identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E95062C7426942FE8BD10EFA639E80.text	03E95062C7426942FE8BD10EFA639E80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dermoptera Illiger 1811	<div><p>Dermoptera indet.</p><p>(Fig. 2A, B; Table 1)</p><p>MATERIAL REFERRED. — KYN- 01, left i1.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The tooth from Kyargan (KYN-01) is very probably a left first lower incisor. It has a single long buccolingually compressed root broken at its end where a small pulp canal is visible, and a crown that consists of two distincts laterally compressed cusps. The mesial oval-shaped one is longer and taller than the more triangular distal one. The buccal face of the crown is convex whereas its lingual face is more concave. Each cusp exhibits a slight vertical lingual rib that extends from the apex to the base of the crown. A moderately developed cingulid is present along the lingual face of the tooth, and a very slight buccal cingulid occurs at the base of the distal cusp. A tiny wear surface corresponding to the occlusion with the upper incisor can be seen at the base of the distal side of the distal cusp that shows a moderately thick enamel. The enamel is slightly ridulated on both faces of the crown.</p><p>COMPARISONS AND REMARKS</p><p>A few mammals possess bilobed or pectinate front teeth but this is not the case in artiodactyls or perissodactyls except giraffids that have bilobed lower canines. Some hyraxes also have lower incisors that are usually hyper-pectinate. However, both of these groups are unknown in Pondaung. Other mammals that exhibit bilobed lower teeth are the sanguivorous bats (vapire bats) and some macroscelidids (e.g., the elephant shrew Petrodromus Peters, 1846). Vampire bats have lower incisors with two pegs of similar size, whereas Petrodromus has lower incisors with small and large lobes. Nevertheless vampire bat fossil remains are unknown before the Plio-Pleistocene in South America and those of macroscelidids are exclusively African. Scarce dermopteran remains (a left lower canine and a right m2) have been described from Pondaung in the nearby Paukkaung Kyitchaung 2 (or Pk 2) locality (Marivaux et al. 2006), but no lower incisor has been reported so far that could be compared with the Kyargan tooth. In addition, the very limited fossil record of dermopterans in the Paleogene of Asia (late middle Eocene of Myanmar, late Eocene and late Oligocene of Thailand, and early Oligocene of Pakistan; Ducrocq et al. 1992; Marivaux et al. 2006) makes comparisons with the new material very difficult. An i3 is known only for Dermotherium chimaera Marivaux, Bocat,Chaimanee,Jaeger,Marandat,Srisuk, Tafforeau, Yamee &amp; Welcomme, 2006 from the late Oligocene of Nong Ya Plong (Thailand) but it exhibits a morphology very different from that of the corresponding tooth from Kyargan with a pectination showing six tines similar to that of Galeopterus . The incisor from Kyargan displays a morphology rather different from the i1 of the extant dermopterans Cynocephalus volans and Galeopterus variegatus that have a more developed pectinate crown (Berkovitz &amp; Shellis 2008). The more simple structure of the Kyargan tooth reminds that of the i1 of the plagiomenid Plagiomene multicuspis Matthew, 1918 from the early Eocene of North America (Rose 1973; Rose &amp; Simons 1977). Indeed, in Plagiomene multicuspis the difference in size between the mesial and the distal lobe increases from i1 to i3, and the morphology of KYN-01 with the mesial lobe significantly larger than the distal one is more similar to that of the i1 of P. multicuspis . The material from Kyargan cannot be attributed to any of the two families included in the Dermoptera ( Plagiomenidae and Cynocephalidae). However, Marivaux et al. (2006) showed that the lower molar from Paukkaung Kyitchaung 2 had possible affinities with the cynocephalid Dermotherium Ducrocq, Buffetaut, Buffetaut-Tong &amp; Jaeger, 1992 . If the Kyargan incisor belongs to the same taxon than that of Paukkaung Kyitchaung 2, this might suggest that the primitive condition of the front dentition of early dermopterans in Asia was similar to that of North American plagiomenids.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E95062C7426942FE8BD10EFA639E80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ducrocq, Stéphane;Chaimanee, Yaowalak;Sein, Chit;Soe, Aung Naing;Chavasseau, Olivier;Jaeger, Jean-Jacques	Ducrocq, Stéphane, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Sein, Chit, Soe, Aung Naing, Chavasseau, Olivier, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2026): New mammal remains from the Pondaung Formation (late middle Eocene, Myanmar). Comptes Rendus Palevol 25 (15): 261-271, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15
