taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03EED01CD96BF3638C30FB63FC52FA8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613091/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613091	Fig. 1. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937). A. Slide of male gonopods and 6–8th legpairs of holotype from “Süd-Korea” (SNSB-ZSM, Reg.Nr. A20033594). B. Left gonopod in mesal view. C. Right gonopod in lateral view. Abbreviations: a =acropodite; c =cingulum; pfp =prefemoral process; sl=solenomere.	Fig. 1. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937). A. Slide of male gonopods and 6–8th legpairs of holotype from “Süd-Korea” (SNSB-ZSM, Reg.Nr. A20033594). B. Left gonopod in mesal view. C. Right gonopod in lateral view. Abbreviations: a =acropodite; c =cingulum; pfp =prefemoral process; sl=solenomere.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD96BF3638C30FB63FC52FA8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613093/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613093	Fig. 2. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), ♂♂. A–D. Right gonopod of specimen from Geoje District (GJ01). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. E–F. Right gonopod of specimen from Gimhae District (GH01). E. Mesal view. F. Lateral view. Abbreviations: a =acropodite; c =cingulum; cx =coxa; ms =macroseta; pfp= prefemoral process; pg =prostatic groove; sl = solenomere. Scale bars: A–B= 1 mm; C–F = 0.5 mm.	Fig. 2. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), ♂♂. A–D. Right gonopod of specimen from Geoje District (GJ01). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. E–F. Right gonopod of specimen from Gimhae District (GH01). E. Mesal view. F. Lateral view. Abbreviations: a =acropodite; c =cingulum; cx =coxa; ms =macroseta; pfp= prefemoral process; pg =prostatic groove; sl = solenomere. Scale bars: A–B= 1 mm; C–F = 0.5 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD96BF3638C30FB63FC52FA8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613115/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613115	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD96BF3638C30FB63FC52FA8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613121/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613121	Fig. 12. Habitus of Korean millipedes of the genus Xystodesmus Cook, 1895, dorsal and ventral views, respectively. A–B. X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), ♂ from Geoje District (GJ06). C–D. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), ♀ from Gurye District (GR02). E–F. X. bifurcus sp. nov., female paratype from Inje Town (IJ01). Not to scale.	Fig. 12. Habitus of Korean millipedes of the genus Xystodesmus Cook, 1895, dorsal and ventral views, respectively. A–B. X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), ♂ from Geoje District (GJ06). C–D. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), ♀ from Gurye District (GR02). E–F. X. bifurcus sp. nov., female paratype from Inje Town (IJ01). Not to scale.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD96BF3638C30FB63FC52FA8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613127/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613127	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD96BF3638C30FB63FC52FA8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613129/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613129	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD967F3628C20FA00FB9EFC1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613097/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613097	Fig. 3. Right gonopods of species of Xystodesmus Cook, 1895 and Levizonus Attems, 1898; redrawn from original drawings, mesal views. A. X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942a: 362, fig. 5). B. Xystodesmus bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov., from Takakuwa (1942a: 363, fig. 6). C. Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942c: 44, fig. 8). Abbreviations: a =acropodite; b= small tooth; c–d= separate processes. Not drawn to scale.	Fig. 3. Right gonopods of species of Xystodesmus Cook, 1895 and Levizonus Attems, 1898; redrawn from original drawings, mesal views. A. X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942a: 362, fig. 5). B. Xystodesmus bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov., from Takakuwa (1942a: 363, fig. 6). C. Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942c: 44, fig. 8). Abbreviations: a =acropodite; b= small tooth; c–d= separate processes. Not drawn to scale.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD967F3628C20FA00FB9EFC1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613127/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613127	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD965F3618FD0FE80FDA0F822.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613097/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613097	Fig. 3. Right gonopods of species of Xystodesmus Cook, 1895 and Levizonus Attems, 1898; redrawn from original drawings, mesal views. A. X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942a: 362, fig. 5). B. Xystodesmus bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov., from Takakuwa (1942a: 363, fig. 6). C. Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942c: 44, fig. 8). Abbreviations: a =acropodite; b= small tooth; c–d= separate processes. Not drawn to scale.	Fig. 3. Right gonopods of species of Xystodesmus Cook, 1895 and Levizonus Attems, 1898; redrawn from original drawings, mesal views. A. X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942a: 362, fig. 5). B. Xystodesmus bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov., from Takakuwa (1942a: 363, fig. 6). C. Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942c: 44, fig. 8). Abbreviations: a =acropodite; b= small tooth; c–d= separate processes. Not drawn to scale.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD965F3618FD0FE80FDA0F822.