identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03EC6C129B54FFAFFF94FCBEFB906DF1.text	03EC6C129B54FFAFFF94FCBEFB906DF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miniopterus Bonaparte 1837	<div><p>4.2 | Phylogenetic relationships of Miniopterus</p><p>Previous phylogenetic analyses of Afrotropical Miniopterus have been limited by poor geographic and population‐level sampling of sub‐Saharan African taxa (Amador et al., 2018; Miller‐Butterworth et al., 2005; Shi &amp; Rabosky, 2015). However, phylogenetic studies of Miniopterus all strongly recover an Afrotropical clade. More extensive taxon and gene sampling resolves this as sister to a Palearctic + Indomalay an + Oceanian clade (Amador et al., 2018; Shi &amp; Rabosky, 2015). Although few members of the second clade were represented in our multilocus nuclear analysis, there was strong support for monophyly of the Afrotropical taxa (Figures 2 and 3).</p><p>Note: See section 2 for parameter details. Values for BPP PSs are average posterior probabilities (PP) of</p><p>delimitation from three replicated BPP runs under each of four different Prior Schemes for two data sets (PS;</p><p>Table S2).</p><p>Within the Afrotropical clade, M. natalensis from southern Africa was well supported as sister to the remaining African + Madagascar clades in the mitochondrial tree (Figure 2), but this was strongly contradicted by the nuclear gene tree and species tree where basal nodes within the Afrotropical clade were poorly supported (Figures 3 and 4). None of the phylogenetic analyses inferred support for the monophyly of either the Madagascar taxa or the sub‐Saharan clades. The placement of clade 10 varied widely among phylogenetic analyses: it was poorly supported as nested within Madagascar lineages in the mitochondrial gene tree (Figure 2) and nuclear species tree (Figure 4). Phylogenetic uncertainty associated with long branches is a recurrent systematic theme. Christidis et al. (2014) analysed relationships among Malagasy Miniopterus using cyt‐ b, recovering 18 clades that they combined into five primary lineages. Only one of their primary lineages has even partial support in our intron and species trees: the sister relationship between Miniopterus gleni and M. majori, although M. griffithsi is not recovered with them and in both trees appears more closely related to sub‐Saharan species than to any on Madagascar. A general pattern of long terminal taxon branches subtending short backbone internodes accounts for the poor support for deeper nodes in both the mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic analyses. This pattern also suggests a rapid radiation model of diversification. In applying the term radiation to the diversification of Afrotropical Miniopterus we purposefully refrain from characterizing this process as an adaptive radiation. Although consensus is lacking on all of the attributes required to accurately characterize a radiation as adaptive (Givnish, 2015; Losos &amp; Miles, 2002), most definitions include the evolution of a diversity of ecological roles on the basis of adaptations within a lineage either through the evolution of key innovations (e.g., flight) or exploitation of resources that are underutilized by other species (e.g., colonization of isolated islands or landmasses). However, data are unavailable as to how Miniopteridae species have ecologically diverged into various adaptive zones or niches. Although Christidis et al. (2014) characterized the rapid radiation of Miniopterus species on Madagascar as an adaptive radiation, evidence for the role of phenotypic disparity and ecological divergence in the rapid diversification of Malagasy taxa was lacking. Because the role of morphological disparity in facilitating ecological divergence is unknown in Miniopterus, this process might equally be described as a non‐adaptive radiation.</p><p>Whether the diversification of Miniopterus species on Madagascar was facilitated by either adaptive or non‐adaptive processes, the accelerated tempo of speciation is suggested by rough divergence dates presented by Christidis et al. (2014), applying a 2% substitution rate per million years to a mitochondrial gene tree analysis of 11 Malagasy and five sub‐Saharan African Miniopterus species and the fossil‐calibrated mitochondrial gene tree of Amador et al. (2018). Christidis et al. (2014) estimated a crown age of 7.24 Ma for an Afrotropical Miniopteru s clade and 10.16 Ma for Miniopteridae, whereas Amador et al. (2018) inferred a crown age of 8.66 Ma for Afrotropical Miniopterus and 12.83 Ma for the genus as a whole. Employing a phylogenetic species concept, Christidis et al. (2014) estimated as many as 18 Miniopterus species may occur on Madagascar; they opined that as many as 100 species may occur across the Old World range of the genus (where 35 are currently recognized). Genetic evidence suggests that as many as five evolutionarily isolated populations in our study may represent additional species—integrative taxonomic assessments of their rank are needed. Geographic sampling in our data set is very sparse for the species‐rich rainforests of West and Central Africa, so continent‐wide Miniopteridae diversity is probably grossly underestimated.</p><p>Recent studies of Afrotropical mammal diversification date the earliest divergence of many genus‐level clades or species complexes to the Plio‐Pleistocene boundary; subsequent diversification is thus temporally concordant with and perhaps driven by the initiation of Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Corresponding expansions and contractions of forest species into Pleistocene refugia has been well documented in several Afrotropical small mammal groups including rodents (Demos, Peterhans, Agwanda, &amp; Hickerson, 2014; Mizerovská et al., 2019; Nicolas et al., 2011), shrews (Demos et al., 2015; Jacquet et al., 2015), and golden moles (Mynhardt et al., 2015). The role of expanding and contracting Pleistocene habitat in isolating African bat populations remains to be tested.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC6C129B54FFAFFF94FCBEFB906DF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Demos, Terrence C.;Webala, Paul W.;Lutz, Holly L.;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C.;Goodman, Steven M.;Cortés-Delgado, Natalia;Bartonjo, Michael;Patterson, Bruce D.	Demos, Terrence C., Webala, Paul W., Lutz, Holly L., Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C., Goodman, Steven M., Cortés-Delgado, Natalia, Bartonjo, Michael, Patterson, Bruce D. (2020): Multilocus phylogeny of a cryptic radiation of Afrotropical long-fingered bats (Chiroptera, Miniopteridae). Zoologica Scripta 49 (1): 1-13, DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12388, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12388