03E95062C7426943FC6CD742FDB99D40.text	03E95062C7426943FC6CD742FDB99D40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asiohomacodon myanmarensis Tsubamoto, Soe Thura Tun, Egi, Takai, Shigehara, Aung Naing Soe, Aye Ko Aung & Tin Thein 2003	<div><p>Asiohomacodon myanmarensis Tsubamoto, Soe Thura Tun, Egi, Takai, Shigehara, Aung Naing Soe, Aye Ko Aung &amp; Tin Thein, 2003</p><p>(Fig. 2C; Table 1)</p><p>Asiohomacodon myanmarensis Tsubamoto, Soe Thura Tun, Egi, Takai, Shigehara, Aung Naing Soe, Aye Ko Aung &amp; Tin Thein, 2003: 227 .</p><p>MATERIAL REFERRED. — KYN-02, left M1.</p><p>DESCRIPTIONS AND REMARKS</p><p>Only one damaged upper molar (KYN- 02) can be assigned to that taxon. It is probably a left M1 according to the estimated dimensions of the tooth. The buccal and distal parts of the molar are missing, but the general morphology of the upper molar of Asiohomacodon is clearly visible: selenodont cusps, protocone more lingually protruding than the metaconule, distinct paraconule, well developed mesial and lingual cingulum. The only other selenodont ungulate known in Pondaung is the archaeomerycid Indomeryx Pilgrim, 1928, but it clearly differs from KYN- 02 mainly by the absence of a paraconule and by a weaker cingulum on its upper molars. Two other archaeomerycids for which the upper molars are known are Thandaungia tinti Métais, 2006 and Paukkaungmeryx minutus Ducrocq, Aung Naing Soe, Chavasseau, Chit Sein, Chaimanee, Lazzari &amp; Jaeger, 2020 . However, they both are more bunodont, and Paukkaungmeryx Ducrocq, Soe, Chavasseau, Sein, Chaimanee, Lazzari &amp; Jaeger, 2019 is smaller, it lacks a paraconule, its metaconule is more lingually protruding and its protocone has a buccal protocrista. Thandaungia Métais, 2006 also exhibits a weaker cingulum and a lingually salient metaconule.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E95062C7426943FC6CD742FDB99D40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ducrocq, Stéphane;Chaimanee, Yaowalak;Sein, Chit;Soe, Aung Naing;Chavasseau, Olivier;Jaeger, Jean-Jacques	Ducrocq, Stéphane, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Sein, Chit, Soe, Aung Naing, Chavasseau, Olivier, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2026): New mammal remains from the Pondaung Formation (late middle Eocene, Myanmar). Comptes Rendus Palevol 25 (15): 261-271, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15
03E95062C7436941FEA4D6E4FDD09C86.text	03E95062C7436941FEA4D6E4FDD09C86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichobunoidea Turner 1849	<div><p>Dichobunoidea indet.</p><p>(Fig. 2D, E; Table 1)</p><p>MATERIAL REFERRED. — KYN-03, left M1 or M2; KYN-04, right M1 or M2.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The crown of both teeth is subtriangular, with four main cusps. The mesial part of the teeth is slightly wider than the distal part. The paracone and metacone are conical, with the paracone somewhat larger than the metacone. The more selenodont protocone is the largest cusp (it is slightly more developed in KYN-03), it occupies most of the lingual part of the crown and its apex is slightly distal to that of the paracone. A small metaconule is located in the distal half of the crown lingually to the metacone. The crests connecting the cusps are very weak. A very short preparacrista extends from the mesial face of the paracone to a small parastyle, and a very slight postmetacrista reaches the buccodistal corner of the tooth but no metastyle is visible. The centrocrista (postparacrista + premetacrista) is moderately expressed and a deep valley separates the lingual cusps. The posprotocrista connects with the mesiolingual face of the metaconule whereas the preprotocrista is much shorter and ends mesiolingually to the paracone without reaching the mesial cingulum. The distobuccal crest of the metaconule (postmetacristule) extends to the cingulum distally to the metacone. A very weak and almost absent premetacristule is discernible on KYN-03 but not on KYN-04. The cingulum is present all around the crown. It is stronger mesially and lingually except at the base of the protocone. Buccally, it almost fades under the paracone and the metacone. A distinct hypocone raises from the distolingual cingulum lingually to the metaconule. It is more mesiolingually elongated in KYN-03, whereas it is more cusp-like in KYN-04.