taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F70C1F5417D667FC45FD1BC649FCE4.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE GENUS. — Maturifusus Szabó, 1983.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5417D667FC45FD1BC649FCE4.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — As for genus (monogeneric family).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5417D667FC45FD1BC649FCE4.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Kimmeridgian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5417D661FC1EFC18C6D8FCCD.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Maturifusus densicostatus Szabó, 1983; by original designation. Jurassic (upper Bajocian), Hungary.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5417D661FC1EFC18C6D8FCCD.taxon	diagnosis	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Shell fusiform; protoconch large (approx. 1.5 mm high), high conical with about 4.5 whorls; embryonic shell of about one whorl and sculptured with distinct tubercles; larval shell with two strong spiral ribs and terminates with a sinusigera; teleoconch whorls convex with strong prosocline axial ribs and spiral cords; in the intersections of axial and spiral ornaments tubercles may occur; aperture oval with a distinct anterior canal.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5417D661FC1EFC18C6D8FCCD.taxon	discussion	Species M.? nassoides (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1842), M.? piettei (Hebert & Deslongchamps, 1860) and M.? zeisei (Wollemann, 1903) can be attributed to Maturifusus pending a revision of the original material. Also, specimens illustrated by Guzhov (2004: pl. 8, figs 11, 12) as Khetella formosa (Eichwald, 1868) should in our opinion be assigned to a new species of Maturifusus. This, however, needs specimen-based revision that is not feasible at this time.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5417D661FC1EFC18C6D8FCCD.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Kimmeridgian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5417D661FC1EFC18C6D8FCCD.taxon	discussion	REMARKS A shell fragment from the Campanian of Spain (Torallola) with preserved apical part and only one teleoconch whorl was identified by Kiel (2001) as Maturifusus? sp. (Kiel 2001: 90, pl. 25, fig. 1) due to possessing the protoconch sculptured with two spiral ribs, characteristic for this genus. Their position – lose to adapical and abapical suture of protoconch whorls – differs from those in Maturifusus sensu stricto. Actually, the abapical spiral may be an element of subsutural shelf and may have resulted from the diagenetic shell deformation. Morphological characteristics of the shell fragment suggest that it may belong to the Aporrhaidae rather than to Maturifusidae. Maturifusus? siphonatus Nützel & Erwin 2004 from the Triassic (early late Norian) of United States (the Wallowa Terrane, Idaho) is characterized by very distinct siphonal canal and due to that feature it has been attributed to Maturifusus by Nützel & Erwin (2004: 391), with some doubts though. It differs, however, significantly from other members of Maturifusidae in general shell outline (more turreted than fusiform), height of the last whorl, which is separated from the base by a rib, and a narrow aperture. Taking the characters above into consideration we conclude that Maturifusus? siphonatus may belong to cerithioideans or triphoroideans (e. g. reminiscent of Jurassic species of Cosmocerithium) rather than to Maturifusidae. Nützel & Erwin (2004) compared it also to Pseudotritonium, which seems to be questionable as the type species of Pseudotritonium has a siphonal notch (and not a canal) and the other morphological characteristics also differ significantly. The protoconch of the type species of Astandes was described as small, smooth and trochoid (Wade 1917: 298, pl. 17, figs 7, 8; Wade 1926: 157, pl. 54, figs 19, 20). However, the current state of holotype preservation deteriorated considerably since its original illustration does not allow for a more precise investigation of the protoconch (Fig. 2 B). Subsequent efforts to collect this species have been unsuccessful (Sohl 1960, 1967) and the species appears to be extremely rare even at its type locality. Our extensive sampling in 2022 in the type locality resulted in a single specimen with corroded protoconch, but partially preserved aperture (Fig. 2 A). The protoconch of another species of this genus – A. nodosus – has been described in detail by Dockery (1993), Bandel (2006), and Bandel & Dockery (2012) and remains the only source of information on the protoconch morphology in Astandes. Based on this protoconch, Bandel (2006) and Bandel & Dockery (2012, 2016) included Astandes into Trichotropidae, a family now synonymized with the Capulidae (Bouchet et al. 2017). The specimen of Astandes densatus (Fig. 2 A) we collected in the Coon Creek type locality is very similar to maturifusids in all aspects except for the dentate outer lip of the aperture, a feature never observed in Maturifusidae, but present in the Colombellinidae and several other tonnoideans and