identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E36D0E8138FFCCFF5C1085FE96CB62.text	03E36D0E8138FFCCFF5C1085FE96CB62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diogenes kakeroma Nagasaka & Komai 2026	<div><p>Diogenes kakeroma sp. nov.</p><p>[New Japanese name: Kakeroma-tsuno-yadokari]</p><p>(Figs. 1–6A–C)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. CBM-ZC 18010, male (sl 1.9 mm), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.21767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.107" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.21767/lat 28.107)">Nishi-amuro</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.21767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.107" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.21767/lat 28.107)">Kakeroma Island</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.21767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.107" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.21767/lat 28.107)">Amami Islands</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.21767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.107" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.21767/lat 28.107)">Ryukyu Islands</a>, 28°06.42’N, 129°13.06’E, 4 m deep, hand net, coll. T. Nagasaka, 30 March 2023, DNA voucher.</p><p>Paratypes. A total of six specimens were examined, all were collected by T. Nagasaka. Same data as holotype: CBM-ZC 18011, 1 male (sl 2.0 mm); CBM-ZC 18012, 1 ovigerous female (sl 1.9 mm). Same locality as holotype: CBN-ZC 18013–18015, 3 ovigerous females (sl 1.5, 1.7, 2.2 mm), 4 m deep, hand net, 27 March 2022. Amamiohshima Island: CBM-ZC 18016, 1 male (sl 1.3 mm), Amuro-gama, 28°11.47’N, 129°16.12’E, 2 m deep, hand net, 28 February 2025 .</p><p>Description. Shield (Fig. 1A) as long as wide; anterior margins between obtuse rostral lobe and lateral projections slightly concave; lateral projections reaching rostral lobe, each with marginal spinule; anterolateral margins sloping, slightly concave, anterolateral angles tuberculate or spinulose; dorsal surface with tufts of setae arranged in pair and with short, spinulose transverse ridges laterally, extending onto lateral margins, sometimes with spinules; lateral margins each with some additional tubercles or spinules on posterior 0.6 of shield length; posterior margin roundly truncate. Posterior carapace anterolateral angles each with cluster of 3 or 4 spines; lateral lobes each with row of 3 or 4 small spines. Branchiostegite (Fig. 1B) with serration of 6–8 small spines on dorsal margin, posterior 1 or 2 usually submarginal.</p><p>Ocular peduncles (Fig. 1A) 0.6–0.8 times as long as shield, faintly constricted at midlength; corneal width approximately 0.2–0.3 of peduncular length, slightly narrower than basal width of ocular peduncle. Ocular acicles subtriangular, anterior margin with 3–5 small spines increasing in size distally. Intercalary rostriform process stout proximally, usually drawn out into small terminal spine, but not overreaching apices of innermost acicular spine; no ventral spine.</p><p>Antennular peduncles (Fig. 1A) moderately stout, when fully extended, overreaching distal corneal margin by 0.7–0.9 length of ultimate article. Ultimate and penultimate articles each with few short to moderately long setae on dorsal surface; ultimate article slightly widened distally. Basal article with moderately inflated statocyst lobe.</p><p>Antennal peduncles (Fig. 1A, C) overreaching distal corneal margins by 0.6–0.9 length of article 5. Article 5 with 2 rows of long setae ventrolaterally. Article 4 unarmed. Article 3 with bluntly produced ventrodistal angle. Article 2 with distolateral angle produced into prominent spine; ventrodistal margin with minute spines. Article 1with small spine at distolateral margin; ventrodistal margin with minute spines. Antennal acicles subtriangular with acute apices, stout, overreaching midlength of article 4, marginally unarmed. Antennal flagellum (Fig. 1D) approximately 2 times as long as shield, consisting of 17–19 segments, each segment with pair of long setae.</p><p>Third maxilliped (Fig. 1E) with moderately slender endopod. Basis with 1 minute spine on mesial margin (Fig. 1F). Ischium with crista dentata poorly developed, having 2–5 proximally directed spines (Fig. 1F). Merus and carpus unarmed.