taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E3030D5F28E30B878716ACFC69FF48.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Manabí: Peripa at Río Daule, 00 ° 47 ’ 44 ” S 79 ° 53 ’ 12 ” W, 200 m, September 1876 (fl.), André 4227 (lectotype: K 323444!, designated here; isolectotype: NY 00110450!).	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F28E30B878716ACFC69FF48.taxon	description	Description: — Small wooded or treelet, sparingly branched, 1.0 to 2 meters high, without tendrils, glabrous to glaucous throughout. Stems and branchlets subterete to terete, wooded. Stipules absent or very soon deciduous, when present setaceous, scale-like, 1 mm, green, coriaceous. Petioles 3 – 7 cm long, very sturdy, glaucous to glabrescent; with a single pair of scarlike glands positioned at the base of the blade. Leaves enormous, oblong-obovate or oblong, 70 – 170 cm long, 30 – 70 cm wide, rounded to emarginate at apex, occasionally acuminate, rounded to cuneate at base, penninerved, texture membranous when young, becoming thick chartaceous when mature, glabrous on both sides, a deep green above, glaucous beneath, occasionally deciduous during dry spells. Inflorescence axillary, pendent to semi-pendent curving upwards for the flowers to face upwards to subhorizontal, bearing a single peduncle with multiple branching pedicels totalling up to 8 flowers per node. Peduncles twice dichotomous, the common peduncle up to 15 cm long, the bifurcated part up to 5 – 7 cm long. Flowers facing upwards, white with dark yellow to orange corona, 8 – 10 cm wide measured from tip to tip, weakly scented; hypanthium campanulate, 5 – 6 cm long, 7 – 10 mm in diameter, base slightly narrowing, rounded, greenish white on the outside, whitish-yellow within; sepals linear-oblong, 3.2 – 4.5 cm long, 7 – 9 mm wide, rounded at apex, slightly concave, ecorniculate, membranous, strongly reflexed upon anthesis, greenish-white without, white within; petals subequal to the sepals, 3.0 – 4.4 cm long, 7 – 8 mm wide, highly membranous, white, reflexed; corona filaments in two series, dark yellow to orange yellow, outfacing throughout, wavy to frilly; the outer series conspicuous, 2.5 – 3.3 cm long, slightly widened just below the apex, flattened in cross-section, frilly throughout, giving a zigzag pattern of 4 – 5 near-acute angles, dark yellow becoming orange in upper 2 / 3; the inner series filamentose with distinct ligulate filaments, 0.8 – 1 mm long, erect but slightly curved towards apex, deep yellow to light orange towards apex; operculum borne near the middle of the hypanthium, filamentose with closely fused filaments in lower third, inclined, cleft upwards surrounding the base of the androgynophore to form a physical barrier, 0.8 – 1 mm long, yellow to light yellow throughout; limen absent; nectar chamber hollow, yellowish-white; androgynophore stout, greenish-white, 6 cm long; ovary white-pubescent, ellipsoid. Fruit oblong to globose, green when mature with a sturdy pericarp, mesocarp whitish grey.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F28E30B878716ACFC69FF48.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Passiflora macrophylla is restricted to the seasonally dry forests of coastal Ecuador and Colombia, where it is found at low elevations between sea level up to 650 m above sea level. Despite it being restricted to dry forests, the species occurs always within the moister understory of the dry forests where it grows in moist to wet forested and shady microhabitats such as ravines, near local stagnant water basins or swamps and river valleys within dry forest life zones. The authorial team also observed P. macrophylla having a deciduous habit, loosing its large leaves to preserve moisture during the extended dry season. Notable populations observed by the authors include Cerro Blanco, Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute, Machalilla National Park, and the Mache-Chindul Reserve. Notes: — Passiflora macrophylla is a common lowland species found across the coastal regions of Ecuador and Colombia. It generally consists of a small, poorly wooded and short-lived arched treelet producing few enormous leaves and extensive inflorescences. The species is slow growing and present a somewhat monocarpic habit, often dying completely after producing its inflorescence refraining plants from becoming large. Upon researching the type designations for Passiflora macrophylla and P. gigantifolia Harms (1894: 46) (next entry), it became increasingly clear that there was much inconsistency in the respective allocated types. Both species were described using a set of distinct, taxonomically separable traits that were consistent with their accessions (e. g. length of the hypanthium, number of corona series, flower size), yet both species had ambiguous type specimens mentioned that were mixed with one another. In the original 1883 manuscript for P. macrophylla, two syntypes were assigned of which one was from a highland location (Spruce 6203) consistent with