neogastropods. Its protoconch morphology and ornamentation remains unknown. Beisel (1983) and Gerasimov (1992) included some Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous species from Siberia (Russia) into Astandes and placed the genus in the Trichotropidae (junior synonym of Capulidae). Astandes kostromensis (Gerasimov, 1955) and A. piccuus Beisel, 1983 recognised by Beisel (1983) were later included in Cretadmete by Blagovetshenskiy & Shumilkin (2006: 147). According to Beisel’s description (Beisel 1983: 76, pl. 4, fig. 2), it can be assumed that two of his specimens identified as A. kostromensis actually belong to an unidentified species of Cretadmete (Table 2) due to protoconch morphology (without two spiral ribs) and fine spiral ornamentation, while A. kostromensis of Gerasimov (1955) belongs to Maturifusus. Also, all species identified by Gerasimov (1992) as species of Astandes: A. conspiccus (Eichwald, 1868), A. keyerlingianus (Rouillier, 1846), and A. kostromensis (Gerasimov, 1955) (Gerasimov 1992: 96) should be included into Maturifusus. The type species of Maturifusus, M. densicostatus, is ornamented by spiral cords and spiral threads running in-between, which occur in the adapical part of the older whorls (Fig. 2 C). This character, however, has never been observed in any other species of Maturifusus – the strong spiral cords occur without any secondary sculpture elements (Beisel 1983; Gerasimov 1992; Guzhov 2004 ;; Kaim 2004) (Fig. 2 D, E). This character and lack of the protoconch put a serious doubt at the identity and composition of the genus. Protoconchs of species included in Maturifusus depicted in Gründel (1977, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2007), Yamnichenko (1987), Schröder (1995), Kaim (2004, 2012), Guzhov (2004), and Nützel & Gründel (2015) differ strongly from those known from Astandes nodosus (Dockery 1993; Bandel & Dockery 2012) in shape and ornamentation though the protoconch of A. densatus, the type species of Astandes, is yet unknown.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5411D661FC09FC38C7D7FB02.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE GENUS. — Pseudotritonium Wenz, 1940.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5411D661FC09FC38C7D7FB02.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — As for genus (monogeneric family).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5411D661FC09FC38C7D7FB02.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Triassic (Olenekian-Carnian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5411D662FC70FB59C06FFF50.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Scalaria venusta Münster, 1841; by typification of replaced name. Triassic (Carnian), Italy.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5411D662FC70FB59C06FFF50.taxon	diagnosis	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Shell fusiform; protoconch highly conical multispiral with abrupt transition to teleoconch; larval whorls convex and ornamented with faint oblique threads; teleoconch whorls convex with opisthocline axial ribs which are crossed by numerous finer spiral lirae; aperture wide, D-shaped; it seems to be siphonostomous.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5411D662FC70FB59C06FFF50.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Triassic (Olenekian-Carnian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5411D662FC70FB59C06FFF50.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Only a few species of Pseudotritonium are known so far. They are rare and almost all of them occur exclusively in the deposits of the Upper Triassic of the St. Cassian Formation (Dolomites, Italy). The only species described outside this formation is P. sciaphosterum (Batten & Stokes, 1986), which was described from the Lower Triassic Moenkopi Formation (San Rafael Swell, Utah, United States) (Batten & Stokes 1986; Nützel 2010) and has preserved protoconchs. In the following, species of Pseudotritonium are discussed:	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FF58FDFBC274FC2D.taxon	discussion	Kittl (1894: 238, pl. 11, fig. 11) discovered a single specimen in Laube’s collection. Upon comparison with the specimen figured by Laube (1868: 4, pl. 21, fig. 2), Kittl noted that the characteristics are accurate, except for the presence of columellar folds, which were not mentioned in Laube’s description. Kittl (1894) included P.? avena into the genus with doubts due to eroded shell and the limited number of specimens.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FF58FB98C2C9F98F.taxon	discussion	Laube (1868) identified one specimen as P. venustum, which later Kittl interpreted as a new species Pseudotritonium laubei (Kittl, 1894: 238, pl. 11, fig. 11; Fig. 3 D herein). After comparing this specimen (Fig. 3 D) to the lectotype of P. venustum (Fig. 3 B) and to the specimen illustrated and identified by Zardini as P. venustum (Zardini 1978: 54, pl. 38, fig. 10; Fig. 3 C herein), we conclude that they belong to two distinct species. They differ in ornamentation, where P. laubei has spiral cords of two orders and P. venustum displays spiral cords of only one order. Moreover, the inner lip of P. laubei is wide, while in P. venustum it is rather narrow. Zardini’s specimen appears to have a damaged inner lip, what could have inclined him to identify it as P. venustum. Otherwise, the shell shape of these two species is very similar and they are very difficult to tell apart when the preservation is imperfect.