taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03E8879FB652FFCFFC28FB58FBF1F878.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/22964776/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22964776	FIG. 3. — Selected representatives of the fossil families of the †Ellimmichthyiformes: A, †Sorbinichthys elusivo Bannikov & Bacchia, 2000 (†Sorbinichthyidae), Upper Cretaceous, Lebanon;CLC S-431a, holotype (photo: courtesy of Luigi Capasso);B, †Codoichthys carnavalii Santos, 1994 (†Ellimmichthyiformes incertae sedis), Lower Cretaceous, Brazil; DGM 435-P, holotype (photo: courtesy of Francisco Figueiredo); C, †Ornategulum sardinioides (Pictet, 1850) (†Scutatuspinosidae), Upper Cretaceous, Lebanon; NHMUK PV P.63293; D, †Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux, 1964 (†Gasteroclupeidae), Upper Cretaceous, Bolivia; MNHN F.1963.11.1, lectotype; E, †Diplomystus dentatus Cope, 1877 (†Gasteroclupeidae), Eocene, Wyoming, USA; NHMUK PV P.52501; F, †Armigatus brevissimus (Blainville, 1818) (†Armigatidae), Upper Cretaceous,Lebanon; NHMUK PV P.473/6; G, †Eoellimmichthys superstes Marramà, Bannikov, Kriwet & Carnevale, 2019 (†Paraclupeidae: †Eoellimmichthyinae n. subfam.), Eocene, Italy; MCSNV IG.23695, holotype; H, †Ellimmichthys longicostatus (Cope, 1886) (†Paraclupeidae: †Ellimmichthyinae), Lower Cretaceous, Brazil; AMNH DVP.734; I, †Paraclupea pietrarojae Marramà & Carnevale, 2023 (†Paraclupeidae: †Paraclupeinae), Upper Cretaceous, Italy; MRSN P/260.3, holotype. Scale bars: 10 mm.	FIG. 3. — Selected representatives of the fossil families of the †Ellimmichthyiformes: A, †Sorbinichthys elusivo Bannikov & Bacchia, 2000 (†Sorbinichthyidae), Upper Cretaceous, Lebanon;CLC S-431a, holotype (photo: courtesy of Luigi Capasso);B, †Codoichthys carnavalii Santos, 1994 (†Ellimmichthyiformes incertae sedis), Lower Cretaceous, Brazil; DGM 435-P, holotype (photo: courtesy of Francisco Figueiredo); C, †Ornategulum sardinioides (Pictet, 1850) (†Scutatuspinosidae), Upper Cretaceous, Lebanon; NHMUK PV P.63293; D, †Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux, 1964 (†Gasteroclupeidae), Upper Cretaceous, Bolivia; MNHN F.1963.11.1, lectotype; E, †Diplomystus dentatus Cope, 1877 (†Gasteroclupeidae), Eocene, Wyoming, USA; NHMUK PV P.52501; F, †Armigatus brevissimus (Blainville, 1818) (†Armigatidae), Upper Cretaceous,Lebanon; NHMUK PV P.473/6; G, †Eoellimmichthys superstes Marramà, Bannikov, Kriwet & Carnevale, 2019 (†Paraclupeidae: †Eoellimmichthyinae n. subfam.), Eocene, Italy; MCSNV IG.23695, holotype; H, †Ellimmichthys longicostatus (Cope, 1886) (†Paraclupeidae: †Ellimmichthyinae), Lower Cretaceous, Brazil; AMNH DVP.734; I, †Paraclupea pietrarojae Marramà & Carnevale, 2023 (†Paraclupeidae: †Paraclupeinae), Upper Cretaceous, Italy; MRSN P/260.3, holotype. Scale bars: 10 mm.	2026-07-09	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio		Zenodo	biologists	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio			
03E8879FB655FFC9FC71FA75FDA0FC2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/22964793/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22964793	FIG. 7. — Neurocranium of Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 (Clupeiformes: Denticipitidae), AMNH 53082 in: A, left lateral, B, dorsal and C, ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm. Abbreviations: af, auditory fenestra; bo, basioccipital; fr, frontal; fro, epo, epioccipital; exo, exoccipital; le, lateral ethmoid; me, mesethmoid; na, nasal;od, odontodes; osph, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pef, pre-epioccipital fenestra; pro, prootic; psp, parasphenoid; psph, pterosphenoid;pto, pterotic; soc, supraoccipital; sph, sphenoid; tf, temporal foramen (unexposed); vo, vomer; v1, first vertebra. Numbers refer to characters and character states (see text)	FIG. 