long-hypanthial forms (used to identify P. gigantifolia), whereas the other (André 4227) was collected in the coastal lowlands consistent with shorthypanthial forms (used to identify P. macrophylla). The former was later assigned incorrectly as lectotype by Holm-Nielsen (1988). However, the characteristics described by Masters (1883) to identify Passiflora macrophylla did not correspond with this lectotype, nor plants seen by the authorial team from the type habitat (pre-montane wet cloud forest) coherent with Spruce 6203. Rather, it suggests the location for P. gigantifolia which was described, and seen by the authorial team, in exactly similar habitats (albeit slightly further south). To complicate matters even further, the original species description (which transcends into its present-day usage), corresponds exactly to the dimensions and habitat as shown for the André 4227 syntype (that being coastal low, seasonal dry forest). This suggests that the original description upon which P. macrophylla was based is André 4227, and therefore should have been assigned the lectotype over Spruce 6203. To correct this mistake and avoid having to illegitimize the taxon “ P. macrophylla ”, the corresponding specimen is here designated as the new lectotype for P. macrophylla.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F26E305878716ACFC68FE4C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Bolívar: Babahoyo municipality, near Pisagua and Balsabamba, 01 ° 04 ’ S 79 ° 14 ’ W, 550 m, October 1888 (fl.), Lehmann 4837 (holotype: B, destroyed; lectotype: K 00323442!, designated here; isolectotype: F 0077873!; photo: F (B) F 0 BN 016531!).	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F26E305878716ACFC68FE4C.taxon	description	Description: — Large wooded and scandent shrub, sparingly branched, 1.5 to 4 meters high, without tendrils, glabrous to glabrescent throughout, except for the ovary. Stems and branchlets subterete to terete, wooded. Stipules absent or very soon deciduous, when present triangular, scale-like, 1 mm, green, coriaceous. Petioles 3 – 7 cm long, very sturdy, glaucous to glabrescent; with a single pair of scarlike glands positioned at the base of the blade. Leaves enormous, oblong-obovate or oblong, 70 – 170 cm long, 30 – 70 cm wide, sharply acuminate at apex, rounded to cordulate at base, penninerved, texture membranous when young, becoming thick coriaceous when mature, glabrous on both sides, a deep green above, glaucous beneath. Inflorescence axillary, pendent, bearing a single peduncle with multiple branching pedicels totalling up to 12 flowers per node. Peduncles twice dichotomous, pendent, the common peduncle up to 15 cm long, the bifurcated part up to 5 – 7 cm long. Flowers pendent, greenish-white with pale yellow corona, 8 – 10 cm wide measured from tip to tip, weakly scented; hypanthium cylindric, 5 – 6 cm long, 7 – 10 mm in diameter when measured at midsection, base distinctly globose, rounded, stretching to about 15 – 16 mm wide, greenish white on the outside, green within; sepals linear to linear-oblong, 3.2 – 4.5 cm long, 7 – 9 mm wide, obtuse to rounded at apex, slightly concave, ecorniculate, subcoriaceous, greenish without, greenish-white within, fleshy; petals subequal to the sepals, 3.0 – 4.4 cm long, 7 – 8 mm wide, slightly more membranous, whitish green; corona filaments in two series, very pale yellow to greenish yellow, erect and outfacing throughout; the outer series conspicuous, 2.5 – 3.3 cm long, slightly widened towards the apex, flattened in cross-section, straight, pale yellow becoming whitish towards the base; the inner series tuberculate to very shortly filamentose, 0.8 – 1 mm long, falciform, erect, darker yellow with a green base; operculum borne just above the base of the swelling, membranous, erect, laciniate to below the middle, cleft upwards surrounding the base of the androgynophore, white with a yellow tip; limen cupuliform, white; nectar chamber slightly chambered into 5 – 6 segments, yellowish-white; androgynophore stout, green, 6 cm long; ovary white-tomentose, ellipsoid. Fruit oblong-obovate to pyriform, green when mature with a sturdy pericarp, mesocarp whitish grey.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F26E305878716ACFC68FE4C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Unlike its dry-coastal counterpart, Passiflora gigantifolia was found in wet premontane cloud forests at elevations between 800 and 1600 m. Its distribution appears to be restricted to the west-facing Andean foothills of El Oro and Los Ríos Provinces, Ecuador, with noticeable populations seen in the Buenaventura and Jocotoco reserves north-west of Cisna and due east from Machala. The treelets are seen growing as a partial understory shrub, where it appears to prefer steep slopes under a broken canopy that permits partial sunlight to penetrate through. Additionally, it was observed that the large umbrifellous foliage acts as a “ parasol ” to protect the flowers from direct sunlight or harsh rain fall. This