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FF58F8DFC11BF849.taxon	discussion	Only one well preserved specimen is known. While comparing it with P. avena, Zardini (1978) noted their similarity in shell outlines. In our opinion P. milierensis differs from P. avena in having more numerous and thinner axial ribs.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FCF1FF55C638FEF3.taxon	discussion	Twenty-five specimens were studied by Batten & Stokes (1986). Nützel (2010) identified one additional topotypical juvenile specimen with well-preserved protoconch.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FF58FE9AC10CFDF2.taxon	discussion	Kittl (1894) mentioned three specimens in total, including the original specimen from Münster’s collection (Münster 1841). He also included in P. venustum one more shell described as P. karreri by Laube (1868). The species description by Zardini (1978) was based on eight specimens; however, their identification appears to be questionable since he apparently misidentified his specimens (see remarks to P. laubei). Our recent collection efforts in the St. Cassian Formation have failed to yield new specimens of this species.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FC6EFB59C74FF849.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Purpurina elegantula d’Orbigny, 1850; by subsequent designation by Bouchet et al. 2017. Jurassic, France.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FC6EFB59C74FF849.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Shell moderately large to medium sized; spire short; whorls more or less broad, angulated with adapical ramp; below angulation, whorl weakly convex and ornamented with numerous axial and spiral ribs; body whorl very large; base rounded with predominant spiral sculpture; aperture large, ovate; outer lip almost even up to angulation; thin inner lip covers umbilical chink (from Kaim 2004 emended from Wenz 1939).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FC6EFB59C74FF849.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Late Triassic (Carnian) to Late Jurassic (Oxfordian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FC6EFB59C74FF849.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The genus Purpurina was established byd’Orbigny (1850) without the designation of its type species. Subsequently Bouchet et al. (2017) designated Purpurina elegantula d’Orbigny, 1850 as the type species. The genus is rich in species and many of them have never been revised (Kaim 2004: 107). Guzhov (2004) introduced Globipurpurina as subgenus of Purpurina (Guzhov 2004: 514, a subdivision not followed here) and assigned 23 species to the genus. In that composition, the genus as well as its systematic position is pending careful revision. Here, we address only the Triassic species of Purpurina: P. macrostoma n. comb.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FC6DFE1AC6C6FB2C.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE GENUS. — Purpurina d’Orbigny, 1850.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FC6DFE1AC6C6FB2C.taxon	diagnosis	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Shell robust, inflated, commonly with an adapical angulation of the whorl face; protoconch obtusely conical with smooth convex whorls and clearly visible demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch and a thickened apertural margin; shell sculptured with axial ribs and spiral cords; body whorl large; aperture large oval holostomous or siphonostomous.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FC6DFE1AC6C6FB2C.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Middle Triassic (Ladinian) to Early Cretaceous (Albian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5412D662FC6DFE1AC6C6FB2C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Purpurinidae is the most diverse family among possible neogastropod ancestors. Almost thirty genera were assigned to the family when they were first described (Table 3). Most of them differ significantly from Purpurina in shell shape and other morphological characteristics and were subsequently relocated to other higher gastropod taxa. Partial revision of the family composition has been provided by Guzhov (2004), but in our opinion, it requires further work since not all genera he attributed to the family actually belong to Purpurinidae.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5413D663FF17FAB9C08DF849.taxon	description	(Fig. 6)	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5413D663FF17FAB9C08DF849.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Italy • 14 shells; South Tyrol, Alpe di Specie; PZO 16378, 16379, 16380, 16381, 16382, 16383, 16384, 16385, 16386, 16387, MPRZ 2021 1 - 061, 2021 1 - 062, 2021 1 - 063, 2021 1 - 064 • 1 shell; South Tyrol, Campo; MPRZ 2021 1 - 060.