</p><p>Left cheliped appreciably longer than right cheliped, sexually dimorphic. Male left cheliped (Fig. 2) moderately elongate. Chela 2.0–2.5 times as long as wide. Dactylus shorter than palm, moderately curved, terminating in large calcareous claw, not crossing fixed finger at tip; occlusal margin with row of small calcareous teeth; dorsal surface generally flattened with irregular rows of granules and moderately long setae along midline and adjacent to occlusal margin; mesial margin with 2 rows of small tubercles and moderately long setae; ventral surface weakly convex, with rows of moderately long setae along midline and adjacent to occlusal margin. Fixed finger slightly curved, tapering to calcareous claw, flattened, with sparse tufts of setae; occlusal margin oblique, with row of small calcareous teeth. Palm 1.4–1.7 times as long as wide; dorsal surface convex, with scattered setae and low tubercles proximally; dorsomesial margin usually with 1 prominent tubercle distally, followed by row of small tubercles; dorsolateral margin with row of tiny, blunt tubercles, extending onto fixed finger; mesial surface with covering of low, blunt tubercles adjacent to dorsomesial margin; lateral and ventral surfaces with sparse blunt tubercles and scattered setae. Carpus subequal in length to palm or merus, slightly widened distally; dorsomesial margin with row of small tubercles or spines increasing in size distally and row of moderately long setae; dorsal surface gently convex, with row of small tubercles increasing in size distally on dorsolateral margin and scattered short to moderately long setae; lateral, mesial and ventral surfaces with covering of small, low tubercles. Merus distal margin with minute denticles mesially; dorsal surface with row of low, short transverse ridges and sparse long setae; lateral surface with few granules adjacent to ventrolateral margin, ventrolateral margin with some small distal spines followed by row of tubercles; mesial surface almost smooth, ventromesial margin with some small spines increasing in size distally; ventral surface slightly concave, with scattered setae. Ischium with short transverse row of small tubercles on lateral surface distally; ventromesial margin with row of tiny tubercles.</p><p>Female left cheliped (Fig. 3) generally more granulate than male left cheliped, not particularly elongate; setation similar to that in male. Chela 1.9–2.3 times as long as wide. Dactylus mesial margin armed with double row of small tubercles extending nearly to tip; dorsal surface with row of small tubercles along mesial margin. Palm dorsomesial margin with 1 conspicuous tubercle distally, followed by row of small tubercles and additional some tubercles adjacent to mesial face; dorsal surface convex, with scattered small tubercles decreasing in size distally; dorsolateral margin not clearly delimited, but with relatively larger tubercles extending onto fixed finger; mesial surface with scattered small tubercles and ventrally with row of relatively larger tubercles; ventral surface with scattered small tubercles. Carpus dorsomesial margin with row of tubercles increasing in size distally; dorsolateral margin with prominent distal tubercle, followed by row of much smaller tubercles; dorsal surface with few tiny, low tubercles; mesial surface with row of small tubercles adjacent to dorsomesial margin; lateral surface with row of low tubercles along midline; ventral surface with scattered small tubercles. Merus distal margin mesially with row of minute denticles; dorsal surface with irregular rows of small tubercles; lateral surface with scattered low tubercles, ventrolateral margin with row of large spines distally and tubercles proximally; mesial surface with few low tubercles, ventromesial margin with row of tiny tubercles; ventral surface with low tubercles. Ischium with few minute tubercles, arranged in transverse row, on lateral surface; ventromesial margin with row of tiny tubercles.</p><p>Right cheliped (Fig. 4) reaching at least midlength of left cheliped palm. Chela 1.6–2.0 times as long as wide; dactylus and fixed finger both terminating in calcareous claws, leaving broad hiatus. Dactylus about twice as long as palm, somewhat arched; occlusal margin with some small calcareous teeth; dorsal surface weakly convex, row of tiny tubercles and tufts of setae on midline, and additional row of tufts of setae adjacent to occlusal margin; mesial surface with 2 rows of tiny tubercles and long setae; ventral surface also convex transversely, with 2 rows of long setae, along midline and adjacent to occlusal margin. Fixed finger terminating in curved calcareous claw, all surfaces with scattered long setae; dorsal and ventral surfaces with small tubercles; occlusal margin oblique, with row of small calcareous teeth. Palm widened distally; dorsal surface with small, low tubercles, becoming smaller and sharper on fixed finger and with scattered short to long setae; dorsolateral and dorsomesial margins not clearly delimited; mesial surface with irregular row of small, low tubercles; lateral surface with tiny tubercles arranged in irregular longitudinal row; ventral surface with scattered moderately long setae and few tubercles; occlusal margin of fixed finger with some obtuse, calcareous teeth. Carpus widened distally, with dorsolateral row of moderately large spines; dorsal surface sloping to mesial surface, with tiny tubercles arranged in 2 longitudinal rows; dorsodistal margin with small spines; lateral surface with small, low tubercles; ventral surface almost smooth, with few low tubercles. Merus dorsal surface with row of low protuberances and long setae; lateral surface with low tubercles ventrally and scattered long setae, ventrolateral margin with row of spines distally; mesial surface almost smooth, ventromesial margin with row of small spines; ventral surface with scattered low tubercles and long setae. Ischium with minute tubercles adjacent to distolateral margin; ventromesial margin with row of minute tubercle.