro; 4 Sep. 1999; K. Kitami leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 5353.</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus inaxeyeus JAPAN – Fukushima • ♂; Lake Inawashiro; 35 Aug. 2000; K. Kitami leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 5376.</p><p>Syntypes of Rheocricotopus okifoveatus JAPAN – Okinawa • 29 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, 1 Pe; Genga River; 26–29 Nov. 1988 (emerged 13 Jan.–6 Feb. 1989); M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 5836 to 5864 .</p><p>Photographs of holotype specimens of R. (P.) emeiensis and R. (P.) nigrus provided by X. Lin (SHOU) were examined. No type specimens of Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) chalybeata, R. (P.) chalybeatus bicoloratus, R. taiwanensis, R. (P.) heterochros and R. nemoacrostichalis were examined.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>JAPAN – Okinawa • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Miyako Island; 2–15 Feb. 1982; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT [No. 65: 34] • 1 ♀; Ishigaki Island; 1 Feb. 1982; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT [No. 65: 91] • 1 ♂; Ishigaki Island, Nagura River; 30 Jun. 1999; H. Suzuki leg.; NSMT, NSMT [No. 385: 16] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Okinawa Island, Hija River; 14 Dec. 1981; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT [No. 65: 79] – Fukushima • 1 ♂, 1 Pe; Iwaki, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.95/lat 37.266666)">Obisa River</a>; 37°16′ N, 140°57′ E; 28 m a.s.l.; 1 Sep. 1989 (emerged 16 Sep 1989); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂; Iwaki, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.93333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.93333/lat 37.133335)">Shiraiwa River</a>; 37°08′ N, 140°56′ E; 39 m a.s.l.; 10 Aug. 1992; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN . – Tochigi • 1 Pe; Ichikai, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.08333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.08333/lat 36.6)">Siota River</a>, 36°36′ N, 140°5′ E; 133 m a.s.l.; 15 Apr. 1989; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN . – Shizuoka • 1 ♀ with Le, 1 L; Shimizu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.45/lat 35.066666)">Ihara River</a>; 35°4′ N, 138°27′ E; 202 m a.s.l.; 20 Sep. 1989; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂ (teneral); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.36667/lat 35.033333)">Harada River</a>; 35°2′ N, 138°22′ E; 77 m a.s.l.; 3 Nov. 1995 (emerged 20 Nov. 1995); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.38333/lat 35.033333)">Kujiragaike Pond</a>, unnamed stream; 35°2′ N, 138°23′ E; 70 m a.s.l.; 15 Oct. 1987; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂ (teneral), 6 Pe, 4 L; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.31667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.933334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.31667/lat 34.933334)">Mariko River</a>; 34°56′ N, 138°19′ E, 39 m a.s.l.; 19 May 1985 (emerged 25–30 May 1985); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.36667/lat 35.033333)">Ashikubo</a>, stream; 35°2′ N, 138°22′ E; 77 m a.s.l.; 10 May 1986 (emerged 25–30 May 1985); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂ with Pe; same data as for preceding; 15 Feb. 1996 (emerged 18 Feb. 1996); PCHN .</p><p>CHINA – Guangdong • 1 ♂, 1 ♂ (pharate); Guangzhou, Conghua, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.01667/lat 23.8)">Lyutian</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.01667/lat 23.8)">Mt Guifeng</a>; 23°48′ N, 114°01′ E; 390 m a.s.l.; 31 Jul. 2011; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU • 2 ♂♂ (pharate), 1 L; Guangzhou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.96667/lat 23.8)">Conghua</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.96667/lat 23.8)">Lyutian</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.96667/lat 23.8)">Xinlian</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.96667/lat 23.8)">Fentian</a>; 23°48′ N, 113°58′ E; 300 m a.s.l.; 27 Jun. 2014; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU • 1 ♂, 1 ♂ (pharate), 1 Pe; Guangzhou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.5/lat 23.25)">Huangpu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.5/lat 23.25)">Xinlong</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.5/lat 23.25)">Jinkeng River</a>; 23°15′ N, 113°30′ E; 130 m a.s.l.; 14–18 Dec. 2016; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU • 2 ♂♂ (pharate); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.7/lat 22.25)">Maoming</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.7/lat 22.25)">Hehua</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.7/lat 22.25)">Chidong</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.7/lat 22.25)">Jianjiang River</a>, 22°15′ N, 110°42′ E; 60 m a.s.l.; 3 Aug. 2013; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU . – Yunnan • 1 ♂; Xishuangbanna, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.26667/lat 21.916666)">Mengla</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.26667/lat 21.916666)">Menglun</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.26667/lat 21.916666)">Luosuo River</a>; 21°55′ N, 101°16′ E; 550 m a.s.l.; 29 Aug. 2014; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU • 1 ♂; Dehong, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.7/lat 24.533333)">Yingjiang</a>, unnamed pond; 24°32′ N, 97°42′ E; 1000 m a.s.l.; 3 Jun. 2021; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (pharate); Ximeng, Wengkake, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.583336/lat 22.633333)">Yingla Resevoir</a>; 22°38′ N, 99°35′ E; 1170 m a.s.l.; 2 May 2022; Y.J. Liang leg.; JNU . – Xinjiang • 1♂; Altay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.76667/lat 47.75)">Burqin</a>; 47°45′ N, 86°46′ E; 450 m a.s.l.; 10 Aug. 2022; J.D. Yin leg.; JNU 2402 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 22)</p><p>Total length 1.7–3.1, 2.4 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION (Fig. 3A). Body mostly dark brown with pale humeral pits on thorax. Usually abdomen entirely dark brown; occasionally few anterior tergites pale brown, or with pale lateral patches.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2–4, 4 (21). AR 0.91–1.23, 1.10 (21). Clypeus with 9–19, 13 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 25–37, 31 (20); 30–62, 47 (20); 52–98, 79 (20); 74–128, 104 (20); 130–207, 168 (20), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.2–1.5, 1.3 (20); Pm 5 /Pm4 1.4–1.9, 1.6 (20). Pm 3 with 1–2, 1 (20) SCl; Pm 4 without SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2–7, 4 (21). Ac absent; Dc 9–21, 13, including 1–4, 2 H; Pa 3–4, 3 (21); Scts 4–13, 8 (21), uniserial. HP (Fig. 3B) very large, oval.</p><p>WING (Fig. 3C). Length 1.2–1.8, 1.5 (16) mm. C slightly extended beyond end of R 4+5, extension 12–27, 18 (9) μm long. VR 1.0–1.2, 1.1 (18). R with 1–5, 3 (13) setae; R 1 and R 4+5 bare. AnL developed, right-angled. Sq with fringe of 3–15, 8 (21) setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 34–52, 41 (21) μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 12–20, 17 (21) and 10–20, 14 (21) μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 32–49, 41 (21) and 11–20, 17 (21) μm long. P 2 with 2–5, 3 (21) Sch on ta 1; P 3 with 0–2, 0 (21) Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 9–13, 11 (20) bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 3.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 3D) with AnP (Fig. 3E) triangular, pointed apically, bearing 6–12, 9 (14) lateral setae. Gc 148–207, 181 (21) μm long with thin, triangular SVo; IVo (Fig. 3F) double-layered, dorsally with rounded, nearly bare apex. Gs (Fig. 3G–H) 57–84, 74 μm long, sharply curved upwards at apex, occasionally with weak outer projection; CD triangular, small, placed near apex of Gs, occasionally indistinct. HR 2.16–2.86, 2.45 (21).</p><p>Female (n = 9)</p><p>Total length 1.3–2.1, 1.7 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Similar to male. SCa pale brown</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 4–7, 5. Antenna with 5 flagellomeres; Fm 5 74–98, 89 (7) μm long, as long as or slightly longer than combined length of Fm 3 and Fm 4; AR 0.48–0.63, 0.57 (7). Clypeus with 13–20, 15 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 30–42, 35 (7); 30–54, 44 (7); 49–76, 66 (7); 69–106, 92 (7); 130–202, 163 (7), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.3–1.5, 1.4 (7); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.5–1.9, 1.7 (7). Pm 3 with 1–2, 1 (8) SCl; Pm 4 without SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2–6, 4. Ac absent; Dc 10–23, 14 including 2–7, 4 H; Pa 3–5, 4. Sct 6–13, 9 in transverse row.</p><p>WING. Length 1.2–1.7, 1.5 (8) mm. C extension slightly projected. VR 1.1–1.2, 1.1 (8). R with 3–11, 7 (7); R 1 with 2–8, 5 (7); R 4+5 with 2–10, 6 (7) setae. Sq with 4–15, 8 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 25–32, 28 (8) μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 11–20, 16 (7) and 11–17, 15 (7) μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 36–44, 41 (8) and 15–20, 18 (8) μm long. P 2 with 4–10, 6 (7) Sch on ta 1; P 3 with 0–6, 2 (7) Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 10–14, 11 (8) bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 3.</p><p>GENITALIA (Fig. 3I). S VIII with 8–15, 10 (5) setae in total. T IX (Fig. 3J–K) undivided or partly divided into 2 protrusions, with 8–15, 12 (8) setae in total. Gc IX with 4–11, 8 setae on each side. Cercus 42–86, 64 (8) μm long. No 81–125, 102 (7) μm long. SCa bare, 86–118, 104 (4) μm long, 1.5 (1) × as long as broad, with conical neck; duct without loop, their openings separate.</p><p>Pupa (n = 13)</p><p>Total length 2.3–3.4, 3.0 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Exuviae pale brown with dark abdominal Apo and posterior spines on T II–VIII.</p><p>CEPHALOTHORAX. FA (Fig. 4A) weakly pebbled, with FS 24–42, 32 (10) μm long. Thoracic horn (Fig. 4B) 125–263, 216 (11) μm long, and 5.1 (1) × as long as broad. Lengths (μm) of Pc 1–3: 65–130, 88; 81–160, 135 (12); 37–74, 55 respectively; these setae arranged in triangle. Lengths (μm) of Dc 1–4: 44–84, 64 (12); 20–54, 38 (12); 17–62, 38 (12); 32–66, 50 (12), respectively. Distances (μm) of Dc 1 –Dc 2, Dc 2 –Dc 3, Dc 3 – Dc 4: 27–54, 39; 15–71, 54; 22–93, 45, respectively; these arranged in line. Distance ratio of Dc 1 –Dc 2 to Dc 2 –Dc 3 0.52–1.00, 0.71.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 4C). T I–V without spinulation. T VI–VIII each with posterior triangular spinule patch along median line. T IX with anterior spinulation. Rows of spines present on posterior margins of T II– VIII, some of them on T II recurved; rows on T VIII weak or absent. Anteriorly directed spinules present, posterior to spine rows on T II–V. S III–VI with rows of small, sporadic spines on posterior margin. PSB absent. Segment I with 2 L-seta; II–VI each with 3 L-setae, VII with 4 LS-setae, VIII with 5 LS-setae. AL 185–295, 234 (11) μm long, 1.5–1.9, 1.7 (11) × as long as broad, with 13–25, 20 (12) lateral taeniae on posterior ¾; male genital sac 1.0–1.1, 1.1 (4) × as long as AL.</p><p>Larva (n = 6)</p><p>Total length 4.7–5.3, 5.1 (3) mm. Length of head capsule 339–397, 376 (4) μm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head yellow with dark brown M, mandible and Po.</p><p>HEAD. CI 0.62–0.71, 0.65 (4). PM 185–207, 196 μm long. Dorsal surface (Fig. 4D) with frontoclypeolabrum and lateral labral sclerites. Labrum with bifid SI. At least one pair of ChB apically bifid. Lengths (μm) of 1 st to 5 th antennal segments: 54–57 (2), 18–20 (2), 5–7 (2), 4 (2), 5 (2) respectively. AR 1.7 (2). First segment (Fig. 4E) 3.2–3.5 (2) × as long as broad with RO and single SA, both located 0.15–0.18 (2) from base; with Bl 20 (2) μm long, reaching apex of 4 th segment; Abl 11–15 (2) μm long. Second segment apically with LO 7 (2) μm long, and St 5 (1) μm long. Pm 57 (1) μm long. Mandible (Fig. 4F) 82–108 (2) μm long; Si with 5–6 branches apically serrated. Maxilla (Fig. 4G) with PG consisting of 6–7 (2) distinct teeth; anterior LCh 3.2–3.3 (2) × as long as broad. M (Fig. 4H) with 2 median teeth each bearing accessory tooth; combined width of 2 median teeth 21–28, 26 μm; 5 pairs of lateral teeth. Vmp 12–20, 16 μm wide at most, with 11–14, 12 (5) beard setae beneath.</p><p>BODY. With setae 123–160, 144 μm long. Pc (Fig. 4I) 23–33, 28 (5) μm long, 1.4–1.8, 1.5 (5) × as long as broad, with 1 spur and 3 anal setae. PP with 16 claws, small claws (Fig. 4J) squashed.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) chalybeatus is widely distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions including East Asia.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In East Asia, this species was reported first by Tokunaga (1938: 319) based on specimens from Kyoto and Osaka in Palaearctic Japan, under the name Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) chalybeata Edwards, 1929 . The species was transferred to Rheocricotopus subsequently and recorded by several authors: e.g., Sasa &amp; Kawai (1987a: 36; 1987b: 43); Sasa &amp; Hasegawa (1988: 239); Sasa et al. (1988: 47); Sasa (1989: 67); Sasa &amp; Okazawa (1992: 103); Sasa &amp; Suzuki (1993: 114; 2000a: 6; 2001c: 21); Ree (2013: 219); and Liu et al. (2014a: 22).</p><p>The male has the following features: antennal ratio ca 1.0; thorax with large humeral pits; scutum without acrostichal setae; wing with a right-angled anal lobe and a short costal extension; legs with well-developed pulvilli; superior volsella thin, triangular: inferior volsella double-layered with an apically rounded dorsal lobe; and gonostylus sharply bent upward at the apex, with a small preapical crista dorsalis. Further, the abdomen tergites II–V have 3 to 5 paired longitudinal rows of setae as illustrated in Sasa (1990: 156 fig. 17i) and Sasa &amp; Suzuki (2000b: 115 fig. 24i).</p><p>Detailed re-examinations of the syntypes of R. okifoveatus Sasa, 1990, and the holotypes of R. tedorisecundus Sasa, 1994, R. shofukutertius Sasa, 1998, R. isigadeeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2000, R. yakulemeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2000, R. inaquereus Sasa, Kitami &amp; Suzuki, 2001, R. inaxeyeus Sasa, Kitami &amp; Suzuki, 2001, Paratrichocladius yamasiroprimus Sasa, 1994 and Eukiefferiella toneefea Sasa &amp; Tanaka, 2000 show those are junior synonyms of R. (P.) chalybeatus (Edwards, 1929) . We found no significant difference among them.</p><p>Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto (2018: 518) wrote: “ Rheocricotopus okifoveatus strongly resembles R. chalybeatus in many morphological characters. The former is separable from the latter by having a distinct crista dorsalis.” Almost all male specimens examined, including Chinese material, have a more or less distinct crista dorsalis. Occasionally, the crista dorsalis on the right and left differ in size and / or prominence. We found no corresponding pupal type with a similar size of the crista dorsalis as in the associated males, showing this is individual variation of the crista dorsalis.</p><p>Likewise, we judged R. (P.) taiwanensis Wang, Yan &amp; Maa, 2004 as a junior synonym of R. (P.) chalybeatus, although the holotype from Taipei wetland in Oriental China was not examined. Wang et al. (2004: 239) described R. (P.) taiwanensis, believing that the bare wing veins and the preapical, semicircular crista dorsalis were sufficient to separate it from the other members of this subgenus. After evaluating our extensive material from wide geographical populations, such features can be regarded as intraspecific variation.</p><p>In the original description of R. tedorisecundus, the author (Sasa 1994: 52) wrote: “inner lobe of gonocoxite is absent, gonostylus without preapical tooth, and ninth tergite with a pair of highly chitinized finger-like processes at the base of anal point.” A re-examination of the holotype revealed that the crista dorsalis is small, and the inferior volsella is crushed by the coverslip and the dorsal lobe is transformed into a finger-like process beneath the base of anal point. Such errors often occur in the descriptions of Sasa and his coworkers.</p><p>Also, when putting a label on the holotypes of R. fukuabeus Sasa &amp; Tanaka, 2001, R. inaxeyeus and Paratrichocladius yamasiroprimus, Sasa and co-authors made several errors. According to Sasa &amp; Tanaka (2001: 54), the holotype of R. fukuabeus, collected from the Tone River in Gumma Pref. on July 31, 2000, should be given the registration number 393: 62, but our re-examination of the specimen (NSMTI-Dip 5339) revealed that this number actually is assigned to a specimen of Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai (Tokunaga, 1938), with a label written, “ Tripodura, Kahokugata Lagoon, Ishikawa Pref., 26.7.2000, Sumida, 393: 62”. Although R. fukuabeus had been synonymized with R. (P.) chalybeatus by Ashe &amp; O’Connor (2012: 562) and Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto (2014: 296), the holotype may be lost. Further, after re-examination of the holotype of R. inaxeyeus, NSMT-I-Dip 5376 (No. 401 (2): 79), we found that the specimen possesses a label written “ Rheocricotopus inaquereus, Lake Inawashiro, 5-VIII-2000, K. Kitami, L.T., 401 (2): 79, #43-10”. The features of the specimen are almost consistent with the original description of R. inaxeyeus rather than R. inaquereus, in the morphometric data, especially in the numbers of antepronotal, dorsocentral, and squamal setae. The authors (Sasa et al. 2001: 19) possibly mistook the name R. inaquereus for the name R. inaxeyeu s in labelling. The true holotype of R. inaquereus is the specimen NSMT-I-Dip 5353 (No. 397: 10). Although the specimen NSMT-I-Dip 4860 (No. 227: 98) was labeled “ Holotype, Paratrichocladius yamasiroensis ”, the features are well consistent with the original description of Paratrichocladius yamasioiprimus . The author (Sasa 1994: 30) evidently made a spelling mistake.</p><p>In the descriptions of Paratrichocladius yamasiroprimus and Eukiefferiella toneefea, the authors (Sasa 1994: 30; Sasa &amp; Tanaka 2000: 40, respectively) undervalued several features: well-developed humeral pit, large pulvilli in the legs and superior volsella in the gonocoxite, which is a combination peculiar to Rheocricotopus, rather than to Paratrichocladius and Eukiefferiella .</p><p>Judging from the original descriptions (Wang &amp; Zheng 1989: 311), the features of R. (P.) emeiensis Wang &amp; Zheng, 1989 and R. (P.) nigrus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1989 are well consistent with those of R. (P.) chalybeatus . Additionally, photographs of the holotype males of R. (P.) emeiensis and R. (P.) nigrus taken by X. Lin (pers. comm. 2022) show that the superior volsella is plate-like, thin, triangular, and much resemble that of R. (P.) chalybeatus . Although we have not directly examined these holotypes, the Chinese species R. (P.) emeiensis and R. (P.) nigrus undoubtedly are junior synonyms of R. (P.) chalybeatus .</p><p>Rheocricotopus nemoacrostichalis Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983 was described from India. The male resembles that of R. (P.) chalybeatus in the antennal ratio of 0.81, the scutum without acrostichal setae, the wing with a well-developed anal lobe and a slight costal extension, the gonocoxite with a double-layered, apically blunted inferior volsella, and the gonostylus with a sharply bent apex. According to the original description, however, the scutellum has setae in two rows, and the vein R 2+3 ends closer to R 1 than to R 4+5, which are unusual features in Rheocricotopus . Further, the authors (Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay 1983: 403 fig. 2f) drew the superior volsella as somewhat projecting posteriorly, with an acute-angled apex. As we have not examined the holotype, we cannot confidently synonymize the species with R. (P.) chalybeatus . Here, R nemoacrostichalis is treated as a questionable junior synonym of R. (P.) chalybeatus .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (s. str.) heterochros Liu, Song &amp; Wang, 2014 was described based on males from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in Palaearctic China. According to the authors (Liu et al. 2014b: 102), the male is characterized by a bicoloured abdomen: tergite I entirely yellow; II–III yellow, posteromedially with a triangular brown patch; IV–V largely brown, laterally with yellow patches; remaining tergites entirely brown. Almost all features of the male agree with those of R. (P.) chalybeatus bicoloratus Caspers &amp; Reiss, 1989 from Turkey. Although both holotypes of R. (s. str.) heterochros and R. (P.) chalybeatus bicoloratus are not examined here, we confirm that this colour pattern is mixed with the standard form in specimens collected from various geographical regions. The pattern varies between individuals in distinctness (see Fig. 3A) and is considered intraspecific variation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFEFFF98FE3AFD06CA4DCD78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFF7FF96FE1DFC08CCC7CAD6.text	03F55F24FFF7FF96FE1DFC08CCC7CAD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) hidakadeeus Sasa & Suzuki 2001	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) hidakadeeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2001</p><p>Fig. 5, Table 4</p><p>Rheocricotopus hidakadeeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2001b: 184 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) hidakadeeus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 564. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297. — Fu et al. 2016: 262.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype JAPAN – Hokkaido • ♂; Nakasatsunai, Hidaka Mountain area; 26 Sep. 1998; H. Suzuki leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 5367 [No. 401 (1): 51].</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 1)</p><p>Total length 3.4 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Body mostly dark brown, with scutal vittae, Sct and Pn blackish brown. Legs dark brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 10. AR 1.5. Clypeus with 14 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 44, 74, 123, 172, 266, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.4, Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.5. Pm 3 with 1 SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 9. Ac 15, longest 25 μm long; Dc 16 including 4 H; Pa 5; Scts 12. HP (Fig. 5A) nearly triangular, very large.</p><p>WING (Fig. 5B). Length 2.3 mm. C well projected from end of R 4+5, extension 86 μm long. VR 1.1. R with at least 7 setae, R 1 with 1 seta, R 4+5 scratched. AnL developed, nearly right-angled. Sq with 10 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 52 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 20 and 17 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 54 and 22 μm long. P 2 with 4 Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 13 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 4.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 5C) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 4 lateral setae. Gc 246 μm long, 3.1 × as long as broad at middle, with SVo somewhat thick, triangular, bearing rounded apex; IVo double-layered, with apically rounded dorsal lobe. Gs 106 μm long, nearly straight in outer margin; CD triangular, distinct. HR 2.33.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known only from the type locality, Hokkaido in Palaearctic Japan.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male is very similar to that of R. (P.) tokarakeleus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 1995 in the wing with a right-angled anal lobe and a long costal extension; the triangular superior volsella; the double-layered inferior volsella bearing an apically rounded dorsal lobe; and the triangular, distinct crista dorsalis. However, re-examinations of the holotypes of both species suggest that the males may be separated by stronger acrostichal setae (25 μm long in the longest seta), the thicker superior volsella, and the gonostylus with a nearly straight outer margin. In R. (P.) tokarakeleus, the acrostichal seta is at most 15 mm long, the gonocoxite bears a relatively thin superior volsella, and the gonostylus is roundly convex in outer margin. Additionally, the holotype of R. (P.) hidakadeeus is much darker than that of R. (P.) tokarakeleus . The male was described from a badly damaged single specimen as in R. (P.) tokarakeleus . The former was collected from Palaearctic Japan, while the latter is from Oriental Japan. We treat these as two different species, until more material is available for both.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFF7FF96FE1DFC08CCC7CAD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFF9FF97FEB4FABBCD65CCB3.text	03F55F24FFF9FF97FEB4FABBCD65CCB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) imperfectus Makarchenko & Makarchenko 2005	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) imperfectus Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) imperfectus Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005: 126 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) imperfectus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 564. — Liu et al. 2014a: 24.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype RUSSIA – Sakhalin • ♂; Dolinsky District, vicinity of Sokol, Belaya River; 15 Jul. 2001; E. Makarchenko leg.; FEBRAS.</p><p>The type specimen of Rheocricotopus (P.) imperfectus was not examined.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Except for the type locality of the Russian Far East, the distribution in Palaearctic China is highly doubtful.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 126) described the species based on a male from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. The male is similar to that of R. (P.) chalybeatus in lacking acrostichal setae and a gonostylus sharply turned up apically, but separable in the low antennal ratio (AR 0.47), the wing with a reduced anal lobe and a moderately long costal extension (50 μm long), and the inferior volsella with a beak-like projection. In our opinion, the male of R. (P.) chalybeatus is characterized by the higher antennal ratio (AR ca 1.0), the wing with a right-angled anal lobe and a scarcely protruded costal extension, and the double-layered inferior volsella with a rounded apex.</p><p>Later, Liu et al. (2014a: 24) recorded R. (P.) imperfectus Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005 from Palaearctic China based on many specimens. These records have no detailed morphological account. However, at least two voucher specimens (NK 08301, 09290) collected from Shaanxi Province do not belong to the true R. (P.) imperfectus because of the presence of two distinct acrostichal setae in the specimen NK 09290, and of more than 20 short acrostichal setae in the specimen NK 08301, which was confirmed by our close examinations of the vouchers.</p><p>Until now, the female and immature forms are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFF9FF97FEB4FABBCD65CCB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFF8FF97FE46FD5CCDBFC898.text	03F55F24FFF8FF97FE46FD5CCDBFC898.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) insularis Makarchenko & Makarchenko 2005	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) insularis Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) insularis Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005: 129 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) insularis – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 564.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype RUSSIA – Sakhalin • ♂; Kuril Isls., Shashkotan Is., unnamed stream flowing down from Mt Pikovaya; 12 Aug. 1996; V. Teslenko leg.; FEBRAS.</p><p>The type specimen of Rheocricotopus (P.) insularis was not examined.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The present species has been known only from the type locality, the Russian Far East.