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5413D663FF17FAB9C08DF849.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Late Triassic of Tyrol (Italy).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5413D663FF17FAB9C08DF849.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Shell cone-shaped, fusiform, last whorl higher than spire; protoconch heliciform, small, mammilated, consists of 2.5 preserved whorls with corroded surface of the apex as well as demarcation between the protoconch and teleoconch; teleoconch consists of more than three convex whorls separated by incised suture; large last whorl with height about two thirds of the shell height; strong, broad, rounded prosocline axial ribs, c. 11 - 14 per whorls, crossed by spiral cords of two orders; the number of axial ribs increases during shell growth; ribs approximately as wide as interspaces; spiral cords cross axial ribs without nodular thickening at intersections; whole shell surface covered by strengthened growth lines; spiral cords slightly nodular when intersecting strengthened growth lines; aperture broken; columella slightly curved; base weakly convex with evenly rounded transition to whorl face.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5413D663FF17FAB9C08DF849.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Kittl (1894) attributed this species to Palaeotriton (replaced later by Pseudotritonium) and discussed its similarity to P. venustum (Münster, 1841), from which P. macrostoma n. comb. differs in shell outline and spiral ornamentation of two orders of strength. Zardini (1978: 54, pl. 38, figs 1, 2) identified some of his specimens as Pseudotritonium macrostoma, which differ from Kittl’s (1894) type material in shell outline. Some specimens identified by Zardini (1978) as P. laubei better agree with the characteristics of Purpurina macrostoma n. comb. The protoconch morphology shown herein for the first time allows us to attribute this species to Purpurinidae.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5413D663FF17FAB9C08DF849.taxon	discussion	This species is the most abundant among the species previously included in Pseudotritonium. Kittl (1894) listed nine specimens and Zardini (1978) mentioned 42 specimens. We identified 14 specimens of P. macrostoma in our collection (Table 1). Based on morphological characters we re-assigned this species to Purpurina (see below).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFEFDFF55C168FB2C.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Turbo subpleurotomarius Münster, 1841, by subsequent designation by Cossmann, 1909. Carnian (Triassic), South Tyrol (Italy).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFEFDFF55C168FB2C.taxon	diagnosis	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Shell with high, narrow spire and angulated whorls; the protoconch obtusely conical and comprises approximately three smooth whorls; the demarcation between the protoconch and the teleoconch is clearly visible with thickened apertural margin; shell surface ornamented with fine and strengthened curved growth lines of different thickness and density and fine spiral lirae; last whorl large; aperture broad; peristome thickened.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFEFDFF55C168FB2C.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Triassic (Ladinian-Rhaetian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFEFDFF55C168FB2C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The larval shell of Angularia is shown here in detail based on well-preserved specimens from Costalaresc. It confirms the observations made by Bandel (1993, 1994) who pointed out that the protoconch of Angularia resembles those of Neogastropoda in morphology but it is much smaller. The small size of the first whorl reported herein, and the number of the protoconch whorls (Nützel 2014) clearly suggest that the species of Angularia from the St. Cassian Formation had planktotrophic larval development.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFF12FB59C6C2FB6C.taxon	description	(Figs 4 A, B; 7 B; 9 A)	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFF12FB59C6C2FB6C.taxon	discussion	Non Angularia subpleurotomaria – Bandel 1993: pl. 5, figs 3, 4, pl. 14, figs 2, 4; 1994: 139, pl. 5, fig. 17.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFF12FB59C6C2FB6C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Italy • 7 specimens; South Tyrol; Cassian beds, probably Stuores; lectotype SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1800 (designated herein); 2 paralectotypes; SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1801 a, 1801 b (designated herein) • 3 shells; South Tyrol; Misurina; PZO 16388, 16389, 16390 • 1 shell; South Tyrol; Pralongia; PZO 16391.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFF12FB59C6C2FB6C.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Ladinian-Carnian (Middle-Late Triassic) of Italy (Dolomites).