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613127/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613127	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD964F3658C2AFE80FC6AFDDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613103/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613103	Fig. 4. Xystodesmus shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), ♂♂. A–D. Right gonopod of specimen from Hwasun Town (HS11). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. E–F. Telopodite of right gonopod of specimen from Geoje District (GJ03). E. Mesoventral view. F. Mesolateral view. Abbreviations: fp = femoral process; ms =macroseta; pfp = prefemoral process; s = spine; sl=solenomere; sp =small process. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.	Fig. 4. Xystodesmus shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), ♂♂. A–D. Right gonopod of specimen from Hwasun Town (HS11). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. E–F. Telopodite of right gonopod of specimen from Geoje District (GJ03). E. Mesoventral view. F. Mesolateral view. Abbreviations: fp = femoral process; ms =macroseta; pfp = prefemoral process; s = spine; sl=solenomere; sp =small process. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD964F3658C2AFE80FC6AFDDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613115/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613115	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD964F3658C2AFE80FC6AFDDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613121/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613121	Fig. 12. Habitus of Korean millipedes of the genus Xystodesmus Cook, 1895, dorsal and ventral views, respectively. A–B. X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), ♂ from Geoje District (GJ06). C–D. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), ♀ from Gurye District (GR02). E–F. X. bifurcus sp. nov., female paratype from Inje Town (IJ01). Not to scale.	Fig. 12. Habitus of Korean millipedes of the genus Xystodesmus Cook, 1895, dorsal and ventral views, respectively. A–B. X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), ♂ from Geoje District (GJ06). C–D. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), ♀ from Gurye District (GR02). E–F. X. bifurcus sp. nov., female paratype from Inje Town (IJ01). Not to scale.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD964F3658C2AFE80FC6AFDDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613127/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613127	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD964F3658C2AFE80FC6AFDDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613129/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613129	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD961F37B8C66FDD2FAC8FEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613105/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613105	Fig. 5. Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., right gonopod of male paratype from Pyeongchang Town (PC11). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. Abbreviations: a =acropodite; ms =macroseta; pfp =prefemoral process; pg = prostatic groove; sl=solenomere; slp =solenomere process. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.	Fig. 5. Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., right gonopod of male paratype from Pyeongchang Town (PC11). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. Abbreviations: a =acropodite; ms =macroseta; pfp =prefemoral process; pg = prostatic groove; sl=solenomere; slp =solenomere process. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD961F37B8C66FDD2FAC8FEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613115/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613115	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD961F37B8C66FDD2FAC8FEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613117/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613117	Fig. 11. Legs of Korean Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895. A. X. bifurcus sp. nov., right leg 15 of female paratype specimen from Geoje District (GJ07), anterior view. B. R. koreana sp. nov., left leg 17 of male paratype from Gurye Town (GR03), posterior view. C. P. koreana (Paik, 1963), left leg 10 of male specimen from Daegu City (DG01), posterior view. Abbreviations: cx=coxa; f =femur; pf =prefemur; pof =postfemur; ps= prefemoral spine; t =tibia; ta= tarsus. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Fig. 11. Legs of Korean Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895. A. X. bifurcus sp. nov., right leg 15 of female paratype specimen from Geoje District (GJ07), anterior view. B. R. koreana sp. nov., left leg 17 of male paratype from Gurye Town (GR03), posterior view. C. P. koreana (Paik, 1963), left leg 10 of male specimen from Daegu City (DG01), posterior view. Abbreviations: cx=coxa; f =femur; pf =prefemur; pof =postfemur; ps= prefemoral spine; t =tibia; ta= tarsus. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD961F37B8C66FDD2FAC8FEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613121/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613121	Fig. 12. Habitus of Korean millipedes of the genus Xystodesmus Cook, 1895, dorsal and ventral views, respectively. A–B. X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), ♂ from Geoje District (GJ06). C–D. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), ♀ from Gurye District (GR02). E–F. X. bifurcus sp. nov., female paratype from Inje Town (IJ01). Not to scale.	Fig. 12. Habitus of Korean millipedes of the genus Xystodesmus Cook, 1895, dorsal and ventral views, respectively. A–B. X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), ♂ from Geoje District (GJ06). C–D. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), ♀ from Gurye District (GR02). E–F. X. bifurcus sp. nov., female paratype from Inje Town (IJ01). Not to scale.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD961F37B8C66FDD2FAC8FEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613127/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613127	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD961F37B8C66FDD2FAC8FEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613129/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613129	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD97EF37E8C79F991FA84F901.