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species was described based on a male from Shiashkotan Island, Kuril Islands in the Russian Far East. The male is similar to that of R. (P.) togakuroasi (Sasa &amp; Okazawa, 1992: 105) in the following combination: antennal ratio near 1.0; humeral pit large and oval; wing with a slightly reduced anal lobe; relatively high foreleg ratio of 0.80. According to Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 129), the male has two-grouped antepronotal setae medially and laterally, and an apically pointed, wedge-shaped inferior volsella. Although these features are unclear in the damaged holotype male of R. (P.) togakuroasi, the newly collected males from Japan possess lateral antepronotals only, and a triangular but apically rounded inferior volsella.</p><p>The female and the immature stages are unknown until now.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFF8FF97FE46FD5CCDBFC898	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFF8FF92FDD1F96BCDF3CB91.text	03F55F24FFF8FF92FDD1F96BCDF3CB91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) oiraprimus Sasa 1991	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) oiraprimus Sasa, 1991</p><p>Fig. 6, Table 5</p><p>Rheocricotopus oiraprimus Sasa, 1991: 72 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) longiligulatus Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto, 2017: 75 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Eukiefferiella amamipubescia [nec Sasa, 1990] – Sasa &amp; Okazawa 1992: 108.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) oiraprimus – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 566. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) imperfectus [nec Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005]. – Liu et al. 2014a: 24, partim.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus oiraprimus JAPAN – Aomori • ♂; Towada, Oirase River; 2 Jul. 1990; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT 5989 [No. 202:51].</p><p>The type specimens of R. (P.) longiligulatus were not examined.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>CHINA – Shaanxi • 1 ♂; Ankang, Ningshan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.9/lat 33.9)">Xunyangba</a>; 33°54′ N, 108°54′ E; 17 Aug. 1994; W.J. Bu leg.; NK 09290 [labelled as “ R. imperfectus ”] .</p><p>JAPAN – Shizuoka • 1 ♂; Aoi-ku, Ashikubo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.36667/lat 35.033333)">Funatoike Pond</a>, stream; 35°2′ N, 138°22′ E; 77 m a.s.l.; 10 Oct. 1981; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂; Aoi-ku, Ushizuma, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.36667/lat 35.066666)">Abe River</a>; 35°4′ N, 138°22′ E; 99 m a.s.l.; 26 Oct. 1994; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 3)</p><p>Total length 2.3–2.6, 2.5 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax largely blackish brown except yellow pleural membrane and HP. Abdomen (Fig. 6A–B) variously bicoloured; T I entirely yellow; T II or II–V yellow with lateral and middle longitudinal dark brown bands, or extensively dark brown; T IV–IX or VI–IX entirely dark brown. Legs largely brown; P 1 darker than P 2–3; all fe somewhat paler in anterior part.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2–4, 3. AR 0.49–0.52, 0.51. Clypeus with 9–12, 10 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 34–37 (2); 44–59 (2); 106–118 (2); 116–118 (2); 214 (2), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.1 (2); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.8–1.9 (2). Pm 3 with 3–4, 3 SCl on circular depression.</p><p>THORAX. Aps 4–8, 6, divided into 2 groups. Ac 4 (2) near to apex of Scu, longest 20–25 (2) μm long; Dc 9–14, 12, including 2–4, 3 H; Pa 3; Scts 8 (2). HP (Fig. 6C) large, circular, and occasionally indistinct in part.</p><p>WING (Fig. 6D). Length 1.7–1.8, 1.7 mm. C moderately projected, extension 54–64, 58 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 4–6, 5 setae; R 1 and R 4+5 without setae. AnL much reduced. Sq with 0–2, 1 seta.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 39 (2) μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 22–23, 23 and 18–20, 19 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 47–52, 49 and 22–23, 22 μm long. P 2 with one Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 12–13, 12 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 5.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 6E) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 7–9, 8 lateral setae. Gc 165–185, 175 μm long, 2.9–3.0, 3.0 × as long as broad at middle, with SVo thick, roundly protruded; IVo triangular. Gs (Fig. 6F) 76–81, 80 μm long; CD distinct, triangular or quadrate. HR 2.16–2.27, 2.20.</p><p>Pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species has been known from Palaearctic Japan. Here, a record from Oriental China (Shaanxi) is added.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>A re-examination of the holotype male of R. (P.) oiraprimus Sasa, 1991 disclosed that actually eight scutellar setae are present and AR is 0.52, not 16 and 0.41, respectively, as in the original description (Sasa 1991: 72). Although the hypopygium is mounted in a supine position on the slide, a crista dorsalis is distinct at the subapex of gonostylus. The acrostichal setae are indistinct because of the poor mounting.</p><p>We re-examined the voucher specimens identified as R. (P.) imperfectus by Liu et al. (2014a: 24). One (NK 09290) of these specimens possesses strong antepronotal setae in two groups and a few strong acrostichal setae near the apex of scutum. The male is well consistent with that of R. (P.) oiraprimus in morphological features, although the apices of hypopygial gonostylus are crushed. This is the first record of R. (P.) oiraprimus in the Oriental region.</p><p>The features of this male comply with the description of R. (P.) longiligulatus Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto, 2017, and thus are conspecific although the holotype of the latter species were not examined here. The female adult was described under R. (P.) longiligulatus by Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto (2017: 78) from Tokushima, Japan. According to them, tergite IX is elevated, but undivided.</p><p>Sasa &amp; Okazawa (1992: 108) redescribed Eukiefferiella amamipubescia Sasa, 1990 based on two males from Toyama Prefecture, Japan. After re-examinations of these vouchers, Yamamoto et al. (2015: 108) concluded that these specimens belong to R. (P.) oiraprimus .</p><p>The male is similar to that of R. (P.) bifasciatus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991 in the bicoloured abdomen, the rounded humeral pit, the wing with a much-reduced anal lobe and a moderately extended costal vein, a triangular inferior volsella, and a distinct crista dorsalis, but is separable by the antepronotal setae located in medial and lateral groups, the scutum anteriorly with a few strong acrostichal setae (longest setae 20–25 μm), the tergite II with lateral and middle dark brown bands, the legs with uniformly brown tibiae, and a thick, roundly protruded superior volsella. The male of R. (P.) bifasciatus is characterized by the antepronotal setae positioned laterally only, the many relatively weak acrostichal setae (longest setae 10–12 μm), the entirely yellow tergite II, the legs distinctly bicoloured (tibia dark brown, apically with a broad white band), and the thin, triangular superior volsella.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFF8FF92FDD1F96BCDF3CB91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFFDFF93FE39FA7ECA98CD87.text	03F55F24FFFDFF93FE39FA7ECA98CD87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) robacki (Beck & Beck 1964)	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) robacki (Beck &amp; Beck, 1964)</p><p>Trichocladius robacki Beck &amp; Beck, 1964: 204 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus kenorensis Saether, 1969: 88 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) robacki – Saether, 1986: 79. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 567. — Liu et al. 2014a: 25.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype USA – Florida • ♂; Clay, Peter’s Creek; 23 May 1963; W.M. Beck and E.C. Beck leg.; USNM.</p><p>Specimens of Rheocricotopus (P.) robacki were not examined.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) robacki has been known from the Nearctic region for a long time. Although not all the specimens labelled as R. (P.) robacki in China have been re-examined, the distribution of the species in China is highly doubtful.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Liu et al. (2014a: 25) reported the species from Palaearctic and Oriental China for the first time. However, these records of males have no morphological account. We re-examined four of these vouchers: NK 07945 from Xizang Autonomous Region, NK 21134 from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and NK 24090 and 24091 from Jiangxi Province. All are hard to allocate to R. (P.) robacki: all have distinct acrostichal setae, although in one specimen (NK 24091) we found only four somewhat large setal marks near the scutal apex. According to Saether (1969; 88, as R. kenorensis Saether, 1969), the male of R. (P.) robacki has very weak and short acrostichal setae, less than 8 μm long. One (NK 07945) of the examined specimens belongs to R. (P.) valgus Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983 and two (NK 24090 and 24091) are very similar to those of R. (P.) monovittatus sp. nov., which is described here as new to science. The remaining (NK 21134) has bicoloured mid and hind legs, which are dark brown but broadly paler on the base of femur and the subapex of tibia. This contradicts the original description of R. (P.) robacki by Beck &amp; Beck (1964: 204), who wrote: “legs and abdominal tergites blackish brown”.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFFDFF93FE39FA7ECA98CD87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFFCFFAEFE2AFC72CA4FCC57.text	03F55F24FFFCFFAEFE2AFC72CA4FCC57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) serratus Liu, Lin & Wang 2014	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) serratus Liu, Lin &amp; Wang, 2014</p><p>Fig. 7, Table 6</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) serratus Liu, Lin &amp; Wang, 2014a: 28 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brachypus [nec Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991] – Liu et al. 2014a: 19.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus (P.) serratus CHINA – Yunnan • ♂; Dali, Eryuan, Niujie, Mici River; 26°25′ N, 99°98′ E; 25 May 1996; C.F. Zhou leg.; BDN, BDN 10058 .</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>CHINA – Hubei • 1 ♂; Hefeng; 29°91′ N, 110°3′ E; 16 Jul 1999; B.C. Ji leg.; NK, NK 13894 [labelled “ Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brachypus ”] . – Xizang • 1 ♂; Nyingchi, Bayi, Shergmla Mountain; 29°64′ N, 94°36′ E; 28–30 Sep. 1997; T. Solhøy and J. Skartveit leg.; NK, NK 005 [labelled “ Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brachypus ”] . – Anhui • 1 ♂; Anhui, Lu’an, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.933334/lat 31.433332)">Jinzhai</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.933334/lat 31.433332)">Qingshan</a>; 31°26′ N, 115°56′ E; 180 m a.s.l.; 2 May 2014; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU . – Guangdong • 1 ♂; Fengkai, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.78333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.78333/lat 23.5)">Heishiding NNR</a>; 23°30′ N, 111°47′ E; 315 m a.s.l.; 20 Mar. 2021; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU . – Yunnan • 1 ♂; Ruili, Mengxiu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.71667/lat 24.5)">Mengxiu Reservoir</a>; 24°30′ N, 97°43′ E; 1675 m a.s.l.; 26 Oct. 2016; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 161124020 • 1 ♂; Pingbian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.7/lat 22.9)">Daweishan National Forest Park</a>, stream; 22°54′ N, 103°42′ E; 2150 m a.s.l.; 5 Jun. 2017; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 170613013 • 1 ♂; Jinping, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.51667/lat 22.766666)">Ma’andi</a>, 22°46′ N, 103°31′ E; 1350 m a.s.l.; 8 Jun. 2017; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 170723008 • 1 ♂; Dali, Cangshan National Geopark, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.15/lat 25.65)">Qingbi Stream</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.15/lat 25.65)">Tianque Bridge</a>; 25°39′ N, 100°09′ E; 2350 m a.s.l.; 20 May 2018; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 181210050 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 14 Feb. 2022; X.F. Li leg.; JNU . – Sichuan • 1 ♂; Huili, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.38333/lat 27.083334)">Liuhua</a>; 27°05′ N, 102°23′ E; 1540 m a.s.l.; 26 Apr. 2021; J.Y. Shi leg.; JNU, JNU 21092021 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 8)</p><p>Total length 2.5–3.2, 2.9 (7) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Body mostly dark brown. Thorax dark brown with somewhat paler pleural membrane; HP pale yellow; scutal vittae indistinct. Abdominal tergites and legs brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 3–4, 4 (7). AR 0.56–0.88, 0.78. Clypeus with 10–15, 13 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 30–39, 35 (7); 44–59, 53 (7); 91–130, 111 (7); 128–172, 154 (6); 209–276, 245 (7), respectively. Pm 4 / Pm 3 1.1–1.6, 1.4 (5); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.4–1.8, 1.6 (6). Pm 3 with 1–4, 2 (7) SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 3–6, 5 (7); Ac 7–18, 12 (7), longest 12–20, 17 (7) μm long; Dc 5–10, 7 (7), including 0–1, 0 (7) H; Pa 3 (7); Scts 4–11, 8 (6). HP (Fig. 7A) oval, moderately large.</p><p>WING (Fig. 7B). Length 1.6–2.3, 2.0 mm. C extension slightly projected, 30–42, 36 (7) μm long. VR 1.1 (7). R with 3–6, 4 setae; R 1 bare; R 4+5 0–3, 1 seta. AnL obtuse. Sq with 8–15, 10 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 42–52, 48 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 15–25, 20 and 15–22, 19 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 44–54, 50 and 17–25, 20 μm long. P 2 with 0–3, 2 (7) Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 11–16, 13 (6) bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 6.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 7C) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 6–8, 7 (7) lateral setae. Gc 185– 221, 205 μm long, 3.2–3.8, 3.5 (6) × as long as broad at middle, with SVo triangular, thin; IVo triangular, apically blunt. Gs (Fig. 7D) 74–89, 84 μm long, with CD narrow, relatively large, and triangular. HR 2.21–2.72, 2.46.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species has been known from several provinces in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species was described based on males from Yunnan, Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces, and Xizang Autonomous Region. In the original description, the authors (Liu et al. 2014a: 29 fig. 15) drew a huge, sawtooth-shaped crista dorsalis as occupying the apical half of gonostylus. Although they regarded the strange crista dorsalis as a discriminator of the species from the other members of this genus, a closer re-examination of the holotype disclosed that the specimen is teneral and armed with a moderately large, sharped, tooth-like crista dorsalis on the subapex of gonostylus. Further, we re-examined two voucher specimens (NK 13894, NK 005) identified as R. (P.) brachypus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991 by Liu et al. (2014a: 19). It was concluded that these belong to R. (P.) serratus, not to R. (P.) brachypus, mainly because of the higher values of antennal ratio (AR 0.93 in NK 13894, 0.67 in NK 005) and the LR 1–3 (0.86, 0.61 and 0.62, respectively in NK 13894; 0.82, 0.61 and 0.61, respectively in NK 005), the oval, large humeral pit, and the simple, triangular inferior volsella.</p><p>The morphological features of this male are consistent with those of males newly collected from Yunnan, Sichuan, and Anhui provinces in Oriental China. The male is characterized by the moderately large, oval humeral pit; the antennal ratio less than 1.0, but more than 0.5; the scutum with distinct acrostichal setae; the wing with an obtuse anal lobe and a slight costal extension; the triangular, thin superior volsella; and the relatively large, usually sharped tooth-like, crista dorsalis.</p><p>The male is similar to that of R. (P.) chapmani (Edwards, 1935) in having the large and ovoid humeral pits, a scutum with distinct acrostichal setae, a triangular crista dorsalis, but separable by the lower antennal ratio (AR 0.56–0.88) and the higher foreleg ratio (LR 1 0.75–0.86). According to Saether (1986: 77), in R. (P.) chapmani the antennal ratio is 1.18–1.29 and the LR 1 is 0.70–0.74.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFFCFFAEFE2AFC72CA4FCC57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFC1FFAFFE3CFD38CD47CF84.text	03F55F24FFC1FFAFFE3CFD38CD47CF84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) tibialis Wang & Zheng 1991	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) tibialis Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991</p><p>Rheocricotopus tibialis Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991: 99 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) tibialis – Saether et al. 2000: 161.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) tibialis – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 572. — Liu et al. 2014b: 105.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Sichuan • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.1/lat 29.0)">Mt Jinfo</a>; 29° N, 107°6′ E; 1800 m a.s.l.; 9 May 1986; X. Wang and L. Cheng leg.; NKU.</p><p>Photographs of the holotype specimen of R. tibialis provided by X. Lin (SHOU) were examined.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The holotype was collected from Mt Jinfo in Sichan Province (now Chongqing Municipality), Oriental China. Later, the species was recorded from the Palaearctic China, too, but it requires a re-examination and re-consideration.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species was first described for a single male from Sichan Province in Oriental China. According to the original description (Wang &amp; Zheng 1991: 104), the male has the following features: abdomen bicoloured with yellow segments I and IV; humeral pit large and ovoid; foreleg ratio high (LR 1 0.9); wing with a well-projected costal extension, a much-reduced anal lobe, and squamal setae reduced in number. Further, from photographs of the holotype male taken by X. Lin (pers. comm. 2022) we confirm that the gonocoxite possesses a relatively thin, triangular superior volsella and a triangular inferior volsella with a small, beak-like apex, and there is only a small corner projected inwardly on the subapex of the gonostylus as in Fig. 11H ( R. (P.) valgus Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983) and the crista dorsalis is indistinct. Although the authors (Wang &amp; Zheng 1991: 104) wrote: “Crista dorsalis of gonostylus absent”, the size and prominence may look different depending on the mounting orientation, not only the individual variation. The bicoloured abdomen and the cuneiform wing often occur in the subgenus Psilocricotopus, rather than Rheocricotopus s. str. Thus, the species is tentatively placed in the subgenus Psilocricotopus until the immature stages and more adult male specimens of this species are available. Liu et al. (2014b: 105) recorded several males from Sichuan and Hubei provinces, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China. These voucher specimens should be re-examined focusing on the crista dorsalis.</p><p>The male resembles that of R. (P.) amamipubescius (Sasa, 1990) in having ovoid humeral pits; wings with a very long costal extension, a much-reduced anal lobe, and squamal setae reduced in number; and the gonostylus with no crista dorsalis, but differs from it in the bicoloured abdomen with a yellow segment IV, the triangular and relatively thin superior volsella, and the inferior volsella with a beak-like apex.</p><p>The female adult and the immature stages are yet unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFC1FFAFFE3CFD38CD47CF84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFC0FFABFE09FE7FCF48C983.text	03F55F24FFC0FFABFE09FE7FCF48C983.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) togakuroasi (Sasa & Okazawa 1992) Sasa & Okazawa 1992	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) togakuroasi (Sasa &amp; Okazawa, 1992)</p><p>Figs 8–9, Table 7</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Paracricotopus) togakuroasi Sasa &amp; Okazawa, 1992: 105 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Paracricotopus) akagisecundus Kikuchi &amp; Sasa, 1994: 114 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus gotocedeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2001a: 145 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) akagisecundus – Saether et al. 2000: 160, as R. (P.) agakisecundus (misspelling). — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 559. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 296.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) togakuroasi – Saether et al. 2000: 161.</p><p>Paracricotopus togakuroasi – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 456. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 285. — Namayandeh &amp; Ghaderi 2025: 152.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) gotocedeus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 564. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 296.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus (Paracricotopus) togakuroasi JAPAN – Toyama • ♂; Toga, Momose; 11 Aug. 1990; T. Okazawa and M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-IDip 4757 [No. 189: 51].</p><p>The holotype specimens of R. (Paracricotopus) akagisecundu s and R. gotocedeus were not examined.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>JAPAN – Shizuoka • 1 ♀ (pharate) with Le, 2 L; Shimizu, Yanbara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.45/lat 35.05)">Yanbara River</a>; 35°3′ N, 138°27′ E; 170 m a.s.l.; 17 May–13 Jun. 1988; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 Pe; Suruga-ku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.43333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.43333/lat 35.983334)">Yoshida River</a>; 35°59′ N, 138°26′ E; 49 m a.s.l.; 8 Feb. 1988; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂; Aoi-ku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.35/lat 35.033333)">Ashikubo</a>; 35°2′ N, 138°21 E; 84 m a.s.l.; 15 Feb. 1996 (emerged 26 Mar. 1996); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂ with Pe, 1 ♂ (pharate); Aoi-ku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.183334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.25/lat 35.183334)">Dainichi Pass</a>, unnamed stream; 35°11′ N, 138°15′ E; 1100 m a.s.l.; 4 May 1998 (emerged 10 May 1998); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂ with Pe; same data as for preceding; 28 Mar 2001 (emerged 7 Apr. 2001); PCHN • 1 Pe with Le; same data as for preceding; 16 Sep 2022; PCHN. – Fukushima • 1 ♂ with Pe and Le, 1 P with Le; Iwaki, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.9/lat 37.133335)">Yaguki</a>; 37°8′ N, 140°54′ E; 123 m a.s.l.; 15 Aug. 2001 (emerged 30 Aug. 2001); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂ with Pe; same data as for preceding; 18 Mar. 2007 (emerged 29 Mar. 2007); PCHN .</p><p>CHINA – Sichuan • 1 ♂; Liangshan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.38333/lat 27.083334)">Huili</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.38333/lat 27.083334)">Liuhua</a>; 27°5′ N, 102°23′ E; 1540 m a.s.l.; 26 Apr. 2021; J.Y. Shi leg.; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 6)</p><p>Total length 2.2–3.1, 2.5 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Body mostly yellowish brown with thorax darkened on 3 scutal vittae, Sct, Pn and Pe; occasionally thorax entirely dark brown except pale HP and its surroundings. Legs uniformly dark brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 3–5, 4. AR 0.81–1.0, 0.9. Clypeus trapezoid with 10–15, 13 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 37–47, 40 (4): 52–62, 57 (4); 98–148, 120 (5); 111–160, 134 (5); 209–303, 246 (5), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.1–1.3, 1.1 (5); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.6–1.9, 1.8 (5). Pm 3 with 2–4, 3 SCl; occasionally 1 (2) SCl present on Pm 4.</p><p>THORAX (Fig. 8A). Lateral Aps 1–6, 4 (5). Ac 10–15, 13, longest 20–28, 24 μm long; Dc 7–10, 9, including 1–3, 2 H; Pa 3, 3. Scts 4–8, 6. HP large, oval; usually dorsal part indistinct in outline.</p><p>WING (Fig. 8B). Length 1.5–2.5, 1.9 mm. C extended moderately beyond end of R 4+5; extension 44–64, 55 μm long. VR 1.1–1.2, 1.1. R with 5–17, 9 setae. R 1 and R 4+5 usually bare; occasionally R 1 with 1 (2) seta, R 4+5 with 2 (1) setae. AnL developed, obtuse. Sq with 5–8, 6 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 46–57, 51 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs, 18–25, 20 and 15–22, 18 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs, 39–52, 46 and 15–22, 19 μm long. P 2 with 1–5, 3 Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb consisting of 10–12, 11 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 7.</p><p>ABDOMEN. T I–VIII (Fig. 8C) with setae irregularly arranged. Hypopygium (Fig. 8D) with Anp pointed apically, bearing 8–11, 9 (5) lateral setae. Gc 157–212, 182 μm long, 3.2–4.0, 3.5 × as long as broad at middle; SVo (Fig. 8E) thin, roundly protruded; IVo simple, triangular, with blunt apex. Gs (Fig. 8F) 79–101, 89 μm long, slender, tending to protrude outwards at subapex, with low, broad and apically rounded CD. HR 1.9–2.3, 2.0.</p><p>Pharate female (n = 1)</p><p>COLOURATION. Vertex dark brown. Thorax yellow with dark brown 3 vittae, Sct, Pn and Pe. Abdomen yellowish brown. SCa pale yellow.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 4 or 5. Antenna 5-segmented with terminal Fm 89 μm long.</p><p>THORAX. Ac present. Dc 8, including 2 H; Pa 3.</p><p>GENITALIA. S VIII with 8 setae in total. T IX (Fig. 8F) undivided, with 12 setae. Cercus 77 μm long. No 94 μm long. SCa 69 μm long, 1.2 × as long as broad.</p><p>Pupa (n = 8)</p><p>Total length 2.8–3.8, 3.1 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Exuviae pale brown with dark abdominal Apo and middle and posterior spines on abdomen.</p><p>CEPHALOTHORAX. FA (Fig. 9A) weakly rugose, with FS 44–49, 47 (5) μm long. Scutum weakly pebbled dorsally. Thoracic horn (Fig. 12L) 261–389, 309 (7) μm long, 3.7–5.1, 4.4 (5) × as long as broad. Lengths (μm) of Pc 1–3: 111–167, 133 (5); 185–221, 198 (5); 57–111, 74 (5), respectively. Lengths (μm) of Dc 1–4: 57–79, 69 (5); 30–69, 45 (5); 17–44, 29 (5); 39–76, 58 (5), respectively. These dorsocentral setae arranged in straight line. Distances (μm) of Dc 1 –Dc 2, Dc 2 –Dc 3, Dc 3 –Dc 4: 69–91, 80 (5); 39–91, 60 (5); 15–20, 18 (5), respectively; distance ratio of Dc 1 –Dc 2 to Dc 2 –Dc 3 0.92–1.75, 1.42 (5).</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 9B). T I–II without spinulation; T III–VI and VIII each with sporadic, faint, more or less extensive spinulation; T VII with faint median spinulation; T IX with anterior spinulation. T IV– VI usually with median strong spine patch, occasionally without these median spines; T IV with 0–7, 2 median spines, longest 2–7, 4 (5) μm long; T V with 0–10, 5 median spines, longest 5–15, 10 (7) μm long; T VI with 0–20, 10 median spines, longest 10–17, 13 (7) μm long. T II with rows of hooklets on posterior margin. T III–VIII each with rows of spines on posterior margin. Anteriorly directed spinules present, posterior to hooklet or spine rows on T II–V. S V–VI each with rows of spines, occasionally of 2 or 3 spines, on posterior margin. PSB present on segments II–III. Segment I with 2 L-setae; II–VI each with 3 L-setae; VII with 4 LS-setae; VIII with 4–5, 4 (4) LS-setae, or 1 simple L- and 4 LS-setae (3). L 1, 2 -setae on segments II–VI long, nearly ½ × as long as segment length, some of them apically split. AL 221–265, 245 (5) μm long, 1.9–2.1, 2.0 (5) × as long as broad, with 5–11, 8 lateral taeniae on posterior ⅓–½.