identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E2D4440650363AA0502007573FAB8A.text	03E2D4440650363AA0502007573FAB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonatopus bartletti Olmi 1984	<div><p>The postembryonic development of G. bartletti includes four larval instars: three immature and one mature instar.</p><p>Egg (Figs 1–3)</p><p>Eggs (Figs 2,3) are small, kidney­shaped, smooth, with little brown area at their anterior pole and without conspicuous structures on their surface when observed with optical microscope. At hatching, chorion is ruptured, breaking into pieces; fragments remain attached to cuticle of larva in some cases.</p><p>Remarks. Females of Gonatopus bartletti parasitize adults of Dalbulus maidis, laying their eggs into the intersegmental membranes of the host’s abdomen (Fig. 1).</p><p>First instar (Fig. 4)</p><p>Length: 0.50–0.60 mm; width: 0.34–0.46mm.</p><p>Larva very small, with two anterior white kidney­shaped cephalic vesicles. Colour changing from whitish at hatching to light brown; posterior body region only slightly bent in ventral direction and protruding outside the host; body with ventral tubercle (Fig. 4), probably serving to anchor parasite in host’s body (see Barret et al. 1965).</p><p>Indistinct segmentation present (Fig. 4); respiratory system has nine (one thoracic and eight abdominal) pairs of lateral spiracles.</p><p>Remarks. After the larva has completed its growth, it moults and its exuvia remains attached to the body of the following instar, as in other species of Gonatopodinae .</p><p>Second instar (Fig. 5)</p><p>Length: 0.68–0.90 mm; width: 0.42–0.60mm.</p><p>Remarks. This instar differs from the first one by an increase in size, a sturdy integument and the presence of the first instar exuvia (Fig. 5).</p><p>Third instar (Fig. 6)</p><p>Length: 0.92–1.16 mm; width: 0.48–0.58mm.</p><p>Remarks. The main characters distinguishing this instar from the previous ones are its size and the presence of two exuviae (relating to 1 st and 2 nd instar), which cover it partially (Fig. 6).</p><p>Mature larva (Figs 7–22)</p><p>Length: 1.64–3.44 mm; width: 0.80–0.96 mm.</p><p>Larva apodous, creamy white yellowish, with typical facies of mature Gonatopodinae larvae.</p><p>Head capsule longer than wide, well sclerotized with its posterior part retracted under 1 st thoracic segment (Fig.14). Antennae very simple, reduced to two small elliptical pits, both with two small conical sensilla medially (Figs 15, 22); one sensory bristle present medially to each antenna (Fig. 22). Near base of each mandible is peculiar subrectangular heavily sclerotized and dark pigmented area, with lens­shaped quite transparent protuberance in its anterolateral angle (its ultrastructure and function are under investigation) (Figs 9, 16, 22); one pair of small sensory pores and one sensory bristle present in each of those areas (Fig. 22). Fronto­clypeal suture indistinct. Fronto­clypeus with one pair of sensory pores and two pairs of sensory bristles (Figs 14, 22); anterior margin of clypeus concave. Labrum large, dorsally convex, apically rounded. On its dorsal surface, from proximal to distal margin, one pair of sensory pores, row of 7–8 sensory bristles placed semicircularly in preapical position, and numerous irregularly distributed apical sensory bristles (Figs 14, 17, 18, 22). Epipharynx without peculiar structures. Mandible strongly sclerotized, unidentate (Fig.22). Each mandible with broad base, narrow and medially curved apical portion and dorsal subproximal sensory bristle. Maxilla (Fig. 18) weakly sclerotized, each with maxillary palpus, three sensory bristles arranged in semicircle near base of palpus and two other ones placed ventrolaterally in its proximal region. Maxillary palpi subcylindrical (Figs 18, 19). Each palpus with apical area delimitated by cuticular edge with four sensilla of different size and shape: two uniarticulated, small and cone­shaped and two bi­articulated consisting of long cylindrical basal and small cone­shaped apical article; in subapical position one medially placed sensory bristle and laterally large sensory pit present (Fig. 19). Labium weakly sclerotized, consisting of postmentum and the median lobe (Figs 18, 20). The median lobe, formed by prementum and hypopharynx (Buyckx, 1948), bears spinneret distally and labial palpi subapically. Three pairs of sensory bristles are arranged in semicircle in proximity of base of each palpus. Labial palpi (Fig. 21) broad and well defined, similar in structure to maxillary palpi, each with proximal large sensorial pit and four distal sensilla structurally similar to those of maxillary palpi. The spinneret opens apically by transverse slit (Fig. 20).</p><p>Thorax and abdomen with indistinct segmentation (Figs 7, 8), with some sparse minute bristles. Tracheal system with nine pairs of spiracles (one pair of large thoracic spiracles and eight pairs of small abdominal ones located on first eight abdominal segments) (Figs 8, 12, 13).</p><p>Remarks. The mature larva feeds on the internal organs of the host. Having killed the host, the larva emerges into the open and builds its cocoon in a suitable place, often on a maize leaf (Fig. 11). The whitish subovoidal cocoon consists of a double wall (Fig. 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E2D4440650363AA0502007573FAB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Guglielmino, A.;Bückle, C.;Moya-Raygoza, G.	Guglielmino, A., Bückle, C., Moya-Raygoza, G. (2006): Description of the larval instars of Gonatopus bartletti Olmi, 1984 (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). Zootaxa 1226 (1): 51-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1226.1.2, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1226.1.2