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFF12FB59C6C2FB6C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Shell cone-shaped, moderately high-spired with gradate spire; protoconch obtusely conical and consists of about three smooth whorls, the demarcation between the protoconch and the teleoconch is clearly visible with thickened apertural margin; teleoconch consists of seven angulated whorls separated by incised suture; angulation in the upper third of the whorls; shell surface concave above angulation (ramp) and slightly convex below; a spiral cord situated on the ramp close to the adapical suture; shell surface ornamented with fine and strengthened growth lines of different thickness and density; lectotype with numerous densely spaced axial ribs that become weaker during ontogeny and eventually appear as strengthened growth lines; aperture oval with thickened outer and inner lips and broad, rounded anterior outlet; pseudumbilicus partly covered by columellar lip; base distinctly convex with evenly rounded transition to whorl face.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67DFF12FB59C6C2FB6C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Shell ornamentation varies from delicate, represented by fine growth lines, to pronounced with strengthened growth lines that may be caused by the differences in the age of individuals, their preservation as well as intraspecific variability. Angularia subpleurotomaria differs from A. pleurotomaria in having a more slender shell and finer ornamentation. The species was described as closely related to A. pleurotomaria which differ only in ornamentation (Münster 1841: 114, 115, pl. 12, figs 23, 24). Wöhrmann & Koken (1892: 198) noted that although both species are present in the collection from Schlern, they are difficult to separate, and transitional forms are present too. Nevertheless the material at our disposal displays a clear distinction between these two species.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67FFC54FA9EC162FB2C.taxon	description	(Figs 7 A, C; 8 A, B; 9 B; Table 4)	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67FFC54FA9EC162FB2C.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Italy • 1 specimen; South Tyrol; Cassian beds, probably Stuores; lectotype SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1799 • 6 shells; South Tyrol; Costalaresc; PZO 16372, 16373, 16374, 16375, 16376, 16377 • 1 shell; South Tyrol; Stuores; PZO 16393 • 1 shell; South Tyrol; Misurina Skilift; PZO 16392.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67FFC54FA9EC162FB2C.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Ladinian-Carnian (Middle-Late Triassic) of Italy (Dolomites).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67FFC54FA9EC162FB2C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Shell cone-shaped, moderately high-spired; protoconch obtusely conical, consisting of 2.7 - 3.0 whorls, 0.33 - 0.34 mm wide, 0.31 - 0.37 mm high (excluding base, measured from abapical suture); diameter of first whorl 0.11 - 0.12 mm; protoconch whorls smooth, convex; demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch abrupt at sinusigera, clearly visible due to thickened opisthocyrt apertural margin; teleoconch consists of 5 - 7 angulated whorls separated by incised suture; angulation situated in the upper third of the whorls; shell surface concave above angulation and slightly convex below; on the ramp close to the adapical suture a spiral cord situated; shell surface ornamented with somewhat irregular axial ribs and numerous fine granulated spiral lirae forming a microornament; abapical portion of the whorls ornamented with spiral grooves; aperture broken; pseudumbilicus partly covered by columellar lip; base weakly convex with grooves and evenly rounded transition to whorl face.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540DD67FFC54FA9EC162FB2C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Kittl (1892) indicated an average of 20 - 24 axial ribs per whorl for this species. However, in his figure only about 14 ribs are present on the last whorl (Kittl 1892: pl. 6, figs 3 - 5). Therefore, the description refers to Angularia pleurotomaria, whereas the figure shows the new species A. kittli n. sp. For differences with the latter see below.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD67FFE93FB59C0BCFB8D.taxon	description	(Fig. 9 C, D) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 5 E 98955 - 903 F- 43 F 1 - 99 B 1 - A 68 A 9 D 4 CA 625	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD67FFE93FB59C0BCFB8D.taxon	discussion	non fig. 2 that is true Angularia pleurotomaria (Münster).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD67FFE93FB59C0BCFB8D.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Italy • South Tyrol; Rumerlo; Carnian; Late Triassic; MPRZ No 1271 R-Z, illustrated in Zardini (1978: pl. 14, fig. 1).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD67FFE93FB59C0BCFB8D.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Shell cone-shaped, moderately high-spired, with gradate spire; teleoconch consists of at least five angulated whorls separated by incised suture; angulation situated in the upper third of the whorls; spiral cord situated close to the adapical suture; shell surface ornamented with strong, regularly spaced axial ribs crossed by spiral cords; aperture oval; pseudumbilicus partly covered by columellar lip; base weakly convex with evenly rounded transition to whorl face.