foliar habit could also aid to regulate a moister temperature for an optimal floral physiological work. Conservation status: — Three field-verified populations of Passiflora gigantifolia were examined during the 2022 expedition, and two additional populations verified from georeferenced material (field photographs) to calculate an EOO and AOO measure of 10,840 km 2 and 62 km 2, respectively. This classifies this species as VU-EN (Vulnerable to Endangered) in accordance with the geographical criteria, B 2 ci, ii, v, C 2 aii, b and D. Notes: — For long, Passiflora gigantifolia was considered a synonym for P. macrophylla, two species known for their low scandent habit with disproportionately large leaves (Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Ulmer & MacDougal 2004, Hilgenhof 2013, 2017). However, their origin and subsequent treatment has remained separate for some time. Originally described by Hermann Harms in the Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 18 (pp. 46): 1. 1894, the material collected by F. C. Lehmann was from near Pisagua in the sub- Andean province of Bolívar, Ecuador. In 1938, monographer Elsworth Killip maintained P. gigantifolia based on the elongated hypanthium with a globular base and its lesser corona series (Killip 1938), though the distinction of his noted diagnostic traits weren’t always as clear. In 1988, Holm-Nielsen et al. synonymized P. gigantifolia for P. macrophylla based on their similarity in scandent habit with gigantean leaves, extending the habitat for P. macrophylla further south and up several stratigraphic levels of elevation opposed to the otherwise exclusively lowland (and coastal) P. macrophylla. In 2012, Rich Hoyer took photographs of a “ Passiflora macrophylla ” from the Jocotoco reserve in Andean Ecuador, exhibiting a rather unusual floral orientation where the flower corollas, bearing a corona of a pale yellow in colour, were distinctly pendent opposed to the otherwise subhorizontal to horizontal orientation the corolla of P. macrophylla was well-known for. In addition, the corona appeared straight throughout instead of diagnostically undulate and lacked the warm yellow-orange colour consistently seen in accessions of P. macrophylla. The long hypanthium, with its distinctly globose calyx base, further matched Killip’s 1938 descriptions for his P. gigantifolia, suggesting valid circumscription of both species as separate taxa. This hunch was solidified following additional collections of both P. macrophylla and P. gigantifolia by the authorial team over December 2022, assessing material collected from Esmeraldas (coastal Ecuador) and Buenaventura reserve (Andean-cloud forest, southwestern Ecuador) in the El Oro and Bolívar provinces. Other differences include the size of the flower (8 – 10 cm), which is substantially larger than the relatively small (5 – 6 cm) flowers of P. macrophylla; the length and structure of the inner corona (one additional series of 1 mm long vs. 2 additional series of 3 – 4 mm long); the orientation of the inflorescence (pendent vs. upright); and fruit (pyriform with sturdy [glabrous] pericarp vs. ellipsoid with a glabrescent pericarp). Vegetatively the two species are much similar, though the foliar texture (coriaceous vs. chartaceous) and apices (sharply acuminate vs. rounded to emarginate) bear additional differences for identification.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F24E306878716ACFB51FC60.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — COLOMBIA. Putumayo: Comisario del Putumayo, collected at La Tortuga, 01 ° 47 ’ 47 ” N 74 ° 46 ’ 25 ” W, May 1935 (fl.), H. García Barriga 4630 (holotype: US 1594215!; isotype: COL 0002969!). Notes: — Passiflora putumayensis is among the smaller of the Astropheas with heights generally limited to 1 m to 1.5 m tall. Ellsworth Killip (1938) described the species based on a single specimen (García Barriga 4630) from the La Tortuga region in Putumayo Department, Colombia, and specifically noted on the lustrous, thin leaves with flattened nervation and narrowing near to the apex. He also noted the denticulate opercular structure, although compared this species only to other Colombian highland species such as P. schultzei Harms (1929: 808) or P. engleriana. In the Flora of Ecuador (Holm-Nielsen et al., 1988), erroneously included collections of P. putumayensis in their treatment for “ Passiflora arborea ”, here designated P. dendroidea sp. nov. Recent living collections (i. e. Olander 1999, Kuethe 2009, 2022, Rome 2014, Clark 2024), including the first of which introducing the species in cultivation, helped widen the understanding of this species in relation to other arborescent P. supersect. Astrophea. Visualizing accessions from various collections across Ecuador and into Perú, notable differences are apparent between the (type-specific) Putumayan & north Ecuadorean accessions, and those from said far-flung collections, two of which here now described as their own taxonomic entities (next two