7. — Neurocranium of Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 (Clupeiformes: Denticipitidae), AMNH 53082 in: A, left lateral, B, dorsal and C, ventral view. Scale bar: 1 mm. Abbreviations: af, auditory fenestra; bo, basioccipital; fr, frontal; fro, epo, epioccipital; exo, exoccipital; le, lateral ethmoid; me, mesethmoid; na, nasal;od, odontodes; osph, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pef, pre-epioccipital fenestra; pro, prootic; psp, parasphenoid; psph, pterosphenoid;pto, pterotic; soc, supraoccipital; sph, sphenoid; tf, temporal foramen (unexposed); vo, vomer; v1, first vertebra. Numbers refer to characters and character states (see text)	2026-07-09	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio		Zenodo	biologists	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio			
03E8879FB655FFC9FC71FA75FDA0FC2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/22964796/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22964796	FIG. 8.— Reconstructions of the dorsal surface of skull roof of selected clupeomorphs:A, †Diplomystus sp.(†Ellimmichthyiformes:†Gasteroclupeidae) (modified after Forey 2004, figs 4,5 and pers.obs.); B, Lycothrissa crocodilus Bleeker,1851 (Clupeiformes:Engraulidae) (after the rendering of the specimen UMMZ 209911 depicted in Capobianco et al. 2020, fig. S11); C, Odaxothrissa losera Boulenger, 1899 (Clupeiformes: Ehiravidae) (modified after Grande 1985, figs 30, 32 and pers. obs.); D, Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur,1818) (Clupeiformes:Dorosomatidae) (modified after Grande 1985, figs 43,45 and pers.obs.). Abbreviations:afn, anterior frontal fontanelle; bo, basioccipital; fr, frontal;epo, epioccipital; exo, exoccipital;le, lateral ethmoid; me, mesethmoid;pa, parietal;pef, pre-epioccipital fenestra;pfn, posterior frontal fontanelle;pto, pterotic;soc, supraoccipital;sph, sphenoid; vo, vomer.Numbers refer to characters and character states (see text).Figures not to scale.	FIG. 8.— Reconstructions of the dorsal surface of skull roof of selected clupeomorphs:A, †Diplomystus sp.(†Ellimmichthyiformes:†Gasteroclupeidae) (modified after Forey 2004, figs 4,5 and pers.obs.); B, Lycothrissa crocodilus Bleeker,1851 (Clupeiformes:Engraulidae) (after the rendering of the specimen UMMZ 209911 depicted in Capobianco et al. 2020, fig. S11); C, Odaxothrissa losera Boulenger, 1899 (Clupeiformes: Ehiravidae) (modified after Grande 1985, figs 30, 32 and pers. obs.); D, Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur,1818) (Clupeiformes:Dorosomatidae) (modified after Grande 1985, figs 43,45 and pers.obs.). Abbreviations:afn, anterior frontal fontanelle; bo, basioccipital; fr, frontal;epo, epioccipital; exo, exoccipital;le, lateral ethmoid; me, mesethmoid;pa, parietal;pef, pre-epioccipital fenestra;pfn, posterior frontal fontanelle;pto, pterotic;soc, supraoccipital;sph, sphenoid; vo, vomer.Numbers refer to characters and character states (see text).Figures not to scale.	2026-07-09	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio		Zenodo	biologists	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio			
03E8879FB649FFD0FC57FBD6FE7BFBCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/22965075/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22965075	FIG. 41. — Bootstrap consensus tree (1000 replicates) retrieved in TNT v.1.6 based on 368 morphological characters and 69 terminal taxa highlighting the interrelationships of the living Clupeiformes. Numbers below nodes indicate the bootstrap values.	FIG. 41. — Bootstrap consensus tree (1000 replicates) retrieved in TNT v.1.6 based on 368 morphological characters and 69 terminal taxa highlighting the interrelationships of the living Clupeiformes. Numbers below nodes indicate the bootstrap values.	2026-07-09	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio		Zenodo	biologists	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio			