</p><p>Pereopods 2 and 3 (Fig. 5A, D) slender for genus. Dactyli 1.1–1.6 times as long as propodi, 10–15 times longer than proximal width, gently arcuate, but not twisted; terminating in moderately small corneous claws; dorsal margins unarmed, but with row of moderately spaced long setae, ventral margins also with row of sparse long setae; lateral surfaces and mesial surfaces with 2 rows of short to moderately long setae each adjacent to dorsal and ventral margins, without median sulcus. Propodi slightly arcuate, narrowing distally; dorsal margins each with row of short to long setae, but without conspicuous armature; lateral and mesial surfaces with 2 rows of short to moderately long setae each adjacent to dorsal and ventral margins; ventral margin with row of short to moderately long setae. Carpi each with small dorsodistal spine and row of short to long setae on dorsal surface, and with 1–6 small tubercles or spinules distally in second (Fig. 5B), or with few minute additional denticles in third (Fig. 5D); lateral surface with scattered short to long setae; mesial surface with few setae; ventral surface with moderately long setae. Meri each with row of moderately long setae on dorsal and ventral margins; lateral and mesial surfaces almost glabrous only with few setae; ventrolateral distal margin with few spines in second or unarmed in third. Ischia unarmed, with row of setae on dorsal and ventral margins.</p><p>Pereopods 4 (Fig. 1G) semichelate, sparsely setose. Dactylus devoid of preungual process. Propodus suboval, unarmed on dorsodistal margin; propodal rasp consisting of 7 rows of small corneous scales extending to midlength of ventral margin. Carpus without dorsodistal spine.</p><p>Pereopods 5 chelate.</p><p>Anterior lobe of thoracic sternite 6 (Fig. 1H) not clearly divided, with row of sparse setae and sometimes pair of minute tubercles on anterior margin.</p><p>Male with unpaired, uniramous left pleopods 2–5, marginally setose. Female with paired gonopores; unpaired left pleopods 2–4 well developed, biramous; pleopod 5 as in male.</p><p>Telson (Fig. 1I) with distinct median cleft, left lobe larger than right; left terminal margin and posterior half of lateral margin with row of small spines; right terminal margin with row of spines, not extending onto lateral margin.</p><p>Variation. The distalmost tubercle on the dorsomesial margin of the left cheliped palm is usually prominent, but in the largest male specimen (sl 2.0 mm; CBM-ZC 18011), that tubercle is vestigial. It is possible that the tubercle could be reduced because of wear in large specimens.</p><p>Coloration in life. Shield generally white with brown longitudinal stripes extending from anterior margin between rostral lobe and lateral projection; anterolateral margins also bordered with brown; ocular peduncle generally white with reddish brown oblique ring proximally; antennular peduncle blueish, flagella yellowish; antennal peduncle translucent, flagellum altered by white and translucent rings; chelipeds generally white, each with brown stain proximally on dactylus, palm and carpus, carpus with additional brown spots on dorsal surface, ischium with brown median spots dorsomesially; ambulatory legs also generally white, dactylus, propodus and carpus each with brown transverse band proximally.</p><p>Size. Largest male sl 2.0 mm; largest female sl 2.2 mm; ovigerous females sl 1.5–2.2 mm.</p><p>Distribution. So far known only from Amami Islands, Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan.</p><p>Ecology. The present specimens of Diogenes kakeroma sp. nov. were collected from sandy substrates at subtidal depths of 2–4 m; all using gastropod shells for housing. At Kakeroma Island, this new species was found alongside other paguroid species, including Diogenes holthuisi, Anapagurus bonnieri Nobili, 1905, Catapagurus kosugei (Asakura, 2001), and C. insolitus Komai &amp; Osawa, 2009 . Anapagurus bonnieri was also observed in Amamiohshima Island. Additionally, numerous burrow entrances of callianassid ghost shrimps were noted on the seabed where the new species resided.