entries). Unlike many of the other free-standing Passiflora subg. Astrophea, this species exhibits excessive inflorescences that can be intricately bifurcated, carrying 4 – 9 flowers per peduncle. The outer corona is slightly wavy (not dolabriform), white basally and deep yellow apically. This species stands out for its relatively long and filamentose inner series, being distinctly deep yellow throughout and 3 – 5 mm long. The operculum, which is represented by a thick, filamentous to fleshy (denticulate) barrier around the base of the androgynophore, is similarly coloured with a clear, yellowish tip, making it stand out among the P. subg. Astrophea of this alliance. Within Ecuador, P. putumayensis is restricted to the north-eastern Andean-Amazonian transitional forests of Sucumbíos and Napo provinces where it grows in the understory of dense tropical wet forest at elevations between 1200 and 1900 m above sea level.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F24E30087871210FD4AF984.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Zamora-Chinchipe: Yantzaza canton, Cordillera del Condór region, between Yantzaza and Los Encuentros, within the Río Machinaza watershed, 03 o 45 ’ 48 ” S 78 o 31 ’ 42 ” W, 1370 m, 25 June 2009 (fl.), D. Neill & C. Kajekai 16958 (holotype: MO 7023016!; isotypes: QCNE! (no barcode), MO 7023017!).	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F24E30087871210FD4AF984.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Passiflora panguiensis is similar to Passiflora putumayensis but differs in the length and bifurcation of the peduncles (> 8 cm, once dichotomous vs. <8 cm trice dichotomous), number of flowers per peduncle (2 – 3 vs. 4 – 9); and the structure and size of the outer corona (dolabriform, <15 mm vs. erect, wavy,> 15 mm); as well as the length of the inner corona (yellowish white, 1 – 2 mm vs. stark yellow, 3 – 4 mm). They further differ in the shape (ovate to ovate-elliptic vs. lanceolate to narrow ovate) of the leaf.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F24E30087871210FD4AF984.taxon	description	Description: — Habit a small-size, weak to partially free-standing treelet up to 100 – 175 cm high and 3 – 5 cm DBH, sparingly branched, glabrous throughout, except ovary. Trunk weakly wooded, stout, somewhat lenticellate. Younger stem stout, olive green, terete. Stipules subulate, very soon deciduous, ~ 1.0 mm long, brownish. Petioles slender, 1.4 – 3 cm long, mostly terete, caniculate adaxially, with one to two (one major and one minor) flattened gland (s) on each side of the midrib at base of the leaf blade; glands a dusty olive-green. Leaves simple, membranous to subcoriaceous, ovate to ovate-elliptic, 15 – 35 cm long 5 – 13.5 cm wide, acuminate at apex, narrowly rounded to cuneate at base, margins entire, adaxial surface deep green, abaxial surface a paler green, glabrous; pinnately veined, lateral veins 6 – 8 cm, inter-secondaries present. Peduncles up to (5 –) 8 – 12 cm long, slender, subhorizontal to semi-pendent, curving upwards at point of bifurcation, once dichotomous above the middle, occasionally one of the bifurcated peduncles bifurcated to present a third flower, carrying 2 (– 3) flowers per peduncle, articulated just below apex; pedicels 1.0 – 1.5 cm long, curved giving the flower an upwards orientation. Bracts minute, 1.2 – 1.5 mm if present, brownish, persistent. Flowers 5.2 – 6.1 cm in diameter during anthesis, petals and sepals reflexed during the anthesis, white with yellow, sweetly scented; hypanthium campanulate, 5 – 8 mm deep, 5 – 6 mm wide at base, white to whitish green on the outside, whitish-yellow on the inside; sepals linear-oblong to linear-ovate, 2.4 – 2.8 cm long, 1.1 – 1.3 cm wide, rounded at apex, snowy white on both surfaces, fleshy, ecorniculate; petals subequal to sepals, 2.5 – 2.8 cm long 1.1 – 1.2 cm wide, white on both surfaces, very membranous; corona filaments arranged in two series, bright yellow with white; outer series dolabriform, 13.5 – 14.5 mm long, whitish-yellow in the basal half, gradually becoming yellow in the upper portion up to the point dolabriform orientation, the upper portion falcate, about 5.2 – 5.6 mm long, slightly thickened in lateral section, bright yellow; inner series minute, broadly linear, 1 – 2 mm long, pale yellow, gradually becoming greenish-yellow towards the base, radiate; operculum a thin membrane at the base of the androgynophore, 2 – 3 mm long, white to whitish yellow; androgynophore green to greenish-white, 15 – 16 mm tall; staminal filaments pale green, 4 – 5 mm long; anthers 5 – 6 mm, white to whitish-yellow. Ovary ovoid, whitish to whitish-green, pubescent with whitish trichomes; styles 5 – 6 mm long, light green; stigma 3.3 – 3.4 mm, whitish-green. Fruit slightly pyriform to ovoid, circular in lateral cross-section, 4.5 – 6 cm long, about 3 – 3.5 cm wide at its widest point, green to yellowish-green nearing maturity, pubescent with whitish trichomes. Mature seeds not seen. Phenology: — Passiflora panguiensis was seen with flowers during December, May and June, implying a prolonged, but sporadic flowering pattern. Near fully ripe fruit (no flower) was observed in September.