03E8879FB643FFDEFF0BFB16FAC2FECA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/22965075/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22965075	FIG. 41. — Bootstrap consensus tree (1000 replicates) retrieved in TNT v.1.6 based on 368 morphological characters and 69 terminal taxa highlighting the interrelationships of the living Clupeiformes. Numbers below nodes indicate the bootstrap values.	FIG. 41. — Bootstrap consensus tree (1000 replicates) retrieved in TNT v.1.6 based on 368 morphological characters and 69 terminal taxa highlighting the interrelationships of the living Clupeiformes. Numbers below nodes indicate the bootstrap values.	2026-07-09	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio		Zenodo	biologists	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio			
03E8879FB642FFDFFF36FBF8FC63FE21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/22965079/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22965079	FIG. 44. — Time-calibrated strict consensus tree from the main parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis based on 368 morphological characters and 130 terminal taxa highlighting the interrelationships of the pan-Clupeiformes (node 40) within the Clupeomorpha. The black bars represent the known stratigraphic range of the taxa. Numbers at nodes indicates additional calibration points based on fossils not included in the analysis (see Material and Methods): 4) Spratelloides sp. (Badenian of St. Margarethen, Austria; pers. obs. GC); 5) †Etrumeus hafizi Arambourg,1966 (lower Bartonian of Pabdeh Formation; Arambourg 1966); 6) Anchoa sp. (early Pliocene of Onzole Formation,Ecuador;Carnevale et al. 2011); 7) †Engraulis tethensis Grande & Nelson,1985 (Messinian of the Mesaoria Group,Cyprus; Grande & Nelson 1985); 8) †Knightia vetusta Grande, 1982 (middle Paleocene Tongue River Formation, Montana; Grande 1982b); 9) †Alosa elongata Agassiz, 1842 (Upper Tortonian of the Mediterranean area); (e.g., Arambourg 1927; Gaudant & Cavallo 2008); 10) Harengula sp. (Messinian of Central Italy; Carnevale & Schwarzhans 2022); 11) †Opisthonema persicum Arambourg,1966 (lower Bartonian of the Pabdeh Formation;Arambourg 1966); 12) †Sardinella miyanoshitaensis Sato & Uyeno, 1999 (late Burdigalian of Japan; Sato & Uyeno 1999).	FIG. 44. — Time-calibrated strict consensus tree from the main parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis based on 368 morphological characters and 130 terminal taxa highlighting the interrelationships of the pan-Clupeiformes (node 40) within the Clupeomorpha. The black bars represent the known stratigraphic range of the taxa. Numbers at nodes indicates additional calibration points based on fossils not included in the analysis (see Material and Methods): 4) Spratelloides sp. (Badenian of St. Margarethen, Austria; pers. obs. GC); 5) †Etrumeus hafizi Arambourg,1966 (lower Bartonian of Pabdeh Formation; Arambourg 1966); 6) Anchoa sp. (early Pliocene of Onzole Formation,Ecuador;Carnevale et al. 2011); 7) †Engraulis tethensis Grande & Nelson,1985 (Messinian of the Mesaoria Group,Cyprus; Grande & Nelson 1985); 8) †Knightia vetusta Grande, 1982 (middle Paleocene Tongue River Formation, Montana; Grande 1982b); 9) †Alosa elongata Agassiz, 1842 (Upper Tortonian of the Mediterranean area); (e.g., Arambourg 1927; Gaudant & Cavallo 2008); 10) Harengula sp. (Messinian of Central Italy; Carnevale & Schwarzhans 2022); 11) †Opisthonema persicum Arambourg,1966 (lower Bartonian of the Pabdeh Formation;Arambourg 1966); 12) †Sardinella miyanoshitaensis Sato & Uyeno, 1999 (late Burdigalian of Japan; Sato & Uyeno 1999).	2026-07-09	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio		Zenodo	biologists	Marramà, Giuseppe;Carnevale, Giorgio			