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name kakeroma is derived from the type locality, Kakeroma Island of the Amami Islands. Used as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Remarks. Diogenes kakeroma sp. nov. is assigned to the Diogenes edwardsii (De Haan, 1849) species group, as diagnosed by Asakura &amp; Tachikawa (2010), in having a small, simple intercalary rostriform process, the antennal peduncles that distinctly exceed the ocular peduncles and long antennal flagella bearing paired rows of long setae ventrally. It appears to be close to D. holthuisi and D. minimus in having a cluster of small spines at the anterolateral part of the posterior carapace, which sets these three species apart from the other congeneric species (Asakura &amp; Tachikawa 2010; Komai &amp; Yoshida 2020). The relatively slender ambulatory dactyli (10–15 times longer than the proximal width) are also characteristic to those three species, although similarly slender dactyli of the second and third pereopods are also seen in D. foresti Rahayu &amp; Hortle, 2002 (cf. Rahayu &amp; Hortle 2002). Diogenes kakeroma sp. nov. is readily distinguished from D. holthuisi and D. minimus by the following particulars: (1) the antennal acicle of D. kakeroma sp. nov. is simple with an acute tip (Fig. 1A), whereas it is strongly bifid in D. holthuisi (cf. Asakura &amp; Tachikawa 2010: fig. 1A) or armed with mesial-marginal spines in D. minimus (cf. Komai &amp; Yoshida 2020: fig. 1A); (2) the right cheliped palm is armed usually with a prominent tubercle distally on the dorsomesial margin in D. kakeroma sp. nov. (Fig. 2A, C), but no such a prominent tubercle is seen in the other two species (Asakura &amp; Tachikawa 2010: figs. 3, 4; Komai &amp; Yoshida 2020: figs. 2A, B, 3A, B); (3) the dorsolateral margin of the female left cheliped carpus bears one enlarged tubercle distally in D. kakeroma sp. nov. (Fig. 3A, B, E), but such a conspicuous tubercle is absent on the carpus dorsolateral margin of the female right cheliped in the latter two species (Asakura &amp; Tachikawa 2010: fig. 4B; Komai &amp; Yoshida 2020: fig. 3D, E). The marginally unarmed antennal acicle may be a unique feature of the new species within the genus, although the shape of the antennal acicle remains unknown for D. granulatus Miers, 1880 . The second character should be used with caution because of possible secondary reduction due to abrasion in large specimens. In addition, D. holthuisi is characteristic in having a notably elongate left cheliped with greatly reduced armature in males (Asakura &amp; Tachikawa 2010: fig. 3). The presence of a median row of spines on the proximal part of the palm of the female chela also distinguishes D. holthuisi from the new species, in which there is no distinct median row of spines on the right cheliped palm in females. The armature of the pereopod 2 carpus is different among the three species. In D. kakeroma sp. nov., the carpus of the pereopod 2 bears some minute spinules in addition to dorsodistal spine (Fig. 5B); in D. holthuisi, the carpus is armed only with a dorsodistal spine (Asakura &amp; Tachikawa 2010: fig. 5A); in D. minimus, the dorsal margin of the carpus has a row of three to five spines (Komai &amp; Yoshida 2020: fig. 5C, D).</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>The living colouration is also different between D. kakeroma sp. nov. and D. minimus: in D. kakeroma sp. nov., the antennular peduncle is bluish and flagella are yellowish, whereas antennule is entirely translucent in D. minimus; the propodi of the pereopods 2 and 3 have only a brown proximal band in D. kakeroma sp. nov., but there is an additional medial brown band in D. minimus (cf. Fig. 6A–C versus Komai &amp; Yoshida 2020: fig. 6A, B). The living colouration of D. holthuisi was not properly described in the original description by Asakura &amp; Tachikawa (2010).</p><p>In the genus Diogenes, genetic divergence between species for the COI gene ranged from 0.5% to 41.0%, with an average of 24.5% (Table 2). For the 16S rRNA gene, divergence ranged from 0% to 25.7%, with an average of 15.7% (Table 3). The minimal divergence observed in the COI gene may be attributed to potential misidentification of voucher specimens or recent divergence. It is noteworthy that the 16S rRNA gene sequences generated and deposited by Fitrian et al. (2022) were excluded from the genetic analysis due to inadequate alignment with other sequences. In spite of the morphological similarities to D. holthuisi and D. minimus, Diogenes kakeroma sp. nov. exhibits substantial genetic differentiation from other species within the genus, with p-distances for the COI gene ranging from 19.4% to 34.8% (Table 2) and for the 16S rRNA gene ranging from 19.2% to 25.7% (Table 3).</p><p>As noted above, from Japanese waters, 14 species of Diogenes have been recorded. Diogenes kakeroma sp. nov. represents the fifteenth species of the genus known in Japanese waters. This new species was discovered in shallow subtidal zones, which are relatively accessible, suggesting that undiscovered species may still exist even in well-explored environments. It is anticipated that further research will continue to yield new species and records of this genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E36D0E8138FFCCFF5C1085FE96CB62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nagasaka, Tadanosuke;Komai, Tomoyuki	Nagasaka, Tadanosuke, Komai, Tomoyuki (2026): Diogenes kakeroma, a new species of hermit crab (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae) from Amami Islands, Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan. Zootaxa 5785 (2): 317-333, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.2.4