</p><p>Larva (n = 6)</p><p>Total length 3.5 (1) mm. Length of head capsule 387–411 (2) μm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head yellow with darkened PM.</p><p>HEAD. CI 0.7 (1). PM 207–239, 221 μm long. Dorsal surface (Fig. 9C) with frontoclypeolabrum and lateral labral sclerites. Labrum with bifid SI. At least one pair of ChB apically bifid. Lengths (μm) of 1 st –5 th antennal segments: 68–85, 78 (5); 23–28, 25 (5); 7–8, 8 (5); 6–7, 6 (5); 7 (5) respectively. AR 1.6–1.8, 1.7 (5). First segment (Fig. 9D) 3.4–4.5, 4.0 (5) × as long as broad, with RO located 0.10–0.18, 0.15 (5) from base and single SA located 0.10–0.14, 0.12 (4); apically with Bl 41 (1) μm long, reaching 4 th segment; Abl 23–26, 24 (3) μm long. Second segment apically with LO 8–10, 9 (5) μm long, and St 2–3, 3 (4) μm long. Pm 64–70, 67 (5) μm long. Mandible (Fig. 9E) 127–143, 136 (4) μm long; Si with 6 or 7 branches. Maxilla (Fig. 9F) with PG consisting of 9 distinct teeth; anterior LCh 2.7–4.5, 3.4 × as long as broad. M (Fig. 9G) with 2 simple median teeth; combined width of these median teeth 31–34, 33 μm. Amp 13–20, 17 μm wide at most, with 15–17, 16 beard setae beneath.</p><p>BODY. With setae 98–148, 135 μm long. Pc (Fig. 9H) 33–34, 34 (4) μm long, 1.7–1.8, 1.7 (4) × as long as broad, with 1 spur and 3 anal setae. PP with 15 or 16 claws, small claws somewhat squashed.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species has been known only from Palaearctic Japan. Here, a record is added from Oriental China (Sichuan).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Sasa &amp; Okazawa (1992: 105–106) described this species based on a single male from Toyama Pref., Japan, and wrote: “The distribution of setae on abdominal tergites are arranged into two transverse rows and thus it has characters typical of the genus Paracricotopus Thienemann and Harnish, 1932 ”. However, a re-examination of the holotype disclosed that the tergal setae actually are irregularly arranged (see Fig. 8C). Additionally, humeral pits are large on the postpronotum as written in the original description (Sasa &amp; Okazawa 1992: 106), “scutum with a pair of large humeral pits”. The species does not belong to the genus Paracricotopus, but to the genus Rheocricotopus .</p><p>Specimens collected recently from Japan show the following features: male with a low, broad and apically rounded crista dorsalis; pupa usually with a median spine patch on each of the tergites IV– VI; and larval head capsule yellow with a largely dark brown postmentum. These features are unique in subgenus Psilocricotopus . The pupa especially is highly unusual among described pupae of R. ( Psilocricotopus) in having rounded spine patches on the abdominal tergites IV–VI, a feature usual in pupae of Rheocricotopus (s. str.).</p><p>Although we could not examine the holotypes of Paracricotopus akagisecundus Kikuchi &amp; Sasa, 1994 and Rheocricotopus gotocedeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2001a, these species may be junior synonyms of R. (P.) togakuroasi . Judging from the original descriptions, we found no significant difference between R. (P.) togakuroasi and these two species. The holotypes of both species were not found, thus should be considered lost.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFC0FFABFE09FE7FCF48C983	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFC7FFA6FE1BFEB2CD89CFFE.text	03F55F24FFC7FFA6FE1BFEB2CD89CFFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) tokarakeleus Sasa & Suzuki 1995	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) tokarakeleus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 1995</p><p>Fig. 10, Table 8</p><p>Rheocricotopus tokarakeleus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 1995: 270 .</p><p>Eukiefferiella amamipubescia [nec Sasa, 1990] – Sasa &amp; Suzuki 1993: 114.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) tokarakeleus – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 567. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297 — Fu et al. 2016: 266.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus tokarakeleus JAPAN – Kagoshima • ♂; Tokara Isls., Kuchinoshima Is.; 19 May 1994; T. Suzuki leg.; NSMT, NSMTI-Dip 5003 [labelled “ Rheocricotopus tokarahumeralis, No. 287:37”] .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 1)</p><p>Total length 3.2 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Thorax brown with 3 darkened vittae and pale humeral pits. Abdomen and legs brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 3. Antennae damaged; AR more than 0.8, at most 1.4. Clypeus with 14 setae.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 6; Ac 9, longest 15 μm long; Dc 15, including 4 H; Pa 4; Scts 8. HP (Fig. 10A) very large, ovoid, 127 μm long.</p><p>WING (Fig. 10B). Length 2.2 mm. C extended much beyond end of R 4+5, extension 93 μm long. VR 1.1. AnL developed, nearly right-angled. Sq with at least 5 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 and P 3 lost. P 2 with 2 Sch on ta 1. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 8.</p><p>ABDOMEN. T II–VII (Fig. 10C) with setae separated distinctly in 3 groups; setal grouping obscure on T VIII. Hypopygium (Fig. 10D) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 8 lateral setae. Gc 226 μm long with triangular, thin SVo; IVo triangular, double-layered, with dorsally bare, blunt apex. Gs (Fig. 10E) 98 μm long, with CD triangular, relatively large. HR 2.30.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known only from Kagoshima Prefecture in Oriental Japan.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species was described from a single male collected from Tokara Islands in Oriental Japan. The holotype was badly damaged in mounting. Although Fu et al. (2016: 267) gave palpomere lengths in their redescription of the holotype, these are in fact unmeasurable.</p><p>The male may key to R. (P.) tirolus Lehmann, 1969 in Langton &amp; Pinder (2007: 138), but differs in the large ovoid humeral pit and the well-extended costal vein. According to Lehmann (1969: 371 fig. 11a, 374 fig. 17b), the male of R. (P.) tirolus has small, dorsoventrally elongate, ovoid humeral pits and a slightly extended costa. In Lehmann (1969: 377), the male may key to R. (P.) glabricollis (Meigen, 1830) (as R. gouini). However, the former has a thin, triangular superior volsella and a double-layered inferior volsella, whereas the latter is armed with a roundly projected, somewhat thick superior volsella and a simple inferior volsella (Lehmann 1969: 366 fig. 2).</p><p>Sasa &amp; Suzuki (1993: 114) redescribed Eukiefferiella amamipubescia from Amami-Oshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture in Oriental Japan. Based on a re-examination of a voucher specimen, Yamamoto et al. (2015: 108) synonymized the species with R. tokarakeleus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFC7FFA6FE1BFEB2CD89CFFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFC9FFA5FE04FD95CD05CDBA.text	03F55F24FFC9FFA5FE04FD95CD05CDBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) valgus Chaudhuri & Sinharay 1983	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) valgus Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983</p><p>Fig. 11, Table 9</p><p>Rheocricotopus valgus Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983: 402 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) valgus – Bhattacharyay et al. 1991: 347. — Hazra et al. 1998: 76. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 568.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype INDIA – West Bengal • ♂; Darjeeling; 17 Nov. 1974; S.K. Das Gupta; BU 54.</p><p>A photograph of the holotype specimen of R. valgus, provided by N. Hazra, BU, was examined.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>INDIA – Sikkim • 2 ♂♂; Tadong; 14 Aug.1996; S. K. Prashad leg.; BU .</p><p>CHINA – Fujian • 1 ♂; Longyan, Shanghang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.88333/lat 25.333334)">Meihuashan NNR</a>; 25°20′ N, 116°53′ E; 780 m a.s.l.; 16 Nov. 2012; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU MHS-128 . – Guangdong • 3 ♂♂; Guangzhou, Huangpu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.433334/lat 23.216667)">Huangma</a>, upstream of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.433334/lat 23.216667)">Jinyuan River</a>; 23°13′ N, 113°26′ E; 122 m a.s.l.; 29 Mar 2016; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 170208001, 170208002, 170208004 . – Yunnan • 1 ♂ with Pe, 1 Pe; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.88333/lat 22.016666)">Xishuangbanna</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.88333/lat 22.016666)">Jinhong</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.88333/lat 22.016666)">Banna Primitive Forest Park</a>; 22°01′ N, 100°53′ E; 1050 m a.s.l.; 20 Mar. 2019; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 190328002 . – Sichuan • 1 ♂; Liangshan, Huili, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.066668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.26667/lat 27.066668)">Yundian</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.066668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.26667/lat 27.066668)">Majiagou</a>; 27°04′ N, 102°16′ E; 1560 m a.s.l.; 27 Apr. 2021; J.Y. Shi leg.; JNU, JNU 20192057. – Xizhang • 1 ♂; Shigatse, Nyalam ( Nielamu); 27°98′ N, 85°98′ E; C.Y. Deng leg.; 21 Sep. 1987; NK, NK 07945 [labelled as “ Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) robacki ”] .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 6)</p><p>Total length 3.0–3.5, 3.3 (4) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Thorax dark brown, with yellow pleural membrane. Abdomen (Fig. 11A) bicoloured; T I, VIII–IX entirely yellow; T II–III mainly brown, anteriorly with narrow transverse yellow band; T IV and VI mainly yellow, posteriorly with narrow transverse brown band; T V and VII yellow, posteriorly with broad transverse brown band; hypopygial Gc and Gs brown. Leg P 1 (Fig. 11B) largely dark brown, with fe yellow on basal ⅔; P 2–3 (Fig. 11C) brown, with fe yellow, occasionally bearing small dark patch on basal ⅓–½.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 1–5, 3. AR 1.0–1.2, 1.1 (5). Clypeus with 10–13, 12 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 30–42, 36; 49–59, 54; 108–125, 116; 148–175, 166; 197–283, 245, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.4–1.6, 1.4; Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.1–1.6, 1.5. Pm 3 with 4–6, 5 (3) SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps strong, 3–5, 4 (3). Ac 8–14 (2), and longest 15 (2) μm long; Dc 13–15, 14 (4) including 2–3, 2 (4) H; Pa 3–5, 4 (4); Scts 8, 8 (4). HP absent.</p><p>WING (FIG. 11D). Length 2.1–2.4, 2.3 (5) mm. C extended much beyond end of R 4+5, extension 86–123, 98 μm long. VR 1.1, 1.1. R with 0–2, usually no seta; R 1 and R 4+5 bare. AnL obtuse. Sq with 7–11, 9 (5) setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 57–66, 62 (5) μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 22–25, 23 (5) and 20–25, 21 (5) μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 49–54, 52 (5) and 25–27, 25 (5) μm long. P 2 with 2–8, 5 (5) Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 10–12, 11 (5) bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 9.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 11E) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 7–10, 9 lateral setae. Gc 229–246, 237 µm long, 3.0–3.6, 3.2 × as long as broad at middle, with SVo triangular, thin, apically rounded; IVo triangular, simple and rounded apically. Gs (Fig. 11F–H) 93–103, 99 µm long; CD preapical, triangular, occasionally small or indistinct. HR 2.27–2.53, 2.39.</p><p>Pupa (n = 2)</p><p>Total length 3.8–4.2 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Exuviae brown with dark abdominal Apo and posterior spines on abdomen.</p><p>CEPHALOTHORAX. FA lost. Thoracic horn 363–372 μm long, and 3.8–4.6 × as long as broad. Lengths (μm) of Pc 1–3: 98–111, 185, 39–74, respectively; these setae arranged in triangle. Lengths (μm) of Dc 1–4: 79–86, 49–62, 37–39; 44–84, respectively. Distances (μm) of Dc 1 –Dc 2, Dc 2 –Dc 3, Dc 3 –Dc 4: 86–113, 59–81, 20–22, respectively; these setae arranged in line. Distance ratio of Dc 1 –Dc 2 to Dc 2 –Dc 3 1.1–1.9.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 11I). T I–III without spinulation, T VI–VI with more or less extensive spinulation, T VII–VIII with posteromedial spinulation, T IX with anterior spinulation, these spinules very faint and sporadic. Rows of spines present on posterior margins of T II–VIII, these spines of T II positioned on large marginal protrusion. Anteriorly directed spinules present, posterior to spine rows on T II–V, in 2–3 rows. S IV–VII with rows of spines on posterior margin. PSB present, but small, on A II–III. Segment I with 2 L-seta; II–VI each with 3 L-setae, VII with 4 LS-setae, VIII with 5 LS-setae; some L-setae apically split on A II–VI. AL 281–305 μm long, 2.1–2.3 × as long as broad, with 14–16 lateral taeniae on posterior ⅔; male genital sac nearly as long as AL.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species is also distributed in Oriental China (Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan and Xizang), in addition to northern India.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The adults and the immature stages were described by Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay (1983: 404) and Hazra et al. (1998: 76), respectively, from India. Males and pupae were also collected from Oriental China.</p><p>The male is characterized by the bicoloured legs and abdomen; the antennal ratio ca 1.0; the thorax without humeral pits; the wing with an obtuse anal lobe, a well-projected costal extension and usually bare veins R, R1 and R4+5; the very high foreleg ratio (LR 1 ca 0.9); the thin, triangular superior volsella; the simple, triangular inferior volsella; and the triangular crista dorsalis. Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay (1983: 405 fig. 3d) drew a very large humeral pit in the original description, and Hazra et al. (1998: 80) wrote: “The presence of large oval humeral pit, … aligns it strongly with the chalybeatus -group of Saether (1985).” However, Hazra (pers. comm. 2024) recently informed us that the mounted types are impossible to examine the lateral thorax, and that males newly collected from Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas in the 1990s have no humeral pit. Further, he (pers. comm. 2025) provided us with photographs of two males of them, collected by S.K. Prashad, including a photograph of the holotype. Although these photographs are whole images of specimens, their colour patterns of body and legs are consistent with those of the Chinese population.</p><p>Indian pupae have an anterior spinulation on the tergites II–III, VII–VIII, according to Hazra et al. (1998: 76, 78 fig. 2d). In Chinese pupae, however, the tergal spinules are sporadic and very faint, and the tergites II–III, VII–VIII lack anterior spinulation. In the Indian material, the relatively strong sternal spinulation may be visible through the tergites.</p><p>Liu et al. (2014a: 25) recorded R. (P.) robacki (Beck &amp; Beck, 1964) from several different localities in China. However, our re-examinations of the voucher specimens revealed that these include at least one male specimen of R. (P.) valgus (NK 07945 from Xizang Autonomous Region). The specimen nearly satisfies the aforementioned features of R. (P.) valgus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFC9FFA5FE04FD95CD05CDBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFCAFFA5FE15FC67CD30C94F.text	03F55F24FFCAFFA5FE15FC67CD30C94F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) calviculus Wang & Saether 2001	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) calviculus Wang &amp; Saether, 2001</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) calviculus Wang &amp; Saether, 2001: 237 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) calviculus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 560.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Shaanxi • ♂; Zhouzhi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.0/lat 33.816666)">Banfangzi</a>; 33°49′ N, 108°00′ E; 1200 m a.s.l.; 7 Aug. 1996; B.C. Ji leg.; NKU, NKU 04428.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species has been known from Shaanxi and Hubei provinces in Oriental China (Lin et al. 2020: 284 fig. 2).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We re-examined the holotype collected from Shaanxi Province in China (Wang &amp; Saether 2001: 237) and confirmed it is a member of the orientalis group. However, a large, oval humeral pit is present in the male.</p><p>The male resembles that of R. (Psilocricotopus) orientalis Wang, 1995 in the abdominal colouration: tergites I and IV entirely pale yellow, the remaining entirely or mostly dark brown. However, it is separable from the latter by the absence of posterior rounded lobes in the anal tergite.</p><p>The female and the immature stages are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFCAFFA5FE15FC67CD30C94F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFCAFFA2FE22F8D0CD30CD68.text	03F55F24FFCAFFA2FE22F8D0CD30CD68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) constrictus Yan & Wang 2004	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) constrictus Yan &amp; Wang, 2004</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) constrictus Yan &amp; Wang, 2004: 560 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) constrictus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 563.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Hubei • ♂; Xianfeng, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.13333/lat 29.666666)">Luoheba</a>; 29°40′ N, 109°08′ E; 400 m a.s.l.; 25 Jul. 1999; B.C. Ji leg.; NKU 13983.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species has been known only from Hubei Province in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>A re-examination of the holotype confirmed the species is a member of the orientalis group. The anal point is constricted in the middle (Yan &amp; Wang 2004: 561), which discriminates the species from other known members of this genus. Additionally, a pale, oval and large humeral pit is observed in the holotype.</p><p>The female and the immature stages are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFCAFFA2FE22F8D0CD30CD68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFCDFFA2FDC4FC18CD30C97E.text	03F55F24FFCDFFA2FDC4FC18CD30C97E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) kongi Lin & Wang 2020	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) kongi Lin &amp; Wang, 2020</p><p>Fig. 12A</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) kongi Lin &amp; Wang in Lin et al., 2020: 286.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Hainan • ♂; Baisha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.5/lat 19.083334)">Yinggeling NNR</a>; 19°05′ N, 109°30′ E; 3 Dec. 2010; F.Q. Kong leg.; NKU XL-1857.</p><p>Paratype CHINA – Hainan • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; NKU XL-1853 .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>So far, this species is known only from the type locality, Hainan Province in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We re-examined the holotype and one paratype. Although in the holotype the hypopygium is crushed during the mounting procedure (see Lin et al. 2020: 288 fig. 5), the paratype can be seen to have two projections, a triangular, bare ventral projection and a rounded, setigerous inner projection, behind the inferior volsella which is short, stout, apically lump-like (Fig. 12A). The feature separates the species from others in this genus.</p><p>Further, the authors (Lin et al. 2020: 289) wrote in the original description: “A pale and oval humeral pit presents in R. kongi sp. n., which not fitting the diagnosis of the R. orientalis group (Wang &amp; Saether 2001)”. Indeed, this species possesses a large and oval humeral pit.</p><p>The female and the immature stages are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFCDFFA2FDC4FC18CD30C97E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFCCFFBEFDD4FEB2CAB1C8AD.text	03F55F24FFCCFFBEFDD4FEB2CAB1C8AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) orientalis Wang 1995	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) orientalis Wang, 1995</p><p>Figs 12B–J, Table 10</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) orientalis Wang, 1995: 37 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) orientalis – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Lin et al. 2020: 290.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) orientalis – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 571.</p><p>The type specimen of R. (s. str.) orientalis was not examined.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>CHINA – Guangdong • 1 ♂; Jiangmen, Taishan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.916664/lat 22.166666)">Mt Beifeng</a>; 22°10′ N, 112°55′ E; 230 m a.s.l.; 7 Jul. 2012; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU • 1 ♂; Guangzhou, Huangpu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.433334/lat 23.216667)">Jinyuan</a>; 23°13′ N, 113°26′ E; 120 m a.s.l.; 29 Sep. 2016; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 161009005 • 1 ♂; Guangzhou, Zengcheng, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.96667/lat 23.333334)">Zhengguo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.96667/lat 23.333334)">Lan stream</a>; 23°20′ N, 113°58′ E; 230 m a.s.l.; 4 Jan. 2020; Y.R. He leg.; JNU, JNU LX09 • 1 ♂ (pharate); Zhaoqinag, Fengkai, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.85/lat 23.45)">Heishiding NNR</a>; 23°27′ N, 111°51′ E; 310 m a.s.l.; 20 Mar. 2021; Z.X. Li leg.; JNU, JNU 24021901 • 5 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 5 Nov.–15 Dec. 2021; Z.X. Li leg.; JNU, JNU 24041001 to 24041002, HSD39 • 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 5–20 Apr. 2022; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 24040902, 24040904 • 3 Pe; same data as for preceding; 22 Apr. 2022; JNU, JNU 24041002 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 3 Nov. 2022; JNU, JNU 24040903 • 1 ♀; Maoming, Xinyi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.183334/lat 22.266666)">Mt Yunkai NNR</a>; 22°16′ N, 111°11′ E; 1130 m a.s.l.; 12 May 2020; S.X. Luo leg.; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 8)</p><p>Total length 2.1–2.5, 2.3 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax mostly dark brown, with yellow pleural membrane; scutal vittae indistinct. Abdomen (Fig. 12B) bicoloured; T I and IV entirely yellow, remaining tergites dark brown. Legs brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2–4, 3. AR 0.35–0.41, 0.38. Clypeus with 7–9, 8 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 27–32, 29; 47–54, 51; 98–113, 106; 108–128, 114; 219–266, 235, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.1, 1.1; Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.9–2.2, 2.1. Pm 3 with numerous SCl on 2 subapical oval depressions.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2–4, 3 (7). Ac 14–19, 17, longest 12–15, 13 μm long; Dc 6–8, 7, including 1–3, 2 H; Pa 3; Scts 4–5, 4. HP (Fig. 12C) large, oval, occasionally indistinct; usually sclerotized posterior margin partly visible.</p><p>WING (Fig. 12D). Length 1.4–1.9, 1.6 mm. AnL much reduced; wing cuneiform, widest at around end of Cu 1. C extension 93–123, 106 (7) μm long. VR 1.1–1.2, 1.1. R with 7–14, 10 (7) setae; R 1 with 3–6, 4 (7) setae; R 4+5 with 5–8, 7 (7) setae. Sq with 1–2, 1 seta.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 25–30, 28 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 15–20, 16 and 12–17, 14 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 37–42, 40 and 15–20, 17 (7) μm long. P 3 with ti comb of 12–13, 12 (7) bristles. Sch absent. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 10.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 12E) with T IX bearing setiferous, rounded, posterolateral lobes; AnP stout, with 12–18, 14 (7) lateral setae. Gc 143–157, 150 µm long, 3.4–4.4, 3.9 × as long as broad at middle, with SVo thin, triangular, rounded at apex; IVo 59–64, 61 µm long, digitate with apical and ventral fine setae, and longitudinal row of ventral long setae. Gs 81–86, 84 µm long, medially with triangular, well-developed CD. HR 1.7–1.9, 1.8.</p><p>Female (n = 8)</p><p>Total length 2.1–2.7, 2.3 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Similar to male. SCa pale.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 3–5, 4. Lengths (μm) of Fm 1–5: 66–74, 70 (5); 57–66, 61 (5); 66–69, 67 (5); 59–71, 66 (5); 74–89, 80 (5), respectively. AR 0.28–0.33, 0.30 (5). Clypeus with 7–13, 9 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 25–34, 30 (6); 47–54, 50 (6); 98–123, 109 (6); 106–140, 118 (6); 226–315, 267 (6), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.1, 1.1 (6); Pm 5 /Pm 4 2.1–2.5, 2.3. Pm 3 with numerous SCl on 2 subapical oval depressions.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2–5, 3 (6). Ac 15–21, 18 (7); Dc 6–8, 7 including 2–3, 2 H; Pa 3; Sct 3–4, 4.</p><p>WING. Length 1.6–1.8, 1.7 mm. C extension 118–148, 130 (7) μm long. VR 1.1, 1.1 (6). R with 11–17, 14 (7); R 1 with 6–9, 8 (7); R 4+5 with 14–22, 18 (6) setae. Sq with 1–2, 1 (7) seta.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with one ti spur 22–30, 24 (7) μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs, both 15–17, 16 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 37–49, 42 and 15–20, 17 μm long respectively, and with ti comb of 12–14, 13 (7) bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 10.</p><p>GENITALIA (Fig. 12F). S VIII with 6–9, 8 setae. Gp VIII divided into rounded VlL and narrow DmL; ApL distinct between VlL and DmL. T IX (Fig. 12G) undivided with 7–12, 9 setae including 2–6, 4 short setae. Gc IX well developed with 8–11, 9 setae on each side. Ce 44–71, 60 (6) μm long. No 111–130, 121 μm long. SCa 81–96, 91 (7) μm long, 1.2–1.3, 1.2 (3) × as long as broad, with conical neck; duct looped.</p><p>Pupa (n = 4)</p><p>Total length 3.2 (2) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Exuviae pale brown with dark Apo and posterior spine rows on abdomen.</p><p>CEPHALOTHORAX. FA (Fig. 12H) with short, blunt and somewhat pebbled warts. FS absent. Thoracic horn (Fig. 12I) 274–294, 282 (3) μm long, and 4.3–4.7, 4.4 (3) × as long as broad. Lengths (μm) of Pc 1–3: 98–113, 107 (3); 81–98 (2); 44–62, 52 (3), respectively; these arranged in triangle. Lengths (μm) of Dc 1–4: 57–62 (2); 62 (1); 30–44 (2); 34–49 (2), respectively. Distances (μm) of Dc 1 –Dc 2, Dc 2 –Dc 3, Dc 3 – Dc 4: 62–69 (2); 47–54 (2); 12 (2), respectively; these setae arranged in line; Distance ratio of Dc 1 –Dc 2 to Dc 2 –Dc 3 1.1–1.5 (2).</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 12J). T I without spinulation; T II–VI more or less extensive spinulation; T VII with triangular, posteromedial spinule patch; T VIII with anterior and posteromedial spinule patches; T IX with anterior spinule patch. Spine rows present on posterior margins of T II–VIII; these rows well developed, longest spine 25–30, 27 μm on T VIII. Conjunctives III/IV–V/VI and posterior margins of T III–V without anteriorly directed spinules. S IV–VII each with rows of spines on posterior margin. PSB absent. Segment I with 2 L-setae, II–VIII each with 3 L-setae, some L-setae apically split. L 1, 2 -setae relatively long on A II–VIII, these almost ½ × as long as segment length; L 3 -seta slightly shorter than L 1, 2 -setae. AL 221–239, 228 μm long, 2.0–2.2, 2.1 (3) × as long as broad, without lateral taeniae; male genital sac slightly longer than AL.