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD67FFE93FB59C0BCFB8D.taxon	distribution	TYPE LOCALITY. — Italy, South Tyrol, Rumerlo.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD67FFE93FB59C0BCFB8D.taxon	etymology	DERIVATION OF THE NAME. — In honour of Ernst Kittl (1854 - 1913).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD67FFE93FB59C0BCFB8D.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Carnian (Late Triassic) of Italy (Dolomites).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD67FFE93FB59C0BCFB8D.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Shell cone-shaped, moderately high-spired, with gradate spire; protoconch not preserved; teleoconch consists of five angulated whorls separated by incised suture; angulation situated in the upper third of the whorls; shell surface concave above angulation (ramp) and slightly convex below; on the ramp close to the adapical suture a spiral cord situated; shell surface ornamented with strong, regularly spaced axial ribs crossed by spiral cords; the number of axial ribs increases during the shell growth; aperture oval; pseudumbilicus partly covered by columellar lip; base weakly convex with evenly rounded transition to whorl face.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD67FFE93FB59C0BCFB8D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Angularia kittli n. sp. differs from A. pleurotomaria in displaying fewer axial ribs per whorl and in having spiral cords instead of grooves, while it differs from A. subpleurotomaria in having stronger axial ribs and distinct spiral ornamentation. Angularia kittli n. sp. differs from Fossacerithium formosum (Eichwald, 1868) in having thinner axial ribs and also their opisthocline direction (instead of prosocline in F. formosum). A. kittli n. sp. posesses also more spiral cords below the ramp, and a holostomatous aperture. This species has been previously identified byZardini (1978) as Purpurina pleurotomaria and according to him, it is quite common in the St. Cassian Formation – he lists more than 350 specimens.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD678FBD0FBF8C1F0FE93.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Cretadmete neglecta Blagovetshenskiy & Shumilkin, 2006, by origanl designation. Decheni Zone, Upper Hauterivian (Cretaceous), Slantsevyi Rudnik (Russia, Ulyanovsk Region).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD678FBD0FBF8C1F0FE93.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Shell small, fusiform; protoconch smooth, consisting of 2.5 - 3.0 convex whorls, separated from teleoconch by prominent commissure followed by convex whorls with distinct ornamentation; spiral ornamentation consists of numerous, narrow, somewhat flattened costulae; axial ornamentation consists of low, fairly wide, rounded costae, which vary in number from 14 to 25 on last whorl; axial costae bend more sharply in upper part of last whorl and flatten below; aperture semilunar; siphonal canal not separated from apertural margin (after Blagovetshenskiy & Shumilkin 2006).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD678FBD0FBF8C1F0FE93.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Late Jurassic (Late Oxfordian) to Early Cretaceous (Albian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540FD678FBD0FBF8C1F0FE93.taxon	discussion	REMARKS C.? conspicua, C.? keyserlingiana and C. kostromensis included into Cretadmete by Blagovetshenskiy & Shumilkin (2006) should be rather placed in Maturifusus. These species have more elongated apertures and their ornamentation is more similar to that of Maturifusus. Two specimens described as Astandes kostromensis by Beisel (1983: 76) have a “ large protoconch with 2.5 smooth convex whorls ” and besides, they differ significantly from the holotype as reported byGerasimov (1955: 196). We consider these two specimens to belong to a new species of Cretadmete, which simultaneously constitutes the oldest record of the genus (upper Oxfordian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D678FF06F8BFC753FB0C.taxon	description	(Fig. 4 E)	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D678FF06F8BFC753FB0C.taxon	discussion	(non Fusus minutus Roemer 1836: 140).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D678FF06F8BFC753FB0C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION AND EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — See Kaim (2004).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D678FF06F8BFC753FB0C.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Middle to Late Jurassic of Russia and Poland.