</p><p>COMPARISONS AND REMARKS</p><p>The most abundant and diversified artiodactyls in Pondaung are the anthracotheres (see for example Aung Naing Soe et al. 2017). However, both molars described here clearly differ from representatives of the family mainly because of their more triangular crown that lacks a paraconule and that displays a hypocone, an enlarged protocone and reduced metaconule. Similarly, the Pondaung ruminants for which the upper molars are known ( Indomeryx, Thandaungia and Paukkaungmeryx) markedly differ from KYN-03 and KYN-04 because of their more selenodont crown with much better developed crests and metaconule and that lack a hypocone.</p><p>The beginning of the Eocene is known to have been a time of diversification for early ungulates in Asia, which might explain their significant number reported from Pondaung. Dichobunoid artiodactyls are particularly abundant and diversified there with about ten distinct taxa (see Ducrocq et al. 2020, 2022). Among them, the homacodontid Asiohomacodon myanmarensis exhibits upper molars with sizes similar to those of KYN-03 and KYN-04 but that are much more selenodont with a paraconule, a larger metaconule, well developed styles, and that lack a hypocone. Similarly, the diacodexeid Magwetherium burmense Ducrocq, Aung Naing Soe, Chit Sein, Lazzari, Chaimanee, Valentin &amp; Jaeger, 2016 has a similar size, but its upper molars are more triangular and selenodont and they exhibit a paraconule, a pericone and a smaller hypocone.</p><p>Representatives of the Pondaung Dichobunidae for which upper molars are known are morphologically more similar with the new material from Kyargan, although they all display distinct features that distinguish them. Contrary to the homacodontids and diacodexeids, they are usually more bunodont with somewhat reduced metaconule and styles, and a more or less developed hypocone. For example, Hsanotherium parvum Ducrocq, Aung Naing Soe, Bo Bo, Benammi, Chaimanee, Than Tun, Tin Thein &amp; Jaeger, 2000 can be clearly distinguished by its enlarged paracone, huge parastyle, its mesostyle, pericone, small metaconule and hypocone and reduced cingula.</p><p>The indeterminate artiodactyl Myanmarius chitseini is closer to the Kyargan upper molars in its general morphology (Tsubamoto et al. 2013a) except for its paraconule, lack of a hypocone and its almost straight buccal face (more waisted in KYN-03 and KYN-04).</p><p>Several ungulate isolated upper molars have been described from Pondaung as indeterminate Dichobunoidea or even indeterminate Artiodactyla, but they are also morphologically different from the Kyargan taxon. The indeterminate Dichobunoidea upper molar reported by Métais (2006) is more triangular in occlusal outline, it lacks a hypocone, its parastyle is smaller and the buccal face of the metacone is flattened. The inderterminate Dichobunoidea described by Tsubamoto et al. (2013b) has a narrower lingual part with more selenodont crests, its parastyle and cingula are less developed and it lacks a hypocone. Finally, the upper molar attributed to an indeterminate Artiodactyla by Tsubamoto et al. (2012) is more quadratic, it has a paraconule, a more massive parastyle and less developed cingula.</p><p>Although they can be distinguished by their upper molar structure, several Dichobunidae described from Asia (Pakistan and Kazakhstan) also need to be compared with the new Pondaung material because of their similar spatiotemporal occurrence. For example, Haqueina Dehm &amp; Oettingen-Spielberg, 1958 and Chorlakkia Gingerich, Russell, Sigogneau-Russell &amp; Hartenberger, 1979 both from the middle Eocene of Pakistan lack a hypocone and have a paraconule on their upper molars. Haqueina further displays a larger size, a smaller metaconule, a weaker buccal cingulum and no postprotocrista, whereas Chorlakkia exhibits stronger cingula and a better developed premetacristule. Dulcidon Van Valen, 1965 from the early middle Eocene of Pakistan has smaller and a more triangular upper molar that lacks a hypocone (although Bai et al. [2024] stated that Dulcidon has a swollen incipient hypocone rising from the