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F24E30087871210FD4AF984.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — This species is named after the El Pangui municipality, in the southern Cordillera del Condór region. This location appears to be a central point for its distribution.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F24E30087871210FD4AF984.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Passiflora panguiensis is found along the south-western range of the Cordillera del Condór, with populations sighted restricted to the province of Zamora-Chinchipe. Notable populations were observed nearby the towns of El Pangui, Yantzaza and Los Encuentros, as well as the headwaters of the Río Nangartiza and Río Machinaza. The populations are seen at relatively moderate elevations between 1100 and 1400 m, where it grows as a weak arborescent shrub in the understory of dense, stratified rainforest. Populations were seen growing exclusively in sandstone terranes, where it often trails down mud slopes along the sides of forest trails. Conservation status: — Using the four main populations recorded gives an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 100 – 115 km 2, with an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 20 km 2. Fruit has been seen, although no seedlings were observed. Habitat disturbance because of mining and the clearing for grazing throughout the region causes instability and decline of suitable forest habitats. Based on our observations, a conservation assessment of EN (Endangered) is proposed here in line with the IUCN (2024) criteria B 1, B 2 ab, C 1, C 2 ai and D. Notes: — Passiflora panguiensis, is one of two species here segregated from the P. putumayensis complex. It was first sighted by David Neill (Neill 13012) during botanical surveys around a mining area in El Pangui in December 2000, and later near Los Encuentros, Yantzaza cantón (Neill & Kajekai 16958) in 2009. Both these locations are much further south opposed to the reach of distribution where P. putumayensis can normally be found, which is restricted to the northern provinces of Ecuador and foremostly within Sucumbios. Ongoing surveys found additional plants further up the Río Nangartiza and Río Machinaza catchments in 2020 and 2022, photographs of which allowing the specimens to be firmly segregated from P. putumayensis or other arboreal members of P. subg. Astrophea.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F24E30087871210FD4AF984.taxon	description	Passiflora panguiensis can be distinguished from P. putumayensis by a combination of vegetative traits including the generally weakly frutescent habit that is often seen trailing overground (vs. freestanding); the smaller leaves in flowering specimens (vs.> 20 cm), and the long, once bifurcate peduncles with 2 – 3 flowers (vs. trichotomous carrying up to 9 flowers). The flowers are different by their relatively short outer corona (<15 mm); small (<2 mm) and white throughout inner series and finely membranous, white opercular structure present at the base of the androgynophore (vs. thick filamentose to denticulate). In contrast, the flowers of P. putumayensis are distinct by the longer (> 2 cm) and subtly wavy corona, the distinct (> 4 mm) and yellow-tipped inner corona, and the fleshy or thick filamentose operculum that is distinctly yellow in the apical half. Furthermore, there is a distinct difference in their respective habitats, with P. panguiensis being found in the cupper-rich sandstone of the premontane hills of the southern Cordillera del Condór, whereas P. putumayensis is found in volcanic regions at the foothills of Volcán Sumaco, Volcán Reventador and Volcán Cayambe, and the Orito Ingi-Ande in Colombia.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F22E3038787100CFA74FEF8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Morona-Santiago: San Juan Bosco, Sendero al Cerro Pan de Azúcar, Potrero de don Ávila en río Chone, 03 ° 09 ′ 30.2 ″ S 78 ° 34 ′ 23.6 ″ W, 1861 msnm, 21 July 2024 (fl.), H. Garzón & A. Cárdenas 272 (holotype: HUTPL! (no barcode); isotype: HUTPL! (no barcode )).	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F22E3038787100CFA74FEF8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Passiflora kyathantha is similar to Passiflora putumayensis but differs in the shape (cupuliform vs. campanulate), size of the flowers (3.5 – 3.8 cm wide vs. 5.2 – 6.5 cm wide); and the colour and size of the inner corona (greenish white, 1 - 2 mm vs. stark yellow, 3 - 4 mm). They further differ in the shape (broadly ovate or ovate vs. lanceolate to narrow ovate) and texture (thick coriaceous vs. subcoriaceous or chartaceous) of the leaf.