</p><p>Larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Rheocricotopus orientalis is known only from Guangdong Province in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Rheocricotopus orientalis was originally placed in subgenus Rheocricotopus, but subsequently, together with related species, transferred to subgenus Psilocricotopus by Saether et al. (2000: 161). We examined adult females, pupal exuviae and pharate male recently collected from Guangdong Province in China, and found that the female tergite IX is not divided into two protrusions, and the pupa possesses no frontal seta, no median spine or spinule patch on the tergites III–VI, and distinct caudal spines on the tergites VII and VIII. In addition, the pupa is very similar to that of R. (P.) albulus sp. nov. described here in those abdominal segments II–VIII bear three L-setae only and the anal lobe is without lateral taeniae. Therefore, this species belongs to subgenus Psilocricotopus . Within Rheocricotopus, the species is unique in the male tergite IX posterolaterally with setiferous rounded lobes, and in the pupal frontal apotome with short, blunt and pebbled warts.</p><p>Wang &amp; Saether (2001: 237) re-examined the holotype and wrote: “a lighter area mistakenly was taken as a humeral pit and there is no humeral pit in R. orientalis .” We examined sixteen adult specimens, consisting of eight males and eight females, newly collected from Guangdong Province, and found that in ten (63%) of them the sclerotized margin of a paler humeral pit is partly visible and in the remainder the structure is indistinct. Actually, all adults of the orientalis group, including R. (P.) bannaensis sp. nov. described here as a new member of this group, possess oval and large humeral pits.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFCCFFBEFDD4FEB2CAB1C8AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFD1FFBFFE2BF972CCC6CD80.text	03F55F24FFD1FFBFFE2BF972CCC6CD80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) villiculus Wang & Saether 2001	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) villiculus Wang &amp; Saether, 2001</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) villiculus Wang &amp; Saether, 2001: 238 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) villiculus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 568.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Henan • ♂; Xinyang, Mt Jigong, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.066666/lat 31.8)">Jigongshan NNR</a>; 31°48′ N, 114°04′ E; 700 m a.s.l.; 11 Jul. 1997; Y.Z. Du leg.; NKU, NKU 012777.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known from Henan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces in Oriental China (Lin et al. 2020: 284 fig. 2).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Although in the original description of this species, the authors (Wang &amp; Saether 2001: 238) wrote: “no humeral pit”, our re-examination of the holotype revealed that the male has large, oval humeral pits. The species is a typical member of the orientalis group, characterized by a pair of posterolateral setal tufts on the tergite IX, which is a unique feature as a discriminator from the other members. However, Wang &amp; Saether (2001: 239) wrote: “The inferior volsella on one side is lost or reduced. It thus may seem unwarranted to describe a species based on a single specimen which, in addition, could be aberrant.”</p><p>The female, the pupa and the larva are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFD1FFBFFE2BF972CCC6CD80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFD0FFBAFDE2FC70CF07CA6A.text	03F55F24FFD0FFBAFDE2FC70CF07CA6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) bannaensis Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) bannaensis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 220F413F-7084-4FC3-A3C5-100A7D2A781F</p><p>Fig. 13, Table 11</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen bicoloured, with tergites I, IV and VII yellow, remaining tergites dark brown. AR relatively low (less than 0.5). Humeral pit large, oval. Wing cuneiform with very long costal extension. Inferior volsella digitate with a longitudinal row of setae. Crista dorsalis large, triangular, located at middle of gonostylus.</p><p>Female</p><p>Tergites I, IV and VII yellow, remaining tergites dark brown.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the type locality, Xishuangbanna, abbreviated as ‘Banna’ in Chinese.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Yunnan • ♂; Xishuangbanna, Yiwu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.583336/lat 22.0)">Guafengzhai</a>; 22°00′ N, 101°35′ E; 1360 m a.s.l.; 26 Apr. 2017; J. Chen leg.; JNU, JNU 170429003.</p><p>Paratypes CHINA – Yunnan • 1 ♂; Xishuangbanna, Mengla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.583336/lat 21.616667)">Bubang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.583336/lat 21.616667)">Xishuangbanna Tropical Rainforest National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.583336/lat 21.616667)">Wangtianshu Scenic Area</a>; 21°37′ N, 101°35′ E; 710 m a.s.l.; 25 Apr. 2017; J. Chen leg.; JNU, JNU 170511007 • 1 ♀; Honghe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.683334/lat 22.916666)">Pingbian</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.683334/lat 22.916666)">Daweishan NNR</a>; 22°55′ N, 103°41′ E; 1800 m a.s.l.; 14 Jun 2017; J. Chen leg.; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 2)</p><p>Total length 2.0– 2.1 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax mostly dark brown with yellow pleural membrane; scutal vittae indistinct. Abdomen (Fig. 13A) bicoloured; T I, IV and VII entirely yellow, remaining tergites dark brown. Legs brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2. AR 0.36–0.37. Clypeus with 6–9 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 27–32, 44–49, 101–113, 113–123, 231–239, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.1, Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.9–2.0. Pm 3 with at least 8 SCl on 2 subapical oval depressions.</p><p>THORAX (Fig. 13B). Lateral Aps 2. Ac 12 (1), longest 12 (1) μm long; Dc 5, including 1 H; Pa 3; Scts 4. HP oval, relatively large, its posterior margin partly visible.</p><p>WING (Fig. 13C). Length 1.4–1.5 mm. AnL much reduced; wing cuneiform, widest at around end of Cu 1. C extension 74–91 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 3–6 setae; R 1 and R 4+5 bare. Sq with 0–1 seta.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 27 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs, both 15 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 34–39 and 15–17 μm long. P 2 without Such. P 3 with ti comb of 11–12 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 11.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 13D) with AnP robust, bearing 17 lateral setae. Gc 135–148 µm long, 3.8–3.9 × as long as broad at middle, subapically with triangular posteromedial projection; SVo thin, triangular, rounded at apex; IVo digitate, 52–59 µm long with apical and ventral fine setae, and longitudinal row of long ventral setae. Gs 74–76 µm long, medially with well-developed, triangular CD. HR 1.8–2.0.</p><p>Female (n = 1)</p><p>Total length 2.1 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Similar to male. SCa pale.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 4. Lengths (μm) of Fm 1-5: 47, 32, 44, 27, 54, respectively. AR 0.36. Clypeus with 6 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 32, 57, 108, 121, 278, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.1, Pm 5 /Pm 4 2.3. Pm 3 with numerous SCl on 2 oval depressions.</p><p>THORAX (Fig. 13E). Lateral Aps 4. Ac 17, Dc 6, including 2 H; Pa 3; Sct 3. HP oval, large.</p><p>WING. Length 1.9 mm. C extension very long, 135 μm long. VR 1.1. R, R 1 and R 4+5 with 11, 7 and 18 setae, respectively. Sq bare.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with one ti spur 34 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 22 and 20 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 52 and 22 μm long, and with ti comb of 13 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 11.</p><p>GENITALIA (FIG. 13F). Gp VIII divided into rounded VlL and narrow DmL; ApL distinct. S VIII with 6 setae. T IX (Fig. 13G) undivided, with 9 setae including 4 short setae. Gc IX with 11 setae on each side. No 140 μm long. Ce 57 μm long. SCa and ducts damaged.</p><p>Pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Rheocricotopus bannaensis sp. nov. is known only from Yunnan Province in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species belongs to the orientalis group based on a cuneiform wing with a well-extended costal vein and few squamal setae, the bicoloured abdomen, the very long inferior volsella, and the large crista dorsalis located in the mid-gonostylus (Wang &amp; Saether 2001: 239–240). Within the species group, the male most resembles that of R. (P.) villiculus Wang &amp; Saether, 2001 in the largely dark brown abdomen with entirely yellow tergites I, IV and VII, but differs in the entirely dark brown tergite II, the relatively low antennal ratio (AR less than 0.4), the mid tibia is normally with two spurs, in addition to an anal tergite without lateral setal tufts. According to Wang &amp; Saether (2001: 238–239), the male of R. (P.) villiculus is characterized by a yellowish median patch on tergite II, the relatively high antennal ratio (AR 0.6), the mid tibia with only one spur, and the anal tergite with a pair of setal tufts on the base of anal point.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFD0FFBAFDE2FC70CF07CA6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFD5FFB9FD8AFB19CDAFCA47.text	03F55F24FFD5FFB9FD8AFB19CDAFCA47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) albulus Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) albulus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AF7E61C1-8946-48DE-9D37-724065943320</p><p>Fig. 14, Table 12</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen bicoloured, with tergites I and IV entirely or largely yellow, remainings entirely dark brown. Humeral pit oval, large. Wing cuneiform with a few squamal setae and distinct costal extension. Foretibia bicoloured, subapically with a broad whitish band. Anal point robust with blunt apex. Superior volsella plate-like, roundly protruded. Inferior volsella triangular, apically rounded. Crista dorsalis distinct, triangular.</p><p>Pupa</p><p>Frontal setae absent. Segments II–VIII with only 3 L-setae; anal lobe without setal fringe.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the Latin ‘ albulus ’ (‘whitish’), referring to the broadly whitish foretibia of the adult.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Yunnan • ♂; Xishuangbanna, Yiwu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.583336/lat 22.0)">Guafengzhai</a>; 22°00′ N, 101°35′ E; 1360 m a.s.l.; 26 Apr. 2017; J. Chen leg.; JNU, JNU 170512011.</p><p>Paratype CHINA – Yunnan • 1 ♂ (pharate); Ximeng, Lake Mengsuo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.583336/lat 22.633333)">stream near Laomoye</a>; 22°38′ N, 99°35′ E; 1270 m a.s.l.; 20 Jan. 2015; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 2)</p><p>Total length 2.0 (1) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax mostly dark brown except yellow pleural membrane; scutal vittae indistinct. Abdomen (Fig. 14A–B) bicoloured; T I and IV entirely yellow, remaining tergites dark brown; occasionally T IV with anterior narrow transverse dark band. Legs (Fig. 14C) brown to dark brown, with foretibia broadly whitish bearing dark brown basal ⅓ and distal end.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2–3. AT 0.40–0.56. Clypeus with 7–8 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 32 (1), 54 (1), 103 (1), 116 (1), 224 (1), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.1 (1), Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.9 (1). Pm 3 with numerous SCl on 2 oval depressions.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 4–6. Ac 13–16, longest 12–15 μm long; Dc 5–6, including 1–2 H; Pa 3; Scts 4. HP (Fig. 14D) oval, large.</p><p>WING (Fig. 14E). Length 1.6 (1) mm. AnL much reduced; wing cuneiform, widest at around end of Cu 1. C extension 62 (1) μm long. VR 1.1 (1). R with 2 (1) setae; R 1 and R 4+5 bare. Sq with 0–1 seta.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 32–39 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 22 and 20 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 42–49 and 20–22 μm long. P 2 without Sch. P 3 with ti comb of 12 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 12.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 14F). T II–III with one pair of longitudinal, lateral setal rows, IV–VII with 2 pairs of longitudinal, lateral setal rows. Hypopygium (Fig. 14G) with AnP robust, apically blunt, bearing 8 lateral setae. Gc 145–175 μm long, 3.6 (1) × as long as broad at middle, with SVo thin, roundly projected; IVo simple, triangular, with rounded apex. Gs 71–74 μm long, with subapical, triangular CD. HR 2.0–2.4.</p><p>Pupa (n = 1)</p><p>Total length 3.6 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Exuviae pale brown with dark abdominal Apo.</p><p>CEPHALOTHORAX. FA (Fig. 14H) weakly rugose; FS absent. Thoracic horn 294 μm long, and 3.0 × as long as broad. Pc 1–3 arranged in triangle. Lengths (μm) of Dc 1–4: 49, –, 25, 25, respectively. Distances (μm) of Dc 1 –Dc 2, Dc 2 –Dc 3, Dc 3 –Dc 4: 52, 76, 15, respectively; these setae arranged in line. Distance ratio of Dc 1 –Dc 2 to Dc 2 –Dc 3 0.68.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 14I). Tergal spinulation indistinct; at least T IV with weak, extensive spinulation, T IX with anterior spinulation; these spinules sporadic and faint. Spine rows present on posterior margins of T II–VIII; these spines strong on T VII–VIII. Posterior margins of T II–V and conjunctives III/IV–V/ VI without anteriorly directed spinules. S IV–VII each with rows of spines on posterior margin. PSB present, but small, on A II–III. Segment I with 2 L-setae, II–VIII each with 3 L-setae, some L-setae apically split. L 1, 2 -setae relatively long at least on A II–IV, these almost ½ × as long as segment length; L 3 -seta slightly shorter than L 1, 2 -setae. AL 246 μm long, 1.9 × as long as broad, without lateral taeniae; male genital sac 1.1 × as long as AL.</p><p>Female and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known only from Yunnan Province in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In the key by Saether (1986: 69), the male will not pass couplet 2 due to the oval, large humeral pits and a low antennal ratio of 0.4. In Lehmann (1969: 377), the male will key to that of R. (P.) godavarius Lehmann, 1969 because of the bicoloured abdomen and the cuneiform wing with a few squamal setae, but differs from it in the oval and large humeral pit. According to Lehmann (1969: 361–362, 372 fig. 14b) and Saether (1986: 72), R. (P.) godavarius has indistinct, small humeral pits consisting of several small holes.</p><p>The pupa is characterized by the absences of frontal setae and anteriorly directed spinules on the posterior margins of tergites II–V and conjunctives III/IV–V/VI, the abdominal segments II–VIII with three L-setae only on each side, and the anal lobe lacking of setal fringe, and the combination of these features is unique in Rheocricotopus . The pupa resembles that of R. (P.) tirolus Lehmann, 1969 in the lack of frontal setae and the anal lobe lacking a setal fringe, but R. tirolus has median spinules on the conjunctives III/IV and IV/V, and four L-setae on the segments VI–VIII, whose L 4 -setae are short or vestigial, and taeniate on the segment VIII (Saether 1986: 76).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFD5FFB9FD8AFB19CDAFCA47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFD6FFB7FDE9FB33CA4BCBA7.text	03F55F24FFD6FFB7FDE9FB33CA4BCBA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) beibengensis Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) beibengensis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A37CDD0C-9EC6-4AD4-973A-11C5EEFA19EA</p><p>Fig. 15, Table 13</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Humeral pit large, circular. AR very low (less than 0.5). Scutum with rows of acrostichal setae. Wing cuneiform with a moderately long costal extension. Fore LR very high (more than 0.9). Superior volsella thin, triangular. Inferior volsella triangular with beak-like apex. Gonostylus sharply turned up apically, with small, subapical crista dorsalis.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the type locality, ‘Beibeng’, where is a small border township located in southern Xizang Autonomous Region.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Xizang • ♂; Nyingchi, Medog, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.11667/lat 29.216667)">Beibeng Township</a>; 29°13′ N, 95°07′ E; 1400 m a.s.l.; 9 Aug. 2015; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 25121501.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 1)</p><p>Total length 1.7 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Body mostly dark brown with thorax yellow on pleural membrane; HP paler. Legs brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 5. AR 0.33. Clypeus with 9 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 27, 37, 71, 89, 172, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.2, Pm 5 /Pm4 1.9. Pm 3 with 3 SCl on one circular depression.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 3; Ac 9, longest 13 μm long; Dc 5, including 1 H; Pa 3; Scts 2. HP (Fig. 15A) moderately large, circular.</p><p>WING (Fig. 15B). Length 1.3 mm. AnL much reduced, wing cuneiform. C extension well projected, 62 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 2 setae, R 1 and R 4+5 bare. Sq with 2 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 30 μm long, P 2 with 2 ti spurs 15 and 13 μm long, P 3 with 2 ti spurs 36 and 16 μm long. P 2 without Sch. P 3 with ti comb of 12 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 13.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 15C) with AnP triangular, apically pointed, bearing 6 lateral setae. Gc 165 μm long with thin, triangular SVo; IVo triangular, apically with small, nearly bare, beak-like apex. Gs 59 μm long, sharply curved upwards at apex; CD small, slender, placed at subapex. HR 2.79.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species is known only from the type locality, Medog, Xizang Autonomous Region, in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male is similar to that of R. (P.) imperfectus in the combination of the gonostylus sharply up-turned apically, the low antennal ratio (AR ca 0.3), the wing with a reduced anal lobe and a moderately long costal extension, and the inferior volsella with a beak-like projection, but is distinct in the presence of acrostichal setae. According to Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 129), the male of R. (P.) imperfectus has no acrostichal seta. This species also resembles R. (P.) chalybeatus if omitting the acrostichals, but can be separated from the latter by the cuneiform wing, the relatively low antennal ratio and the fardistant location of crista dorsalis from the apical megaseta. In the latter, the wing lobe is well developed, the antennal ratio is ca 1.0, and the crista dorsalis is tightly close to the megaseta.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFD6FFB7FDE9FB33CA4BCBA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFD8FFB2FDFEFA52CA4CCCA0.text	03F55F24FFD8FFB2FDFEFA52CA4CCCA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) binotatus Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) binotatus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2DB1E3E1-D7C7-4D36-94F0-AD188BEF6C63</p><p>Fig. 16, Table 14</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen bicoloured, usually with tergites I and IV entirely or largely yellow, remaining tergites brown to dark brown. AR very low (less than 0.5). Humeral pit large, oval. Wing cuneiform with a very long costal extension and bare squama. Fore LR high (ca 0.9) Superior volsella triangular, thin. Inferior volsella triangular, apically rounded. Crista dorsalis triangular, occasionally large.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the Latin ‘ binotatus ’ (‘bi-noted’), referring to the largely brown abdomen with two yellow tergites.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Yunnan • ♂; Jinping, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.51667/lat 22.766666)">Ma’andi</a>, unnamed stream; 22°46′ N, 103°31′ E; 1360 m a.s.l.; 8 Jun. 2017; J. Chen leg.; JNU, JNU 170723009.</p><p>Paratypes CHINA – Yunnan • 3 ♂♂; Puer, Ximeng, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.6/lat 22.3)">Mengsuo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.6/lat 22.3)">Wangmo brook</a>; 22°18′ N, 99°36′ E; 1215 m a.s.l.; 24 Apr. 2022; Y.J. Liang leg.; JNU, JNU 23020507 • 1 ♂; Anning, Qinglongxia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.333336/lat 25.05)">Shuishenqiao</a>; 25°3′ N, 102°20′ E; 1770 m a.s.l.; 27 Apr. 2017; J. Chen leg.; JNU 170811008 . – Xizang • 1 ♂; Nyingchi, Medog, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.13333/lat 29.233334)">Beibeng</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.13333/lat 29.233334)">Hanmi waterfall</a>, No. 3 bridge; 29°14′ N, 95°8′ E; 970 m a.s.l.; 11 Aug. 2015; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 6)</p><p>Total length 1.9–2.4, 2.2 (4) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head brown to dark brown on vertex. Thorax mostly dark brown except yellow pleural membrane and pale HP; scutal vittae indistinct. Abdomen (Fig. 16A) bicoloured; T I and IV entirely yellow, remaining tergites brown to dark brown; occasionally T IV (Fig. 16B) with narrow anterior dark band, T V with narrow anterior yellow band. Legs brown to dark brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2–4, 3. AR 0.24–0.44, 0.30. Clypeus with 5–8, 7 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 22–34, 29; 49–62, 52; 91–123, 102; 101–135, 116; 199–300, 240 (5), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.2, 1.1, Pm 5 / Pm 4 1.8–2.2, 2.0 (5). Pm 3 with numerous SCl on 2 oval depressions.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 4–8, 6 (4). Ac 8–12, 11 (4), longest 11–16, 14 (3) μm long; Dc 5–6, 6 (4), including 1–2, 2 (4) H; Pa 3 (4); Scts 4 (4). HP (Fig. 16C) moderately large, oval.</p><p>WING (Fig. 16D). Length 1.4–2.0, 1.6 mm. AnL much reduced, wing cuneiform. C extended well beyond end of R 4+5, extension 86–123, 101 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 5–12, 9 setae; R 1 with 0–1, 1 seta; R 4+5 with 0–3, 2 setae. Sq bare.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 37–42, 39 (5) μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 20–25, 23 (4) and 20–25, 21 (3) μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 39–49, 44 (5) and 17–22, 20 (4) μm long. P 2 without Sch. P 3 with ti comb of 11–13, 12 (5) bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 14.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 16E). T II–VII laterally with 2 pairs of longitudinal rows of setae, VIII with irregularly scattered setae. Hypopygium (Fig. 16F) with AnP apically pointed, bearing 6–11, 8 lateral setae. Gc 160–185, 168 (5) μm long, 2.7–4.1, 3.4 (5) × as long as broad at middle, with SVo thin, triangular, rounded at apex; IVo somewhat double-layered, with apically rounded dorsal lobe. Gs (Fig. 16G) 64–79, 69 (5) μm long; CD triangular, occasionally large, arising from apical half of Gs. HR 2.3–2.5, 2.4 (5).</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The new species is known from Yunnan Province and Xizang Autonomous Region in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male most resembles that of R. (P.) albulus sp. nov. in the oval and large humeral pit, the largely brown abdomen with yellow tergites I and IV; the wedge-shaped wing with squamal setae reduced in number and a long costal extension; and the apically rounded triangular inferior volsella, but differs from it in the entirely brown to dark brown foretibia, and the relatively slender anal point with a sharply pointed apex. In the latter, the foretibia is whitish except the dark brown basal ⅓ and distal end, and the anal point is stout and apically rounded.</p><p>The male is somewhat similar to that of R. (P.) godavarius Lehman, 1969 also in the bicoloured abdomen with whitish tergites I and IV, the cuneiform wing with a bare squama and a well-projected costal extension, but separable by the moderately large humeral pit. According to Lehmann (1969: 355), in R. (P.) godavarius the small humeral pit is composed of partly fused small holes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFD8FFB2FDFEFA52CA4CCCA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFDDFFB0FDC2FD50CD0BC8AC.text	03F55F24FFDDFFB0FDC2FD50CD0BC8AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) chinogodavarius Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) chinogodavarius sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A8CA2B84-409B-4D28-978A-AC16975F929A</p><p>Fig. 17, Table 15</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen bicoloured, with tergite I entirely yellow, tergites II–IV entirely or partly dark brown, tergites V–IX entirely dark brown. Legs largely dark brown with apex of tibia and base of basitarsus broadly whitish. Humeral pit large, oval. Wing cuneiform with a distinct costal extension. Fore LR very high (ca 0.9). Superior volsella plate-like, low. Inferior volsella triangular.</p><p>Crista dorsalis triangular, more or less conspicuous, positioned at about middle of gonocoxite.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the type locality China, and Rheocricotopus (P.) godavarius Lehmann, the male of which somewhat resembles that of the present species.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Yunnan • ♂; Jinping, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.51667/lat 22.766666)">Ma’andi</a>, unnamed stream; 22°46′ N, 103°31′ E; 1360 m a.s.l.; 8 Jun. 2017; J. Chen leg.; JNU, JNU 170724006.</p><p>Paratypes CHINA – Yunnan • 2 ♂♂; Lijiang, Yulong, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.71667/lat 26.633333)">Jiuhe</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.71667/lat 26.633333)">99-lakes scenic spot</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.71667/lat 26.633333)">Lake Tiancai</a>; 26°38′ N, 99°43′ E; 3900 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug. 2023; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 3)</p><p>Total length 2.1–2.9, 2.5 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax mostly dark brown except yellow pleural membrane and pale HP; scutal vittae indistinct. Abdomen (Fig. 17A–C) bicoloured. T I entirely yellow. T II mostly yellow with mesal longitudinal, and anterior and posterior transverse dark bands; or with posterior transverse dark band only. T III entirely dark brown; or yellow with mesal and lateral longitudinal, and anterior and posterior transverse dark bands. T IV yellow with mesal longitudinal, and anterior and posterior transverse dark bands; or mesal longitudinal short band only. T V–IX entirely dark brown.</p><p>Legs (Fig. 17D–E) dark brown, with whitish bands on ti and ta 1; fe and Ta 2–5 entirely dark brown in all legs. P 1 whitish on apical ⅔–¾ of ti and basal ½ of ta 1. P 2 and P 3 somewhat paler on apical half of ti and basal half of ta 1.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 7–14, 9. AR 0.38 (1). Clypeus with 4–8, 6 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 25–37, 32; 49–74, 62; 103–160, 134; 125–155, 140; 221–290, 257, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.2, 1.1; Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.8–1.9, 1.8. Pm 3 with 4–9, 6 SCl on 2 oval depressions.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 5–8, 6. Ac 7–17, 13; longest 15–17, 16 μm long; Dc 5–8, 6, including 1 H; Pa 3–4, 3; Scts 4 (2). HP (Fig. 17F) large, oval.</p><p>WING (Fig. 17G). Length 1.6–2.7, 2.2 mm. C extended moderately beyond end of R 4+5, extension 57–98, 81 μm long. VR 1.0–1.1, 1.1. R with 4–10, 7 setae, R 1 and R 4+5 bare. Sq with 1–4, 2 setae. AnL much reduced.