postcingulum), with a paraconule, a paracone and a metacone equal in size and a weaker cingula. According to Thewissen et al. (1987), Dulcidon might be congeneric with Chorlakkia, whereas Theodor et al. (2007) consider that the tribosphenic pattern of Dulcidon upper molar suggests closer affinities with the diacodexeid Gujaratia Bajpai, Kapur, Das, Tiwari, Saravanan &amp; Sharma, 2005 . Aksyiria oligostus Gabunia, 1973 from the early-middle Eocene of Georgia has a more quadratic and larger upper molar with a paraconule, a distinct premetacristule, and that lacks a hypocone. Finally, Irdinodon Bai, Theodor, Wang &amp; Meng, 2024 is a small dichobunid recently described from the middle Eocene of northeast China (Bai et al. 2024) that is smaller, with more square upper molars that exhibit a paraconule, a smaller protocone, and much more developed parastyle and lingual cingulum, and a more distobuccally oriented postmetacristule.</p><p>A few other Asian dichobunids known only by their lower teeth include Pakibune Thewissen, Gingerich &amp; Russell, 1987 from the early middle Eocene of Pakistan, and Cadutherium Métais, Aung Naing Soe, Marivaux &amp; Beard, 2007 and Pakkokuhyus Holroyd &amp; Ciochon, 1995 from Pondaung. However, Pakibune is much larger than KYN-03 and KYN-04, whereas Cadutherium and Pakkokuhyus have lower molars that might correspond in size to the upper molars from Kyargan, but the lower teeth of Cadutherium have more selenodont buccal cuspids that do not correspond to the upper molar structure of the Kyargan dichobunid. Pakkokuhyus on the other hand, is more bunodont and its right m1 (GSI B-766) occludes well with the right upper molar KYN-04. Tsubamoto et al. (2000) attributed a fragmentary maxilla (NMMP-KU 0039) to Pakkokuhyus . However, Ducrocq et al. (2001) described that same specimen as belonging to the anthracotheriid Siamotherium pondaungensis Ducrocq, Aung Naing Soe, Aye Ko Aung, Benammi, Bo Bo, Chaimanee, Than Tun, Tin Thein &amp; Jaeger, 2001 . Later, Aung Naing Soe et al. (2017) demonstrated that NMMP-KU 0039 cannot be referred to the Helohyidae but indeed belongs to an anthracothere. There is no further clue that the upper molars from Kyargan could be referred to Pakkokuhyus, but should it be the case it would confirm that Pakkokuhyus is a dichobunid and not a helohyid (Ducrocq 2019), and the material from Kyargan might represent the first upper molars that could be attributed to this genus.</p><p>Although the material described here is fragmentary, it displays an upper molar morphology that cannot be referred to any of the dichobunoids known in the Pondaung Formation or in southern Asia. The peculiar distolingual position of the small hypocone, distal to the protocone, on both molars is not really unusual in artiodactyls: a similar condition can be observed for example in the Asian dichobunids Irdinodon or Lantianius Chow, 1964 (although less developed than in the Kyargan molars). Both indeterminate dichobunoid upper molars YSE 8 (Métais 2006) and NMMP-KU 2182 (Tsubamoto et al. 2013b) exhibit a very similar morphology, and Tsubamoto et al. (2013b) suggested that they might belong to the same species. However, NMMP-KU 2182 seems to have more selenodont cusps than YSE 8, and no postmetacristule. These two molars are morphologically closer to KYN-03 and KYN-04 notably by their occlusal outline, simple structure and lack of a paraconule. Yet, the latters have more bunodont and mesiolingually more developed crowns with a small hypocone, and no mesiobuccal crest (premetacristule) of the metaconule. This implies that KYN-03 and KYN-04 likely represent a taxon distinct from all of those for which upper molars that have been described as indeterminate dichobunoids so far. Alternatively, there is still a possibility that the two upper molars might belong to Pakkokuhyus because of the correspondance in size and occlusion between them, but it will be crucial to discover associated upper and lower teeth remains to test this hypothesis, and to further discuss the attribution of the Kyargan upper molars to the Dichobunoidea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E95062C7436941FEA4D6E4FDD09C86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ducrocq, Stéphane;Chaimanee, Yaowalak;Sein, Chit;Soe, Aung Naing;Chavasseau, Olivier;Jaeger, Jean-Jacques	Ducrocq, Stéphane, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Sein, Chit, Soe, Aung Naing, Chavasseau, Olivier, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2026): New mammal remains from the Pondaung Formation (late middle Eocene, Myanmar). Comptes Rendus Palevol 25 (15): 261-271, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15