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613107/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613107	Fig. 6. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., right gonopod of male holotype from Jindo (JD07). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. Abbreviations: a= acropodite; ms= macroseta; pfp= prefemoral process; pg = prostatic groove. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.	Fig. 6. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., right gonopod of male holotype from Jindo (JD07). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. Abbreviations: a= acropodite; ms= macroseta; pfp= prefemoral process; pg = prostatic groove. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD97EF37E8C79F991FA84F901.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613109/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613109	Fig. 7. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov. A. Midbody rings of male paratype from Gurye Town (GR03). B. Serrated metatergite of ring 10, paratype from Wonju (WJ01). Scale bars: A=1 mm; B=0.5 mm.	Fig. 7. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov. A. Midbody rings of male paratype from Gurye Town (GR03). B. Serrated metatergite of ring 10, paratype from Wonju (WJ01). Scale bars: A=1 mm; B=0.5 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD97EF37E8C79F991FA84F901.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613115/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613115	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD97EF37E8C79F991FA84F901.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613117/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613117	Fig. 11. Legs of Korean Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895. A. X. bifurcus sp. nov., right leg 15 of female paratype specimen from Geoje District (GJ07), anterior view. B. R. koreana sp. nov., left leg 17 of male paratype from Gurye Town (GR03), posterior view. C. P. koreana (Paik, 1963), left leg 10 of male specimen from Daegu City (DG01), posterior view. Abbreviations: cx=coxa; f =femur; pf =prefemur; pof =postfemur; ps= prefemoral spine; t =tibia; ta= tarsus. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Fig. 11. Legs of Korean Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895. A. X. bifurcus sp. nov., right leg 15 of female paratype specimen from Geoje District (GJ07), anterior view. B. R. koreana sp. nov., left leg 17 of male paratype from Gurye Town (GR03), posterior view. C. P. koreana (Paik, 1963), left leg 10 of male specimen from Daegu City (DG01), posterior view. Abbreviations: cx=coxa; f =femur; pf =prefemur; pof =postfemur; ps= prefemoral spine; t =tibia; ta= tarsus. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD97EF37E8C79F991FA84F901.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613123/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613123	Fig. 13. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., male paratype from Hwasun Town. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Not to scale.	Fig. 13. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., male paratype from Hwasun Town. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Not to scale.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD97EF37E8C79F991FA84F901.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613127/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613127	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD97EF37E8C79F991FA84F901.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613129/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613129	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD979F37C8C32FA81FD70FC61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613097/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613097	Fig. 3. Right gonopods of species of Xystodesmus Cook, 1895 and Levizonus Attems, 1898; redrawn from original drawings, mesal views. A. X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942a: 362, fig. 5). B. Xystodesmus bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov., from Takakuwa (1942a: 363, fig. 6). C. Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942c: 44, fig. 8). Abbreviations: a =acropodite; b= small tooth; c–d= separate processes. Not drawn to scale.	Fig. 3. Right gonopods of species of Xystodesmus Cook, 1895 and Levizonus Attems, 1898; redrawn from original drawings, mesal views. A. X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942a: 362, fig. 5). B. Xystodesmus bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov., from Takakuwa (1942a: 363, fig. 6). C. Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942) from Takakuwa (1942c: 44, fig. 8). Abbreviations: a =acropodite; b= small tooth; c–d= separate processes. Not drawn to scale.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD979F37C8C32FA81FD70FC61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613127/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613127	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD977F34B8C49FE5DFD01FE4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613111/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613111	Fig. 8. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963), right gonopod of male specimen from Gunwi Town (GN01). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. Abbreviations: ap=apical process; ca= coxal apophysis; f=femur; mp =mesal process; ms =macrosetae; pf =prefemur; sp= solenomere process; tt= tibiotarsus; ttp =tibiotarsal process. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Fig. 8. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963), right gonopod of male specimen from Gunwi Town (GN01). A, C. Mesal view. B, D. Lateral view. Abbreviations: ap=apical process; ca= coxal apophysis; f=femur; mp =mesal process; ms =macrosetae; pf =prefemur; sp= solenomere process; tt= tibiotarsus; ttp =tibiotarsal process. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD977F34B8C49FE5DFD01FE4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613113/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613113	Fig. 9. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963), ♂♂, tip of acropodite of right gonopods, apical view. A–B. Specimen from Gunwi Town (GN01). A. Mesal view. B. Lateral view. C–D. Specimen from Ulsan City (US08). Abbreviations: ap =apical process; mp =mesal process; sp= solenomere process; t =tooth; ttp =tibiotarsal process. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.	Fig. 9. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963), ♂♂, tip of acropodite of right gonopods, apical view. A–B. Specimen from Gunwi Town (GN01). A. Mesal view. B. Lateral view. C–D. Specimen from Ulsan City (US08). Abbreviations: ap =apical process; mp =mesal process; sp= solenomere process; t =tooth; ttp =tibiotarsal process. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD977F34B8C49FE5DFD01FE4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613115/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613115	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Fig. 10. Female cyphopods with legpair 2 of Korean species Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895, posterior views. A. Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), specimen from Geoje District (GJ08). B. X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), specimen from Hwasun Town (HS02). C. X. bifurcus sp. nov., paratype from Inje Town (IJ03). D. Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., paratype from Hwasun Town (HS01). E–H. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963). E. Cyphopods with extended bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG04). F. Cyphopods with contracted bellows, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). G. Cyphopods with intermediate bellows, specimen from Daegu City (DG05). H. Legpair 2 with cyphopods behind, anterior view, specimen from Injo Town (IJ01). Abbreviations: b =bellow; op =operculum; r =receptacle; v =valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD977F34B8C49FE5DFD01FE4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613117/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613117	Fig. 11. Legs of Korean Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895. A. X. bifurcus sp. nov., right leg 15 of female paratype specimen from Geoje District (GJ07), anterior view. B. R. koreana sp. nov., left leg 17 of male paratype from Gurye Town (GR03), posterior view. C. P. koreana (Paik, 1963), left leg 10 of male specimen from Daegu City (DG01), posterior view. Abbreviations: cx=coxa; f =femur; pf =prefemur; pof =postfemur; ps= prefemoral spine; t =tibia; ta= tarsus. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Fig. 11. Legs of Korean Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895. A. X. bifurcus sp. nov., right leg 15 of female paratype specimen from Geoje District (GJ07), anterior view. B. R. koreana sp. nov., left leg 17 of male paratype from Gurye Town (GR03), posterior view. C. P. koreana (Paik, 1963), left leg 10 of male specimen from Daegu City (DG01), posterior view. Abbreviations: cx=coxa; f =femur; pf =prefemur; pof =postfemur; ps= prefemoral spine; t =tibia; ta= tarsus. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD977F34B8C49FE5DFD01FE4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613125/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613125	Fig. 14. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963), ♂ from Daegu City (DG01). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Not to scale.	Fig. 14. Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963), ♂ from Daegu City (DG01). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Not to scale.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD977F34B8C49FE5DFD01FE4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613127/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613127	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	Fig. 15. Distribution of eight species of xystodesmid millipedes in the Korean Peninsula. Locality numbers for Xystodesmus pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937): 1, 2, 3, 4; X. amoenus (Takakuwa, 1942): 5; X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942): 2, 4, 7, 8; X. bifurcus sp. nov.: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11; X. bazanensis (Takakuwa, 1942) comb. nov.: 6; Riukiaria koreana sp. nov.: 7, 8, 12–16; Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963): 5, 10, 18–20; and Levizonus circularis (Takakuwa, 1942): 17.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
03EED01CD977F34B8C49FE5DFD01FE4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/18613129/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613129	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	Fig. 16. A rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny based on sequences that combine mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF1-α including three xystodesmid genera. The phylogeny includes six sequences of Xystodesmus bifurcus sp. nov., eight of X. pallidus (Verhoeff, 1937), nine of X. shirozui (Takakuwa, 1942), two of Riukiaria koreana sp. nov., and three of Parafontaria koreana (Paik, 1963) obtained in this study, and two sequences of closely related species, Xystodesmus sp. PM-2015 and R. holstii (Pocock, 1895) which were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Melaphe vestita Hoffman & Lohmander, 1968 was employed as an outgroup which was also retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The detailed information of sequences in the phylogeny is given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 (Supp. file 1). The numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap values (BP in ML phylogeny) and posterior probabilities (BPP in BI phylogeny) separated by a slash. The scale bar refers to a phylogenetic distance of 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.	2026-02-05	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook		Zenodo	biologists	Kim, Gyeongmin;Korsós, Zoltán;Hwang, Ui Wook			