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F22E3038787100CFA74FEF8.taxon	description	Description: — Habit a small-size free-standing treelet up to 50 – 100 cm high and 4 – 7 cm DBH, essentially unbranched (monocaulous), glabrous to slightly glaucous throughout, except ovary. Trunk weakly wooded, stout, somewhat flaky, lenticellate. Younger stem stout, dark green, terete. Stipules subulate, very soon deciduous, ~ 1.0 mm long, dark green to brownish. Petioles stiff, 3.1 – 5.5 cm long, abaxially terete, longitudinally 2 - ribbed and channelled adaxially (caniculate throughout), with one to three (one major and one or two minor) flattened gland (s) on each side of the midrib at base of the leaf blade; glands a dusty olive-green. Leaves simple, thick coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, 25 – 45 cm long 13 – 18 cm wide, acuminate to acute at apex, rounded to broadly obtuse at base, margins entire, adaxial surface deep green, shiny, abaxial surface pale green to whitish-green, glabrous; pinnately veined, lateral veins 8 – 10, inter-secondaries present. Peduncles up to (2 –) 5 – 7 cm long, sturdy to slightly wooded, subhorizontal to semi-pendent, once to twice (occasionally trice) dichotomous just above the middle, carrying 2 – 7 flowers per peduncle, articulated just below apex; pedicels 0.8 – 1.3 cm long, curved giving the flower an upwards orientation. Bracts minute, 0.5 – 1.2 mm if present, dark green to brownish, persistent. Flowers 3.5 – 3.8 cm in diameter during anthesis, the corolla always remains in a slightly campanulate orientation, white or whitish-green with yellow, sweetly scented; hypanthium cyathiform to tubular, 1.0 – 1.3 cm deep, 0.4 – 0.6 wide at base, light green with darker green veins on the outside, whitish-yellow on the inside; sepals oblong to broadly ovate, 1.5 – 1.7 cm long, 0.8 – 0.9 cm wide, rounded and slightly concave at apex, greenish-white on the abaxial surface, white to white with green hues on adaxial surface, fleshy, ecorniculate; petals subequal to sepals, slightly wider, 1.4 – 1.6 cm long 0.6 – 0.8 cm wide, white on both surfaces, membranous; corona filaments arranged in two well-defined series, yellow with white becoming greenish-white at base; outer series slightly dolabriform, 10 – 12 mm long, white to whitish-green in the basal half, gradually becoming yellow in the upper half, the upper portion falcate, about 3.7 – 4.5 mm long, slightly thickened in lateral section; inner series minute, broadly linear, 2 – 3 mm long, greenish white to white gradually becoming greenish-yellow towards the tip with a yellow apex, radiate; operculum absent or reduced merely to a slightly swollen ring; androgynophore green to greenish-white, 1.6 – 1.9 cm tall; staminal filaments green, 4 – 5 mm long; anthers 4 – 5 mm, white to whitish-yellow. Ovary ovoid, whitish to whitish-green, pubescent with whitish trichomes; styles 3 – 4 mm long, pale green to green; stigma 2.2 – 2.3 mm, whitish-green. Fruit pyriform to narrowly ovoid, triangular in lateral cross-section, 4.5 – 5.8 cm long, about 1.8 – 2.5 cm wide at its widest point, green to yellowish-green nearing to maturity, sparsely pubescent with whitish to brownish trichomes. Mature seeds not seen. Phenology: — Passiflora kyathantha was seen with flowers during July-August and January, which implies a prolonged, but sporadic flowering pattern. Near fully ripe fruit were observed during the July collection.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F22E3038787100CFA74FEF8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The term “ kyathantha ” is derived from the Greek words “ kyathos- ” meaning “ drinking glass ” and “ anthos ” meaning “ flower ”. This was chosen in reference to its cup-shaped flowers with long hypanthium, resembling a drinking glass.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F22E3038787100CFA74FEF8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Passiflora kyathantha is found along the northwestern range of the Cordillera del Condór, with populations sighted in the provinces of Morona-Santiago and northern Zamora-Chinchipe. Notable populations were observed nearby San Juan Bosco along the trail to Cerro Pan de Azúcar, next to the Área de Conservación Municipal Siete Iglesias and the headwaters of the Río Piuntza, which are lower cloud forest reserves in the far southeast of Ecuador. The populations are seen at elevations between 1600 and 1900 m, where it grows near clearings, cattle pastures and forest edges of dense stratified, montane wet cloud forest. Treelets are found as small understory vegetation within small forest clearings providing them with partial sunlight from the forest edge, but have also been seen growing in grassy fields near to the forest edges. Conservation status: — Using the four populations recorded gives an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 735 – 750 km 2, with an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 12 km 2. Fruit and seedlings have been seen at two of these populations, confirming the presence of the effective pollinator. Habitat disturbance and clearing for grazing is seen throughout the region, causing instability