03E95062C7416941FC88D16FFAEA9F02.text	03E95062C7416941FC88D16FFAEA9F02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthracotherium pangan Pilgrim & Cotter 1916	<div><p>Anthracotherium pangan Pilgrim &amp; Cotter, 1916</p><p>(Fig. 3 A-F; Table 1)</p><p>Anthracotherium pangan Pilgrim &amp; Cotter, 1916: 59 .</p><p>MATERIAL REFERRED. — KYN- 08, right lower jaw preserving p3- m3; KYN- 09, left lower jaw preserving m1-m3.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The crowns of the teeth are relatively well preserved. The molars are bunodont with short and blunt cristids, their distal lobe wider than the mesial one on m1-2. The hypoconulid lobe of m3 is wide, simple and in line with the crown. The premolars are triangular in lateral view, with a moderately developed talonid part, and without accessory cuspids. They exhibit only a pre- and postprotocristid. Their crown is slightly convex buccally and flat to slightly concave lingually. There is only a very short diastema between the sockets of p1 and p2 and a somewhat longer one between the lower canine socket and that of the p1. The horizontal ramus has a rather constant depth and is slightly curved beneath the molars. The anterior part of the coronoid process is vertical and is separated from the m3 by a short retromolar space. The dimensions (Table 1) and general structure of the teeth on KYN-08 and KYN-09 and the important increase of size from m1 to m3 indicate that this material better correspond to Anthracotherium pangan, the largest anthracothere known in Pondaung.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E95062C7416941FC88D16FFAEA9F02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ducrocq, Stéphane;Chaimanee, Yaowalak;Sein, Chit;Soe, Aung Naing;Chavasseau, Olivier;Jaeger, Jean-Jacques	Ducrocq, Stéphane, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Sein, Chit, Soe, Aung Naing, Chavasseau, Olivier, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2026): New mammal remains from the Pondaung Formation (late middle Eocene, Myanmar). Comptes Rendus Palevol 25 (15): 261-271, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15
03E95062C741694FFC92D4A0FEB599FD.text	03E95062C741694FFC92D4A0FEB599FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthracokeryx tenuis Pilgrim & Cotter 1916	<div><p>Anthracokeryx tenuis Pilgrim &amp; Cotter, 1916</p><p>(Fig. 3 G-K; Table 1)</p><p>Anthracokeryx tenuis Pilgrim &amp; Cotter, 1916: 62 .</p><p>MATERIAL REFERRED. — KYN-06, right p2, KYN-07, right I3.</p><p>DESCRIPTION AND REMARKS</p><p>KYN-06 is a very simple tooth with an oval rather than a more triangular occlusal outline, which indicates that it is a lower premolar. Its laterally compressed crown is triangular with the apex somewhat slanted backwardly. The buccal face is slightly convex whereas the lingual face is almost flat. Two very weak cristids occur mesially and distally. No cingulid or talonid is visible. The morphology of this lower premolar indicates that it is a right p1 or p2. It is too large to belong to the small Siamotherium pondaungensis Ducrocq, Aung Naing Soe, Aye Ko Aung, Benammi, Bo Bo, Chaimanee, Than Tun, Tin Thein &amp; Jaeger, 2001 and too small to be referred to the larger species of Anthracotherium .</p><p>Although similar in size, the p1 of A. birmanicus Pilgrim &amp; Cotter, 1916 is reduced, lower and more laterally compressed, whereas the p2 of A. tenuis displays the same morphology as KYN-06. We therefore believe that this premolar should more likely be referred to the latter species.</p><p>B</p><p>The upper incisor (KYN-07) is triangular and laterally compressed with its buccal face slightly convex and its lingual face more flat. A very faint crest occurs mesially, and there is a small wear facet mesiolingually (from the contact with the i3) and a longer one distolingually (from contact with the lower canine) that extends from the apex of the crown to part of the root. The root is massive and oval in section and it makes an angle of about 50° with the crown. No cingulum is visible.