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D678FF06F8BFC753FB0C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Guzhov (2004: 524, pl. 8, fig. 8 a) illustrated only one specimen of this species in apertural view with its aperture is eroded, so we attribute his material to the species with some doubt because the morphology of the aperture (oval with well pronounced anterior channel) is the main diagnostic character. On the other hand, the elongated body whorl, shell outline and inclined ramp strongly suggest that the specimen illustrated by Guzhov (2004) belongs to Fossacerithium. Kaim (2004: 108) transferred the species to Purpurina stating that it differs significantly from the type species of Paracerithium, P. acanthocolpum Cossmann, 1902; the latter having much more slender shell, an angulation of the whorl instead of a subsutural ramp and a D-shaped peristome (compare Cossmann 1906; Gründel 1997; Hikuroa & Kaim 2007). He also abandoned the subgeneric name of Fossacerithium Gerasimov 1992, which we reinstate here as a full genus within the Purpurinidae.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D678FF2EFEFAC2DEF94F.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Fusus formosus Eichwald, 1868, by original designation. Oxfordian (Jurassic), Russia.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D678FF2EFEFAC2DEF94F.taxon	diagnosis	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Shell fusiform; whorls angulated with adapical ramp; protoconch smooth, obtusely conical; the demarcation between the protoconch and the teleoconch is clearly visible, with a thickened apertural margin; shell surface ornamented with strong, wide axial ribs and weaker spiral cords; last whorl large; aperture oval with well pronounced anterior channel; columellar lip with callus covering umbilical area.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D678FF2EFEFAC2DEF94F.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Jurassic (Callovian-Kimmeridgian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D678FF2EFEFAC2DEF94F.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Gerasimov (1992) erected the subgenus Fossacerithium for the Early Jurassic members of the genus Paracerithium (within the family Procerithiidae) with Fusus formosus Eichwald, 1868 as its type species, that he previously included in Purpurina (Gerasimov 1955: 179, pl. 39, fig. 12). Gerasimov (1992) provided only a brief characterisation of the new subgenus, which is, however, diagnostic enough to establish a new taxon. Since the type species of Fossacerithium differs significantly from the type species of Paracerithium, we accord full genus status to Fossacerithium and provide a more detailed emended diagnosis. The main character distinguishing Fossacerithium from Paracerithium is a very long siphonal canal, while species of Paracerithium have drop-shaped apertures reminiscent of Middle Jurassic rissoids, e. g. Buvignieria Cossmann, 1921 (compare Kaim 2004 for Buvignieria and Hikuroa & Kaim 2007 for Paracerithium). In addition to the type species, Gerasimov (1992) also included Paracerithium (Fossacerithium) procerum (Gerasimov 1992: 88). The latter is most likely a cerithiid, while Paracerithium (Fossacerithium) formosum belongs to purpurinids according to shell characteristics, including a large smooth, obtuse conical protoconch that is typical of this family (Kaim 2004: fig. 87). Fossacerithium differs from Purpurina in having an ellipsoidal peristome with well pronounced anterior channel and wide columellar lip with a callus covering its umbilical area. It differs from Khetella in shell outline, namely in having an angulation in the adapical portion of the whorls, a stronger spiral ornamentation and in the shape of the aperture.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D67BFC0BFB79C16AFACC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Khetella bojarkae Beisel, 1977, by original designation. Late Kimmeridgian (Jurassic), Levaja Bojarka River, northern part of Central Siberian Plateau, Russia.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D67BFC0BFB79C16AFACC.taxon	diagnosis	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Shell conical with weakly convex whorls; protoconch smooth and low-spired; demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch clearly visible; ornamentation consists predominantly of axial ribs; axial ribs sharply angulated in upper part of whorls forming distinct ramp and resulting in gradation of whorls; aperture D-shaped with anterior siphonal notch (compiled from Kaim & Beisel 2005 and Blagovetshenskiy & Shumilkin 2006).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D67BFC0BFB79C16AFACC.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Late Jurassic (Callovian) to Early Cretaceous (Albian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F5408D67BFC0BFB79C16AFACC.