and decline of suitable forest habitats. A conservation assessment of EN (Endangered) is proposed here in line with the IUCN (2022) criteria B 1, B 2 ab, C 1, C 2 ai and D. Notes: — Passiflora kyathantha was first seen in 1972 by MacBryde 1000 (MO 3099506!) and mistakenly identified for P. putumayensis, most likely due to its small stature and single dichotomous flowers. In the Flora of Ecuador (Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988), however, this same specimen was treated under the entry for “ Passiflora arborea ”, although the authors of that work admitted that the tiny size of the mature specimens was ill-fitting compared to the large Colombian trees that reach elevations more than 6 m. Recent collections by the fourth author helped to visualise this species further, which revealed several key characteristics that enabled the segregation of the P. putumayensis complex. The absence of an operculum makes for a unique trait among the members of P. supersect. Astrophea, allowing the hypanthium to be a mere open tube with the fleshy nectar glands freely exposed at the bottom of the tube. The shape of the hypanthium, forming a deeply cup-shaped to almost tubular structure, is seen only in P. gigantifolia, P. quelchii N. E. Br. (1901: 31) or P. bacabensis Mezzonato, Silva & Oliveira (2021: 79), the latter two native to Guyana and central-eastern Brazil respectively. P. kyathantha is further remarkable for its small flowers, measuring no more than 4 cm in diameter what is unusual for the species of this group. Being closely associated with Passiflora putumayensis, P. kyathantha is among the smallest members of P. subg. Astrophea normally not exceeding 75 cm in height. It differs from P. putumayensis by its small stature, the absence of an operculum (which is very pronounced in P. putumayensis), and the texture of the leaves, which in P. kyathantha are glaucous, thick coriaceous and drying black when herbarized. In contrast, the leaves of P. putumayensis are glabrous, somewhat chartaceous but thin, and dry the usual brown to light brown in herbarium. The new species is further distinct by its unusually deep, cyathiform hypanthium, whereas in P. putumayensis the hypanthium is shallow campanulate.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F21E303878717D1FBEAFC1C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Loreto: Río Marañon, mouth of Río Santiago, 04 ° 24 ’ 55 ” S 77 ° 38 ’ 44 ” W, October 1924 (fl.), G. Tessmann 4385 (holotype: B (destroyed); lectotype US 00115118!). Notes: — Passiflora tessmannii is among a small group of species with a distinct umbrella-like structure (trochlea) developed along the base of the androgynophore. It produces masses of flowers on very short peduncles in arrangements of two per foliar node. The corona is short (<1 cm), apically dolabriform, with an erect, filamentose to papillose inner series. It is easily distinguished from the only other trochlea-bearing species (P. trochlearis Jørg. 1998: 379) by its broadly ovate (vs. ovate-lanceolate) leaves and Amazonian distribution. Only two records of P. tessmannii are known from east Ecuador, where this rare species is found in the transitional sub-Amazonian forests in the northern fringes of Cordillera del Condór of Morona-Santiago and Pastaza provinces. It is found growing along clearings and riverbeds of dense tropical wet forest at elevations between 800 and 1500 m above sea level.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F21E303878713E0FEB5F8EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Pichincha: Tinalandia, SE of Sto. Domingo de los Colorados on road to Alluriquin, 700 m, 6 May 1996 (fl.), R. Boender 744 (holotype: QCA 72113!; isotype: MO 1795112). Notes: — The endemic Passiflora tina is remarkable for its red to orange frilly corona and massive inflorescence. Flowers form in dense clusters on the young branches, with 3 – 6 flowers per foliar node. Occasionally it also produces flowers in dense fascicles on the older stems. It is one of just two species found in Ecuador with 4 or more corona series and is foremost unique among this group for producing and unusual large amount of nectar and omitting a strong sweet odour. This arborescent species grows within the seasonal dry forest of north-west Ecuador, where it is found in the provinces of Esmeraldas, far western Pichincha and northern Manabí. The biggest populations were seen by the authorial team in Mache-Chindul National Park, where it grows in thin shrubby forests at elevations not exceeding 500 m above sea level.