</p><p>The size of the incisor root corresponds to that of the socket for I3 on the skull AMNH 20017 of Anthracokeryx tenuis (Colbert 1938), and the dimensions and shape of the distolingual wear facet fits well with that on the mesiobuccal one of its lower canine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E95062C741694FFC92D4A0FEB599FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ducrocq, Stéphane;Chaimanee, Yaowalak;Sein, Chit;Soe, Aung Naing;Chavasseau, Olivier;Jaeger, Jean-Jacques	Ducrocq, Stéphane, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Sein, Chit, Soe, Aung Naing, Chavasseau, Olivier, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2026): New mammal remains from the Pondaung Formation (late middle Eocene, Myanmar). Comptes Rendus Palevol 25 (15): 261-271, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15
03E95062C74F694FFF5ED360FB2D987D.text	03E95062C74F694FFF5ED360FB2D987D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sivatitanops birmanicum Pilgrim & Cotter 1916	<div><p>? Sivatitanops birmanicum Pilgrim &amp; Cotter, 1916</p><p>(Fig. 3L; Table 1)</p><p>Sivatitanops cotteri Pilgrim, 1925: 65 .</p><p>MATERIAL REFERRED. — KYN-05, fragmentary right P4.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The tooth preserves part of the buccal half with the paracone, metacone and parts of the parastyle and metastyle. The buccal face of the paracone is somewhat convex without a prominent rib and that of the metacone is almost flat. The metacone is also more lingually slanted than the paracone. The distal half of the ectoloph is almost straight contrary to the mesial one that displays a more selenodont outline. There is no buccal cingulum except a very slight enamel shelf mesiobuccally to the parastyle. The central mesial part of the tooth is missing, but no swelling of the enamel in this region suggests that a paraconule was present. The lingual half of the crown indicates that the tooth was lingually square. It displays a large protocone and a much smaller hypocone. The protocone is very worn but a slight preprotocrista seems to extend mesiobuccally to the paracone. The small hypocone is separated from the protocone by a shallow groove. The lingual cingulum is absent under the protocone and is very slightly developed between the protocone and the hypocone, and is stronger mesially to the protocone with a small cingular cusp. The enamel of the tooth is smooth.</p><p>COMPARISONS AND REMARKS</p><p>Three brontotheriid genera have been reported from Pondaung: Metatelmatherium, Sivatitanops and Bunobrontops (Pilgrim &amp; Cotter 1916; Pilgrim 1925; Colbert 1938; Holroyd &amp; Ciochon 2000). However, Mihlbachler (2008) considered that only Bunobrontops savagei Holroyd &amp; Ciochon, 2000 is a valid species, all others species of Metatelmatherium and Sivatitanops being nomen dubium and should probably be referred to Asian ( Rhinotitan) or European ( Brachydiastematherium) genera.</p><p>The Kyargan tooth exhibits features that are not observed in Bunobrontops savagei, mainly because of its smooth enamel, more straight ectoloph, absence of strong buccal ribs and very probably of a paraconule. The morphology of this premolar is much more similar to that of the right P4 (AMNH 141258) from the late Eocene of Bulgaria (Nikolov &amp; Heissig 1985) attributed to Sivatitanops birmanicum, and the left P4 (NMMP-KU 0320) from Pondaung attributed to a brontotheriid by Tsubamoto et al. (2000). The characters shared by these specimens and the Kyargan premolar include a straighter ectoloph, flat buccal wall of the metacone, lingual outline, lingual cingulum interrupted at the protocone, small mesiolingual cingular cusp, and a small hypocone (that of KYN-05 being somewhat more reduced). Although Mihlbachler (2008) does not accept Sivatitanops birmanicum as a valid genus and species, we attribute the Kyargan premolar to S. birmanicum pending a more complete revision of the Pondaung material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E95062C74F694FFF5ED360FB2D987D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ducrocq, Stéphane;Chaimanee, Yaowalak;Sein, Chit;Soe, Aung Naing;Chavasseau, Olivier;Jaeger, Jean-Jacques	Ducrocq, Stéphane, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Sein, Chit, Soe, Aung Naing, Chavasseau, Olivier, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2026): New mammal remains from the Pondaung Formation (late middle Eocene, Myanmar). Comptes Rendus Palevol 25 (15): 261-271, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2026v25a15