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Buccinum incertum (d’Orbigny, 1845) depicted byGlazunova (1973: figs 1 - 5, 7) differs from the type species, K. bojarkae, in the smaller size and in having less pronounced spiral ribs (Beisel 1977). These differences could reflect intraspecific variability or preservation – the size difference of individuals could also be ecophenotypical. According to Beisel’s definition (1983: 75, pl. 3, figs 16 - 17, 20), K. ventrosa is very similar to K. incerta in Glazunova’s (1973) description and differs only in having a fine spiral ornamentation. This difference may be a result of imperfect preservation of the shell surface in Glazunova’s (1973) materials of K. incerta. The new species variation of K. incerta var. plana described by Glazunova (1973: 81, pl. 43, fig. 6) cannot be attributed to the same genus as K. incerta according to its set of characters (most of all the elongated shell shape) and is reminiscent of some Cretaceous epitoniids (e. g. Confusiscala de Boury, 1909). The name itself is not available according to ICZN Code Art. 45.6.3. Another species that can be included in Khetella is Buccinum septentrionale Tullberg, 1881 from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian) of Novaya Zemlya, Russia. Although its aperture is unknown, the ornamentation and gross shell morphology is typical of Khetella as already indicated by Guzhov (2004). Khetella brunsvicensis (Wollemann, 1900: 174, pl. 8, figs 11, 12), included in Khetella by Beisel (1977), should be assigned to the genus Purpurina due to the distinct spiral ornamentation and its aperture morphology without distinct anterior channel. K.? gaultica (d’Orbigny, 1842) that Beisel (1977, 1983) assigned to Khetella is based on a shell fragment of the last whorl (d’Orbigny 1842 - 1843: pl. 233, figs 1, 2), which Kollmann (2005) identified as Cosnia gaultina (d’Orbigny, 1842) (Kollmann 2005: 152, pl. 11, fig. 6) and placed into the family Buccinidae. This specimen, however, is so fragmentary and poorly preserved that we refrain from discussing its generic or even familial position; it should be treated as a nomen dubium. We assign the specimens illustrated by Guzhov (2004: pl. 8, figs 11, 12) and identified as Khetella formosa, to the family Maturifusidae because of their protoconch morphology (with two spiral ribs); they most likely belong to an undescribed new species. We think, that Purpurina hypermeces should be attributed to Fossacerithium, whereas K. formosiformis (Guzhov 2004: pl. 8, figs 5 - 9) should be placed in synonymy with Fossacerithium formosum based on protoconch morphology, ramp characters, shell shape and ornamentation. The separation of the new species K. glasunovi (Guzhov 2004: 530, pl. 8, figs 5 - 9) that was based on Glazunova’s material attributed by her to Buccinum incertum (Glazunova 1973: 80, pl. 43, figs 1 - 7) is rather doubtful. K. gradata (Guzhov 2004: pl. 9, fig. 10 a) should be assigned to the genus Maturifusus because of its gross shell morphology and possessing two spirals on the protoconch. Fusus liasicus, judging from the figure of Dumortier (1874: 163, pl. 37, fig. 11), possibly also belongs to Maturifusus. The majority of species added by Blagovetshenskiy & Shumilkin (2006), based on illustrations from old monographs, most likely do not belong to the Khetella and require a detailed re-study. Blagovetshenskiy & Shumilkin (2006: 145, pl. 5, figs 1 - 4) also described a new species of K. trautscholdi and included to its synonymy the same taxa that were included by Guzhov (2004: 530) in the description of his new species of K. glasunovi. It seems therefore that K. trautscholdi should fall into the synonymy of K. glasunovi. This synonymization, however, should await a comprehensive review of entire material described by Glazunova (1973), Guzhov (2004), and Blagovetshenskiy & Shumilkin (2006) and its comparison to the type species of Beisel (1977).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540BD67BFEC6FA39C7EFFE33.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Pseudoscalites elegantissimus Klipstein, 1892 (in Kittl 1892), by original designation. Carnian (Triassic), South Tyrol (Italy).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540BD67BFEC6FA39C7EFFE33.taxon	diagnosis	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Shell fusiform with elevated, gradate spire; whorls concave with pronounced angulation and carina; spiral ornamentation predominates over the axial; aperture broad with anterior and posterior canals.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540BD67BFEC6FA39C7EFFE33.taxon	biology_ecology	RANGE. — Triassic (Ladinian-Norian).	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
03F70C1F540BD67BFEC6FA39C7EFFE33.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Haas (1953) attributed two specimens from the Late Triassic Pucara Group (Central Peru) to the genus, but they are more reminiscent of Eucyclidae. Nützel & Erwin (2004) described Pseudoscalites cf. elegantissimus from Wallowa Terrane (Idaho, United States) and noted that their specimens are almost identical to the specimen illustrated by Bandel (1994: pl. 5, fig. 10). It is worth mentioning, that the specimen from Tyrol is three times smaller than material from Idaho and it remains uncertain whether it is of evolutionary or ecophenotypical importance.	en	Bakayeva, Sofia, Nützel, Alexander, Kaim, Andrzej (2024): An elusive ancestry of Neogastropoda: a potential of Maturifusidae, Pseudotritoniidae, and Purpurinidae as the stem groups. Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (31): 481-509, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a31