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 34–37, 36 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 15–20, 18 and 15–17, 16 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 39–47, 43 and 17–20, 18 μm long. P 2 without Sch. P 3 with ti comb of 11–16, 13 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 15.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 17H) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 7–11, 9 lateral setae. Gc 153–204, 179 µm long, 3.2–3.9, 3.4 × as long as broad at middle. SVo thin, roundly protruded, IVo (Fig. 17I) triangular. Gs (Fig. 17J) 74–91, 84 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, apically truncated, with CD triangular, somewhat variable in size, more or less conspicuous, positioned at about middle. HR 2.1–2.2, 2.1.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known only from Yunnan Province in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male somewhat resembles that of R. (P.) godavarius Lehmann, 1969 from Nepal in the bicoloured abdomen, the low antennal ratio (AR less than 0.4), the wing with a distinct costal extension and a much-reduced anal lobe, the plate-like superior volsella, and distinct, triangular crista dorsalis, but differs from it in the large oval humeral pit, the wing with squamal setae, the bicoloured legs with broad whitish bands on the tibia and the basitarsus, and the distinct, occasionally very large, crista dorsalis located around the middle of gonostylus. According to Lehmann (1969: 361–362; 363 fig. 19c, 370 fig. 9, 372 fig. 14b), the latter has an indistinct small humeral pit, wings with a bare squama, evenly brownish to brown legs, and a smaller crista dorsalis on the subapex of gonostylus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFDDFFB0FDC2FD50CD0BC8AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFDEFFCFFDE5FEB2CB0CCD62.text	03F55F24FFDEFFCFFDE5FEB2CB0CCD62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) fasciolatus Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) fasciolatus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DD0EB2D3-6597-418C-B01C-3F047C221392</p><p>Fig. 18, Table 16</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen bicoloured, with tergite I entirely yellow; tergites II–III, V and IX entirely dark brown; tergites IV, VI–VII largely yellow, bearing anterior and posterior narrow transverse dark bands; tergite VIII yellow on anterior half, dark brown on posterior half. AR very low (0.2). Scutum with a few acrostichal setae near apex. Humeral pit oval, large. Wing cuneiform, with a bare squama and a well-developed costal extension. Fore LR high (ca 0.9). Superior volsella triangular, plate-like. Inferior volsella triangular, apically rounded. Crista dorsalis triangular, somewhat large.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the Latin ‘ fasciolatus ’ (‘fasciolate’), referring to the yellow-banded abdominal tergites I, IV, VI– VIII of the adult.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Yunnan • ♂; Xishuangbanna, Mengla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.583336/lat 21.616667)">Bubang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.583336/lat 21.616667)">Xishuangbanna Tropical Rainforest National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.583336/lat 21.616667)">Wangtianshu Scenic Area</a>; 21°37′ N, 101°35′ E; 730 m a.s.l.; 25 Apr. 2017; H.Q. Tang and J. Chen leg.; JNU, JNU 170509002.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 1)</p><p>Total length 2.4 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax largely dark brown with yellow pleural membrane; scutal vittae indistinct. Abdomen (Fig. 18A) bicoloured; T I entirely yellow; T II–III, V and IX entirely dark brown; T IV, VI–VII largely yellow with anterior and posterior narrow transverse dark bands; T VIII yellow on anterior half, dark brown on posterior half. Legs dark brown, with femur somewhat paler on basal ¼–⅓.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 3. AR 0.2. Clypeus with 10 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 39, 66, 135, 133, 283, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 0.98, Pm 5 /Pm 4 2.1. Pm 3 with numerous SCl on 2 oval subapical depressions.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 3. Ac 3 near to apex of scutum, longest 10 μm long; Dc 7 including 2 H; Pa 3; Scts 4. HP (Fig. 18B) large, oval, indistinct in ventral half.</p><p>WING (Fig. 18C). Length 1.8 mm. AnL much reduced; wing cuneiform, widest at around end of Cu 1. C extension very long, 111 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 8 setae, R 1 without setae, R 4+5 with 3 setae. Sq without setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 34 μm long; P 2 with at least one ti spur 15 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 49 and 20 μm long. P 2 without Sch. P 3 with ti comb of 13 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 16.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 18D). T III–VII laterally with one pair of longitudinal setal rows; occasionally anterior seta of a row absent. Hypopygium (Fig. 18E) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 7 lateral setae. Gc 185 μm long and 3.8 × as long as broad at middle, with SVo triangular, rounded at apex; IVo triangular, rounded apically. Gs 81 μm long, roundly convex in outer margin, subapically with triangular, relatively large CD. HR 2.27.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known only from the type locality, Yunnan Province in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male is most similar to that of R. (P.) binotatus sp. nov. in the bicoloured abdomen with entirely or substantially yellow tergites I and IV; the moderately large, oval humeral pit; the cuneiform wing with a very long costal extension and a bare squama; the triangular, apically rounded superior volsella; and the distinct, triangular crista dorsalis, but distinct from it in the largely yellow tergites VI–VIII and the scutum with a few acrostichal setae near the apex. In the latter, the tergites VI–VIII are entirely brown, and the scutum has rows of about ten acrostichal setae.</p><p>The male also resembles that of R. (P.) valgus Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983 in the abdominal colouration: tergites II–III entirely brown, VI–VII yellow each with a posterior brown band, but differs from it in the low antennal ratio (AR 0.2), large oval humeral pit, and cuneiform wing without squamal setae. In the latter, however, the antennal ratio is higher (AR 1.0–1.2), humeral pits are absent, and the wings have an obtuse anal lobe and a setal fringe on the squama (see the present redescription of R. (P.) valgus).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFDEFFCFFDE5FEB2CB0CCD62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFA0FFCDFDE1FC11CD4DCA81.text	03F55F24FFA0FFCDFDE1FC11CD4DCA81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) hanmiensis Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) hanmiensis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7FF66C02-2CF4-48CA-AA8A-E2ED13B8CAC4</p><p>Fig. 19, Table 17</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen bicoloured with tergites I and II largely yellow, each bearing a darkened posteromedial patch; remaining tergites entirely brown. AR ca 0.5. Humeral pit large, circular. Wing cuneiform with a short but distinct costal extension. Superior volsella triangular, thin. Inferior volsella triangular, apically rounded. Crista dorsalis triangular, distinct, placed at subapex of gonostylus.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the type locality, Hanmi Waterfall in Xizang Autonomous Region, China.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Xizang • ♂; Nyingchi, Medog, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.13333/lat 29.233334)">Beibeng</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.13333/lat 29.233334)">Hanmi waterfall</a>, No. 3 bridge; 29°14′ N, 95°08′ E; 970 m a.s.l.; 11 Aug. 2015; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 251215A 1.</p><p>Paratype CHINA – Xizang • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 2)</p><p>Total length 2.1–2.4 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Body mostly dark brown; thorax with pale humeral pits. Abdomen (Fig. 19A) bicoloured; T I–II pale brown each with darkened posteromedian patch; T III–IX entirely dark brown. Legs uniformly brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2–4. AR 0.47–0.48. Clypeus with 12–13 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 34–37, 54– 64, 121–162, 128–167, 209–246, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.1, Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.5–1.6. Pm 3 with 1 SCl on subapex.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2–5; Ac 7–8, longest 15 μm long; Dc 4–5, including 0–1 H; Pa 3; Scts 4 (1). HP (Fig. 19B) distinct, moderately large, circular.</p><p>WING (Fig. 19C). Length 1.7–2.0 mm. C extension moderately produced, 49–52 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 4–6 setae, R 1 with 0–1 seta, R 4+5 bare. AnL much reduced, wing widest at around end of Cu 1. Sq with 3–4 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 37–39 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs of equal length, 22 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 42–49 and 25 (1) μm long. P 2 with 3–5 Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 12–13 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 17.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 19D) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 5–6 basal and 6–8 lateral setae. Gc 204–221 μm long with SVo triangular, thin; IVo triangular, apically rounded. Gs (Fig. 19E) 66–71 μm long, roundly convex in outer margin, subapically with CD triangular, distinct. HR 3.10.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The new species is known only from the type locality, Xizang Autonomous Region in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male resembles that of R. (P.) oiraprimus Sasa, 1991 in the large circular humeral pit; the bicoloured abdomen; the low antennal ratio (AR ca 0.5); the cuneiform wing with a short costal extension; the simple, triangular inferior volsella; and the triangular, distinct crista dorsalis. However, the male differs from it in the yellow tergite II with a darkened posteromedial patch, the antepronotum with lateral setae only, and the thin, triangular superior volsella. In R. (P.) oiraprimus, the abdomen has yellow tergite II with lateral and middle longitudinal darkened patches; the antepronotum has both median and lateral setae; and the superior volsella is thick, roundly protruded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFA0FFCDFDE1FC11CD4DCA81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFA2FFC9FDF5FB71CF42CF4B.text	03F55F24FFA2FFC9FDF5FB71CF42CF4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) masarui Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) masarui sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AA635D3F-1D0D-4EC0-9CEA-976DC1B173F1</p><p>Fig. 20, Table 18</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) glabricollis [nec Meigen, 1830] – Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko 2005: 126.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen brown, with faint, median, dark I- or inverted T-shaped markings on tergites I–IV. AR high (ca 1.5). Acrostichal setae long (15–25 μm). Humeral pit large, quadrate. Wing with a well-developed anal lobe, a distinct costal extension and a well-developed squamal fringe. Superior volsella thin, roundly protruded. Inferior volsella triangular, with beak-like apex. Crista dorsalis distinct, tooth-like.</p><p>Pupa</p><p>Exuviae small-sized (3.0–4.0 mm long). Frontal setae bifid on prefrons.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named in honor of the late Dr Masaru Yamamoto (Shimonoseki, Japan) in recognition of his contribution to taxonomic studies on the East Asian chironomid fauna.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Sichuan • ♂; Liangshan, Puge, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.45/lat 27.5)">Qiaowo</a>; 27°30′ N, 102°27′ E; 1447 m a.s.l.; 3 May 2021; J.Y. Shi leg.; JNU, JNU 211013H 03B.</p><p>Paratypes CHINA – Jilin • 1 ♂ with Pe; Antu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.05/lat 42.05)">Mt Changbai</a>; 42°03′ N, 128°03′ E; 1835 m a.s.l.; 11 Aug. 2022; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 22082001 . – Inner Mongolia • 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.86667/lat 47.55)">Arxan National Forest Park</a>, site 11; 47°33′ N, 120°52′ E; 958 m a.s.l.; 9 Sep. 2023; Z.Y. Ni leg.; JNU, JNU 23102801 . – Guangdong • 1 ♂ (pharate), 1 Pe; Shaoguan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.6/lat 25.25)">Renhua</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.6/lat 25.25)">Hongshan</a>; 25°15′ N, 113°36′ E; 500 m a.s.l.; 16 Feb. 2023; Y.R. He and X. Dong leg.; JNU, JNU 23021901 . – Yunnan • 1 ♂; Lyuchun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.23333/lat 22.833334)">Mt Huanglian NNR</a>; 22°50′ N, 102°14′ E; 1355 m a.s.l.; 22 Apr. 2017; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU170521006 . – Sichuan • 1 ♂; same data as for holotye; 23 Apr. 2021; JNU, JNU 21101204 B .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 3)</p><p>Total length 3.2–3.4, 3.3 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Body mostly dark brown. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax dark brown on 3 scutal vittae, Pe, Sct and Pe. Abdomen (Fig. 20A–C) brown with faint, dark markings; T I with I-shaped dark marking or more extensively dark brown; II–IV or II–V each with median I- or inverted T-shaped marking, occasionally these markings very faint; T V or V–VI with broad, triangular marking; T VII–IX entirely dark brown. All legs uniformly brown to dark brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 4–6, 5. AR 1.4–1.6, 1.5. Clypeus with 13–17, 15 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 34–44, 41; 64–74, 67; 111–128, 121; 155–167, 160; 229–258, 245, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.3–1.4, 1.3; Pm 5 / Pm 4 1.5–1.6, 1.5. Pm 3 with 4 SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 4–5, 4; occasionally one weak seta present medially. Ac 8–14, 12, longest 17–25, 22 μm long; Dc 15 (2), including 3–6, 5 H, usually biserial anteriorly; Pa 4–6, 5; Scts 6–12 (2). HP (Fig. 20D) large, nearly quadrate, 118–137, 127 μm long, 108–137, 121 μm high.</p><p>WING (Fig. 20E). Length 2.0–2.3, 2.2 mm. C extension well developed, 64–79, 74 μm long. VR 1.0–1.1 (2). R with 5 setae, R 1 and R 4+5 bare. AnL well developed. Sq with 12–14, 13 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 59 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs of equal length, 20–22 (2) μm; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 54–59, 56 and 22–25, 23 μm long. P 2 with 5–8, 6 Sch on ta 1; P 3 with 0–3, 2 Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 11–12, 11 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 18.</p><p>ABDOMEN. T II–VIII (Fig 20F–G) each with setae separated in 3 groups. Hypopygium (Fig. 20H) with AnP (Fig. 20I) pointed apically, bearing 5–6, 6 lateral setae. Gc 229–239, 233 μm long with SVo thin, roundly protruded; IVo triangular with beak-like apex. Gs (Fig. 20J) 93–98, 97 μm long, roundly convex in outer margin, tending to project outwards as weak subapical heel; CD triangular, distinct. HR 2.33– 2.47, 2.41.</p><p>Pupa (n = 4)</p><p>Total length 3.2–4.3, 3.8 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Exuviae brown with dark Apo and posterior spines on abdomen.</p><p>CEPHALOTHORAX. FA (Fig. 20K) weakly rugose with FS bifid, 25–42, 33 μm long. Scutum extensively granular. Thoracic horn (Fig. 20L) 357–431, 408 μm long, 3.4–3.8, 3.5 × as long as broad. Lengths (μm) of Pc 1–3: 140–167, 151; 197–221, 212; 93–111, 100, respectively. Lengths (μm) of Dc 1–4: 69–101, 84 (3); 52–74, 62 (3); 44–49, 47 (3); 62–98, 76, respectively. Distances (μm) of Dc 1 –Dc 2, Dc 2 –Dc 3, Dc 3 –Dc 4: 22–106, 68; 57–96, 76; 30–86, 51, respectively; these setae linear arranged; distance ratio of Dc 1 –Dc 2 to Dc 2 –Dc 3 0.23–1.87, 1.05.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 20M–N). Length 2.7–3.3, 3.0 mm. T I–II without spinulation; T III–VIII each with sporadic, weak posteromedian spinulation; T IX with anterior spinulation. S I and IX without spinulation. S II–III with relatively strong, anterior spinulation; S IV with anterolateral spinulation; S V–VI with more or less extensive spinulation; S VII–VIII with anterolateral spinulation. Spine rows on posterior margins of T II–VIII; some posterior spines recurved on T II; posterior spines on T VIII long and strong, longest 17–27, 24 μm long. Anteriorly directed spinules present, posterior to spine rows on T II–V. S IV– VII with rows of spines on posterior margin; posterior spines small, sporadic on S VII. PSB present on A II–III. Segment I with 2 L-seta; II–VI each with 3 L-setae, VII with 4 LS-setae, VIII with 5 LS-setae; some L-setae apically split on A II–VI. AL 294–363, 338 μm long, 2.1–2.5, 2.3 × as long as broad, with 12–22, 18 lateral taeniae on posterior 3 / 5 –¾; male genital sac nearly as long as AL.</p><p>Female and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The new species is known from Oriental and Palaearctic China, and the Russian Far East.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male will key to that of R. (P.) glabricollis (Meigen, 1830) in Lehmann (1969, as Rheocricotopus gouini (Goetghebuer, 1936)), Saether (1986) and Langton &amp; Pinder (2007), but differs in faint dark markings on the tergites I–IV, and the distinctly beak-like apex of inferior volsella. Under the name Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) glabricollis, Edwards (1929: 330) wrote briefly: “abdomen rather dull blackish brown”. The male of R. (P.) glabricollis possesses a simple, triangular inferior volsella, according to Edwards (1929: 329 fig. 5b, as Spaniotoma), Goetghebuer (1932: 57 fig. 95, as Trichocladius), Lehmann (1969: 366 fig. 2, as R. gouini), Saether (1986: 87 fig. 11d) and Langton &amp; Pinder (2007: 80 fig. 189b).</p><p>The pupa will key to that of R. (P.) atripes (Kieffer, 1913) in Langton (1991) and Saether (1986), but differs in the bifid frontal seta and a larger thoracic horn (357–431 μm in length). According to Langton (1991: 108 fig. 46b), in the latter, the frontal seta is simple and the thoracic horn is 300–350 μm long.</p><p>Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 126) redescribed R. (P.) glabricollis based on a single male from Sakhalin Island, Russia. However, the shape of inferior volsella (Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko 2005: 127 fig. 5) is more similar to that of R. (P.) masarui sp. nov. than to that of R. (P.) glabricollis . Further, according to E. Makarchenko (pers. comm. 2023), each of tergites II–IV have a faint dark marking and possibility tergite V has a very faint marking. Therefore, the Russian species is conspecific with R. (P.) masarui sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFA2FFC9FDF5FB71CF42CF4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFA6FFC7FDE8FE3ECAB1CB7F.text	03F55F24FFA6FFC7FDE8FE3ECAB1CB7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) monovittatus Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) monovittatus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7AEB1E75-CB86-48E4-B2DA-DEE68C31F1C1</p><p>Fig. 21, Table 19</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen largely dark brown, with tergite I entirely yellow, and tergites II bearing an anterior yellow band. AR relatively high (near 1.0). Scutum with 4 strong acrostichal setae near apex; longest more than 25 μm long. Humeral pit large, circular. Wing with an obtuse anal lobe and a very short costal extension (length15–20 μm). Superior volsella thin, triangular. Inferior volsella triangular with a beak-like apex. Crista dorsalis small, triangular.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the Greek ‘ mono -’ (praef.) (‘one’), and the Latin ‘ vittatus ’ (‘banded’), referring to the whitish anterior band on the abdomen.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Guangdong • ♂; Fengkai, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.85/lat 23.45)">Heishiding NNR</a>, site 3; 23°27′ N, 111°51′ E; 310 m a.s.l.; 5 Apr. 2022; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 23032701.</p><p>Paratypes CHINA – Guangdong • 2 ♂♂; Xinyi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.183334/lat 22.266666)">Mt Yunkai NNR</a>; 22°16′ N, 111°11′ E; 1130 m a.s.l.; 12 May 2020; S.X. Luo leg.; JNU, JNU 24033120 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 3)</p><p>Total length 2.4–2.8 (2) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Body mostly dark brown. Thorax dark brown with yellow or whitish pleural membrane; 3 scutal vittae distinct, dark brown. Abdomen (Fig. 21A) bicoloured; T I entirely yellow; T II largely dark brown with anterior, narrow transverse yellow band; T III–IX uniformly dark brown. Legs entirely dark brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 3. AR 0.97 (1). Clypeus with 12–14, 13 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 30–37 (2), 39–44 (2), 64–69 (2), 93 (2), 160 (1), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.4–1.5 (2), Pm 5 /Pm4 1.7 (1). Pm 3 with 1–2, 1 SCl; Pm 4 without SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 3–5 (2). Ac 4 (2), located near apex of scutum, longest 27 (1) μm long; Dc 7–10 (2), including 1–3 (2) H; Pa 3 (2); Scts 6–9 (2), uniserial. HP (Fig. 21B) circular, moderately large, its margin faintly visible in a pale pleural area.</p><p>WING (Fig. 21C). Length 1.5 mm. C extension very short, 15–20, 17 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 3–4, 4 setae; R 1 and R 4+5 bare. AnL developed, obtuse. Sq with 7 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 37–39, 39 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 15–17 (2) and 12–15 (2) μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 37–39, 39 and 15–20, 17 μm long. P 2 with one Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 9–11, 10 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 19.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 21D) with AnP triangular, pointed apically, bearing 6–8, 7 lateral setae. Gc 148–160, 155 μm long, 3.0–3.4, 3.2 × as long as broad at middle, with SVo thin, triangular, apically rounded; IVo triangular, apically somewhat beak-shaped. Gs (Fig. 21E) 66–69, 67 μm long, gently curved upwards at apex, with CD preapical, small and triangular. HR 2.22–2.41, 2.31.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species occurs only in Guangdong Province in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male is similar to that of R. (P.) hanmiensis sp. nov. in the combination of following features: bicoloured abdomen with largely yellow tergite I, anteriorly yellow and posteriorly dark brown tergite II, and uniformly dark brown tergites III–IX; entirely brown legs; and moderately large, circular humeral pit, but separable from it by the high antennal ratio (AR ca 1.0), the longer acrostichal setae (longest setae more than 25 μm) located near the apex of scutum, the inconspicuous costal extension (length15–20 μm), and the hypopygial anal point with lateral setae only. The latter has antennae of a relatively low antennal ratio (AR ca 0.5); 7–8 shorter acrostichal setae (longest setae 15 μm) along the scutal midline; a moderately long costal extension (ca 50 μm); and an anal point with basal as well as lateral setae.</p><p>The male specimens (NK 24090 and 24091) from Jiangxi Province, China, identified as R. (P.) robacki (Beck &amp; Beck, 1964) by Liu et al. (2014a: 25) are very similar to those of R. (P.) monovittatus sp. nov. in the position and the reduced number of acrostichal setae, the wing with a very short costal extension and an obtuse anal lobe, and the triangular inferior volsella with a somewhat beak-shaped apex. However, it will remain unclear if these species are conspecific until more material is available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFA6FFC7FDE8FE3ECAB1CB7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFA8FFC2FDC3FA0ACB7EC8DA.text	03F55F24FFA8FFC2FDC3FA0ACB7EC8DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) nippobifasciatus Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) nippobifasciatus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 032182DE-9C3F-4F22-9E3F-8487EE62CECF</p><p>Fig. 22, Table 20</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen bicoloured. Tergites I, II and IV entirely yellow; tergite V brown, anteriorly with a transverse yellow band; remaining tergites entirely brown. AR somewhat low (less than 1.0). Humeral pit large, oval, distinct. Wing cuneiform with a well-developed costal extension. Fore LR high (ca 0.9). Superior volsella roundly protruded, thin. Inferior volsella triangular, with rounded apex. Crista dorsalis small, but distinct.</p><p>Female</p><p>Antenna with terminal flagellomere shorter than combined length of 3 rd and 4 th flagellomeres. Spermathecal duct looped.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the type locality Nippon, Japan, and Rheocricotopus (P.) bifasciatus, the male of which is very similar to that of the present species.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype JAPAN – Shizuoka • ♂; Ikawa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.183334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.25/lat 35.183334)">Dainichi Pass</a>, stream; 35°11′ N, 138°15′ E; 1100 m a.s.l.; 29 Aug. 1999; H. Niitsuma leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 36256.</p><p>Paratypes JAPAN – Shizuoka • 4 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 36257 to 36260 • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; 13 Sep. 1998; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 36261 • 7 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; 16 Jun. 2000; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 36262 to 36268 • 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; 16 Jun. 2000; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 36269 to 36270 • 1 ♂; Aoi-ku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.36667/lat 35.033333)">Ashikubo</a>; 35°2′ N, 138°22′ E; 77 m a.s.l.; 4 Apr. 1987; H. Niitsuma leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 36271 • 1 ♂ 2 ♂♂; Shimizu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.45/lat 35.066666)">Ihara River</a>; 35°4′ N, 138°27′ E; 202 m; 30 Jun. 1990; H. Niitsuma leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 36272 to 36273 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 15)</p><p>Total length 2.0–2.5, 2.3 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax largely blackish brown except yellow pleural membrane and HP, and pale to dark brown preepisternum. Abdomen (Fig. 22A) bicoloured; T I, II, IV entirely yellow; T V brown with transverse yellow band on anterior ¼–½; remainings brown. Legs dark brown; P 1 somewhat darker than P 1, 2.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 4–6, 5. AR 0.53–0.63, 0.57 (14). Clypeus with 5–9, 7 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 34–44, 39 (11); 57–69, 63 (11); 123–162, 136 (11); 123–160, 139 (11); 239–310, 277 (11), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.1, 1.0 (11); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.7–2.2, 2.0 (11). Pm 3 with 7–17, 12 (14) SCl on 2–3, 3 (14) oval depressions.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 1–4, 2. Ac 10–20, 14 (13), and longest 10–16, 13 (13) μm long; Dc 6–10, 8 including 1–2, 2 H; Pa 2–3, 3 (14); Scts 4–5, 4 (13). HP (Fig. 22B) large, oval, occasionally indistinct in part.</p><p>WING (Fig. 22C). Length 1.7–2.2, 1.9 mm. C well extended beyond end of R 4+5, extension 74–123, 93 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 8–14, 10 setae; R 1 with 1–5, 2 setae, and R 4+5 with 1–6, 4 setae. AnL much reduced. Sq with 0–2, 1 seta.