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F21E30387871584FBBBFAC8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Pichincha: Reserva ENDESA, Quito-Puerto Quito Road at km 113, 650 - 800 m, 23 Jan 1987 (fl.), P. JØrgensen 61637 (holotype: QCA 72131!; isotypes: NY 452404!, F 0066829, AAU 144446!, MO 279945). Notes: — Passiflora trochlearis is the only other species (opposed to P. tessmannii) currently known [within Ecuador] to bear a distinct trochlea at the base of the androgynophore. The 2022 expedition identified three populations though sadly the species was not observed in flower. Jørgensen & MacDougal (1997) report on the flower being characteristic for the members of this alliance, carrying 4 – 5 cm white flowers supplemented by a short (<1.5 cm) yellow corona with purple speckles. It stands out, however, by carrying a bright purple, conical trochlea 0.8 – 1.2 cm from the base of the androgynophore. Endemic to Ecuador, this species is found only in the western lowlands of the provinces of Pichincha and Santa Domingo. Merely three populations are known, it grows as a robust plant near forest or river edges in riparian seasonally wet forests at elevations between 400 and 800 m above sea level.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F3FE31D87871530FD91FB3C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Loreto: Puerto Melendez. Pongo de Manseriche. Amazonian forests, 04 ° 27 ’ S 77 ° 31 ’ W, 250 m, December 1924 (fl.), G. Tessmann 4770 (holotype: MO 102319962). Notes: — This and the following entry are very commonly confused for each other, in as a result that their distribution (deduced from the herbarium record) is greatly ambiguous and need to be studied up close. Passiflora pyrrhantha is distinct from P. spinosa (Poepp. & Endl. 1838: 181) Mast. (1871: 630) by its large, deep red flower, measuring 6 – 8 cm during anthesis (vs. 4 – 5 cm), making them the largest of all P. sect. Botryastrophea. The pollen, androgynophore and corona are all a similar orange-red in colour, whereas in some of the other members of this group the pollen or corona can feature rather yellow colours. The fruit appear as large, evenly green and ovoid-to-globose clusters at the end of a long pendent stalk. Having a somewhat scattered distribution, most confirmed specimens were seen coming from the provinces of Napo, Sucumbios and Pastaza.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F3FE31D878716ACFD64FD18.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Loreto: Vargas Guerra region, Cerro de Canchahuayo, 07 ° 01 ’ 34 ” S 75 ° 04 ’ 21 ” W, 3 November 1898 (fl.), D. Huber 1424 (holotype: MO 3033909). Notes: — There are two species of extremely close affinity, Passiflora skiantha and P. cauliflora Harms (1907: 185), both of which share a similar distribution as well as much vegetative and floral traits. Difference between these species is limited to the length of the hypanthium and the vestiture of the ovary, the former of which shown to be somewhat variable in nature. The glabrous ovary, however, distinctly identified the Ecuadorean accessions as belonging to P. skiantha, opposed to P. cauliflora which has a pubescent ovary and shorter hypanthium. Being Amazonian in distribution, P. skiantha is found in the eastern tropical wet lowlands of Ecuador with populations sighted in Napo, Pastaza and Orellana at elevations not exceeding 350 m above sea level. A noticeable population was seen by the authorial team nearby Archidona and Ahuano, where it grows in dense riparian forest with the flowers seen only in the shady understory close to the ground. The leaves and upper portions of the plant are rarely sighted, mostly due to its robust habit that dominates the forest canopy.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
03E3030D5F3FE31D878712E4FBACF9E8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Loreto: Yurimaguas region, Crescit rara in sylvis provinciae Maynas [Mainas] ad Yurimaguas, 05 ° 54 ’ S 76 ° 05 ’ W, January 1831 (fl.), Poeppig D- 2187 (holotype: W 0048822). Notes: — This species, together with the previous entry are commonly confused or misidentified for each other. A distinguishing trait for identifying Passiflora spinosa, however, is that the petals and sepals are about half the length of the hypanthium, whereas in P. pyrrhantha the sepals and petals are either equal or exceed the length of the hypanthium. This is a trait seen also with the Bolivian P. rusbyi Mast. (1890: 282), which differs by its lighter orange colour and southern Amazonian distribution. The pollen and corona of P. spinosa are often a pale yellow or very light orange, making them distinctly lighter from P. pyrrhantha. The fruit is globose to ovoid, and often matures to a greenish-yellow colour with deep green markings. Scattered in distribution, P. spinosa seem to be commonly found further out in the Amazon basin, with recent sightings found in Orellana, Sucumbios and Pastaza.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Cornejo, Xavier, Garzón-Suárez, Henry X., Jiménez, Marco M., Wettges, Martin, Magdalena, Carlos, Mejía-Pazos, Nicanor, Flores, Juan Carlos Espín, Decoux, Jose (2025): Passionflower trees of Ecuador: revising the presence of Passiflora subg. Astrophea (Passifloraceae) and including resolution to the P. putumayensis and P. macrophylla taxonomic complexes. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 147-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.1