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 34–42, 39 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs both 16–23, 19 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 37–46, 42 and 17–23, 20 μm long. P 2 with 0–2 Sch on ta 1, usually Sch absent. P 3 with ti comb of 12–14, 13 (14) bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 20.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 22D) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 7–15, 10 lateral setae. Gc 160– 187, 172 μm long, 3.0–3.7, 3.4 (13) × as long as broad at middle, with SVo thin, roundly protruded; IVo apically rounded, occasionally with small apical projection. Gs (Fig. 22E) 74–84, 78 μm long, roundly convex in outer margin; subapically with CD small but distinct. HR 2.06–2.29, 2.20.</p><p>Female (n = 2)</p><p>Total length 2.5–2.7 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Similar to male. SCa yellow.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 5–6. Antenna 5-segmented; Fm 5 98–106 μm long, shorter than combined length of Fm 3 and Fm 4; AR 0.35–0.38. Clypeus with 7–8 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 39–44, 64, 138–140, 140–153, 271 (1), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.1; Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.9 (1). Pm 3 with 8–14 SCl on 2–3 depressions.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2–3. Ac 20–21; Dc 8 including 2–3 H; Pa 3. Sct 4.</p><p>WING. Length 1.9 mm. C extension well projected. VR 1.1. R with 16 setae; R 1 with 9 setae; R 4+5 with 23–28 setae. Sq with 1–2 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 18–21 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 20–21 and 18–20 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 44–47 and 23–25 μm long. P 2 with 4–6 Sch on ta 1; P 3 with 1 (1) Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 14 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 20.</p><p>GENITALIA (Fig. 22F). S VIII with 6 setae. T IX (Fig. 22G) undivided, with 9–10 setae. Gc IX with 7–8 setae on each side. Ce 64–66 μm long. No 98–106 μm long. SCa 103–108 μm long; spermathecal duct looped.</p><p>Pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known from Palaearctic Japan only.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male is similar to that of R. (P.) bifasciatus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991 in the abdominal colour pattern of tergites I–II, IV entirely yellow and tergites III, VI–IX brown; the large, oval humeral pit; the wing with a much-reduced anal lobe and a long costal extension; the gonostylus with a small, preapical crista dorsalis, but separable from it by the largely brown tergite V with an anterior, transverse yellow band; and the smaller male antennal ratio (AR 0.50–0.65). According to the original description (Wang &amp; Zheng 1991: 104) of R. (P.) bifasciatus, the tergite V is entirely black, and the antennal ratio is 0.9.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFA8FFC2FDC3FA0ACB7EC8DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFACFFC1FDEDFEB2CF1DCCEC.text	03F55F24FFACFFC1FDEDFEB2CF1DCCEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) protuberans Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) protuberans sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BD992B4C-9BEF-4833-B876-FCFD5EE39E7C</p><p>Fig. 23, Table 21</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen and legs dark brown. AR near 1.0. Antepronotal setae divided in medial and lateral groups. Humeral pit large, oval. Wing with obtuse anal lobe, short costal extension and well-developed squamal fringe. Superior volsella roundly protruded, thin. Inferior volsella triangular, simple. Crista dorsalis very large, conspicuous, occupying apical ⅔ of gonostylus, obtuse or right-angled at apex.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the Latin ‘ protuberans ’ (‘protuberant’), referring to the conspicuous crista dorsalis.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Xizang • ♂; Lhoka, Nagarze, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=90.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 90.7/lat 28.933332)">Lake Yamdrok</a>; 28°56′ N, 90°42′ E; 4427 m a.s.l.; 18 Jul. 2014; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 160206012.</p><p>Paratype CHINA – Xizang • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 2)</p><p>Total length 2.9–3.1 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Body entirely dark brown except pale HP. Legs dark brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2. AR 0.85–0.88. Clypeus with 11 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 37–42, 59–69, 116– 128, 148–160, 204–246, respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.3, Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.4–1.5. Pm 3 with more than 10 SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2, and medial Aps 3. Ac 10–12, longest 12–17 μm long; Dc 7–8, including 0–1 H; Pa 3; Scts at least 4. HP (Fig. 23A) large, oval.</p><p>WING (Fig. 23B). Length 2.2–2.4 mm. C extended slightly beyond end of R 4+5, extension 25–44 μm long. VR 1.1. R with 5–6 setae, R 1 and R 4+5 bare. AnL obtuse. Sq with 15–18 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 39–44 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 22 (1) and 15–20 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 47–49 and 17–20 μm long. P 2 without Sch. P 3 with ti comb of 13–14 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 21.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 23C) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 7–8 lateral setae. Gc 185–192 µm long, 2.7–2.8 × as long as broad at middle, with SVo roundly protruded; IVo triangular, simple. Gs 86–91 µm long; CD triangular, obtuse or right-angled at apex, very large, occupying apical ⅔ of Gs. HR 2.11–2.14.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known from the type locality, Xizang Autonomous Region in Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male resembles that of R. (P.) serratus in the antennal ratio of nearly 1.0, the large oval humeral pit, and the wing with an obtuse anal lobe, a well-developed squamal fringe and a costal vein slightly extended, but differs from it in the antepronotal setae divided into medial and lateral groups, and the crista dorsalis conspicuously large, obtuse or right-angled at the apex, the shape of which is unique among the known males of this genus including the orientalis group with a large median crista dorsalis. In the latter, antepronotal setae are located laterally only, and the crista dorsalis is much smaller, sawtooth-shaped, acute-angled at the apex.</p><p>The male is similar also to that of R. (P.) insularis Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005 in the antennal ratio close to 1.0, the antepronotal setae located medially and laterally, and the wing with an obtuse anal lobe, but separable from it by the wing with a slight costal extension (25–44 μm long) and the conspicuously large crista dorsalis. According to Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 128 figs 6–7; 129), the latter has wings with a well-developed costal extension (96 μm long), and much-smaller crista dorsalis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFACFFC1FDEDFEB2CF1DCCEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFAEFFDFFDEAFCA4CAFDC927.text	03F55F24FFAEFFDFFDEAFCA4CAFDC927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) yunnanensis Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (P.) yunnanensis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5772F43C-1F60-4B57-AB6C-9F1FE2B5E683</p><p>Fig. 24, Table 22</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Abdomen bicoloured; tergites I, II and IV yellow, remaining tergites dark brown. AR relatively low (less than 0.5). Humeral pit large, oval. Wing cuneiform, with a distinct costal extension and a few setae on squama. Superior volsella triangular, thin, rounded at apex. Inferior volsella triangular, double-layered, rounded at apex. Gonostylus with crista dorsalis preapical, triangular, occasionally slender.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>From the type locality, Yunnan Province in China.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Yunnan • ♂; Honghe, Jinping, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.51667/lat 22.766666)">Ma’andi</a>; 22°46′ N, 103°31′ E; 1350 m a.s.l.; 8 Jun. 2017; J. Chen leg.; JNU, JNU 170723007.</p><p>Paratypes CHINA – Yunnan • 2 ♂♂; Pingbian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.7/lat 22.9)">Daweishan NNR</a>; 22°54′ N, 103°42′ E; 2150 m a.s.l.; 4 Jun. 2017; J. Chen leg.; JNU, JNU 17061406, 170614009 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 3)</p><p>Total length 2.1– 2.3 (2) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head dark brown on vertex. Thorax dark brown with yellow pleural membrane; scutal vittae indistinct. Abdomen (Fig. 24A) bicoloured, largely dark brown with yellow T I–II, IV. Legs uniformly dark brown except somewhat paler bases of all fe.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 4–8, 6. AR 0.36–0.45, 0.40. Clypeus with 7–8, 8 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 25–34, 30; 47–52, 49; 86–98, 91; 101–116, 107; 207 (1), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.1–1.2, 1.2; Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.8 (1). Pm 3 with 4–5 (2) SCl on 2 depressions.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2–4, 3. Ac 7–12, 9; longest 12–15, 13 μm long; Dc 7, including 1–2, 1 H; Pa 3; Scts 4–5 (2). HP (Fig. 24B) oval, moderately large.</p><p>WING (Fig. 24C). Length 1.4–1.6, 1.5 mm. C extension moderately long, 49–69, 59 μm. VR 1.1–1.2, 1.1. R with 5 setae, R 1 and R 4+5 bare. AnL much reduced. Sq with 1–3, 2 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 34–37, 36 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 15–20, 16 and 12–20, 16 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 34–39, 37 and 15–17, 16 μm long, respectively. P 2 without Sch. P 3 with ti comb of 11–14, 12 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 22.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 24D). T II–VII with 2 pairs of longitudinal, lateral setal rows; T VIII with irregularly arranged setae. Hypopygium (Fig. 24E) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 7–9, 8 lateral setae. Gc 150–165, 158 µm long, 3.3–3.9, 3.6 × as long as broad at middle; SVo triangular, thin, rounded at apex; IVo (Fig. 24F) triangular, double-layered and rounded at apex. Gs 62–64, 63 µm long, nearly parallel-sided in dorsal view; with CD (Fig. 24G) preapical, triangular, occasionally slender. HR 2.3–2.7, 2.5.</p><p>Female, pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known from Yunnan Province in Oriental China only.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The male resembles that of R. (P.) bifasciatus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991 in the entirely yellow tergites I–II, IV and dark brown tergites III, V–IX; the moderately large, oval humeral pit; the wing with a distinct costal extension and a much-reduced anal lobe, but differs from it in the lower antennal ratio, the entirely dark brown tibiae of all legs. The antennal ratio is 0.36–0.45 in the former, whereas in the latter it is 0.9 (Wang &amp; Zheng 1991: 100). Further, the latter has bicoloured tibiae with broadly whitish apices.</p><p>The male is also similar to that of R. (P.) chinogodavarius sp. nov. in the relatively low antennal ratio (AR less than 0.5), the large, oval humeral pit; the cuneiform wing with a distinct costal extension, but separated by the entirely yellow tergites II and IV; the entirely dark brown tibiae; and the smaller crista dorsalis. In the latter, the tergites II and IV possess brown bands or markings, the dark brown tibia has a broad white band on the apex, and the crista dorsalis is large, placed in mid-gonostylus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFAEFFDFFDEAFCA4CAFDC927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFB0FFDCFDEEF8E8CD06CA76.text	03F55F24FFB0FFDCFDEEF8E8CD06CA76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) Brundin 1956	<div><p>Subgenus Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956</p><p>Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956: 118 .</p><p>Type species: Chironomus effusus Walker, 1856, by original designation.</p><p>Rheocricotopus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 568. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Chironomus effusus Walker, 1856, by original designation.</p><p>Emended diagnosis</p><p>Male</p><p>Superior volsella plate-like, horn-like or digitate (the reduncus group).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Subgeneric diagnoses have been given by Saether (1986: 92) and Cranston et al. (1989: 234, in key) for the adult; Coffman et al. (1986: 204, in key) and Saether (1986: 92) for the pupa; and Saether (1986: 92) and Andersen et al. (2013: 254, in key) for the larva. The diagnosis for the adult male is emended to accommodate the R. (s. str.) reduncus group.</p><p>Generally, the male of Rheocricotopus s. str. has an unicoloured abdomen; wings with a more or less developed, obtuse to right-angled anal lobe; well-developed, digitate, horn-shaped or roundly protruded superior volsellae; antennal ratio more than 0.6; and relatively low leg ratio (LR 1 less than 0.8). However, these features appear weak as discriminators from subgenus Psilocricotopus Saether. Further, this subgenus includes the species with a large humeral pit consisting of a large hole and a small hole and the species with a small humeral pit consisting of fused several small holes. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate information from the pupa and larva.</p><p>The subgenus Rheocricotopus currently includes four species groups: the effusus group, the fucipes group, the tuberculatus group and the reduncus group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFB0FFDCFDEEF8E8CD06CA76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFB3FFDDFDCAFB1ACA7FC8E0.text	03F55F24FFB3FFDDFDCAFB1ACA7FC8E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus effusus (Walker 1856)	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (s. str.) effusus (Walker, 1856)</p><p>Chironomus effusus Walker, 1856: 180 .</p><p>Orthocladius (Trichocladius) striatus Malloch, 1915: 517 .</p><p>Cricotopus rivicola Kieffer, 1921: 804 .</p><p>Orthocladius (Dactylocladius) dorieri Goetghebuer in Goetghebuer &amp; Dorier, 1932: 65.</p><p>Trichocladius holosericeus Goetghebuer in Gouin, 1936: 167.</p><p>Trichocladius brunensis Goetghebuer, 1937: 275 .</p><p>? Rheocricotopus himalayenis Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983: 398 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus baishanensis Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991: 102 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus effusus – Brundin 1956: 118. — Lehmann 1969: 356. — Wang &amp; Zheng 1991: 102.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) effusus – Saether 1986: 103. — Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko 2005: 129. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 569.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus baishanensis CHINA – Jilin • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.1/lat 42.0)">Mt Changbai</a>; 42°0′ N, 128°6′ E; 23 Jun. 1986; NKU.</p><p>Photographs of the holotype of R. baishanensis provided by X. Lin (SHOU) were examined. Type specimens of Chironomus effusus and R. himalayenis were not examined.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known around the world including Oriental and Palaearctic China, and the Russian Far East.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 129) redescribed briefly R. (s. str.) effusus (Walker, 1856) based on adult males from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. Wang &amp; Zheng (1991: 102) also gave a brief redescription of the male based on a specimen from Sichuan Province in Oriental China. The mensural data of the males from both the regions are nearly consistent with those from Europe (Saether 1986: 103; Saether &amp; Schnel 1988: 72, table 1), although the structure of the humeral pit is disregarded in these redescriptions.</p><p>Wang &amp; Zheng (1991: 102) described R. (s. str.) baishanensis Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991 based on a single male from Jilin Province in Palaearctic China, and wrote: “Allied to R. effusus in AR, LR, but lacking crista dorsalis and the shape of anal superior volsella, caudomesal projection and humeral pit also different.” The photographs of the holotype taken by X. Lin (pers. comm. 2022) show that the hypopygium is mounted somewhat diagonally on the slide. A closer examination of the photographs revealed that the humeral pit is composed of a large and a small hole, and the large hole is elliptical and almost 0.4 × as wide as its length, although wrinkled by the mounting procedure, and that the hypopygium possesses a posteriorly projected, horn-shaped superior volsella on the base of gonocoxite and a low crista dorsalis on the subapex of gonostylus. Rheocricotopus (s. str.) baishanensis is a junior synonym of R. (s. str.) effusus .</p><p>Further, Liu et al. (2014b: 101) gave a diagnosis and many collection records for the male, not associated with the immature stages, of R. (s. str.) effusus from Palaearctic and Oriental China, but their diagnosis cannot reliably separate the species from R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis Sasa, 1981 . There is a possibility that some or all specimens belong to R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis . In both males, the humeral pit consists of a large hole and a small hole. The large hole is elliptical in R. (s. str.) effusus according to Lehmann (1969: 372 fig. 13a), whereas it is triangular or trapezoid in our Japanese and Chinese specimens of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis .</p><p>The male of R. (P.) himalayenis Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay, 1983 resembles those of R. (s. str.) effusus and R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis in the gonostylus with a roundly convex outer margin, and the mensural data. In R. (P.) himalayenis, the superior volsella looks extended posteriorly, beak-like, in the drawing by the authors (Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay 1983: 400 fig. 1f), which shows that the species belongs to the subgenus Rheocricotopus, not Psilocricotopus . Concerning R. (R.) effusus, Goetghebuer (1932: 59) wrote: “lobe anal à peine obtus”, and Lehmann (1969: 378) mentioned in the couplet 9 of the key for males: “Wings with a well-developed anal lobe (as in fig. 18a)”. Therefore, the male wing of R. (s. str.) himalayenis may be more similar to that of R. (s. str.) effusus with a nearly right-angled anal lobe, rather than that of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis with an obtuse anal lobe. However, R. (s. str.) himalayenis cannot be confidently treated as a junior synonym of R. (s. str.) effusus, because the structure of humeral pit is not reported in the original description (Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay 1983: 398). Thus, R. (P.) himalayenis Chaudhuri &amp; Sinharay is tentatively treated here as a junior synonym of R. (s. str.) effusus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFB3FFDDFDCAFB1ACA7FC8E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFB2FFDAFDC8F8A9CFE4CB0C.text	03F55F24FFB2FFDAFDC8F8A9CFE4CB0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus pauciseta Saether 1969	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (s. str.) pauciseta Saether, 1969</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) pauciseta Saether, 1969: 89 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) pauciseta – Saether 1971: 1247 fig. 6c; 1250 fig. 8d; 1986: 98. — Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko 2005: 130. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 572.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CANADA – British Columbia • ♂ with Pe and Le; Haney, University of British Columbia Forestry Farm, Marion Lake; 15 July 1967; A.L. Hamilton and O.A. Saether leg.; CNC, CNC 9990.</p><p>No specimens of R. (s. str.) pauciseta were examined.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>A distribution of this species in Oriental China is highly doubtful. Thus, it remains known only from North America and the Russian Far East.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species was first described based on males, pupae and larvae from Nearctic Canada by Saether (1969: 89). A male from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East, used in a redescription by Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 130) nearly satisfies the definition by Saether (1969, 1971).</p><p>According to Saether (1969, 1971), the male is characterized by small, indistinct humeral pits, consisting of partly fused small holes; the wing with an obtuse anal lobe and a short costal extension; the relatively low antennal ratio (AR 0.60 – 0.83); and the hypopygium with a triangular, stout, and horn-like superior volsella; and a double-layered inferior volsella bearing an apically narrowed dorsal lobe; without crista dorsalis.</p><p>Liu et al. (2014b: 104) recorded 5 male and 2 female adults of this species from Sichuan Province in Oriental China. We examined 3 male voucher specimens (NK 11614, 12268, and 12269) of them. As a result, we found the specimens differ from true R. (s. str.) pauciseta Saether, 1969 because of the large humeral pit consisting of two parts and the horn-like slender superior volsella as in R. (s. str.) nepalensis Lehmann, 1969 and R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis Sasa, 1981 .</p><p>The female is unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFB2FFDAFDC8F8A9CFE4CB0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFB5FFDBFE0AFA9DCCB5CD1D.text	03F55F24FFB5FFDBFE0AFA9DCCB5CD1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus reduncus Saether & Schnell 1988	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (s. str.) reduncus Saether &amp; Schnell, 1988</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) reduncus Saether &amp; Schnell, 1988: 66 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) reduncusoides Namayandeh &amp; Beresford, 2018: 22 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) reduncus – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko 2005: 134. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 572.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype NORWAY – Sogn &amp; Fjordane • ♂; Luster, Jostedøla River at inlet to small lake; 23 July 1986; A. Fjellheim and Ø.A. Schnell leg.; ZMB [No.116].</p><p>Type specimens of R. (s. str.) reduncus and R. (s. str.) reduncusoides were not examined.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>To date, the species is known from North Europe and the Russian Far East in the Palaearctic region, and Canada in the Nearctic region.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Originally, the species was described based on males and pupae from Norway by Saether &amp; Schnell (1988: 66). Later, Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 134) briefly redescribed a male from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. The features are nearly consistent with those of the Norwegian material, although the antennal ratio is somewhat high (ca 1.2 in the Russian material vs 0.83–0.90 in the Norwegian material), but this is likely to fall within geographical variation.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (R.) reduncusoides Namayandeh &amp; Beresford, 2018 was described based on males from Canada. The authors separated it from R. (s. str.) reduncus by some measurement and count data, and the shapes of superior volsella, inferior volsella and sternapodeme. Mensural data look like individual variations, and the slight differences in the hypopygium may be individual variations, but also related to orientation or pressure from the coverslip. Although the immature stages are unknown, the species is a junior synonym of R. (s. str.) reduncus Saether &amp; Schnell, 1988 .</p><p>The female and the larva are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFB5FFDBFE0AFA9DCCB5CD1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFB4FFD5FE23FCF4CFA8CAE2.text	03F55F24FFB4FFD5FE23FCF4CFA8CAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus tamahumeralis Sasa 1981	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (s. str.) tamahumeralis Sasa, 1981</p><p>Figs 25–26, Table 23</p><p>Rheocricotopus tamahumeralis Sasa, 1981: 92 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) tamahumeralis – Sasa &amp; Okazawa 1992: 103. — Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 572. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 298. — Fu et al. 2016: 270.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype JAPAN – Tokyo • ♂ with Pe; tributary Minamiasakawa River of Tama River; 2 Jan. 1980; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 4527 [No. 56: 01].</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>JAPAN – Fukushima • 2 ♂♂, 1 Pe; Iwaki, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.9/lat 37.133335)">Yaguki</a>; 37°8′ N, 140°54′ E; 123 m a.s.l.; 5–10 May 2014; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN . – Kanagawa • 2 ♂♂, 2 Pe; Kiyokawa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.2/lat 35.5)">Miyagase</a>; 35°30′ N, 139°12′ E; 290 m a.s.l.; 23 Feb. 1994 (emerged 25–28 Mar. 1994); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 2 ♂♂, 2 Pe; 1 ♀ with 1 Pe; same data as for preceding; 7 Feb. 1998 (emerged 7 Mar. 1998); PCHN . – Shizuoka • 1 L; Ikawa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.183334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.25/lat 35.183334)">Dainichi Pass</a>, stream; 35°11′ N, 138°15′ E; 1100 m a.s.l.; 15 Sep. 1996; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 6 ♂♂ with 6 Pe, 3 ♀♀ with 3 Pe and 1 Le, 5 Pe, 3 Le; same data as for preceding; 4 May 1998 (emerged 10–30 May 1998) • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe, 2 ♀♀ with 2 Pe, 1 ♀ (pharate); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.33333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.33333/lat 35.016666)">Uchimaki River</a>; 35°01′ N, 138°20′ E; 122 m a.s.l.; 20 Apr. 1997 (emerged 25–28 Apr. 1997); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe, 1 ♀ with 1 Pe and 1 Le; Shimizu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.45/lat 35.066666)">Ihara River</a>; 35°4′ N, 138°27′ E; 202 m a.s.l.; 15 Mar. 1990 (emerged 20.iii.1990); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♀ with 1 Pe; Aoi-ku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.36667/lat 35.033333)">Ashikubo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.36667/lat 35.033333)">Harada River</a>; 35°2′ N, 138°22′ E; 77 m a.s.l.; 8 Apr. 1995 (emerged 25 Apr. 1995); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN . – Tochigi • 1 ♀ with 1 Pe; Ichikai, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.11667/lat 36.6)">Miage</a>; 36°36′ N, 140°7′ E; 115 m a.s.l.; 18 Mar. 1989 (emerged 25 Mar. 1989); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN .</p><p>CHINA – Jilin • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; Antu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.05/lat 42.05)">Mt Changbai</a>, north slope; 42°03′ N, 128°03′ E; 1835 m a.s.l.; 11 Aug. 2022; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 22082002 . – Jiangsu • 1 ♂; Lianyuangang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.316666/lat 34.666668)">Mt Yuntai</a>, site 2; 34°40′ N, 119°19′ E; 400 m a.s.l.; 8 May 2014; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU . – Zhejiang • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Xianju, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.566666/lat 28.716667)">south gate of Xianju National Park</a>; 28°43′ N, 120°34′ E; 110 m a.s.l.; 10 Nov. 2019; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU 191118001 . – Guangdong • 1 ♂ (pharate); Shaoguan, Renhua, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.6/lat 25.25)">Zhongshan</a>; 25°15′ N, 113°36′ E; 500 m a.s.l.; 15 Feb. 2023; Y.R. He and X. Dong leg.; JNU, JNU 23022307 . – Hainan • 1 ♂; Qiongzhong, Limuling, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.75/lat 19.166666)">Mt Limu</a>; 19°10′ N, 109°45′ E; 830 m a.s.l.; 15 Apr. 2016; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU . – Yunnan • 2 ♂♂; Nujiang, Fugong, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.9/lat 26.55)">seep in Mt Biluo</a>; 26°33′ N, 98°54′ E; 1790 m a.s.l.; 15 Oct. 2017; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 171027023, 171027025 • 1 ♂ (teneral), 1 ♂ (pharate); Shangri-La, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.76667/lat 28.05)">Gezan</a>, unnamed stream; 28°03′ N, 99°46′ E; 3130 m a.s.l.; 19 Jun. 2018; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU, JNU 180706008 • 1 ♂; Dali, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.15/lat 25.65)">Qingbi</a> stream; 25°39′ N, 100°09′ E; 2350 m a.s.l.; 14 Feb. 2022; X.F. Li leg.; JNU • 2 ♂♂ with 2 Pe, 1 ♀ (pharate), 4 Pe; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.583336/lat 22.633333)">Ximeng</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.583336/lat 22.633333)">Mengsuo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.583336/lat 22.633333)">Lake Mengsuo</a>; 22°38′ N, 99°35′ E; 1270 m a.s.l.; 26 Apr. 2022; Y.J. Liang leg.; JNU .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 23)</p><p>Total length 1.9–3.0, 2.4 (22) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Body mostly dark brown with pale pleural membrane, including HP, on thorax.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2–7, 4 (21). AR 0.73–1.27, 1.00. Clypeus trapezoid with 8–18, 11 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 30–42, 35 (21): 39–69, 57 (21); 76–160, 109 (21); 91–160, 114 (21); 145–246, 197 (18), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 0.9–1.3, 1.0 (21); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.5–2.1, 1.7 (18). Pm 3 with 1–8, 3 (21) SCl; occasionally 1 (1) SCl present on Pm 4.</p><p>THORAX (Fig. 25A). Lateral Aps 0–6, 2 (19). Ac 11–26, 20 (21), and longest 13–23, 17 (21) μm long; Dc 6–16, 11 (20), H absent; Pa 1–5, 3 (21). Scts 4–11, 6 (17). Humeral pit (Fig. 25B–D) consisting of large, triangular or rectangular pit, and small elongate pit; large pit 0.43–0.81, 0.63 (22) × as wide as its length; occasionally small pit indistinct partly.</p><p>WING (Fig. 25E). Length 1.4–2.5, 1.8 (21) mm. C extension slightly projected, 20–49, 35 (22) μm long. VR 1.0–1.1, 1.1 (21). R basally with 3–10, 5 (22) setae; R 1 and R 4+5 usually without setae, very rarely each with 1 (1) seta. AnL obtuse. Sq with 0–8, 4 (22) setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 37–54, 43 (22) μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 18–25, 21 (21) and 16–22, 19 (21) μm long, respectively; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 39–52, 45 (22) and 15–25, 19 (22) μm long, respectively, and ti comb of 12–15, 13 (18) bristles. Mid ta 1 usually without Sch, occasionally with 5 (1) Sch. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 23.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 25F) with AnP sharply pointed, bearing 7–14, 11 (22) lateral setae. Gc 138– 229, 184 μm long, 3.3–4.1, 3.7 (22) × as long as broad at middle; SVo (Fig. 25G–H) posteriorly projected, apically pointed or blunted; IVo (Fig. 25I–J) triangular, usually with bare beak-like, occasionally blunt, dorsal apex. Gs (Fig. 25K–N) 59–98, 75 μm long, roundly convex in outer margin, with low and broad CD; occasionally CD indistinct. HR 2.25–2.69, 2.47.</p><p>Female (n = 9)</p><p>Total length 1.6–2.7, 2.0 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Similar to male. SCa brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2–5, 3. Antenna 5-segmented; Fm 5 101–123, 109 μm long, nearly as long as combined length of Fm 3 and Fm 4; AR 0.40–0.49, 0.45. Clypeus with 8–13, 12 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 30–39, 35 (6); 49–57, 53 (6); 86–98, 92 (6); 98–118, 107 (6); 192–219, 203 (6), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.1–1.2, 1.2 (6); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.7–2.1, 1.9 (6). Pm 3 with 2–5, 4 SCl; Pm 4 without Scl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2–5, 3 (7). Ac 19–29, 23 (8); Dc 11–15, 14, including 1–4, 2 H; Pa 3–4, 3. Scts 5–6, 6 (8).</p><p>WING. Length 1.5–2.1, 1.7 mm. C extension slightly projected. VR 1.0–1.1, 1.0. R with 5–11, 9; R 1 with 0–7, 4; R 4+5 with 13–19, 15 setae. AnL obtuse. Sq with 3–9, 5 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 24–28, 26 μm long. P 2 with 2 ti spurs, both 16–21, 18 μm long; without Sch on ta 1. P 3 with 2 ti spurs 42–46, 44 and 16–23, 18 μm long; with comb of 11–14, 13 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 23.</p><p>GENITALIA (Fig. 25O). S VIII with 8–15, 12 setae; Gca distinct. Gp VIII divided into rounded VlL and narrow DmL; ApL distinct between VlLand DmL. T IX (Fig. 25P) divided into 2 protrusions, with 11–19, 14 setae in total. Gc IX well developed with 6–10, 7 setae on each side. PgP triangular. Ce 51–74, 61 μm long. No 101–128, 110 μm long. L without microtrichia. SCa ovoid, 81–89, 85 (2) μm long, 1.3– 1.5, 1.4 (2) × as long as broad, with conical neck placed somewhat asymmetrically; ducts without loop.</p><p>Pupa (n = 30)</p><p>Total length 2.5–3.6, 3.0 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Exuviae generally pale brown; Apo, and central and posterior spines on abdominal tergites dark.</p><p>CEPHALOTHORAX. FA (Fig. 26A) weakly rugulose, with FS 57–111, 81 (18) μm long. Thoracic horn (Fig. 26B) club-shaped, 241–308, 266 μm long, 4.1–5.8, 5.0 (18) × as long as broad. Lengths (μm) of Pc 1–3: 44–74, 57 (28); 27–59, 39 (27); 17–39, 26 (28), respectively. Three Pc arranged in triangle. Length (μm) of Dc 1–4: 44–74, 57 (28); 27–59, 39 (27); 17–39, 26 (28); 30–69, 45 (29), respectively. Four Dc arranged in straight line; last 3 grouped. Distances (μm) of Dc 1 –Dc 2, Dc 2 –Dc 3, Dc 3 –Dc 4: 101–157, 122 (29); 12–57, 22 (28); 12–47, 21 (28), respectively.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 26C). T I without any spinulation. T II and VIII with triangular patch of posteromedian spinules. T III–V with more or less extensive spinulation. T VI with posterior spinulation. T VII with vertically long patch of median spinules. T IX with anterior spinulation. Weak anterolateral spinulation present on T II–VIII. T IV–VI with one median rounded patch of spines; weak to strong median spine patch (Fig. 26D) frequently present on T III. Rows of simple spines present on posterior margins of T II–VII; posterior spines of T II not recurved, smaller than those of T III–VI; posterior spines on T VII (Fig. 26E) usually weak, occasionally strong. Anteriorly directed spinules posterior to spine rows on T II–V. PSB somewhat low on A II–III. Usually A I with 1 L-seta, II–IV each with 3 L-setae, V–VI each with 4 L-setae, VII with 4 LS-setae, VIII with 5 LS-setae; occasionally A IV with 4 L-setae, V with 3 L-setae.AL 197–258, 224 μm long, 1.7–2.2, 2.0 (27) × as long as broad, with 9–16, 12 lateral taeniae on posterior ⅔– 4 /5; male genital sac 1.0–1.2, 1.1 (6) as long as AL.</p><p>Larva (n = 6)</p><p>Total length 4.0 (1) mm. Length of head capsule 358 (1) μm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Head yellow with dark brown M, apical ⅔ of mandible, and Po.</p><p>HEAD (Fig. 26F). IC 0.68 (1). PM 172–192, 184 (5) μm long. Dorsal surface with frontoclypeus, labral sclerite and lateral sclerites. Labrum with bifid SI. Lengths (μm) of 1st to 5th antennal segments: 49–55, 53 (5); 13–16, 14 (5); 7–9, 8 (5); 5–6, 5 (5); 6–7, 7 (5), respectively. AR 1.5–1.7, 1.5 (5). First segment (Fig. 26G) 2.9–3.7, 3.2 (5) × as long as broad, with ring organ located 0.15–0.20, 0.17 (5) from base and 2 SA located 0.09–0.19, 0.14 (5) and 0.50–0.66, 0.60 (5), respectively, from base; with Bl 29–33, 31 (2) μm long, reaching 4 th segment; with ABl 10–15, 12 (3) μm long. Second segment apically with LO 7–8, 7 (5) μm long, and St 2–3, 3 (4) μm long. Labrum with Pm 59–65, 63 (5) μm long. Mandible (Fig. 26H) 114–124, 119 (5) μm long, with apical tooth and 3 inner teeth; apical tooth shorter than combined width of these inner teeth; Si bearing 6–7 weakly serrated branches. Maxilla (Fig. 26I) with PG consisting of minute, indistinct teeth; anterior LCh 3.0–4.0, 3.5 (5) × as long as broad. M (Fig. 26J) with 2 median and 5 pairs of lateral teeth; median tooth without accessary tooth; combined width of 2 median teeth 24–29, 27 (5) μm. VmP 11–20, 14 μm wide at most, with 16–22, 20 beard setae beneath.</p><p>BODY. With setae, 54–73, 62 (4) μm long. Pc (Fig. 26K) 23–24, 23 (3) μm long, 1.4–1.8, 1.6 (3) × as long as broad, with single spur and 3 AS. PP with 16 claws; small claws (Fig. 26L) squashed in shape.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species has been known from Palearctic Japan and China, and Oriental China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species was described based on adults and pupae from a tributary river of the Tama in Tokyo, Japan. In the original description of the male, Sasa (1981: 92–93, 132 fig. 18) drew a rectangular humeral pit with no additional pit, and wrote “R 2+3 ending closer to tip of R 1 than to that of R 4+5 ” and “Gonostylus without preapical tooth”. A re-examination of the holotype, a dissected teneral male with its pupal exuviae, revealed that it has large, nearly triangular humeral pits each with a small, ellipsoid hole with partly indistinct margin; superior volsellae projecting backwards; and triangular inferior volsellae each with a narrow apical projection. The specimen has 12 acrostichal setae, lacks sensillum chaeticum (Sch) on the mid basitarsomere, the wing seems to have an obtuse anal lobe. From the many specimens collected recently from Japan and China, it is evident that the humeral pit of this species consists of a large hole and a small hole, the vein R 2+3 ends midway between tips of R 1 and R 4+5 and the gonostylus usually possesses a low inconspicuous crista dorsalis. Further, Sasa (1981: 93) mistook the prealar setae for the supraalar setae in the female description. Thus, the species belongs to the effusus group in Saether (1986: 98) and the male is very similar to that of R. (s. str.) effusus (Walker, 1856) in the large humeral pit consisting of two holes, the beak-like superior volsella, and some numerical data, e.g., number of lateral setae on anal point 7–14, AR 0.73–1.27, LR 1 0.69–0.79, LR 3 0.54–0.63, but may be separable from the latter by the broader, triangular, occasionally rectangular large hole of humeral pit, and the obtuse anal lobe of the wing. According to Edwards (1929: 330), Lehmann (1969: 372 fig. 13a) and Moubayed-Brell &amp; Ashe (2019: 38 fig. 10), the male of R. (s. str.) effusus possesses a large, long oval-shaped hole in the humeral pit, and Lehmann (1969: 378) wrote in couplet 9 of his key “Wings with a well-developed anal lobe (as in fig. 18a)” and showed a right-angled anal lobe.</p><p>Troublingly, the partially indistinct small hole in the humeral pit and the gonostylus without distinct crista dorsalis occur in Japanese and Chinese populations of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis . The former may come from insufficient sclerotization in teneral adults. The latter may be caused by individual variations, as well as differing orientations on the slide. The male with both the features may be inseparable from that of R. (s. str.) nepalensis Lehmann, 1969 . Saether (1986: 65) wrote: “ R. (R.) tamahumeralis and R. (R.) nepalensis are very close and may well show up to be conspecific.” It is not clear whether these species are conspecific or not until the immature stages and more adult specimens of R. (s. str.) nepalensis are available.</p><p>Some pupae of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis are similar to those of R. (s. str.) effusus in having 11–16 lateral taeniate on the anal lobe, but clearly different from it. The pupa of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis is characterized by the tergite III frequently with a median spine patch, the tergites VII–VIII each with a small median spinule patch (I-shaped on T VII, inverted T-shaped on T VIII), whereas in the latter, the tergite III usually has no median spine patch, each of the tergites VII–VIII has a relatively large spinule patch (Lehmann 1969: 376 fig. 21b; Saether 1986:105; Coffman et al. 1986: 277 fig. 9.59d; Langton &amp; Visser 2003 fig. 045.1). In addition, it is peculiar to have distinct posterior spines on the tergite VII, which can occasionally be nearly as large as those on the tergite VI. Saether (1986: 62) wrote: “Caudal margin of tergites II–VI or III–VI ( Rheocricotopus s. str.) or II–VIII or III–VIII ( Psilocricotopus) with spines: (Occasionally very weak caudal spines are present on tergite VII or VII–VIII also in Rheocricotopus s. str.)”.</p><p>The larva of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis is distinct from that of R. (s. str.) effusus in the few beard hairs beneath the ventromental plate. It is 16–22, 20 (n = 6) in the former, whereas 25–31, 28 (n = 9) in the latter according to Saether (1986: 105). Although many larvae are unknown in this genus, R. (R.) tamahumeralis has a frontoclypeus separated from the labral sclerite, which is an important feature to identify this larva.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFB4FFD5FE23FCF4CFA8CAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFBAFFD0FDCBFA91CB4ACD76.text	03F55F24FFBAFFD0FDCBFA91CB4ACD76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus tatequintus Sasa 1996	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (s. str.) tatequintus Sasa, 1996</p><p>Fig. 27, Table 24</p><p>Rheocricotopus tatequintus Sasa, 1996a: 32 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) tatequintus – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 572. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 298. — Fu et al. 2016: 271.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype JAPAN – Toyama • ♂; Mt Tate; 9 Apr. 1986; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 4998 [No. 284: 58].</p><p>Paratypes JAPAN – Toyama • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; NSMT, NSMT [No. 284: 59–61] .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 3)</p><p>Total length 3.0–3.3, 3.2 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Thorax black, abdomen and legs uniformly dark brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 2–3, 3 (2). AR 1.13–1.16, 1.14. Clypeus with 6–8, 7 (2) setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 34–37 (2); 54–64 (2); 130–148 (2); 143–148 (2); 221–229 (2), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.1 (2); Pm 5 / Pm 4 1.6 (2). Pm 3 with 1 (1) SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 4 (2), and medial Aps 0–2 (2). Ac 28 (1), and longest 22 (1) μm long; Dc 14–15 (2) including 2–3 (2) H; Pa 3 (2). HP (Fig. 27A) composed of large hole and small hole; large hole oblong, 0.26–0.28 (2) × as high as long.</p><p>WING (Fig. 27B). Length 2.3–2.4, 2.4 mm. C extension slightly projected, 42–59, 48 μm long. VR 1.0–1.1, 1.0. R with 9–12, 10 setae, R 1 and R 4+5 without setae. AnL obtuse. Sq with at least 4.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 49–54, 52 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 20–22, 21 and 17–20, 18 μm long, respectively; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 47–49, 48 and 20 μm long and ti comb of 14–16, 15 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 24.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 27C) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 12 (1) setae. Gc (Fig. 27D) 209– 244, 231 μm long with finger-like, apically rounded SVo; IVo (Fig. 27E) triangular, apically with small dorsal projection. Gs 108–125, 117 μm long with convex outer margin; CD (Fig. 27F) low, somewhat broad. HR 1.92–2.06, 1.97.</p><p>Female (n = 1)</p><p>Total length 2.8 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Similar to male.</p><p>HEAD. Antenna 5-segmented. Lengths (μm) of Fm 1–5: 98, 69, 69, 59, 106. AR 0.36. Clypeus with 9 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 37, 62, 138, 145, 241. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.1, Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.7. Pm 3 with 2 SCl.</p><p>THORAX. HP (Fig. 27G) with 2 holes, large hole 0.27 × as high as its length. Lateral Aps 3, medial Aps absent. Ac at least 17, Pa 3.</p><p>WING. Length 2.4 mm. C extension 98 μm long. VR 1.0. R with at least 17, R 1 with at least 10, R 4+5 with at least 31. Sq with 6 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with single ti spur 32 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs, 22 and 20 μm long, respectively; P 3 with 2 ti spurs, 49 and 20 μm long, and with ti comb of 18 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 24.</p><p>GENITALIA (Fig. 27H). S VIII with about 20 setae. Gca distinct. Gp VIII divided into rounded VlL and DmL. Gc IX well developed, with 12 setae on each side. Ce 76 μm long. No 75 μm long. SCa 116 μm long.</p><p>Pupa and larva</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known only from the type locality, Mt Tate in Toyama Prefecture, Palaearctic Japan.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We re-examined the holotype male, two male and one female paratypes of R. (s. str.) tatequintus Sasa, 1996 . Although all the types are severely damaged during the mounting procedures, a digitate superior volsella is recognized in the males. The female thorax has a large humeral pit consisting of two holes as in the male thorax.</p><p>Fu et al. (2016: 271) corrected the antennal ratio of 1.13–1.34 in the original description to 2.55 by their re-examination of the holotype, but our re-examination of all the male types (No. 284: 58–60), including the holotype (NSMT-I-Dip 4998, No. 284: 58), shows the true antennal ratio is 1.13–1.16, not such high re-calculated values.</p><p>The male is a member of the reduncus group as defined by Moubayed-Breil &amp; Ashe (2019: 36) in having the superior volsellae finger-like, resembling that of R. (s. str.) pyrenaeus Moubayed &amp; Ashe, 2019 in the humeral pit consisting of a large hole and a small hole, the apically rounded finger-like superior volsella, and crista dorsalis broad, distinct. However, in R. (R.) tatequintus, the male antennal ratio is somewhat higher (1.1–1.2), the female antennal ratio is lower (AR 0.36), and the male wing has no seta on veins R 1 and R 4+5, whereas in R. (R.) pyrenaeus, the male antennal ratio is 0.84, the female antennal ratio is 0.65, and each of the male R 1 and R 4+5 possess two setae according to Moubayed &amp; Ashe (2019: 41–42).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFBAFFD0FDCBFA91CB4ACD76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FFBFFFEAFE60FC02CD3FCB38.text	03F55F24FFBFFFEAFE60FC02CD3FCB38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus togapeniculus Sasa & Okazawa 1992	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (s. str.) togapeniculus Sasa &amp; Okazawa, 1992</p><p>Figs 28–29, Table 25</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) togapeniculus Sasa &amp; Okazawa, 1992: 104 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus kamimonji Sasa &amp; Hirabayashi, 1993: 364 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus kurocedeus Sasa, 1996a: 19 . Syn. nov.</p><p>? Rheocricotopus fuscipes [nec Kieffer, 1909] – Hirabayashi et al. 1998: 805.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) kamimonji – Sasa &amp; Tanaka 1998: 38. — Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 565. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) kurocedeus – Saether et al. 2000: 161, misspelled as R. (Psilocricotopus) kurodeceus . — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 565. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297 — Fu et al. 2016: 264.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) togapeniculus – Saether et al. 2000: 161. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 572. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 298. — Fu et al. 2016: 273.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) eminellobus [nec Saether, 1969] – Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko 2005: 130.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus (s. str.) togapeniculus JAPAN – Toyama • ♂; Toga, Toga River; 16 Apr. 1990 (emerged 24 Apr. 1990); T. Okazawa and M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 4709 [No. 181: 29] .</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus kurocedeus JAPAN – Toyama • ♂; Lake Kurobe; 14 Oct. 1994; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 4988 [284: 31].</p><p>Type specimen of R. kamimonji was not examined.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>JAPAN – Fukushima • 1 ♂; Naraha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.96666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.96666/lat 37.266666)">Kido River</a>; 37°16′ N, 140°58′ E; 28 m; 24 Oct. 1991; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; Iwaki, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.96666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.96666/lat 37.133335)">Hisanohama</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.96666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.96666/lat 37.133335)">Obisa River</a>; 37°08′ N, 140°58′ E; 18 m a.s.l.; 11 Apr. 1991; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 3 ♂♂ with 3 Pe, 4 ♀♀ with 3 Pe; Iwaki, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.9/lat 37.133335)">Yaguki</a>; 37°8′ N, 140°54′ E; 123 m a.s.l.; 3 Jan. 1997 (emerged 6–21 Jan. 1997); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 4 ♂♂ with 4 Pe; same data as for preceding; 2 Jan. 1998 (emerged 26 Jan. – 7 Feb. 1998); PCHN • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; same data as for preceding; 20 Mar. 2000 (emerged 26 Mar. 2000); PCHN • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; same data as for preceding; 15 Aug. 2001 (emerged 29 Aug. 2001); PCHN • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; same data as for preceding; 14 Oct. 2002 (emerged 25 Oct. 2002); PCHN . – Kanagawa • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; Kiyokawa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.2/lat 35.5)">Miyagase</a>; 35°30′ N, 139°12′ E; 290 m a.s.l.; 7 Feb. 1998 (emerged 28 Mar. 1998); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN . – Miyagi • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; Shiroishi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.56667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.56667/lat 38.25)">Yukawa River</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.56667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.56667/lat 38.25)">Kamasaki Hot Spring</a>; 38°15′ N, 140°34′ E; 189 m a.s.l.; 1 Jan. 1997 (emerged 19 Jan. 1997); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN . – Nagano • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.56667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.56667/lat 35.966667)">Kawakami</a>; 35°58′ N, 138°34′ E; 1220 m a.s.l.; 20 Jun. 1991 (emerged 28 Jun. 1991); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN . – Shizuoka • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe and 1 Le, 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.183334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.25/lat 35.183334)">Ikawa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.183334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.25/lat 35.183334)">Dainichi Pass</a>, stream; 35°11′ N, 138°15′ E; 1100 m a.s.l.; 4 Mar. 2000 (emerged 9 Mar. 2000); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe and 1 Le; same data as for preceding; 28 Mar. 2001 (emerged 9 Apr. 2001); PCHN • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; Aoi-ku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.26666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.26666/lat 35.2)">Ikawa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.26666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.26666/lat 35.2)">River Well Ski Area</a>; 35°12′ N, 138°16′ E; 1400 m a.s.l.; 15 Nov. 1997 (emerged 15 Feb. 1998); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 2 ♀♀ with 2 Pe; Aoi-ku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.36667/lat 35.05)">Kadoya River</a>; 35°3′ N, 138°22′ E; 85 m a.s.l.; 21 Dec. 1997 (emerged 11 Jan. 1998); H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 1 ♂; Aoi-ku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.36667/lat 35.033333)">Ashikubo</a>, stream; 35°2′ N, 138°22′ E; 77 m a.s.l.; 4 Apr. 1987; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN • 3 ♂♂ with 1 Pe; same data as for preceding; 15 Feb. 1996 (emerged 22–26 Feb. 1996); PCHN • 1 ♂ with 1 Pe; Aoi-ku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.38333/lat 35.033333)">Kujiragaike Pond</a>, unnamed stream; 35°02′ N, 138°23′ E; 80 m a.s.l.; 27 Nov. 1987 (emerged 15 Nov. 1987). H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN . – Tochigi • 1 Pe; Ichikai, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=140.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 140.11667/lat 36.6)">Miage</a>; 36°36′ N, 140°7′ E; 116 m a.s.l.; 13 Apr. 1989; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (n = 26)</p><p>Total length 2.0–3.4, 2.5 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Thorax dark brown. Abdomen brown, usually somewhat darker on T V–IX. Legs uniformly brown.</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 3–7, 4. AR 0.89–1.20, 1.01. Clypeus with 8–16, 10 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 25–44, 34 (24); 44–62, 52 (24); 86–135, 110 (24); 86–135, 113 (24); 160–231, 195 (24), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.0–1.2, 1.0 (24); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.5–1.9, 1.7 (24). Pm 3 with 2–6, 4 (25) SCl; Pm 4 occasionally with 1 (6) SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps minute, 0–3, usually absent (25). Ac 14–30, 20 (23), and longest 11–24, 17 μm long; Dc 4–8, 6 (25); H absent; Pa 2–5, 3; Scts 4–10, 6. HP (Fig. 28A) composed of fused several small holes, occasionally invisible.</p><p>WING (Fig. 28B). Length 1.6–2.5, 2.0 (25) mm. C extension slightly to moderately long, 25–66, 45 (24) μm. VR 1.1–1.2, 1.1 (25). R with 4–16, 8 setae; R 1 with 0–1 seta, usually bare, and R 4+5 with 0–6, 1 (25) seta. AnL obtuse. Sq with 2–14, 6 (25) setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 38–54, 44 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 15–23, 19 and 15–20, 18 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 38–51, 44 and 16–20, 18 (25) μm long. P 2–3 usually without Sch, each rarely with 1 (1) Sch on ta 1. P 3 with ti comb of 11–16, 13 (25) bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 25.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Hypopygium (Fig. 28C) with AnP pointed apically, bearing 4–12, 7 (25) lateral setae. Gc145– 192, 169 μm long with SVo (Fig. 28D) right-angled at apex to somewhat roundly protruded inwardly; IVo double-layered, dorsally with narrow dorsal protrusion. Gs (Fig. 28E) 59–79, 68 μm long, roundly convex in outer margin; CD absent. HR 2.19–2.84, 2.48 (25).</p><p>Female (n = 6)</p><p>Total length 2.2–2.7, 2.4 (5) mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Similar to male. Sca dark brown</p><p>HEAD. Temporals 4–8, 6. Antenna 5-segmented; Fm 5 91–108, 98 μm long, shorter than combined length of Fm 3 and Fm 4; AR 0.36–0.43, 0.38. Clypeus with 9–14, 12 setae. Lengths (μm) of Pm 1–5: 37–44, 41 (4); 52–62, 58 (4); 108–128, 115 (4); 123, 123 (3); 209–234, 222 (4), respectively. Pm 4 /Pm 3 1.1, 1.1 (3); Pm 5 /Pm 4 1.7–1.8, 1.8 (3). Pm 3 with 3–7, 5 (5) SCl.</p><p>THORAX. Lateral Aps 2–3, 2 (5). Ac 16–29, 23 (4); Dc 9–15, 12 (5) including 1–4, 2 (5) H; Pa 2–6, 4. Sct 6–7, 7.</p><p>WING. Length 1.8–2.3, 2.1 mm. C extension moderately long. VR 1.0–1.1, 1.1. R with 14–23, 20; R 1 with 6–13, 10; R 4+5 with 25–40, 35 setae. Sq with 7–10, 8 setae.</p><p>LEGS. P 1 with ti spur 23–28, 26 μm long; P 2 with 2 ti spurs 18–23, 20 and 16–20, 18 μm long; P 3 with 2 ti spurs 44–54, 48 and 16–20, 18 μm long. P 2–3 each with ta 1 bearing 0–3, 2 Sch. P 3 with ti comb of 12–15, 13 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 25.</p><p>GENITALIA (Fig. 28F). S VIII with 14–19, 16 setae. T IX (Fig. 28G) divided into 2 protrusions, with 11– 16, 13 setae in total. Gc IX with 7–12, 10 setae on each side. Ce 64–89, 77 μm long. No 103–119, 111 μm long. Sca 89–113, 103 (4) μm long, 1.4–1.8, 1.7 (4) × as long as broad; neck conical; ducts without loop.</p><p>Pupa (n = 26)</p><p>Total length 2.4–3.7, 3.0 mm.</p><p>COLOURATION. Exuviae pale brown, darkened on apophyses, and central and posterior spines on abdominal tergites.</p><p>CEPHALOTHORAX. FA (Fig. 29A) weakly and sparsely pebbled, with FS 73–122, 92 (16) μm long. Thoracic horn 232–310, 273 (25) μm long, 3.3–6.1, 4.2 (14) × as long as broad. Lengths (μm) of Pc 1–3: 135–197, 170 (21); 111–197, 152 (21); 44–123, 78 (21), respectively. Three precorneals arranged in triangle. Lengths (μm) of Dc 1–4: 34–74, 48; 27–79, 50; 12–42, 30; 25–74, 44, respectively. Distances (μm) of Dc 1 –Dc 2, Dc 2 –Dc 3, Dc 3 –Dc 4: 62–123, 95; 22–86, 44; 10–44, 23, respectively. Dc 2–4 usually arranged in straight line, occasionally in triangle.</p><p>ABDOMEN (Fig. 29B). T I–II without spinulation. T III–V each with more or less extensive spinulation. T VI–VII with posterior spinulation. T VIII with triangular, posterior spinule patch along median line. T IX with anterior spinulation. T IV–VI each with one median, rounded patch of spines, occasionally T III (Fig. 29C) with ill-defined median spine patch. Rows of simple spines present on posterior margins of T II–VIII; posterior spines weak on T II, VII–VIII, occasionally absent on T VIII. Anteriorly directed spinules present, posterior to spine rows on T II–V. PSB somewhat low on A II–III. Usually A I with 2 L-setae; II–IV each with 3 L-setae, occasionally IV with 4 L-setae; V–VI each with 4 L-setae, occasionally 3 L-setae; VII with 4 LS-setae; VIII with 5 LS-setae. AL 177–271, 226 (24) μm long, 1.6–2.0, 1.8 (24) × as long as broad, with 8–16, 11 (24) lateral taeniae on basal ⅔–¾; male genital sac 1.1–1.3, 1.2 (9) as long as AL.</p><p>Larva (n = 2)</p><p>COLOURATION. Head yellow with dark brown mentum, apical ⅔ of mandible, and postoccipital margin.</p><p>HEAD. PM 187–197 μm long. Dorsal surface (Fig. 29D) with frontoclypeolabrum and lateral labral sclerites. SI bifid on labrum. Antenna (Fig. 29E) 5-segmented. Lengths (μm) of 1st to 5th antennal segments: 59, 16–18, 10–11, 7–8, 8, respectively. AR 1.3–1.4. First segment 3.0 × as long as broad, with RO located 0.14 from base and 2 SA each located 0.13–0.14 and 0.28–0.31 from base; with blade 39– 41 μm long, reaching apex of 4th segment. Second segment apically with LO 10 μm long, and St 3 μm long. Labrum with Pm 62–65 μm long. Mandible (Fig. 29F) 119–127 μm long, with apical tooth shorter than combined width of 3 inner teeth; Si with 7 branches including 2 or 3 apically serrated branches. Maxilla (Fig. 29G) with PG consisting of 9 distinct teeth; anterior LCh 3.3–4.3 × as long as broad. M (Fig. 29H) with 2 simple median teeth; combined width of 2 median teeth 26–27 μm. Vmp 16 μm wide at most, with 14–16 beard setae beneath.</p><p>BODY. With setae 62 μm long. Pc (Fig. 29I) 23 (1) μm long, 1.8 (1) × as long as broad, with 2 spurs and 3 anal setae. Squashed small claws (Fig. 29J) present on PP.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is known from Palaearctic Japan and the Russian Far East.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Although the holotype was badly damaged during mounting, the double-layered inferior volsella with a dorsal protrusion and the gonostylus with no crista dorsalis and rounded outer margin are recognizable in the specimen. Additionally, the small humeral pit consisting of several (10–12), partly fused holes and the wing with an obtuse anal lobe and a slight costal extension are also distinctive in the specimen. More additional features were clarified in newly collected materials from Japan. The humeral pit is invisible in some specimens. The superior volsella is thick and nearly right-angled at the apex in dorsal view, but it also looks like a rounded protrusion in other views or by different pressure from the coverslip.</p><p>Rheocricotopus kamimonji Sasa &amp; Hirabayashi, 1993 was described based on a single male from Nagano Prefecture in Palaearctic Japan. Although we have not examined the holotype, judging from the original description (Sasa &amp; Hirabayashi 1993: 364) there is no significant difference between the males of R. (s. str.) togapeniculus and R. kamimonji . The latter species is a junior synonym of R. (s. str.) togapeniculus . The holotype of the latter may be lost.</p><p>Rheocricotopus kurocedeus Sasa, 1996 was described based on a single male from Toyama Prefecture, Japan. The author (Sasa 1996a: 19) wrote: “Gonostylus simple, … with a long and stout megaseta but without preapical tooth.” Nevertheless, Fu et al. (2016: 265) wrote: “Gonostylus 70 µm long, with small triangularly pointed costa dorsalis [sic].” Our re-examination of the holotype showed a gonostylus lacking any crista dorsalis. Further, Sasa (1996a: 19) wrote: “it is closest to R. togapeniculu s Sasa et Okazawa, 1992 and R. kamimonji Sasa et Hirabayashi, 1993, in that antennae are the normal type and AR is ca 1.0, and humeral pits are small, but differs also from both in the structure of inner lobes of gonocoxite and of anal point.” We compared the holotype male of R. kurocedeus to that of R. (s. str.) togapeniculus . Although the inferior volsella of the latter is deformed by a poor mounting procedure, it is distinctly recognizable that in the former, the inferior volsella is armed with a finger-like dorsal projection, not a rounded protrusion as shown in Fu et al. (2016: 264 fig. 3b–c). Additionally, there is no significant difference between both the structures of anal point. Rheocricotopus kurocedeus undoubtedly is a junior synonym of R. (s. str.) togapeniculus .</p><p>Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 130) gave a brief re-description of R. (s. str.) eminellobus Saether, 1969 belonging to the fuscipes group, based on males from Primorsky in the Russian Far East. The male of R. (s. str.) eminellobus is similar to that of R. (R.) togapeniculus in the small humeral pit and the gonostylus with no or indistinct crista dorsalis, but separable from it by the relatively thin, roundly protruded superior volsella and the somewhat broad, triangular inferior volsella (see Saether 1969: 86 fig. 43, 1971: 1250 fig. 8f). The male of R. (s. str.) eminellobus sensu Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 132 figs 16–17) has nearly triangular, thick superior volsellae and narrowly projected, finger-like inferior volsellae. The species is not true R. (s. str.) eminellobus, but belongs to R. (s. str.) togapeniculus .</p><p>Hirabayashi et al. (1998: 805) recorded a male of R. (s. str.) fuscipes (Kieffer, 1909) from the Oze Moor in Gunma, Japan but without any morphological account. The male of R. (s. str.) fuscipes also resembles that of R. (s. str.) togapeniculus in the small indistinct humeral pit, and the gonostylus roundly convex in outer margin, with indistinct or no crista dorsalis, but differs from it in the semicircular superior volsella, and the triangular inferior volsella without conspicuously projecting apex (Goetghebuer 1932: 57 fig. 93, as Trichocladius dispar Goetghebuer, 1913; Albu 1968: 462 fig. 8, as R. dispar; Lehmann 1969: 367 fig. 4, as R. dispar (Goetghebuer, 1913); Langton &amp; Pinder 2007: 139 fig. 72g). So far, R. (s. str.) fuscipes has been known from Europe, North Africa and West Asia (Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 570). On the other hand, R. (s. str.) togapeniculus is distributed in Japan: Fukushima, Tochigi and Nagano Prefectures, near Gunma Prefecture. Although we have not examined their voucher specimen, there is a high possibility that the species is R. (s. str.) togapeniculus .</p><p>The pupa of R. (s. str.) togapeniculus will key to that of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis in Saether (1986). Indeed, these pupae are very similar to each other. However, the tergal spinulation of abdomen generally is weaker than that of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis, and is absent on tergite II. The pupa of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis has anterolateral and posteromedial spinulation on tergite II.</p><p>The ventromental plate with 14–16 beard setae beneath and the antennal ratio of 1.3–1.4 does not allow the larva of R. (s. str.) togapeniculus to key beyond couplet 8 in Saether (1986). It resembles that of R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis in the number of beard setae underneath the ventromental plate and the value of antennal ratio, but differs in the fused frontoclypeolabrum. In R. (s. str.) tamahumeralis, the larva has a frontoclypeus separated from the labral sclerite.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FFBFFFEAFE60FC02CD3FCB38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FF85FFEBFEACFAE1CCB5CDB0.text	03F55F24FF85FFEBFEACFAE1CCB5CDB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rheocricotopus tshernovskii Makarchenko & Makarchenko 2005	<div><p>Rheocricotopus (s. str.) tshernovskii Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) tshernovskii Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2005: 134 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) tshernovskii – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 573.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype RUSSIA – Sakhalin Is. • ♂; Nogliksky District, basin of Chamgu River (eastern seacoats); 743 m ASL; 13 Jul. 2003; V. Teslenko and T. Tiunova leg.; FEBRAS.</p><p>The type specimen of R. (s. str.) tshernovskii was not examined.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>To date, the species is known only from the type locality, the Russian Far East.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species was described based on a male and a mature pupa from Sakhalin Island, the Russian Far East by Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko (2005: 134).</p><p>The male is remarkably similar to that of R. (s. str.) reduncus Saether &amp; Schnell, 1988 in the indistinct humeral pit, the wing with a reduced anal lobe, and the hypopygium with caudally projecting finger-like superior volsellae, but is separable from it by the wing with a moderately long costal extension, 76–80 μm (E. Makarchenko pers. comm. 2023), the superior volsella with a shorter finger-like projection (28– 32 μm long), and the gonostylus curved and expanded at distal one third (Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko 2005: 133 fig. 22). In the latter, the costal extension is slight, 35–59 μm long, the superior volsella possesses a relatively long projection (59–67 μm long including the base), and the gonostylus is gently curved at the middle and gradually narrowed towards the apex (Saether &amp; Schnell 1988: 66–67 fig. 1d).</p><p>The pupa is also distinct from that of R. (s. str.) reduncus in the abdominal segment VII with three simple L-setae, the tergite II with 35–37 small spines along the posterior margin, and the anal lobe with 14–15 lateral taeniae. According to Saether &amp; Schnell (1988: 67–68), the latter has three taeniate LS-setae on segment VII, 120–170 spines along the posterior margin of tergite II, and 16–20 lateral taeniae on the anal lobe.</p><p>The female and the larva are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FF85FFEBFEACFAE1CCB5CDB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FF84FFE8FE31FBA2CD91CF4A.text	03F55F24FF84FFE8FE31FBA2CD91CF4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracladius akansextus Sasa & Kaminura 1987	<div><p>Paracladius akansextus Sasa &amp; Kaminura, 1987</p><p>Paracladius akansextus Sasa &amp; Kaminura, 1987: 31 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus shofukusecundus Sasa, 1998: 30 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Paracladius akansextus – Saether et al. 2000: 153. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 451. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 284</p><p>Rheocricotopus (s. str.) shofukusecundus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 572. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 298. — Fu et al. 2016: 269, as R. (s. str.) shoufukusecundus (misspelled).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Paracladius akansextus JAPAN – Hokkaido • ♂; Teshikaga, Lake Kussharo; 13 Jun. 1982; K. Kamimura leg.; NSMT, NSMTI-Dip 4583 [101: 56B].</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus shofukusecundus JAPAN – Toyama • ♂; Kurobe, Ikuji; 13 Mar. 1997; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 5101 [No. 329: 28].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In a re-examination of the holotype of R. shofukusecundus Sasa, 1998, we found the male has a small dorsomedial extension in the hairy eye; at least 13 small pale marks of acrostichal setae, and many weak dorsocentral setae on the scutum; no superior volsella; and a posteriorly hooked inferior volsellae. In addition, the leg is not armed with pulvilli, although the author (Sasa 1998: 30) in the original description wrote: “Tip of tarsi V with an empodium, … and a very small, brush-like pulvilli.” Due to poor mounting, the thoracic humeral areas are damaged. Although the author wrote: “scutum with a pair of large pale humeral pits”, it is quite possible that humeral pits are absent. Therefore, this male belongs to Paracladius Hirvenoja, 1973, not to Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 . There is no significant difference between this species and P. akansextus Sasa &amp; Kaminura, 1987 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FF84FFE8FE31FBA2CD91CF4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FF87FFE8FE63FED7CDCDC8D4.text	03F55F24FF87FFE8FE63FED7CDCDC8D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracricotopus brachypus (Wang & Zheng 1991) Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Paracricotopus brachypus (Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991) comb. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus brachypus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991: 101 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) brachypus – Saether et al. 2000: 160. — Liu et al. 2014a: 19. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 560.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Guangdong • ♂; Fengkai, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=111.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 111.4/lat 23.4)">Heishiding NNR</a>; 23°24′ N, 111°24′ E; 12 Apr. 1985; X. Wang &amp; L. Cheng leg.; NK, NK 05517.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>A re-examination of the holotype of R. brachypus Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991 showed the male has two distinct transverse rows of setae on the tergites II–VII. The species is a member of Paracricotopus Brundin, 1956, rather than Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 . Further, the number of setae on the tergite VIII is ca 20, and these are irregularly arranged. The feature resembles that of P. irregularis Niitsuma, 1990 . However, the male is separable from that of P. irregularis by the somewhat higher antennal ratio (AR 0.43), and having more setae on the tergites III–V (the number 24, 25 and 29, respectively). These tergal setae are not arranged strictly in a straight line, but are somewhat arched near the middle. In P. irregularis, the male antennal ratio is 0.24–0.30, the number of setae is 20–23 on the tergite III, 19–23 on the tergite IV, and 17–25 on the tergite V, and these tergal setae are arranged strictly in two rows except lateral setae (Niitsuma 1990). A new combination of P. brachypus (Wang &amp; Zheng, 1991) is proposed here.</p><p>Although Liu et al. (2014a: 19) wrote: “However, after examining the holotype, we find a medium, relatively shallow, ovoid humeral pit existing.”, we could not find any humeral pit in the holotype. In the original description, Wang &amp; Zheng (1991: 101, fig 3c) drew six posteromedial setae on the anal tergite. However, these are not setae, but dust except one posterolateral seta.</p><p>Further, we re-examined the two voucher specimens (NK 13894 and 005) collected from Hubei Province and Xizang Autonomous Region by Liu et al. (2014a: 19) and believe they misidentified the males of R. (P.) serratus Liu, Lin &amp; Wang, 2014 as those of R. (P.) brachypus . The latter is separable from that of R. (P.) serratus by low values of antennal ratio (AR 0.43) and LR 1–3 (0.69, 0.47, and 0.56, respectively), absence of humeral pit (Wang &amp; Zheng 1991: 101), as well as tergites II–VII each with two transverse rows of setae. In their voucher specimens, the antennal ratios are 0.67–0.93, and the LR 1, LR 2 and LR 3 are 0.82–0.86, 0.61, 0.61–0.62 respectively. Additionally, these male specimens possess moderately large, oval humeral pits and irregularly arranged setae on the tergites II–VII.</p><p>Until now, P. brachypus was known only from the type locality, Heishiding NNR in Guangdong Province, Oriental China. The female and the immature are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FF87FFE8FE63FED7CDCDC8D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FF87FFE6FDD3F8BACDE3CC57.text	03F55F24FF87FFE6FDD3F8BACDE3CC57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracricotopus irregularis Niitsuma 1990	<div><p>Paracricotopus irregularis Niitsuma, 1990</p><p>Paracricotopus irregularis Niitsuma, 1990: 101 .</p><p>Rheocricotopus tobatervicesimus Kikuchi &amp; Sasa, 1990: 327 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Paratrichocladius unabrevis Sasa, 1996b: 58 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) rotundus Liu, Lin &amp; Wang, 2014a: 26 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Paracricotopus) tusimoefeus Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 1999: 82 – Yamamoto 2004: 102, as Thalassosmittia. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 616, as Thalassosmittia. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 302, as Thalassosmittia. — Yamamoto et al. 2019: 63, as a junior synonym of Paracricotopus irregularis .</p><p>Paratrichocladius unabrevis – Saether et al. 2000: 157. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 493. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 289.</p><p>Paracricotopus irregularis – Saether et al. 2000: 159. — Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 454. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 284. — Yamamoto et al. 2019: 63.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) tobatervicesimus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 567. — Fu et al. 2016: 265.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Rheocricotopus tobatervicesimus INDONESIA – North Sumatra • ♂; Lake Toba; 1 Jun. 1987; M. Kikuchi leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 4784 [No. 200: 22].</p><p>Holotype of Paracricotopus irregularis JAPAN – Shizuoka • ♂; Shimizu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.45/lat 35.05)">Yanbara</a>, 35°3′ N, 138°27′ E; 170 m a.s.l.; 23 Jun. 1985; H. Niitsuma leg.; NSMT.</p><p>Holotype of Paratrichocladius unabrevis JAPAN – Toyama • ♂; Kurobe, Unazuki, shore of Kurobe River; 27 Jul. 1984; M. Sasa leg.; NSMT, NSMT-I-Dip 4983 [No. 279: 11];</p><p>Paratypes of Paratrichocladius unabrevis JAPAN – Toyama • 2 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; NSMT, NSMT [No. 279: 12–13] .</p><p>Paratype of Rheocricotopus (P.) rotundus CHINA – Yunnan • ♂; Dali Bai, Eryuan, Niujie, Meici River; 26°25′ N, 99°98′ E; 25 May 1996; B.X. Wang leg.; NK, NK 09884 .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In the original description of R. tobatervicesimus Kikuchi &amp; Sasa, 1990, the authors (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa 1990: 327) wrote: “AR 0.45, … pulvilli absent”, and moreover: “scutum with a pair of large humeral pits”. We re-examined the holotype and found that the adult male has a lower antennal ratio, well-developed pulvilli in all legs, and the humeral pit is indistinct. In the only antenna mounted on the slide, the first flagellomere is broken. Further, two transverse rows of setae are present on each of the abdominal tergites except the tergites I and VIII with irregularly arranged setae. Although the holotype is badly crushed during the mounting procedure, we confidently assign it to Paracricotopus Brundin. It is seemingly a junior synonym of Paracricotopus irregularis Niitsuma, 1990 .</p><p>In the original description of R. (P.) rotundus Liu, Lin &amp; Wang, 2014, the authors (Liu et al. 2014a: 26) wrote: “humeral pit moderately large, ovoid”. However, our re-examination of the paratype (NK 09884) revealed that the humeral pit is indistinct. In addition, the male has more or less distinct, two transverse rows of setae on the tergites II–VII and irregularly arranged setae on the tergite VIII. The male does not belong to Rheocricotopus, but to Paracricotopus . Thus, we conclude that R. (P.) rotundus is a junior synonym of Paracricotopus irregularis Niitsuma, 1990 .</p><p>Although we have not examined the holotype of Rheocricotopus (Paracricotopus) tusimoefeus Sasa, 1999, the species was synonymized by Yamamoto et al. (2019: 63). The holotype (NSMT-I-Dip 51496) may be lost.</p><p>Incidentally, based on a re-examination of the type series, we note that Paratrichocladius unabrevis Sasa, 1996 is also a junior synonym of this species. The author wrote (Sasa 1996b: 58–59): “Anal point and virga absent, ninth tergite without long setae.” Although badly crushed, the holotype has an anal point, the apex of which is squashed by the coverslip. In the paratype of No. 279.12, a sharply pointed anal point with lateral setae is distinctly visible. All the males of the type series have setae arranged in two rows on the tergites II–VII, but irregularly on the tergites I and VIII.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FF87FFE6FDD3F8BACDE3CC57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
03F55F24FF89FFE7FE75FD38CB39CAAB.text	03F55F24FF89FFE7FE75FD38CB39CAAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parorthocladius intermedius (Tokunaga 1939) Niitsuma & Tang 2026	<div><p>Parorthocladius intermedius (Tokunaga, 1939) comb. nov.</p><p>Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) intermedia Tokunaga, 1939: 332 .</p><p>Parorthocladius negoroi Yamamoto, 2011: 33 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) piloculatus Kobayashi, 2012: 53 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Rheocricotopus) intermedius – Sasa &amp; Kikuchi 1995: 58.</p><p>Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) intermedius – Saether et al. 2000: 167.</p><p>Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) piloculatus – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 421. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 281.</p><p>Parorthocladius negoro – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 496. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 289.</p><p>Rheocricotopus (Psilocricotopus) intermedius – Ashe &amp; O’Connor 2012: 565. — Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2014: 297.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) intermedia JAPAN – Kyoto • ♂ with P; Kibune; 25 Mar. 1936; M. Tokunaga leg.; KU [as alcoholic specimen, No.43-17].</p><p>Type specimens of Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) intermedia, Parorthocladius negoroi and Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) piloculatus were not examined.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>JAPAN – Tochigi • 1 ♂; Nasushiobara, Hikinuma; 23 May 1985; H. Niitsuma leg.; PCHN .</p><p>CHINA – Anhui • 1 ♂; Lu’an, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.933334/lat 31.433332)">Qingshan</a>; 31°26′ N, 115°56′ E; 180 m a.s.l.; 30 Apr. 2014; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU . – Fujian • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.63333/lat 27.733334)">Mt Wuyi NNR</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.63333/lat 27.733334)">Guadun</a>; 27°44′ N, 117°38′ E; 1220 m a.s.l.; 13 Nov. 2012; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU . – Yunnan • 1 ♂; Jinping, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.51667/lat 22.766666)">Ma’andi</a>; 22°46′ N, 103°31′ E; 1350 m a.s.l.; 20 Apr. 2017; H.Q. Tang leg.; JNU 170514019 .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The description of Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) intermedia Tokunaga, 1939 is old and the name was treated as a nomen dubium by Ashe &amp; Cranston (1990: 244). However, the description adequately satisfies morphological features of Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) piloculatus Kobayashi, 2012 and Parorthocladius negoroi Yamamoto, 2011 . In the following male features, especially, the latter two species resemble Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) intermedia: antennal ratio relatively high (AR ≥ 0.8); P 2 and P 3 with pseudospurs on ta 1 and ta 2; wing with R 2+3 running close to R 1 and a very short costal extension; gonostylus slightly convex in outer margin, with a well-developed crista dorsalis. Although there are no mentions of hairy eyes and legs without pulvilli in Yamamoto (2011), and of small humeral pits in Kobayashi (2012), these three species are conspecific.</p><p>Therefore, the male is characterized by the hairy eyes (as in Parorthocladius tyurkini Makarchenko &amp; Makarchenko, 2015); the scutum without acrostichal setae; the legs with pseudospurs on mid and hind tarsomeres 1 and 2, and without pulvilli; the wing with R 2+3 ending close to R 1; and the hypopygium with a virga and no plate- or finger-like superior volsella. A combination of male features such as this occurs in Parorthocladius Thienemann, 1935, rather than in Orthocladius v. d. Wulp, 1874 and Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 . However, the male possesses small humeral pits consisting of several small holes as Tokunaga (1939: 332) wrote in the original description as “very minute humeral pits” and Yamamoto (2011: 33 fig. 2b) drew in the description of Parorthocladius negoroi, which perhaps is an unusual feature for Parorthocladius .</p><p>According to Tokunaga (1939: 332–333), the immature forms have the following features: in the pupa, frontal apotome with only paired tubercles but no setae, thorax without thoracic horns, tergites III–VIII each with spines along the caudal margin, and anal lobe without a lateral setal fringe and macrosetae; in the larva, labral seta S I bifid, antenna five-segmented, mandible with five teeth and a seta interna, mentum with a broad median tooth shallowly notched at the apex and six pairs of lateral teeth, procercus with six long anal setae, and posterior parapod with sixteen strongly curved claws. The combination of morphological features for the immature stages does not satisfy any taxon in modern systematics. Here, the species is tentatively assigned to Parorthocladius mainly based on adult morphology.</p><p>The type of Spaniotoma intermedius may be still extant in the Kyushu University Museum as an alcoholic specimen, but even so, its condition may be too poor to make necessary observations. The specimen labelled “NSMT-I-Dip 6791” as the holotype of Ortho . (Eu.) piloculatus does not belong to Orthocladius or Parorthocladius, and further it is labeled “ Pseudorthocladius tsurudai, Holotype (with double crossed lines), Ozawa Green Park, 050423, MT”. Therefore, no types were examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F55F24FF89FFE7FE75FD38CB39CAAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Niitsuma, Hiromi;Tang, Hongqu	Niitsuma, Hiromi, Tang, Hongqu (2026): Taxonomic review of Rheocricotopus Brundin, 1956 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from East Asia, with descriptions of twelve new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1037: 1-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1037.3157, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3157/14053
